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Jump over the site's section navigation.
IL minimum wage hike debated
Tue, 25 Sep 2012 03:44:44 CDT
At eight dollars 25 cents, Illinois' minimum wage is already a dollar higher than the federal limit, but Governor Pat Quinn says it should be higher. Quinn suggests raising the minimum wage, or at the very least making sure it keeps pace with cost of living increases:
Quinn's pronouncement comes as US census data revealed more people living in poverty in the US, and in Illinois. Though the increase is statistically slight, nearly 150 thousand more people dipped below the poverty line from 2010 to last year, it means about 14 percent of the state's residents are impoverished. However, businesses say that raising the state's minimum wage will hurt, not help, the cause. Business owners fought an effort by a Democratic legislator last spring to hike Illinois' minimum wage. They say to afford paying bigger paychecks, they'd have to lay off employees.
Support Your Public Radio Station
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The Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Object in Focus Chinese Scholar's Study
All is quiet. A trickle of water flows in the garden outside the window. A breeze whispers through the window screen. An inky brush slaps softly against paper as you write at the desk. At home in 18th century China, you might easily forget that a bustling town lies beyond the walls of this room.
Clay tiles cover the walls and floor. They keep the place cool even in the sweaty heat of southern China. You see no bright colors or flashy gold here, only the shine of polished wood. Glimpses of the miniature garden outside take the imagination to a wild place far beyond the edge of town.
Of course, no one would mistake this room for a simple hut in the wilderness. Even the gnarled tree root in the far corner, now a stand for an antique pot, has the same high polish as the gleaming desk. But a room like this one was more than a quiet get-away spot for a city dweller. It was a place to connect with nature through poetry, painting and music, in search of spiritual peace.
China, Jiangsu Province
The Studio of Gratifying Discourse, 1797
The study was one of the most important rooms in the house of a well-educated government official.
Nature offered a way of understanding the world.
The arts helped literati scholars absorb the lessons of nature.
In the Company of Friends: Join two or three friends to put together a scrapbook of your favorite songs, books, movies, and artwork. Have each friend write a few sentences next to a selection about why he or she admires it. What would be the most comfortable place to do this project? What kind of music would you listen to? What else would you want around you? How might this activity be similar to a gathering of literati scholars?
The Mind's Eye: Objects can lead the imagination to faraway places. Scholars imagined themselves traveling through a landscape suggested by the shape of a rock, for example. Find an object in your surroundings and imagine the journey a miniature version of yourself might take climbing around it. Write a description of the journey. Can another reader identify the object you had in mind?
At the Museum: The Scholar's Study is permanently on view at The Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Bring along a pencil and paper and see if it inspires a poem in you.
The Tools of a Scholar: Tools for painting and calligraphy, such as brushes, ink stones, water droppers, and brush pots, were collector's items among literati scholars. Use the Art Collector function of ArtsConnectEd to choose your own favorites. What different types of tools do you see? What themes do you notice in the decoration? Click here to start. (Click here to learn more about Art Collector.)
Inspiration in the Past: Literati scholars of the 18th century felt a deep connection to China's past. Browse the Dynasty Guide (part of the Institute's "Art of Asia" Website) to explore the contributions of different periods in Chinese history. Sketch an example of the art of each period in your sketchbook. Which appeals to you most? Why? Choose one to inspire a written journal entry or work of art of your own.
October 2004
The most important room in the family compound was a hall like this one, used for formal gatherings of family and guests.
Thousands of government officials served the emperor of China. Badges on the front of their coats indicated their rank. The silver pheasant here means this coat belonged to a fifth rank official.
Every scholar's study contained a ch'in, or zither, an ancient Chinese musical instrument. It was a symbol of great learning since the days of Confucius in the 6th century BC.
key idea
This room once stood between two small courtyard gardens in the family compound of a government official. Only the formal reception hall was more important within the family compound. There, the whole family gathered on special occasions to receive guests or pay respect to their ancestors. This room, on the other hand, was a place for the head of the household to enjoy books, nature, and the arts, alone or with a small group of friends.
Government officials in imperial China were well-rounded scholars. The difficult civil service exam required years of study. Scholars had to master the teachings of Confucius and his followers, the basis of Chinese government for thousands of years. But they also had to be skilled in poetry, calligraphy, and painting. These subjects developed their ability to think carefully and sensitively, important qualities in an able administrator.
The arts remained a passion for many officials. They often retired from government service while still fairly young to devote themselves to reading and writing poetry, playing chess, and practicing music. Such men, known as wen jen ("men of letters") or "literati" in English, were highly respected for their good taste and artistic accomplishments.
A shelf like this one would have held a scholar's collection of rare books, scroll paintings, and antiques.
October 2004
A scholar might see the rocks in his garden as miniature mountains and explore their peaks and valleys in his imagination.
Literati scholars collected rocks shaped over time by flowing water. Such rocks gave them a sense of the forces of nature.
Scholars took delight in accidents of nature. The patterns in the piece of marble framed in this screen suggest a mountainous landscape.
key idea
Nature offered a way of understanding the world.
The teachings of Confucius described an individual's duties to family and the state. Harmony among individuals would bring harmony in the world. But a real understanding of the world, most Chinese believed, came from the close study of nature.
Although nature seems wild and uncontrollable, it has its own order. Seemingly opposite forces--light and dark, life and death, creation and destruction--are in fact part of a single force, the tao, or "way," of nature. Taoist philosophers teach that an individual must above all understand his place in nature. All actions must follow nature's flow to be right and good.
Some literati scholars went to live alone in the wilderness to study the way of nature. Such hermits were greatly admired. But most literati stayed closer to home. They collected reminders of nature, like rocks, gnarled wood, and patterned stone, to think through the puzzles of nature in elegant comfort.
Caged crickets brought the sounds of nature inside. They were kept in decorated containers, like these ones fashioned from gourds.
October 2004
Scholars enjoyed practicing their arts in the company of friends. Here, a famous group of scholars listen to the zither in a rock garden.
Many literati paintings were based on famous pictures by earlier masters, but here Wang Ch'en has painted a scene from the region where he worked as a government official.
Painting and calligraphy used the same tools--a brush, inkstone, and paper. This poem begins, "The mountain's rocky girth has endured a thousand years. . ."
key idea
The arts helped literati scholars absorb the lessons of nature.
The "four arts" of the literati scholar were painting, calligraphy, playing the ch'in, or zither, and the game of chess. All these activities sharpened the mind through years of study and practice. When enjoyed in the company of friends with similar interests, they were a focus for meaningful conversation. That companionship gave this room its name, "The Studio of Gratifying Discourse," carved on a plaque on the wall.
Nature was the most common subject of both poetry and painting. If a scholar could not live the life of a hermit alone in the wilderness himself, he could recreate the experience through words and pictures. Looking at a famous painting would inspire a poem in response, which he might add to the picture in his own calligraphy.
The tools of Chinese painting and calligraphy—the brush, ink, water, and paper—are very difficult to control. The most skilled painters are able to harness accidental effects to express their own ideas, all within the format of age-old Chinese traditions. This balance of natural forces, self-control, and society perfectly echoes the scholar's sense of his own place in the world.
The shapes of scholars' painting tools often reflected their interest in nature, like this waterdropper in the shape of a lotus bud.
October 2004
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We found 211 threads matching "fsk"
You are looking at page 1 of 6.
The most relevant threads are listed first
FSK modulated wave file
pal.debabrata123 - 2007-06-27 09:07:00
Hey guys, Though my problem is do a FSK modulation os an ascii string and send it to telephone between "init ring" and "full ring" , I don't know how to test. Is there a software FSK demodulator free somewhere? Can I get some standard FSK modulated file to test the decoder? So that I am test my c...FSK modulated wave file
PSK instead FSK?
maluenda - 2006-02-18 12:46:00
Hi, I just started up some reading on Digital Communications. I need some information about PSK vs FSK for use in DSP. Can anyone explain in few words the advantages of using PSK instead FSK? Will appreciate any help in this regard. Thanks ...PSK instead FSK?
xr2211 & non coherent fsk demodulation
josedebrest - 2007-05-24 15:29:00
Hello, I am using the XR 2211 to demodulate a non coherent fsk signal. It works but I would like to know how to evaluate the theoritical BER performance of this demodulation. But all the non coherent fsk receivers that are mentionned on the web dont use a pll ... any idea ? thank you very m...xr2211 & non coherent fsk demodulation
Is there a software FSK encoder API for PC using no addtl hardware?
Tomer - 2003-08-27 15:33:00
Hi All, We need an API module to allow us to send data using the FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. This module is to run on a PC and may use no additional hardware except for the built in sound card. The module will allow us to convert ASCII characters to their FSK sound and play tha...Is there a software FSK encoder API for PC using no addtl hardware?
software for generating FSK modulated signals
Somia - 2005-05-23 07:11:00
hi I have to generate signals with data encoded in them using FSK, 1300Hz for mark and 2100Hz for space with a baud rate of 1200. i dont have an FSK modulator so is there any software that could do this over voice modem ? i dont have any backgound of DSP so i would really be thankful for for generating FSK modulated signals
Is frequency multipliers suitable for boradband FSK?
isgone - 2007-06-08 16:26:00
there are many applications use frequency multipliers to improve the deviation of narrowband FSK . i wonder is it suitable for boradband FSK? For example,the input signal should be 4FSK,and the frequencys is 67MHz/69MHz/71MHz/73MHz,the symbol rate is 10M . ...Is frequency multipliers suitable for boradband FSK?
Who made the comment about modems and FSK signals?
Brian Reinhold - 2004-01-15 10:01:00
I think some respondant named 'v' made a remark in response to a post I made last week regarding FSK decoding and filtering, but the post has been removed. The remark concerned the special processes that have to be done detecting FSK tones that are very short in the sense that the number of per...Who made the comment about modems and FSK signals?
Few taps Filters for FSK?
Brian Reinhold - 2004-01-09 13:34:00
Does anyone have any suggestions for an IIR or FIR band pass filter that will isolate the two tones of an FSK signal which an integrate and dump scheme can then be applied to? I need to minimize the delay since this FSK signal comes from scanned radio frequencies. I need to detect the signal f...Few taps Filters for FSK?
Detecting FSK on a power fft pk hold spectrum
d1sturbanc3 - 2008-07-17 14:54:00
Found this board, and hopefully someone can give me a helping hand. Background: I'm using labview with a DAQ. It's acquiring a signal and I take a power fft with peak hold averaging on. In this spectrum, there are atmospheric noise, some other signals with large BW about 250 hz, and signals that...Detecting FSK on a power fft pk hold spectrum
Fax/modem detection
Jadran - 2009-12-20 14:36:00
Hello, I m implementing fax/modem detection. So far it is based on CNG and CED tones. Goertzel's algorithm is used for tones detections and seems to work fine. However I would like to increase reliability, specialy for cases when such tones are not present or missed. Idea is to do it by detecting...Fax/modem detection
FSK bandwidth
Jach - 2004-04-09 02:45:00
What is the estimated bandwidth using Carson's rule when your separation is 19.8 kHz, the baud rate 19.2 kBaud/s modulation is FSK, NRZ line coding and the crystal tolerance is negligible? Thanks ...FSK bandwidth
FSK Demodulation (help urgently needed)
mudassir84 - 2006-06-30 10:35:00
Hi I am trying to Extract Caller ID from FSK v.23 Encoded CLI Packet which has been stored in audio format in pc. To demdulate FSK i am using two Bandpass Filters centered at Mark and Space Frequency. According to FSK V.23 1300 hz is frequency for mark(1) 2100 hz is frequency for spcae(0) 120...FSK Demodulation (help urgently needed)
FSK and timing recovery
ejstans - 2005-04-06 12:43:00
Hi, I'm trying to gain an understanding of how to do timing recovery or symbol synchronization in a digital radio receiver but I need something clarified. The methods I have found information on (Mueller & Mueller, Early-late, Gardner etc) seem to be intended for linear modulation schemes but wha...FSK and timing recovery
FSK Versus OOK Demodulation
Randy Yates - 2011-06-21 15:51:00
With the right filtering, an FSK signal can be viewed as two complementary OOK (on-off keyed) signals. Is the optimal FSK demodulator more optimal, less optimal, or equivalent to two optimal OOK demodulators with their outputs combined? -- Randy Yates % "Watching all the d...FSK Versus OOK Demodulation
Multicarrier modulation scheme vs FSK
koolguyuf - 2007-01-14 16:56:00
Hey, What is the difference between multicarrier modulation and FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)? Can OFDM considered to be a hybrid of the two? Thanks TD ...Multicarrier modulation scheme vs FSK
clock recovery
mahsad - 2009-10-20 03:15:00
hi, I have implemented a binary FSK modem(V.21). but i have a question: how can i implement clock recovery for fsk demodulator? does any reference exist for this subject? please help me. ...clock recovery
FSK demodulator code?
Scott Miller - 2004-12-22 13:11:00
I'm looking for code, either in ANSI C or assembly for the ARM7TDMI, that'll demodulate 1200 baud FSK, in particular 1200 baud Bell 202 keying like that found in caller ID systems. Any suggestions? Thanks, Scott ...FSK demodulator code?
GMDSS/DSC FSK Modulation: Continuous-Phase or Not?
Randy Yates - 2011-01-03 09:29:00
Hello, I'm looking at demodulating a GMDSS/DSC (Digital Selective-Calling) 100 baud FSK (1700 Hz center, +/- 85 Hz) signal (per ITU-R M.493-12). The spec says nothing about whether it's continuous-phase FSK or not. I've found on the net that DSC is similar to SITOR-B, and further that SITOR...GMDSS/DSC FSK Modulation: Continuous-Phase or Not?
general fsk question
frumious - 2009-01-22 11:20:00
I am trying to understand fsk demodulation in general. Is there an industry standard set of specific demod schemes or just classes of particular methods (i.e. matched filter, correlation, coherent vs non-coherent) that are invoked on a project by project basis? ...general fsk question
Definition of modulation index for shaped FSK
Steve Pope - 2010-06-30 17:41:00
I have a pretty elementary question. For an unshaped, 2-FSK signal, the modulation index h is defined as the ratio of the difference between the two tone frequencies to the symbol rate. For shaped 2-FSK, how is h usually defined? I can think of a few possibilities: (1) Base it on the pe...Definition of modulation index for shaped FSK
Re: FSK Correlation Demodulator
Stan Pawlukiewicz - 2005-12-12 08:28:00
Vale_a_pena wrote: > I can try to help you Opamp. > > Even without money :) > > When you mix two signals: y1*y2 with y1 FSK signal and y2 a > sinusoid > > You obtain a result varying in time (y1*y2)(t) > > > Correlation is the integral during a period of T o...Re: FSK Correlation Demodulator
PC FSK decoding - stuck beginner!
mcd - 2005-04-01 08:55:00
Hi, I'm urgently trying to get my head around methods for decoding an FSK encoded signal on my PC. I have a .wav file of the transmitted data, and I want to get the data out. I'm doing my work in Matlab/Simulink for now for simplicity. So far I've tried: - Goertzel algorithm as used for dtmf -...PC FSK decoding - stuck beginner!
Definition of BT in an FSK system
Steve Pope - 2010-07-15 14:30:00
BT denotes the product of the 3 dB bandwidth of the shaping pulse in an FSK system and the symbol time. My question has to do with the conventional definition of B. My first thought was to use the 3 dB bandwidth of a bandpass function obtained by translating the baseband pulse up to the FSK...Definition of BT in an FSK system
fsk demodulation
harsh17 - 2005-07-17 02:58:00
I am a novice in DSP.I am trying to demodulate a FSK signal wherein the mark and space frequencies are 16MHz and 24MHz respectively.I am thinking of using delay and multiply method.Can this be implemented using an ADSP-2181?More specifically will the DSP be able to handle the high throughput involve...fsk demodulation
FSK Demodulator
biff - 2008-07-01 20:40:00
Hi folks, I manage a hardware engineering group for a telcom company and I am beginning to look around for FPGA IP to implement both FSK modulation and demodulation. I am wondering if any of you have any experience with any of the IP around today. The demodulator is the most difficult part a...FSK Demodulator
FSK encoding: alternatives to Manchester and NRZ
howy - 2007-02-03 13:39:00
Hi all, I noticed a lot of FM related questions this month, so here is another one... I am transmitting FSK using a MICRF505 transceiver chip. The FSK modulator in this chip requires a bit encoding scheme to reduce the DC content of the bit stream to a manageable level. I am struggling with ...FSK encoding: alternatives to Manchester and NRZ
Coherent FSK
john - 2006-06-17 13:34:00
A colleague and I are trying to understand the performance limits that apply to coherent detection of continuous phase FSK in AWGN. As I understand it, the familiar textbook formula for coherent FSK BER is derived for the case of square one-bit pulses and tones that are orthogonal over one bit t...Coherent FSK
Re: FSK mod and demod
Jerry Avins - 2005-12-13 11:00:00
Gunstinger wrote: > Hello I'm stuck with a little problem here in MatLab. What I need to do is > input a string of text, convert it to binary, and then use FSK to mod it > together, then demod and and filter it out and convert it back to text > again. The first part is easy, the input of tex...Re: FSK mod and demod
Question about Continuous Phase FSK
brent - 2010-09-03 08:59:00
I am trying to understand what is meant by continuous phase FSK. Right now I am of the opinion that it means that a very quick change in frequency can take place as long as there is no discontinuity in the time waveform when the frequency change takes place. Is this a correct interpretation? ...Question about Continuous Phase FSK
What is the maximum bits-per-symbol possible using FSK on telephone devices?
Green Xenon - 2009-12-16 20:49:00
Hi: What is the maximum amount of bits-per-symbol of FSK possible using a telephone system [including the phone lines and any devices from start to finish of the phone's signal chain]? Thanks, Green Xenon ...What is the maximum bits-per-symbol possible using FSK on telephone devices?
Goertzel and FSK
Fender123 - 2012-02-14 18:42:00
Hi all. Adapting Goertzel algorithm for FSK in a system with a preset sampling rate, tones and baud rate does not always result in ideal parameters. Let me try to explain what I mean: For example, consider a case with Fs=9600, tones 1650 and 1850 Hz, and baud 300. That's N=32 samples per symbo...Goertzel and FSK
Anyone have a Good filter for FSK with short delay
Brian Reinhold - 2004-01-08 14:18:00
I need to find a bandpass filter with as few taps as possible to apply to an HF radio FSK signal. The reason is that the radio is scanned and the more taps, the longer it takes before the signal can be recognized which slows down the possible scan rate. Can anyone give me any references or id...Anyone have a Good filter for FSK with short delay
Re: Detectiong CW
Randall Gawtry - 2006-03-04 01:42:00
In article , "John E. Hadstate" wrote: > What's the slickest way of turning an I/Q data stream, tuned > to baseband, into audible Morse Code with user-selectable > pitch using strictly digital signal processing? > > > John, The CW pitch-shifting feature is in the Timewave DSP-5...Re: Detectiong CW
FSK - sample rate and bit depth
Scott Miller - 2005-04-06 20:38:00
I'm working on a couple of demodulators - one for 1200 baud AFSK (and possibly other bitrates) and one for 9600 baud baseband FSK - and I've got some questions. I'm using an ARM7TDMI chip, so I'm rather CPU constrained. An issue I'm having trouble with is that the CODEC I'm considering off...FSK - sample rate and bit depth
Decoding FSK
Jon Mcleod - 2008-09-20 18:18:00
A Bell 202T modem uses FSK modulation (1200HZ, 2200HZ) and send data at up to 1800 bits per second. I need to replace an "analog" version of this with a digital version, sampling the phone line with an A/D and "decoding" the 1's and 0's in firmware (ARM C). My question is how.. The modu...Decoding FSK
FSK demodulation
Tomeu - 2009-01-08 06:21:00
Hello all, I am involved in the development of an underwater modem. Right now I am dealing with the simulation stage with simulink. The modulation scheme I am using is a non-coherent FSK. The carrier frequencies are 20kHz and 22kHz. At the demodulator part, I have designed a matched filters...FSK demodulation
FSK modulation and clean FFT
Ted T - 2008-03-31 18:58:00
Hi, I'm looking at FSK modulation in matlab, using my own modulator as I don't have the matlab comms toolbox. In the time domain, the signal looks fine, but in the frequency domain, it just doesn't seem to work, I get lots of other garbage in the spectrum. I'm hoping someone can see an error ...FSK modulation and clean FFT
Receiving symbols using non-coherent M-FSK
2007-11-22 06:59:00
Hi There, How does the demodulator of a non-coherent M-FSK system correctly time the "reading" of the symbols? In the book on Digital Comms by Proakis, it is mentioned that a bank of 2M correlators can be used. In the book there is also a model for non-coherent M-FSK in an AWGN environment. ...Receiving symbols using non-coherent M-FSK
ping: Jim Thompson
Bo - 2006-04-24 11:20:00
Jim, I was perusing your website and happened upon your patent regarding demodulating of FSK. Is this the currently easiest/best way to decode FSK? Or would I be better off doing with SW and microcontroller? I was thinking that a comparator with hysteresis to minimize noise could be used Jim Thompson
Robust FSK demodulator ?
Robert Lacoste - 2012-02-23 02:31:00
Dear all, We are looking for a robust FSK demodulator and framer solution for an SDR application (decoding of simultaneous narrow channels at some kbps each from a wider baseband stream) : channel filtering, center frequency tracking, demodulation, bit-level timing recovery, synchronisation...Robust FSK demodulator ?
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Saturday, September 04, 2004
Where's censorship when you need it?
There's always much to-do about how violent or sexual programs on TV ought not to be viewed by children; and how musicians playing at sporting events must be required to keep their wardrobes from malfunctioning; and how offensive radio shows like Howard Stern's should be banned from the airwaves; and how pornographic magazines need to be kept out of the reach of minors; and whether you feel these restrictions are essential or essentially unconstitutional, it's certainly undeniable that there's a great deal of thought and debate and passion going into the examination of those issues. But there's a whole other level of potentially damaging media content sneaking through without anybody giving it a second glance, and I'm starting to think that it might be even worse for kids than the stuff everybody's always arguing over.
I've written here before about the difficulty of explaining those omnipresent ads for Viagra and Cialis and the like to curious kids who'll ask, "Mommy, what's erectile disfunction?" Lately I've also been noticing lots of really scary ads for horror films, both on TV and on the radio. If my kids are too young to see these films in theaters, do they really need to see clips that make their hearts skip? The radio ad for the new "Exorcist" film upset me when I was sitting at my desk in my office in the middle of the day; does my daughter really need to be hearing it at night when she's listening to the radio in bed? Guess that's not going to help her sleep. And even that old family friend, the local newspaper, isn't free of trauma. Like many people I was following the story of the school hostage situation in Russia with increasing dread, and certainly wanted to read about the tragic ending in this morning's news. But the large color photo that accompanied the story gave me pause -- it showed a Russian police officer carrying a young girl out of the building. The girl, maybe 8 or 9, had blood all over her face and was dressed only in underpants. The image was disturbing for any number of reasons, but what I found myself wondering most of all was, if my kids see this sitting on the coffee table, how on earth am I going to explain what happened to this girl, and why isn't she wearing any clothes? I tried to make sure that page was face down, with lots of glossy Saturday store ads on top.
The thing about all this is -- it's easy to keep our kids from watching specific shows, or listening to specific radio stations, or seeing specific magazines. But it's really hard to avoid commercials that can come on any time of the day or night, or news photos that turn a local paper -- which yesterday, for example, featured a picture of a particularly large zucchini grown by a local man -- into something terrifying. How's the FCC going to protect us from that?
No comments:
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Film Freak Central,2003:weblog-99928295733106445 2013-05-17T10:29:20-05:00 TypePad The We and the I (2013),2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c01901c475bb7970b 2013-05-17T10:29:20-05:00 2013-05-17T10:35:03-05:00 **½/**** starring Michael Brodie, Teresa Lynn, Raymond Delgado, Jonathan Ortiz screenplay by Michel Gondry, Paul Proch, Jeff Grimshaw directed by Michel Gondry by Angelo Muredda The We and the I opens with a throwback, an image that wouldn't be out of place in Michel Gondry's distinctive music videos from the late-1990s, which were themselves full of backward glances to the more rough-hewn early days of MTV and old-school hip hop. Over the credits, a boombox modified into a miniature bus rolls along the streets of the Bronx pulsing out Young MC's "Bust A Move," until it's crushed by what's ostensibly the real thing, a city bus packed with urban teens who make up Gondry's boisterous, gossiping, and privately wounded nonprofessional cast. That's an interesting start, insofar as it suggests that Gondry's obsession with whimsical props tinged with nostalgia are about to be traded in for something more authentic, even as it implies a bit cheekily that the "real" bus, taking a bunch of high-schoolers home on the last day of school, is itself a roaming set on which to stage semi-scripted exchanges between proper teens doubling as actors and artistic partners. Both intimations turn out to be true, in a... Bill Chambers Dan in Real Life (2008) + Rachel Getting Married (2008) - Blu-ray Discs,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017d42d8c35a970c 2013-04-16T11:11:31-05:00 2013-04-16T11:11:31-05:00 DAN IN REAL LIFE */**** Image A Sound B Extras D starring Steve Carell, Juliette Binoche, Dane Cook, Dianne Wiest screenplay by Pierce Gardner and Peter Hedges directed by Peter Hedges RACHEL GETTING MARRIED **/**** Image A Sound A Extras C starring Anne Hathaway, Rosemarie DeWitt, Bill Irwin, Debra Winger screenplay by Jenny Lumet directed by Jonathan Demme by Walter Chaw The Darwin chart of this breed of American indie, otherwise known as unlikely shrines to The Celebration (or Festen, if you prefer), follows in the United States with something like Margot at the Wedding near the top as most-evolved down mid-way to Rachel Getting Married and its histrionic Demme-tasse reduction, down to ankle-deep--we're talking primordial muck--with Dan in Real Life. That last one, from Pieces of April perpetrator Peter Hedges, squanders an unusual amount of currency in Steve Carell (at his melancholic zenith), pairing him with Juliette Binoche in a bittersweet romantic imbroglio that absolutely does not deserve the happy horseshit ending slathered on it to apologize for its occasional poignancy. It's not that I enjoy being sad, it's that I enjoy getting a condescending handjob even less. I'm willing to forgive the bad slapstick of a group-aerobics session,... Bill Chambers True Blood: The Complete Second Season (2009) + True Blood: The Complete Third Season (2010) - Blu-ray Discs,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017c387a84bf970b 2013-04-10T20:28:40-05:00 2013-04-10T19:35:33-05:00 Image A Sound A+ Extras B- S2: "Nothing But the Blood," "Keep This Party Going," "Scratches," "Shake and Fingerpop," "Never Let Me Go," "Hard-Hearted Hannah," "Release Me," "Timebomb," "I Will Rise Up," "New World in My View," "Frenzy," "Beyond Here Lies Nothin'" S3: "Bad Blood," "Beautifully Broken," "It Hurts Me Too," "9 Crimes," "Trouble," "I Got a Right to Sing the Blues," "Hitting the Ground," "Night on the Sun," "Everything Is Broken," "I Smell a Rat," "Fresh Blood," "Evil Is Going On" by Walter Chaw "True Blood" is pulp crap. Yet as Bryant and Bill have already so eloquently pointed out, it's highly-addictive pulp crap--the sort of shallow, handsomely-mounted titillation that fosters the craze that sprung up around prime-time soaps like "Dynasty" and "Falcon Crest". White-collar smut that traffics in the currency of the age: once upon a time it was the super-rich, now it's the supernatural. Plus ça change, plus c'est la meme. It's certainly soapier than showrunner/creator Alan Ball's previous pay-cable drama, "Six Feet Under", but to its credit what "True Blood" does in returning sexuality--and gore, and (southern) Gothic trappings--to the vampire mythos, it does well. The shame of it is that it seems to be ashamed... Bill Chambers Big Love: The Complete Second Season (2007) - DVD,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017eea1558f8970d 2013-04-08T10:27:42-05:00 2013-04-08T10:28:17-05:00 Image A Sound A Extras C+ "Damage Control," "The Writing on the Wall," "Reunion," "Rock and a Hard Place," "Vision Thing," "Dating Game," "Good Guys and Bad Guys," "Kingdom Come," "Circle the Wagons," "The Happiest Girl," "Take Me As I Am," "Oh, Pioneers" by Alex Jackson There's definitely something cheeky and slyly subversive at the core of HBO's "Big Love". The show is the brainchild of Mark V. Olsen and Will Scheffer, an openly-gay couple who've been together since the early-'90s. That single fact opens up some interesting connections when it comes to polygamy. The standard argument religious groups have against homosexuality is that it's unnatural: Two men or two women cannot naturally procreate and therefore it's deviant, godless behaviour. By contrast, polygamy is possibly more natural than monogamy--you could argue that males are hardwired to spread their seed with as many females as possible and it is not cost efficient, evolutionarily speaking, to restrict yourself to one woman. And if the ability to procreate is what makes heterosexuality more moral than homosexuality, then we have to admit that polygamists are able to procreate "better" than monogamists and so polygamy should be embraced as the morally superior lifestyle. RUNNING TIME... Bill Chambers In Treatment [Season One] (2008) + Tell Me You Love Me: The Complete First Season (2007) - DVDs,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017c37ff5d97970b 2013-03-21T21:08:31-05:00 2013-03-21T21:08:31-05:00 Image B Sound B Extras B ("Tell Me You Love Me") by Walter Chaw It's a show about the traditional mode of psychoanalysis--a nine-week, five days-a-week series detailing shrink Paul (Gabriel Byrne) and four patients, culminating each "Friday" in Paul's own session with former mentor Gina (Dianne Wiest). It's based on a popular Israeli drama that was the brainchild of such filmmaking talents as Eran Kolarin and Nir Bergman. And though it begins stilted and ends badly, its thick mid-section is the enabler of our obsessive, maybe ugly, voyeuristic impulses, gratifying the viewer with the sensation that, for all the dense verbal webs spun in these little progressive one-acts, the real expert is the viewer. "In Treatment" clarifies the role of the observer in this media, how the active participant is always involved in an anthropological exercise deconstructing the characters' motives and actions--and how that critical facility, eternally underused, is occasionally gratified by material that's not quite smarter than you, but appears to be. RUNNING TIME 30 minutes/episode MPAA Not Rated ASPECT RATIO(S) 1.78:1 (16x9-enhanced) LANGUAGES English DD 5.1 Spanish DD 2.0 (Stereo) CC Yes SUBTITLES English French Spanish REGION 1 DISC TYPE 9 DVD-9s STUDIO HBO RUNNING TIME 45... Bill Chambers Carnivàle: The Complete First Season (2003) - DVD,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017d422e83b9970c 2013-03-21T20:58:59-05:00 2013-03-21T20:58:59-05:00 Image A Sound A Extras C "Milfay," "After the Ball Is Over," "Tipton," "Black Blizzard," "Babylon," "Pick a Number," "The River," "Lonnigan, Texas," "Insomnia," "Hot and Bothered," "The Day of the Dead," "The Day That Was the Day" by Walter Chaw It's the Depression in Dust Bowl United States, and Ben (Nick Stahl) really needs a bath: His mother's just died (but not before hissing at him to keep his distance, Mr. Antichrist) and he's in the act of burying her when a traveling carnival happens along to spirit him away before the local constabulary can. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy threatens briefly to break out as a bulldozer shows up to raze Ben's ramshackle homestead, but hey diddley hee, the roustie's life for me, says Ben. In a way, comparisons of HBO's handsomely-mounted "Carnivàle" to Douglas Adams's brilliant stuff is apt as Ben, like Adams's everyman Arthur, is orphaned from his home, set adrift in an absurd universe in the company of freaks, and burdened with the responsibility for the salvation of all mankind. A parallel story, joined to Ben's by a couple of early dream sequences, involves preacher-man Brother Crowe (Clancy Brown) navigating some tricky incestual straits... Bill Chambers Neighbouring Sounds (2013),2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017c37656176970b 2013-03-07T16:21:16-05:00 2013-03-07T16:27:49-05:00 O som ao redor ***½/**** starring Gustavo Jahn, Maeve Jinkings, W.J. Solha, Irma Brown written and directed by Kleber Mendonça Filho by Angelo Muredda In his 1975 survey of trends in Canadian literature, Northrop Frye famously diagnosed the national character as paranoiac, fraught with nightmares about being invaded by the outside world. That so-called garrison mentality, Frye offered, meant early white Canadian settlers bonded together against both the malevolent nature past their forts and the more generalized outside threats it represented--shutting their doors to anyone who seemed the slightest bit unneighbourly. Although Frye had a very specific community in mind, it's hard not to see it reflected in the gated neighbourhood of critic-turned-filmmaker Kleber Mendonça Filho's Neighbouring Sounds, a conclave of middle-class northern Brazilian condo-dwellers who define themselves by the riffraff they discard, whether car-stereo thieves or sleeping doormen. Part-Hanekian surveillance thriller and part-Altmanesque ensemble of overlapping voices, it's one of the most assured debut features to land in years, the sort of fully-formed high-concept work you expect after a couple of interesting misfires. The snappishness of Filho's ensemble--who tentatively share a street in the south of Recife, one of Brazil's highest-density metropolitan areas--is all the more alarming because there... Bill Chambers Holy Motors (2012) - Blu-ray Disc,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017d3df1810f970c 2013-02-24T16:17:16-05:00 2013-02-25T16:55:39-05:00 ****/**** Image B Sound B- Extras B starring Denis Lavant, Edith Scob, Eva Mendes, Kylie Minogue written and directed by Leos Carax click any image to enlarge by Angelo Muredda It's no great shock that Holy Motors is innovative, coming from the same headspace as The Lovers on the Bridge and Mauvais Sang--movies that seemed fashioned out of whole cloth despite their indebtedness to names like David Bowie and Herman Melville. What's most surprising is that beneath the formal variety and cheekiness, mainstays of Leos Carax's freewheeling cinema, is a moving and altogether serious exploration of what it means to be an actor, in both a professional and a metaphysical sense. Carax's films have been ranked among the boldest aesthetic manifestos since the 1980s for good reason, yet the ineffable quality that distinguishes them from the superficially similar grandstanding of nascent stylists like Xavier Dolan is their deep sincerity and unabashed adoration of the eccentric city-dwellers who cross paths on the loneliest roads in urban France. If Holy Motors is even wilder in presentation than its predecessors, then, it's also perfectly legible within a body of work that's always found a human streak in the avant-garde. RUNNING TIME 115 minutes... Bill Chambers Friday Night Lights (2004) [Widescreen] - DVD,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017c36e1156a970b 2013-02-15T00:01:00-05:00 2013-02-14T15:29:42-05:00 ***/**** Image A Sound B+ Extras B+ starring Billy Bob Thornton, Derek Luke, Jay Hernandez, Lucas Black screenplay by David Aaron Cohen and Peter Berg, based on the book Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream by H.G. Bissinger directed by Peter Berg by Walter Chaw Turning the microscope on the reptile hearts and minds of small-town sports culture, Peter Berg's Friday Night Lights is so alive with seething energy and meanness that it emerges as one of the better sports films on the short list of good sports films. It's what the Omaha Beach sequence in Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan is to Oliver Stone's Platoon: an evolution by way of devolution that erases the veneer, such as there is, prettifying violent confrontation, becoming in the process the unadorned engine to which Stone's ultimately featherweight Any Given Sunday aspired. It finds Lucas Black (as star quarterback Mike Winchell) reunited with Sling Blade co-star Billy Bob Thornton (playing his coach, Gary Gaines), with the mental disability roles reversed ("There's something wrong with my head," Winchell complains) but the peek under the Rockwell covers at insular, provincial psychosis transplanted intact. Friday Night Lights is a work of sociology, a... Bill Chambers Valentine's Day (2010) - Blu-ray Disc,2003:post-6a0168ea36d6b2970c017c36e12673970b 2013-02-14T15:47:09-05:00 2013-02-14T15:57:22-05:00 ZERO STARS/**** Image B Sound B Extras C starring Jessica Alba, Kathy Bates, Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper screenplay by Katherine Fugate directed by Garry Marshall by Walter Chaw There are worse directors working today than Garry Marshall, but not many and then not much worse. I've vowed on a few occasions (like after Beaches, Pretty Woman, Exit to Eden, The Other Sister, Raising Helen, Georgia Rule) to never subject myself to another Marshall joint--certainly to never bother reviewing another one. What's the point, really, of taking the piss out of this guy and his movies? They're consistently, stridently tone deaf; unfailingly saccharine; morally suspect; visually uninteresting; casually racist/misogynist/classist/homophobic; and dangerously enervating to the point of meriting some kind of warning label. Marry Marshall's adorable dog/kid reaction shots and wholesale white-rape of Motown standards to a bloated ensemble cast (everyone from Jamie Foxx to Kathy Bates--yes, it's horrific) enacting a two-hour version of Marshall's career-launching TV series "Love, American Style" and what you get is every bit the horror movie the title Valentine's Day suggests. RUNNING TIME 125 minutes MPAA PG-13 ASPECT RATIO(S) 1.78:1 (1080p/MPEG-4) LANGUAGES English 5.1 DTS-HD MA French DD 5.1 Spanish DD 5.1 SUBTITLES English SDH French Spanish... Bill Chambers
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Thursday, July 06, 2006
for 7/7: outside King's Cross
I took this photo a year ago, shortly after the London bombings. The flag had been placed near a memorial garden that blossomed in front of the train station. Shortly afterwards I was in Leeds, arriving on the very day of the Beeston raids. An uneasiness from these events hung over the International Medieval Congress, but I can't say what effects the apprehension had on the work of scholars gathered there. [And by that I mean what historicists have staked their careers upon: the pasts we imagine cannot fail to be marked by the present, so much the more when we inhabit troubled times. Present calamity sends shock waves in every direction, a temporal backwash that can change profoundly the history we know. "The Flow of Blood in Medieval Norwich" was a 9/11 project, even though it never mentions the present world.]
Not coincidentally, I'll soon be posting a review of Peter Haidu's The Subject Medieval/Modern: Text and Governance in the Middle Ages, a book that examines violence in medieval texts and modern theory.
Anonymous said...
It is surely impossible to escape the present in the past. The question is what you do with it.
The idea that the 'past is a foreign country' can be immensely powerful in critically debating ideas of 'us and them' - and remoter periods of 'our' history (like the middle ages) can be especially valuable in that respect. Of course it can also be salient to discover how many assumptions of modern social norms are grounded in past historical circumstances that were anything but natural (not just in the fields of race, sexuality, gender and personal identity - but also in attitudes to labour, markets, the environment, war, the state and so much else). It is a crime to leave the past to politicians - and politicians will always exploit the past.
A recent BBC (?) poll here suggested that History is more popular than football. When it's that powerful we ignore it at our peril! (But maybe the US is different?)
emile blauche said...
It's interesting to me, this talk of the past and the present, amounting to rootedness in time and space, the temporal, the local, the seen in history, and in the physical world.
Maslow felt such talk yielded D-Cognition (Deficiency-Cognition), precisely what interferes with the creation of a fully human future. I wonder if he wasn't on to something.
Anonymous said...
I don't think that you can easily apply 'deficiency cognition' or 'being cognition' to large fields of knowledge and experience involving millions of diverse users of the past, since (so far as I can see) Maslow's approach is grounded in the 'ego' and personal perceptions.
How people use the past (and need the past) will surely be as various as how they need and use food or money.
I agree that it is an interesting idea to play with in relation to some users of the past, however.
On a lighter note 'being cognition' is surely also a matter of life-cycle. At least many cultures associate growing age with changing needs and perceptions of need.
I have merely go my Maslow up through the power of Google - please tell me I am all wrong!
emile blauche said...
Maslow himself never avoided characterizing groups, societies, or cultures as having either B- or D-cognition. Indeed, he was deeply invested in Benedict's notion of the synergistic society.
Furthermore, Maslow was rather fond of sketching the characteristics of (indeed, generalizing about) diverse professional groups: most famously, biologists, psychologists, and artists.
I don't know if D-Cognition applies here--it was something to think about. One might note the conspicuous absence of the future in most medievalism--chockfull of the past and, more recently, the present, but light on the future.
But one thing I am certain Maslow would have found consistent with D-Cognition is an approach to history that frames it in terms of "use." Usefulness is a D-Value, whereas seeing history not as something to be used (or needed) but rather as something intrinsically interesting for its own sake is consistent with B-Cognition. (See, e. g., ch. 20, "Further Notes on COgnition" in The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, as well as ch. 6 of Toward a Psychology of Being.)
Anonymous said...
Hmm - for the synergetic society to work in relation to the past I think that you would have to break your user groups down into quite small entities. So I am not sure how useful it would become in the end.
Yes - I did understand the difference between use/need and appreciation, I just expressed myself badly. I still think B-cognition may be associated with life cycle and experience (and I suppose that might be sometimes collective as well as individual).
As for thinking about the future, I don't think it is true that this is something that medievalists either do or don't do. It very much depends on what kind of medievalist you are. Marxists, of course, engage with the future (even if they don't always make it explicit, nevertheless the underlying paradigm is future-orientated). The movements away from that kind of belief in grand dialectical processes (and that kind of narration) are diverse and complex - but by no means are they particularly associated with medievalists alone.
emile blauche said...
I am trying to find a place where Maslow ties B-Cognition/Values explicitly to the life-cycle. Perhaps you can help me out? In some sense I suppose it is always implied since he's talking generally about the development of the human organism. Still I don't recall Maslow arguing that maturation was a key variable in the production of B-Cognition.
I do know that Maslow didn't buy Erikson's stages in the sense that he didn't see any reason for generativity and integrity to be reserved for the later stages. And so Maslow talks about children having B-Cognition. (See, e. g., his "Notes on Innocent Cognition," in L. Schenk-Danzinger, & H. Thomas (Eds.),
Gegenwartsprobleme der Entwicklungspsychologie: Festschrift fur Charlotte Buhler [Gottingen: Verlag fur Psychologie, 1963].)
Sure, it depends on what kind of medievalist one is, hence my statement that "most medievalism" is marked by an avoidance of the future. The Marxists afterall comprise a terrifically small constituency (at least as far as one might find evidence of Marxism in medieval scholarship).
Eileen Joy said...
I have to agree with Emile Blauche that medievalists, for the most part, do, indeed, ignore the future [regardless of whether or not we want to say that Marxist medievalists implicitly address it, although I wonder . . . .]. It is especially interesting to think about this viz. what goes on in history departments, since a "history of the present" is often regarded as the purview of the sociologist or political scientist [although, of course, there are people in history who study "present" events, only "just after," as it were]. But my larger point is that, among historians there is also precious little attention paid to the future, although there should be *more* attention paid, since ethics, if we care about that, always has to be future-oriented [I am assuming this is an obvious point--correct me if I am wrong--de Certeau once said that a "proper census of the population of the dead" was the proper concern of history, and I agree with this--it relates to what might be called an ethical "reckoning"--but in the end, ethics has to also be ultimately oriented to some kind of question of futurity, such as "how shall we live our lives?"--to poach from the title of a Peter Singer book]. Interestingly, "Social Text" has two special issues coming out soon devoted to the topic of "Afro Futurism," and I think these will be interesting to read. I have a colleague who will have an essay in one of those issues on Colson Whitehead's novel "The Intuitionist" [excellent book, by the way] and Condoleeza Rice. But again, as E.B. points out, we don't think about the future *enough* and we should.
J J Cohen said...
In general, it is true: medievalists consider themselves custodians of the past, not (at least as part of their profession) of the present or future. Is that news to anyone?
Yet anyone who turns to the past is also opening up alternate presents and possible futures. Such temporal interweaving is inescapable, part of our being in and of time.
Surely, you could argue that medieval studies isn't the most effective way to study the future, or to open up some futurity. And you would be right. But a vector that starts back in time doesn't -- can't -- stay rooted in the past alone.
Karl Steel said...
Absolutely, simply by showing the historicity of categories and the fact that things have never always been what they were.
Looking forward to the Haidu review. I dipped into the book quickly only to see if he'd updated his 1983 article on Yvain. He hadn't. So I'd like to get a sense of his overall argument.
E said...
Not, it's not news, but what if medieval studies considered its main purview to be "the past in the present," or something like that? I've never really believed I study the past so much as I study artifacts *from* the past that, somehow, have survived into my [and others'] present moment. When I study these artifacts ["Beowulf," for example], I think of them as being "striated," as it were, by all the temporal zones through which they have passed, and I do not believe it is actually possible to analyze or study them *as if* they are anything but--because they are with us *now*, in whatever form--modern. I will share here part of a book I am working on that I hope illuminates what I mean. This is from a chapter-in-progress that compares the production of the "Electronic Beowulf" with the 20-year-restoration of Leonardo's "Last Supper," and also discusses the paintings of Anselm Kiefer and the short stories and drawings of Bruno Schulz [what follows is part of the conclusion of that chapter]:
V. All Mouth and Teeth and Motion
Returning, once again, to the question of how the scholar works in time with things that have fallen out of time, I am reminded of a story I encountered recently written by Stephen King titled "The Langoliers." It is, in many respects, a rather silly story, but it constructs a theory of time which I think applies to the way in which we need to begin thinking through the process of how past things--such as the "Beowulf" manuscript, Leonardo's frescoes, and Schulz's murals--relate to the present. The title of King's story refers to a kind of "story-within-the-story" that one of the characters, about midway through the narrative, relates about his childhood. Apparently, this character's father had been a bullying and frightening tyrant, and whenever he thought his son was being lazy or procrastinating about something he would tell him about "the Langoliers," who were all mouth and teeth and motion and moved with terrifying speed, devouring anything that moved more slowly than they did. They existed in the past, but if you wasted time they would catch up to you and eat you alive. This story so terrified this character when he was a boy that, as a grown man, he is intensely neurotic about wasting time and therefore he becomes the most "unhinged" when he gets caught up in the plot of this story that is, ultimately, about getting stuck outside of time.
In the present action of King's story, ten sleeping passengers on a plane headed for Boston wake up to discover that, even though they are tens of thousands of feet up in the sky, all of the other passengers, including the pilots, have disappeared, leaving behind only their material effects--watches, jewelry, false teeth, eyeglasses, wallets, books and magazines, etc. Somehow, we discover later, they traveled through a "rip" in the fabric of time and wound up in what appears to be an abandoned universe. Luckily, one of the remaining passengers is a pilot and he manages to land the jet in Bangor, Maine, but when the ten survivors deplane they discover that no one is there in the airport or anywhere at all in the surrounding countryside. They soon deduce--never mind how--that they have traveled to the past and it's a very unsafe place to be. In fact, it is literally in the process of using itself up--matches don't work there, the beer in the airport cafe is flat, the sandwiches have no flavor that can be tasted, electricity cannot be generated, and in the distance beyond the hills, they can hear a terrifying sound--similar to gale force winds, or a tornado--which seems to be headed their way. In fact, this is the sound of time itself literally devouring the landscape and anything else in that landscape of material heft and weight.
Realizing that they cannot stay in the past which is, finally, a vacuum that devours everything in its wake, they re-board the plane and head back to Los Angeles, the assumption being that if they go back the exact same way they came (while asleep, of course), they can go back through the time rip and end up back in the present. Never mind how this all works--it's utterly ridiculous from a scientific point-of-view. Nor shall we worry about all the plot complications I haven't shared, such as the subplot about the passenger who told his childhood story about the Langoliers actually going murderously insane and then even being devoured by whirling black holes with multiple rows of gnashing metal teeth (time itself) while the plane lifts off from the Bangor airport. The important thing is, the remaining passengers make it to the Los Angeles airport (with the one exception of the pilot who, after teaching one passenger how to land the plane, stays awake in order to steer the plane through the time rip and therefore heroically sacrifices his life for the others), and guess what? No one is in Los Angeles either, no one at all. They are now in the future and they have to wait for the present to catch up with them, which it eventually does because, oddly enough, this is a horror story with a happy ending.
The moral of the story, finally, is that one cannot travel to the past nor to the future, because nothing is actually there, and the past is even violent and dangerous due to the peculiar physics of the place. In the end, the only place that is livable is the present. But the question is begged: don't the things of the past--those watches and pairs of eyeglasses, the beer bottles and sandwiches, and even the buildings--endure somehow and come into the present, and isn't the past, then, always--if even in fragments--in the present (in other words, not completely devoured by time's voracious maw)? The answer, I think, is both "yes" and also "no," for the obvious reasons--the basic principles of evolutionary biology suffice to demonstrate that the past comes into the present through a process of ferocious will and replication, random accident, and even sheer, dumb luck, and it is through this very same process that the past often stays behind as well. The more important question is: how are we to reckon the evolutionary process by which the past comes into the present, and most properly take account of both what is lost and what remains? How, in other words, do you give the dead what they might have wanted (if you think that's important), while also attending to those around you in the present who might be in need of some possible answers to the difficult question, "why does the past matter?"--and even, the more anxious question, "why does the past matter in this particular instant of time?"
Leonardo may not have cared enough about the future in his fresco preparation in the refectory at Santa Marie delle Grazie, but we know that he was anxious about how some things might get lost in time, and he tried to prepare for it. In 1508, when he was living in Florence and collecting notes for his Codex Arundel, a compendium of many subjects--including astronomy and optics, geology, hydraulics, architecture, war machines, and the flight of birds--he wrote the following note to himself regarding his work before departing for Milan: "Take care of all these matters tomorrow, copy them, and then mark the originals with a sign and leave them in Florence, so that if you lose what you take with you, the invention will not be lost" (qtd. in Alessandro Vezzosi, Leonardo da Vinci: The Mind of the Renaissance, trans. Alexandra Bonfante-Warren [New York, 1997], 106).
Ultimately, then, the job of the contemporary scholar is to work to connect the excavated artwork--even when that artwork exists only as a fragment, or only exists in imperfect, perhaps incomplete copies--to what is essentially a re-creative and generative act in the present that will take us closer, not necessarily to how the text or painting might have looked if only it had escaped the ravages of history, but to the more mystical yet also intellectual energies of creative expression which always, in all times and places, has its limits.
emile blauche said...
It is far from axiomatic that a turn to the past opens up alternative presents and possible futures. Too many examples of becoming mired in the past vitiate such a claim. Or perhaps "opens up" is one of those impossibly vague verbs that evade contradiction or negation.
Perhaps what is meant is that turning to the past is a way of generating or calling into existence these alternate presents and possible futures. (#1)
Or perhaps what is meant is that turning to the past is a way of interpreting (as in opening up for analysis) alternate presents and possible futures. (#2)
The first does not make any sense within the terms of any conception of time with which I am familiar. But then I have always favored the Greeks with their chronos and kairos.
The second is problematic since I am not sure how we would ever know that the present we are analyzing is truly "alternative" since, by definition, it constitutes our present, or our experience of the present moment.
Here is something else to consider (something I deal with in a forthcoming essay): there is what I would call the absent past, that is, a past that, phenomenologically speaking, does not exist and never will. This is the past that is no longer an active influence on the present, and is a past only in the historical or narrative sense, when viewed from the outside.
Examples of this absent or nonexistent past that has imposed initial constraints and degrees of freedom on what might be possible experiences include neurophysiological alterations that were indelibly fixed in early development due to, e.g., trauma or conflict. The consequences, e.g., of early, massive socioaffective deprivation as seen in some orphanages (Gunnar, 2001) or the later developmental consequences of early attachment patterns (Sroufe, 1999) are examples.
Anonymous said...
If you are a guardian of the past - who/what are you guarding it for?
I don't think that it is possible to think very far with binaries (all medievalists are this, all sociologists are that). Such generalisations do not work and also ignore the interdisciplinary links between the two fields. Try some kind of grid theory instead?
Secondly what do we all mean by future here? You cannot judge medieval studies only by the books you read in dusty libraries. Many academics spend the majority of their time teaching and administering (both very future centred activities). In my fields (and perhaps also more in the old world than the new) many medievalists (among others) engage directly with the future through local and national planning, leisure, media and education industries. A popular name for this is 'heritage' which has all kinds of political and future-oriented agendas associated with it.
Finally - the socialist/marxist historians I have known personally - have generally been engaged with the future and you can read that in their work all the more when you know their lives. So I think JJC has a point about the unhappy disembodiedness that published work acquires.
Finally (and with smile) I have to say that it was me (not Maslow) who associated B-cog with the cultural sanguinity of getting older. Those two things have been quite a feature of my (and mine's) personal experience in the past 12 months.
Now I must dash - full day of teaching, admin and conservation work to come yet (and yes it is the vacation here too!)
J J Cohen said...
Karl: And -- I would want to stress this, as EJ does -- most medievalists don't see themselves as part of this future-generating process (by "future-generating" I mean simply unhitching the future, proximate or distant, from the imaginatively impoverished burden of being an extension of the present, or of being inevitable). With Eileen we might wonder what would happen if more scholars who study the past in all its distance could see implications for the future in at least some of what they do.
N50: the inevitability of encountering the present in the past is a historicist insight, and it ought to apply to the scholarship that historicists produce as well. Bynum is good on this ... but what could make the investigation richer (and more fraught) is to then ask: what next? what are the implications for thinking beyond the present, or thinking the present in more temporally complex terms? As for medievalists as guardians of the past ... well, I did say "custodians," and I meant that as labelling a self-perception of many medievalists. Should they perceive themselves as such is another question entirely. And as to for whom these medievalists might be guarding the past ... it seems that whenever scholars place the past under lock and key like that, they are preserving their fantasy of the past for themselves under the justification that they are willing something noble and pure to posterity. As if.
J J Cohen said...
E: I like your parable of temporal enfolding. Is there any topic you DON'T have as a forthcoming essay?
J J Cohen said...
Sorry to quote back at such length, but those queries have really stuck with me. I'm wondering where the space for a future is here. "The Langoliers" is a terrifying story, mainly for its inhuman and all-consuming notion of time as utter loss, but just as frightening is its conceptualziation of the future as the same as the present, just waiting for the present's occupants to catch up with and inhabit it. So you get two temporalities, not three: time as present swallowed into oblivion; time as present emptily extended into more of the same. I like how you focus on the material remains (watches, false teeth, uneaten food) not yet swallowed by the teeth and mouth of history -- oops, I mean of the Langoliers -- but I'm wondering how futurity might reside within or alongside such objects. If they are simply inert material then they may as well have been swallowed. Does the answer to the question "why does the past matter in this particular instant of time?" necessary link to the question of the open or closed future?
Anonymous said...
The following is a useful collection of links to resources for the study of public history and heritage:
I do not know whether there are literary equivalents.
Eileen Joy said...
Emile B.'s comments on the possibility of an absent past and what the implications of that "absent past" might be for the present [not an "alternative present" but an actual present--important distinction] brings me back again to the question of ethics--as in: how do we conceive of [or *want* to conceive of] our ethical obligations as historians of the past? What do we think is the *utility* of our work viz. the present? "What do the dead want from us?" Etc. Again, I have been trying to parse these questions in a variety of ways in the book I am working on, and have not settled on an answer, but in response to Emile's question about the "absent past," I offer an excerpt from the "opening" to the chapter from which I earlier shared part of the conclusion:
I. History's Dark Woods
In her provocative essay, "Memory, History, Revelation: Writing the Dead Other," Edith Wyschogrod writes that "The past does not give itself all at once as spectacle . . . but is disclosed by the 'not' that is imprinted . . . sous rature in what is actually imaged and told. . . . To remember is to grasp occurrences in the manner of holding-in-front-of-oneself not only that which was but that which could have been" (in Memory and History in Christianity and Judaism, ed. Michael A. Signer [Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001], 24). Furthermore, Wyschogrod writes that,
"Some historical narratives contain breaks in structure that I shall call their discursive space of authorization. Such spaces are often signaled by specific forumlae such as the announcement in Exodus, 'I am that I am.' The formula is a warning that there is a blank in the narrative that points to the governance of the events it recounts by that which is altogether outside the narrative. These blank spaces are the placeholders of revelation, a kind of white light that, unlike the formulae that announce them, illuminate the events recounted without ever becoming the focus of visibility." (ibid., 21)
The person wishing to render an accurate picture or account of the past must recognize that "the discursive space of memory is always already an ethical space," and the historian stands, as it were, "under [the] judgment" not only of the absent dead, but also of an "unincorporable infinite" that can only manifest itself in the blank spaces of the "predicative and iterative historical narrative" (ibid., 25, 31-32). Yet, as Wyschogrod also reminds us, if we believe that "history is judged in accordance with the claims of the dead Others," we should also remind ourselves of Nietzsche's caution in "The Uses and Abuses of History": "Who compels you to judge? If it is your wish--you must first prove that you are capable of justice. As judges you must stand higher that that which is to be judged; as it is you have only come later" (ibid., 31). But this is just a caution. Following Wyschogrod's line of thinking, the work of art rescued from the flow of history--such as the "Beowulf" manuscript or Leonardo's "Last Supper"--is both the carrier of a distinct cultural act and memory situated in a particular place and time which states, "it could not have been otherwise"--it was thus, and not thus--and also the placeholder of everything that is exterior to and in excess of that memory, what the Polish writer and artist Bruno Schulz called "the immensity of the transcendental" ("Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass," trans. Celina Wieniewski [Boston, 1978], 14). In his book "Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass," Schulz's narrator argues that there are some events that are too immense to be "contained in mere facts," and which the "ground of reality" cannot carry, and therefore,
"they quickly withdraw, fearing to lose their integrity in the frailty of realization. . . . as a result, white spots appear in our biography--scented stigmata, the faded silvery imprints of the bare feet of angels, scattered footmarks on our nights and days--while the fullness of life waxes, incessantly supplements itself, and towers over us in wonder after wonder. . . . An event may be small and insignificant in its origin, and yet, when drawn close to one's eye, it may open in its center an infinite and radiant perspective because a higher order of being is trying to express itself in it and irradiates it violently." (ibid., 13-14)
The narrator of Schulz's book, in fact, is the young artist-genius and hero of his own mytho-autobiography who continually draws the world close to his own eyes and perceives in it the violent irradiations of this higher order of being; in something as simple as a spring dusk he perceives "labyrinths of depth, warehouses and silos of things, graves that are still warm, the litter, and the rot" (ibid., 47). But perhaps we should also remember here the words of the survivor of Auschwitz, Primo Levi, who worried constantly that it might not be enough for the artist to bear witness to that which others have not seen or experienced, and further, that there are certain realms into which the writer-witness, for all his good intentions, cannot travel:
"We survivors are not only an exiguous but also an anomalous minority: we are those who by their prevarications or abilities or good luck did not touch bottom. Those who did so, those who saw the Gorgon, have not returned to tell about it or have returned mute, but they are the "Muslims," the submerged, the complete witnesses, the ones whose deposition would have a general significance. They are the rule; we are the exception." ("The Drowned and the Saved," trans. Raymond Rosenthal [New York: Vintage Books, 1989], 83-84)
[more in a bit . . . .]
Eileen Joy said...
Still trying to think through the tricky and ethically-fraught relationship of historians to their subject mattter [the "subjects"--human and otherwise] of the past, another bit from a different chapter in the book, which looks at "Beowulf" alongside the paintings of Stanley Spencer and Morrison's novel "Beloved":
III. Marking (Loving) the Dead
One of the most provocative and insistent questions of history is, “what do the dead want from us?” Suffice to say, there is not enough time in the world to adequately answer this question, but I want to suggest that it is that very question that resonates throughout "Beowulf," and lends to it a very modern insistency. The poem is infinitely complex with regard to the question, but one of the possible answers it provides is that the dead want to be marked–they want to be "written," as it were, into the future. They want to matter in the present that follows after them. Beowulf himself represents what Benjamin called "the secret heliotropism" by which "the past strives to turn toward the sun which is rising in the sky of history," and he calls attention to the relationship between memory and "marking" (or, writing), when he conveys to Wiglaf, just before dying, his request that "the battle-warriors will command that a bright mound be built . . . high on the whale-cliffs" (ll. 2802-05). Beowulf desires this not only as a gemyndum ("reminder") for his people, but also as a marker to future seafarers "when their ships drive from afar over the darkness of the flood" (ll. 2806-08) to keep Beowulf in mind. Beowulf’s desire to be marked with a memorial built high on a hill where it will be seen by travelers passing by on their ships, which ships can only come to Beowulf’s grave from a future that is now forever out of his grasp, can be seen as a desire to be kept alive as the marker of a particular historical moment, or memory. Beowulf's command is also a gesture that calls to mind Levinas's erotic caress of the future, in which the hero, just prior to death, always glimpses a last chance. And this caress is erotic, not because, following Freud, it is a "grasping" or "possessing" that seeks power over the Other through fusion, but because, in the more radical way Levinas defines it, it is a reaching out toward what is always "about to come" ("a venir") and which the ethical hero recognizes he cannot actually touch, yet reaches for anyway. It is the heroic gesture par excellence--a reaching through death toward life--that signifies the desire to be with the Other in the future in a voluptuousness of Being.
But the memorial, if built, and seen from afar, is also blank, and accretes with time, not memory, but forgetfulness. The last epithet applied to Beowulf by the poet, that he was "eager for fame" (lofgeornost), has often led critics to assume that Beowulf’s greatest sin (in the eyes of the poet) was his pride, perhaps even, his too-great faith in himself at the expense of a faith in a Christian God or a hereafter, but I want to suggest that Beowulf was always focused on the "hereafter" of the always-present world, and his desire to be "marked" in that present world is also a kind of erotic longing for an embrace with that place–more specifically, with what is vital and alive in it.
I would also like to consider here a juxtaposition of images of embraces with the dead that detail that embrace’s erotic nature, and also raise some disturbing questions about how we in the present can most properly remember the past and mark the dead, especially with relation to traumatic history. Stanley Spencer, one of the three most important English figurative painters of the twentieth century, along with Francis Bacon and Lucian Freud, spent a good deal of his life working on massive visionary canvasses that fused the everyday life of the English village he lived in, Cookham, with the spiritual and the erotic, and he believed that "true modernity necessitated reclamation of the past." One of the recurring themes of his work was resurrection-the first of these, painted from 1924-27, was "The Resurrection: Cookham." Shortly after this, in 1932, he painted one of his most important works, "The Resurrection of the Soldiers," which was part of a monumental cycle of paintings commemorating World War I that was installed at Sandham Memorial Chapel in Burghclere.
The painting shows the soldiers climbing out of their graves bearing white crosses and reuniting with their dead comrades in all manner of embrace. The men are touching everything and also clasping each other–some men (in the background of the painting) are lying close to the mules, one man kneels at Christ’s side, his head in his lap, one man caresses a turtle, while another clasps a dove to his chest. Of the painting, Spencer, who was a soldier in the war, wrote, "During the war, I felt the only way to end the ghastly experience would be if everyone suddenly decided to indulge in every degree or form of sexual love, carnal love, bestiality, anything you like to call it. These are the joyful inheritances of mankind." On a more personal level, Spencer’s painting, "Welcoming Hilda," painted in 1953 after his first and estranged wife’s death from cancer, represented his reunion with her after death, as husband, father, and lover.
Spencer had betrayed Hilda on more than one occasion, and not long after divorcing her in order to marry the painter Patricia Preece–a union that proved to be disastrous–he regretted his decision and spent years urging Hilda for a reconciliation. Only when she was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer did she allow him back, in order to have him with her as she was dying. In the painting, everyone has been returned to a time before the initial break with Hilda–Spencer himself is a young man, and his two daughters, who were in their twenties when Hilda died, are children again. The tone is one of tentative, yet physical joyfulness in which all arms caress and embrace Hilda’s body, but tellingly, Hilda looks away as Spencer kisses her.
This image points to one of the more troubling aspects of what we might call the return of the departed, which is also the return of history, and of history’s Others in the present. In Toni Morrison’s novel "Beloved," the return to 124 Bluestone Road of the daughter, Beloved, who was murdered by her own mother, Sethe, in order to ensure that she would never grow up as a slave, is at first a somewhat joyous occasion for Sethe, who sees a chance to undo her earlier crime and reclaim her lost child, but Beloved’s entrance into the house as a physical presence (literally, from the stream behind the house) is at first preceded by a terrible haunting of that house, in which the ghosts of the past rattle the living out of their wits. One by one, from the time of the initial haunting through the arrival and then tenancy of "the fully dressed woman [who] walked out of the water," all the members of the household, including Sethe’s sons (Howard and Bulgar), her lover, Paul D., and other daughter, Denver, are forced out of the house until it is just Sethe and Beloved, who continually insists to all the other members of the household who try to help and love her, "She [Sethe] is the one. She is the one I need. . . . she is the one I have to have." And, as Morrison’s narrator puts it, Sethe was "licked, tasted, eaten by Beloved’s eyes."
Beloved’s "wanting" of Sethe leads to a type of harrowing possession–both physical and psychic–where Sethe, finally alone in the house with Beloved, and cut off from the rest of her social community, becomes locked in what Freud would have called the repetitive, compulsive "acting out" of the past, in which "the past is performatively regenerated or relived as if it were fully present rather than represented in memory" (LaCapra). Beloved, waxing into grotesque proportions in her somewhat obscene pregnancy–for how can the dead give birth? [but this, of course, is also a metaphor: the present, or future, cannot be "born" out of the traumatic past without horror]–grows increasingly angry, accusing Sethe of having left her behind where "the dead men lay on top of her," but when Sethe begs her forgiveness, Beloved won’t give it, and when Sethe herself becomes angry, Beloved turns violent, breaking plates and windowpanes, thereby keeping in motion the melancholic-manic cycle which, apparently, cannot be broken. But what does Beloved want? At one point in the novel, Beloved, wishing to be pregnant, seduces Paul D. by telling him she wants to be touched "on the inside part" and for someone to call out her name. Paul D. resists at first, but when he does finally give in, he loses himself in the calling of that name, just as Sethe eventually loses her mind. In the end, all that is left of Beloved–and the same could be said of Beowulf–is her name, which both marks and fills her absence.
[well, this is all still "in a muddle"--any comments will help me revise!]
Cheers, Eileen
J J Cohen said...
You've written powerfully about the desire of the dead for continuance, for futurity, but the examples you give are of the dead who desire to stop time. Beowulf wants through his architecural transformation of the landscape hronesnes to be henceforth known as Beowulfes burh, but no one ever calls it that; even the text refers to the place as hronesnes as the dead hero is memorialized there. Would Beowulf's mound, the repository of the dragon's treasure, be all that different from the dragon's mound, the dwelling of a doppelganger who likewise intended to rest there forever, and a structure built by a vanished race even older than the dragon? Isn't a similar demand being issued by Beloved, that the past-as-present be extended rather than transformed or opened up to some future? Isn't that the problem with the undead (aptrgangr) in Icelandic sagas, that the animated corpse will not release the present from the past's grip, that he demands a future as selfsame as those frozen temporality he inhabits in his own burial mound or dying place?
I understand very well that "what do the dead want from us?" is an ethical question, the answer to which can be "justice." Justice is as addressed to the future as it is to the past; justice is temporally catalytic. But it might also be that sometimes the demands of the dead if heeded will not admit of any future -- they foreclose it rather than allow anyone "to be written,' as it were, into the future" because "the present that follows after them" is like the empty airport of "The Langoliers," a suffocating projection of the eternal same.
Eileen Joy said...
JJC wrote that, even if we do "medieval studies" work that locates "the present in the past" [or, I might say, "the past in the present"], the more important work might be to ask, "what next? what are the implications for thinking beyond the present, or thinking the present in more temporally complex terms?" In order to begin contemplating possible answers to this question, we likely need to think of some concrete examples whereby we can locate the present in the past [as in the work of Bynum, say, the way in which we can see how certain questions of self/identity perdure over time, from medieval werewolf stories to "Buffy the Vampire Slayer," or from medieval practices of religious fasting to contemporary anorexia, etc.] or the past in the present [i.e. Kathleen Biddick's "The Shock of Medievalism" or many of the chapters in Cohen et al.'s "The Postcolonial Middle Ages" or in Kruger and Burger's "Queering the Middle Ages/Historicizing Postmodernity"]. Likewise, if we want to further pursue JJC's questions as to "how futurity might reside within or alongside" artifacts of the past, and whether or not the answer to the question, "why does the past matter in this particular instant of time," *necessarily* "link[s] to the question of the open or closed future," we will also have to have some concrete examples [which E.B., I might often add, is often very good at providing for his own arguments]. In his Afterword to our book, recently re-titled for the umpteenth freaking time, "Cultural Studies of the Modern Middle Ages" [formerly known as "Medieval, Reality, Television"], Prof. Cohen wrote eloquently about a pig as a "temporal container" and connected that idea with both medieval religious practice and the current "crisis" in France over Muslim immigrant communities. Many of the readers of this blog may remember that JJC shared a good portion of that essay here, so I won't go over it again, except to say that it was a good example of using a concrete material object--the pig--as well as of connecting the medieval past to the present relative to a highly politically-charged question regarding the future [what is France going to do, or what *should* France do, regarding its so-called "crisis" with its Muslim immigrant communities?]. Does that make sense?
Also, before we try, again, to "think through" these questions JJC has posed, we also have to go back to what might be called the oldest question posed by historians--why does history matter at all?--and remind ourselves of all the reasons why the conventional answers have proven to be either untenable, untrue most of the time, or too difficult to prove [and note, too, that most of these answers have often been future-oriented]. Traditionally, the answers have been:
a. we study history so we won't make the same mistakes [but we *do* make the same mistakes, BUT, they're never really "the same," because no two times are ever exactly alike]
b. we study history because if we can see where we have been, we are better able to predict where we are going [I call this the evolutionary model, but time, as it turns out, does not just have one direction, no matter what some physicists or neo-Hegelians argue, although, in politics, it *can* be very useful to be able to survey the terrain already traveled--think of feminism in the U.S., for example].
c. we study history, and record it names & events, because we have an obligation to "remember," or to "honor the dead" [this is "sacred history," which is, at bottom, a religious enterprise, even, a religious imperative--but what if there is no divine authority figure--what then?--why should the dead matter so much?--is a non-foundational sacred history possible?--that question actually informs much of my own work with the medieval past]
d. we study history because, well, it's just plain interesting [the history "amusement park" model, a la Bede's World, PBS reality programs like "Manor House," etc.]
e. we study history because it helps us understand "who we are" [as if we could have only turned out "one way"--here, E.B.'s question about the "absent past" is helpful for problematizing this axiom]
And so on and so forth.
Eileen Joy said...
In response to JJC's recent post that, "it might also be that sometimes the demands of the dead if heeded will not admit of any future -- they foreclose it rather than allow anyone "to be written,' as it were, into the future" because "the present that follows after them" is like the empty airport of "The Langoliers," a suffocating projection of the eternal same,"--NO kidding. That was exactly the point I was trying to make, if somewhat awkwardly, through Spencer's painting "Welcoming Hilda" and Morrison's "Beloved," where the desires of those locked in the places where the "dead men" lie on top of them, can be suffocating and strangulating upon the present. There is a danger in wanting to, let's say, "resurrect the dead" [Morrison's novel seems to say, if you resurrect your dead child so you can "undo" your original crime against her, she will not thank you for it--instead, she will destroy you by eating you alive, because it isn't "honor" she wants, it's *life/living*]. So, yeah, I agree, too, that Beowulf wants a kind of historical stasis--a material place in the landscape, in this instance--that will always mark/bear the memory of him as a person, but also as a kind of mythic figure; but I would also argue that there is also the desire, however fragile and ultimately kind of hopeless, to want to be--somehow and some way--always among the living, in their midst, vibrant and alive and never dead.
Eileen Joy said...
Let me qualify a bit my last statement, with some repetition:
I would also argue that there is also the desire, [in Beowulf's wanting to be remembered] however fragile and ultimately kind of hopeless, to want to be--somehow and some way--always among the living, in their midst, vibrant and alive and never dead, *not* in order to arrest the flow of time or to keep it locked in place or foreclosed, but to always be in the *flow* of time as it moves, ceaselessly, through places and bodies [which are also places, and for us humans, the most important location of our fragile, tenuous selves], in order to always feel that voluptuousness of being-becoming [as opposed to nonbeing].
Eileen Joy said...
And one last thing [haha]--
but it goes without saying, doesn't it, that avoiding the eventual "nonbeing of everything" is not an option, right [in other words, not only my own life, but the life of the universe, too, has a terminus--unless science changes that, somehow]? How might this change our *need* of the past viz. the present & future?
J J Cohen said...
Eileen, I definitely get your point about "Welcoming Hilda" and Beloved -- good stuff, here, too about mourning, art, and the future. But I guess I'm wondering how beowulf is NOT like an aptrgangr or Beloved, if his desires are to be realized (he seems so out of time to me, and by that I mean a remnant of a past that doesn't know it is out of synch). Can you say some more about these eloquent lines: desire, [in Beowulf's wanting to be remembered] however fragile and ultimately kind of hopeless, to want to be--somehow and some way--always among the living, in their midst, vibrant and alive and never dead, *not* in order to arrest the flow of time or to keep it locked in place or foreclosed, but to always be in the *flow* of time as it moves, ceaselessly, through places and bodies?
Eileen Joy said...
To me, Beowulf is "out of time," as JJC says, not because he is a remnant of the past, but because, in his own world [i.e. 4th-5th-century "Migration Era" Europe or 10th-century Anglo-Saxon England], he is actually, I think, "from the future." Roberta Frank once described Beowulf as a "novus homo" in history; I referred to him in my dissertation as "a man in the middle" of history--he comes from the future [a place that is forward-looking--he's a kind of unusual-for-the-times diplomat as regards Danish-Geatish relations] but gets "stuck" in a present he can't escape [i.e., for all of his forward-looking leadership, he can't escape the dragon, who often "sleeps" but never "dies" and is the outsized embodiment of a certain human greed/rage]. As to saying more about my typification of Beowulf's "desire" to be remembered, and *how*, let me think about that a bit more. Where I am at present, the sun does not set until about 9:30, and it's time for a glass of white wine of the deck overlooking the Smoky mountains and my current copy of "Vogue" [thanks to Betsy M. who I know reads this blog!].
Eileen Joy said...
And I have to be careful, too, of how I typify what might be called Beowulf's desires, since I can only "psychologize" him as far as the text will allow. But I *do* believe that many of Beowulf's actions and speeches within the poem reveal a mind that is restless in its desire to, as I also put it in my diss., "always be *coming* rather than *going*." But then, I'd have to parse that out a bit more, wouldn't I?
Wouldn't it be great to have someone you could dictate your blog posts to as you continued to drink wine and gazed at the mountains?
J J Cohen said...
I'll look forward to hearing more about your Beowulf from the future in the future, Eileen, since he is so very different (I suppose) from the Beowulf who has lived with me for so long. But at your leisure: the blog has a future that I hope stretches to the crack o doom. And it would be a great guest post, so that it wouldn't have to dwell an exile in the comments.
Enjoy your wine. As to the Cohens, we have gorged on summer ice cream and now must prepare baths to immerse the filthy progeny.
Anonymous said...
History Matters: Pass it On!
Launched today in the UK by a variety of academics, NGOs and GOs.
Read about it in the press.
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| 50
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A collar slides along a smooth rod
The 35-lb collar slides along the smooth rod. If the collar is released from rest at A, determine its speed when it passes point B. The spring has an unstretched length of 3 ft.
Answers (0)
There are no answers to this question yet.
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Search This Blog
Thursday, 21 July 2011
How To Make A Long Distance Relationship Work
picture from
Let me just start by saying: Long distance relationships suck. I don't suggest moving halfway across the world and falling in love when you know full well that your work visa is going to expire in six months. But like so many people, the man I love is not exactly the boy next door. I'm lucky enough to have him here with me now, but here's a few things I learned about how to survive a long distance relationship and making it work when you're miles apart.
One thing my boyfriend and I did that really helped us stay connected was we created a "relationship tumblr" and posted all sorts of things to it. I actually just read through the whole thing and it made me laugh so much. Tumblr lets you post pictures straight from your webcam so it's really easy to give them quick, cute update pictures of what you're up to. We posted songs that reminded us of each other. Ben even posted a video of himself dancing to my favorite Smiths song. It made me smile every time I watched it. It was so nice to come home every day and check what he'd posted on the tumblr for me. One day on Skype he told me to check the tumblr for what he'd posted, so I logged on expecting to see a picture of Pauly D or something, but instead I saw this. It was the best moment ever!
Another way to keep connected and keep them updated is get a twitter account. Usually there is nothing worse than people who constantly tweet about what they're eating or watching on tv, but when you're in a long distance relationship you actually kind of care about that mundane stuff. With social networking nowadays, it's easier than ever to be at each others fingertips. Don't tell other people what your twitter account is, and then you won't feel you have to censor it for the masses. It can be your guys' own personal chit chat tool.
From now on, Skype is your best friend. Oh my god, what would we have done without Skype. It's so wonderful to see their face when they wake up (yes, you have to get up early to say goodnight to them, it's worth it.) or actually see them laugh, instead of just hearing it. It's important to put in the effort to make sure you don't slack on calling each other and that you're online when you said you would be. Remember, your both sex deprived so you're going to be a bit moody. It takes two minutes to install Skype if you're staying at a friends house for the night. Another thing we used to do was watch TV shows online with the show open in one window, and Skype open on the other side so we felt like we were watching together.
Send them packages of things significant to where you are. For example, I really miss English things like Jaffa Cakes and PG Tips tea, so that would have been a perfect thing for Ben to send me. You can write them a nice hand written card that you can even spritz with your perfume. I know it sounds really, really cheesy but scent and memory are very closely linked and it's comforting to smell them when you're feeling down.
Resist other people. You are most likely going to meet people of the opposite sex and when you're lonely and craving love they may seem tempting. Also, as I mentioned before, you're sex deprived and propably pulling your hair out with frustration. It's easy to forget, after a few cocktails and some pick up lines, that you've got someone miles away who you love and that this random guy is not better than him. Trust is so important when you're far away from each other. Be strong, go home and have a wank. You'll be with the one you really want soon enough.
Don't get married to your computer. Go out and live your life! In order to keep your Skype conversations interesting, you have to have interesting things to talk about. Most of the conversations you'll end up having will be about what you did that day, and I doubt your boyfriend wants to hear about the Real Housewives marathon you watched, no matter how much drama there was. Go to concerts, art shows, paint them pictures, make an awesome summer checklist and then do it! Make sure you continue being the vibrant, exciting person they fell in love with.
Don't expect every call to be perfect. You will still argue sometimes and there will be times when you have nothing interesting to say to each other. When that happens, it's better to just end to call and don't dwell on it. Nobody gets along all the time and just because your last phone call was a bit lacking, it doesn't mean they don't love you or they're out there boning some loser. Sometimes you're just not in the mood to chat, even to the person you love most in the world.
Well, there you have it. It's not easy, and I'm not saying I never cried or doubted if we would make it. But we did, and it was worth every minute we spent apart to be together now. I wish you all the best of luck, and commend you for your dedication to your relationship!
1. exactly! rigth now skyping across the ocean..)
2. @chestnutmocha
Aw, I wish you both all the best.
3. yeahh! it's so hard! thanks for the tips!
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| 147
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Amanda Vanstone
Amanda Vanstone
Born in Adelaide, Amanda Vanstone studied Arts and Law at the University of Adelaide and before entering politics worked in the legal area, retailing and small business.
Amanda entered the Australian Parliament in 1984 and was a Liberal Senator for South Australia from 1984 to 2007. She was the only female member of the Howard Cabinet following the 1996 election that brought the coalition to power. She held several ministerial portfolios in the Howard Government including Minister for Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Minister for Justice and Customs, Minister for Family and Community Services, Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women, Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Reconciliation.
Programs presented
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Wednesday, June 27, 2007
and now for some dumb pastor news
I don't know what to say... Pastor Shoots off cat's head.
Virginia - A volunteer firefighter who leads weekly religious services at a homeless shelter received a suspended sentence for shooting the head off a neighbour's cat.
Jonathan Hubert Powell, 39, said he decapitated the cat, named Garcia, because it was scratching his car, according to his testimony.
But on Monday, Powell said he shot at what he thought was a raccoon or possum.
He was convicted of animal cruelty in the April 2006 shooting and received the two-year suspended sentence.
After his sentencing, Powell said he learned some "very valuable lessons" that he hopes to share in his ministry.
"I'm sorry that an animal had to die," he said. "I will admit I made a very poor decision."
I don't have anything snaky to say. I must not be feeling well.
The Anonymous Atheist said...
Damn, I want to know where that is! I live in Virginia, and I'd like to know how far away this guy is.
yinyang said...
Isn't cruelty to animals one of the signs of a serial killer?
tina said...
Please don't let your animals roam free. It's all for the better, diseases, attacks by other animals, more babies, feral cats spraying doors marking territories, it just makes sense. I feel bad for the people that owned the kitty though, they're like part of your family. This guy is a pastor??
Johnny Crow said...
I guess I just think a bit differently, If you have a varmint or creature that is on your property, I would shoo it away or even do what the guy did. I would have shot the damn thing. Then again if you didn't know it was a cat then he shouldn't have shot at it in the first place... but that is besides the point... I just don't see how this is bad. Also whether he was religious or a pastor or not is moot, he was a guy who shot at a cat or animal because it was on his property and fuckin with his shit. Sounds like me. lol. Thats just my two cents.
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Incrementally build a wobbly tower of cups and ping-pong balls by bouncing a ball off the ground into a growing stack of cups held in the hand.
Basket of ping-pong balls is placed on table.
Player holds stack of 8 plastic cups in 1 hand.
When clock starts, player may bounce a ping-pong ball on floor and into first cup.
To successfully complete game, player will bounce ping-pong ball into cup, then stack new cup on top and bounce another ping-pong ball into it until all cups contain a ping-pong ball.
8 plastic cups
Basket of ping-pong balls
Go back
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A wounded boy is treated by a doctor in Aleppo, Syria, where the civil war is expected to have a terrible psychological impact on children.
A child's 'chain of violence' in the Syrian crisis
Many say the Arab Spring took root in Syria after the detention, torture and murder by government forces of a 13-year-old boy named Hamza Al Khateeb.
He was arrested at a protest in Daraa in April last year. When he was returned to his family nearly a month later, his lifeless body bore burn marks, broken kneecaps, three gunshot wounds and mutilated genitals.
His death became an early rallying point for opponents of Bashar Al Assad's regime, who organised under the slogan "We Are All Hamza Al Khateeb". Since his death, about 2,000 more children have died as Syria has become mired in civil war.
For the children who will escape the conflict physically unscathed, questions remain about the long-term psychological impacts.
For an indication of what might be ahead for the children of Syria, one only needs to look across the border to Israel and the Palestinian Territories.
A study released two months ago based on 1,500 Palestinian, Jewish-Israeli and Arab-Israeli children showed that a "chain of violence" is created when children are exposed to ethnic and political conflict. The younger the children are, the more strongly they are affected and the more aggressive they become in response.
The findings, based on peer-reviewed research funded by the US-based National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, are seen has having profound implications on how disputes become intractable.
The study involved three yearly sets of interviews with 600 Palestinian families, 451 Israeli-Jewish families and 450 Israeli-Arab families. In each group, one third were 8 years old at the time of the first round of interviews, another third were 11 and the final third were 14.
The research began in 2005, around the time of the end of the Second Intifada.
Paul Boxer, the lead author of the study, said the evidence was clear: ethnic and political violence adversely affect children, especially the very young.
"We found that over time, exposure to all kinds of violence was linked to increased aggressive behaviour among the children," said Boxer, a Rutgers University psychologist.
"We also found that these effects were strongest among the youngest age group, and that they appear to result from a chain of influence in which ethnic-political violence increases violence in families, schools and neighbourhoods, which in turn increases aggressive behaviour among children."
The exposure to violence was quantified by asking the children and their parents questions such as: how often a friend or acquaintance had been injured as a result of political or military violence; how often they had spent a long period of time in a security shelter or under curfew and how often they had witnessed actual violence.
They were also quizzed about the exposure of violence in the community that was not ethnic or political, such as violence at school and violence within the family.
Children were asked how often in the last year they had engaged in violent behaviours such as pushing, punching, hitting or choking, saying mean things, or taking others' things without asking.
They found that Palestinian children had the greatest exposure to violence, although Israeli Jews experienced more security checks and threats. Palestinian children also showed the highest levels of aggressive behaviour. Boys experienced more violence and displayed higher levels of aggression than girls.
Rowell Huesmann, the co-author of the study and a research director at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, is a veteran of several studies about the impact of violence on the young, including western children who watch violent television or movies or play violent video games.
"Violence is really like a contagious disease," he said.
"Except in one sense, it's worse. With contagious diseases, you have to be near the person in order to get it. Violence is contagious even at a distance.
"We found that late childhood was a critical period. The children who were 8 years old at the start of our study were more susceptible than older children to the effects of witnessing violence."
The results are unsettling, but not surprising. An earlier study by Huesmann based on the same study showed both Palestinian and Israeli children are being psychologically scarred.
Roughly half of all Palestinian children aged between 11 and 14 had seen other Palestinians upset or crying because someone they knew had been killed by Israelis. Nearly as many had seen in person Palestinians who were injured or dead as a result of Israeli attacks in the previous year.
The figures in reverse - of Israeli children seeing the effects on other Israelis of attacks by Palestinians - were more than one quarter and nearly 10 per cent.
Although the Palestinians' experience was worse and they were seeing "extraordinary amounts of very disturbing violence in their daily lives", Huesmann said both groups' exposure to violence was appallingly high.
"This exposure is very deleterious. It is associated with dramatic increases in post-traumatic stress symptoms and increases in aggressive behaviour directed at peers," he added.
The reaction was directed inwards, in the form of fear, anxiety, nightmares and incapacitating thoughts, or outwards, in the form of increased violence towards others.
He said the study also showed the behaviour was a reaction to what was being experienced rather than characteristics of the subjects' families.
What has happened to the children caught in the Palestinian-Israeli dispute - and is likely to happen to the children caught in the middle of Syria's civil war - is also being compared to other parts of the world associated with a culture of blood feuds.
The mindset is described as a "culture of honour", characterised by a tendency to avoid unintentional offence to others but also with a low tolerance to perceived slights by others.
Sicily, Corsica, the Basque country in the Pyrenees and Greece are examples of feuding cultures, as are the southern states of the United States.
When University of Michigan social scientists Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen investigated why the southern states had significantly higher rates of violence than northern states, they did an experiment in which young men were recruited for an undisclosed task.
After having their testosterone and cortisol levels measured, they were asked to complete a questionnaire and then walk down a long, narrow hallway to submit it to a proctor, who would utter an insult under his breath as he accepted it.
In his book Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell said there was only one significant difference that predicted how the young men responded.
"The deciding factor isn't how emotionally secure you are, or whether you are an intellectual or a jock, or whether you are physically imposing or not," he wrote.
"What matters … is where you're from. The young men from the northern part of the United States, for the most part, treated the incident with amusement. They laughed it off. Their handshakes were unchanged. Their levels of cortisol actually went down, as if they were unconsciously trying to defuse their own anger.
"But the southerners? Oh my. They were angry. Their cortisol and testosterone jumped. Their handshakes got firm."
The experiment went a step further. After being insulted, the subjects walked back along the narrow corridor, where they met an imposing 6 feet 3 inch man who was secretly part of the experiment. They would test how close they got to the man before stepping out of the way.
The northerners got out of the way two metres before meeting the man, whether they had been insulted or not. The southerners were more deferential if they had not been insulted, stepping aside nearly three metres away, but if he had just been insulted, they waited until they were less than 60 centimetres away.
Theories vary about why the southerners had such short fuses when insulted - one is that they were descendants of herdsmen from the lawless borderlands of the United Kingdom - but the implications for places like Syria and more widely through the Middle East is that behaviours and attitudes become entrenched and can continue to affect behaviour generations later.
And for the traumatised children of Palestine and Syria and their increased tendency to violence, that is troubling indeed.
John Henzell is a senior features writer for The National.
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Remote rural landscapes are often critical for biodiversity conservation, and also for supplying natural resources vital for rural human livelihoods. Underlying policies and programmes on sustainable development is the assumption that use of natural resources to fulfil human needs can be sustainable. The Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines (AAPG) provide a solid basis on which to try to achieve this - to ensure that management planning for natural resource use considers the needs and rights of potential users, while also emphasizing the need to minimize damage to biodiversity and the ecosystem.
A further consideration, recognized in the (AAPG), is the use of science to assess how this balance can be achieved, and the recognition that knowledge of both biological and social systems is essential if the conservation and societal goals are to be met. Those goals can only be met if we know the productivity of the resource being used, the limits to sustainable offtake levels, and hence the potential of the resource to provide livelihood support. If offtake is unsustainable, no amount of politically wishful thinking will prevent the resource from being depleted, and people from being tied to a declining resource base.
An illustration of this is a case example: the use of wild meat by people living across the tropics. Although very specific, the underlying principle of understanding the limits to natural productivity, and using that in management planning, applies equally to any other natural resources which are intimately linked to livelihood support.
Definition - Sustainable use
Defining sustainability is difficult, given the complexities of biological systems, and the range of relevant management goals. If the concern is wildlife conservation, hunting can be regarded as sustainable if hunted populations do not consistently decline in numbers over time or are not reduced to levels where they are vulnerable to extinction. Given the importance of hunted species to people, it is also important to include a third criterion for sustainability: that hunted populations are not reduced to levels where they can no longer meet human needs.
Importance of wild meat to tropical forest peoples
Many rural peoples across the tropics still depend on wild meat for their nutrition. E.g.:
• Two-thirds of the meals of a remote Kelabit community in Sarawak, Malaysia, contain wild meat, and it is their main source of protein.
• Efe Pygmies in the Ituri Forest, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, eat about 160g of wild meat per person per day.
• Ten indigenous groups in Latin America consume an average of 184g of wild meat per person per day. Some rural hunting communities eat even larger quantities of wild meat. Especially if other foods are scarce, people can obtain much of their overall nutrition from wild mammals. Estimates of daily consumption of wild meat per person include: 160-290g for families in northern Republic of Congo, 250g for the Yanomamo in Amazonia, and more than 250g for the Kalahari bushmen in southern Africa. The Yanomamo and also certain rural peoples in Central Africa eat more meat than many people in developed countries.
Variation in potential supply of wildlife from different tropical ecosystems
Productivity of an ecosystem for wild meat depends on the number of breeding animals per unit area, their size (the amount of meat per animal), and the average number of offspring per capita per unit time. The former two factors are captured by measuring biomass. Tropical grasslands commonly support mammal biomasses of 15,000 - 20,000 kg/km2. Most are fast-breeding ungulates and rodents. Thus, in grasslands, significant amounts of wildlife can be hunted and still be sustainable. In the humid tropics, human-disturbed areas such as farm fallows can also be very productive for rodents and ungulates. In contrast, mammal biomass in intact tropical forests rarely exceeds 3,000 kg/km2, and most are primates which breed slowly; thus overall productivity for wild meat is low. Tropical forests can only sustainably support a maximum of only one person/km2 if they rely solely on wild meat for their protein.
The limited productivity of tropical forests for wild meat means that options for livelihood support and poverty alleviation strategies based on hunting are limited, especially as human populations grow. Across most of the humid tropics, use of wildlife for food is already unsustainable. E.g., in Tangkoko Duasudara Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, from 1978 to 1993, hunting reduced the number of crested black macaques by 75%, anoa and maleo birds by 90%, and bear cuscus by 95%. In Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, hunting has reduced primate populations by 90% in some areas and to local extinction in others. And in 23 heavily-hunted sites across Amazonia, densities of large mammals have been reduced by 81%. If heavy hunting and wildlife trade continues, whole populations disappear. In the last 40 years, 12 species of large animals have become extinct or virtually extinct in Vietnam mainly as a result of over-hunting.
The people who immediately suffer as wildlife disappears are the millions across the tropics living at the development frontier, who are often the poorest and most marginalized in their countries. As their lands are opened up, wildlife declines. These people typically lack the education, skills and cultural context to take advantage of cash-earning jobs. They also lack capital or access to agricultural markets, so cannot readily switch to alternative livelihoods or food sources. They sometimes sell wildlife for cash, but if this is unsustainable, both their protein source and income vanish. Between 1975 and 1985, as their land was opened up by roads and hunting pressure increased, the proportion of successful hunts of the Agta in the Philippines declined from 63 to 16%, and the number of kills per hunt declined from 1.15 to 0.16 animals. The Agta went from being hunters of abundant wildlife in primary forests, to being struggling foragers with inadequate wildlife resources. The protein intake of the Yuquí Indians in Bolivia declined from 88g to 44g of protein per person per day after their lands were opened up to outsiders. Thus, the supply of wild meat is not meeting the demand. Theoretical calculations from Central Africa predict that, at current harvest rates, wild meat supplies will decline by 81% over the next 50 years.
Many more people do not depend on wildlife as a full-time source of food or income, but as a buffer to see them through times of hardship such as unemployment, crop failure, or warfare. That buffer goes if the wildlife disappears.
Thus, as human populations grow, the amount of wild meat which can be supplied from tropical forests will become increasingly unable to support human livelihoods. Moreover, the productivity of the wildlife resource is insufficient to provide capital to raise people out of poverty and into other livelihoods. Exceptions are rare, and occur where people are at extremely low population densities, e.g., the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve, Brazil, where human population densities are about 0.1 people/km2.
Savannahs and human influenced landscapes can, in theory, produce more wild meat, so their capacity to support both biodiversity conservation and human livelihood support through harvesting of wildlife is greater. Even here, however, the supply of wild meat in these systems has limits. The systems are highly variable and cannot easily be quantified, but sustainable offtake will be exceeded if human populations are high, and if offtake is supplying significant outside commercial markets.
Implications for management
How do we ensure that we conserve biodiversity and ecosystem function (Principles 4 and 5) while also respecting the rights and needs of local communities (Principles 9 and 10)?
Systems can be sustainable, but we must acknowledge that:
• There are biological limits to the amount of wild meat that natural systems can supply sustainably.
• If the people who truly depend on the resource are to continue to use it sustainably, management must ensure that user rights are clear and legally codified, and that systems are in place to ensure that only they have access to the resource.
• This usually means preventing commercial trade, and outsiders from hunting in traditional lands.
• Human livelihoods are most effectively sustained in highly modified ecosystems, where humans have intensified agriculture and grazing systems.
• To achieve sustainable landscapes, planning must be at a landscape scale. These must contain areas dedicated to production of food to meet human needs, and areas dedicated to conserving wildlife.
Consumption of wild meat is one specific case example. To examine the role which any natural resource can play in sustaining human livelihoods, a similar examination of the productivity of the resource and the needs of the users is essential in planning any extraction regime. Only if we do this can we ensure that the Addis Ababa principles of balancing human rights and needs with biodiversity conservation will be met.
Robinson, J.G. and Bennett, E.L. (2004). Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems. Animal Conservation 7: 397-408.
Elizabeth Bennett is Director of the Hunting & Wildlife Trade Program for the Wildlife Conservation Society. Email:
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UBM Tech
UBM Tech
Design Article
Achieving loud, rich sound from micro speakers
Shawn Scarlett, Director of Marketing, Mobile Audio, NXP Semiconductors
7/25/2012 11:34 AM EDT
While the video screens of mobile phones, tablets and notebooks have seen stunning improvements, audio performance has lagged far behind. Phone speakers still sound quiet and tinny, limited by their tiny size. Designers use various techniques to increase the volume and sound quality, but with limited success. They also bring risks: blown speakers are a common cause of failures in mobiles.
Simply limiting the output power makes for a poor user experience, and doesn't protect against blocked speaker ports or high ambient temperatures. Temperature measurements can help but do little to improve sound quality. High-pass filters reduce the speaker excursion at the resonant frequency but cut out too much bass.
Feed-forward techniques can improve bass response but on their own aren't enough and the can be a reliability risk. Additionally, clipping and low battery voltages can degrade sound quality even further.
This article will address these issues, as well as discuss NXP's new TFA9887 - offered as the first IC to solve all these problems, using a combination of techniques including adaptive excursion control.
Speakers come full circle
Speakers and phones have developed hand-in-hand for over 150 years. The first speakers were used in telephone receivers, shortly afterwards they branched off into sound reinforcement and grew larger and more powerful.
In the 1980s and 90s things came full circle. Modern mobile phones have two speakers. One, still called a receiver, is in the earpiece. The second is for sound reinforcement, for things like ringtones, music playback and hands-free calling.
Micro speakers try to bridge the gap, aiming to produce room-filling sound from a tiny volume. What began with a move to play better polyphonic ringtones has now grown towards using a cell phone instead of a home stereo. These speakers are caught between two opposing trends, more output power and smaller size. As these trends accelerate, speaker designers are starting to look for new and innovative ways to get the best possible sound.
Modern micro speakers have a permanent magnet and a voice coil that is attached to a diaphragm that pushes the air to create sound. The entire speaker is enclosed in protective box that provides the "back volume" for the speaker to push against and project the sound from the speaker.
Output limited by temperature...
The first way to get more sound out of a speaker is simply to put more electrical power in. Small micro speakers rated at ½ Watt can generally handle many times that for very short periods. All the extra power going in has to come out somewhere, though.
Maximizing efficiency converts as much power as possible into sound. However, much is still wasted as heat in the voice coil. This 'self heating' is directly related to the current in the voice coil. If the temperature climbs too high, the glue holding the voice coil together can be torn apart (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Dissipating too much heat can tear the voice coil apart.
The speaker is cooled by conducting the heat out through the membrane, case and other components and by the cooling effect of moving air from the sound waves themselves. Lower frequencies generate more air movement causing more cooling and hence allowing higher powers.
This relation breaks down if the speaker port is blocked, the air movement is restricted or the ambient temperature rises. If the air cannot cool the coil, the internal temperature rises much faster than expected, and the speaker can be damaged in a few seconds. The relationship between coil temperature, power level, frequency, duration, ambient temperature, and airflow is complex, and is virtually impossible to reliably predict.
...and speaker excursion
Because micro speakers must be small, it is easy to move the diaphragm further than the maximum allowable excursion (typically around 0.4 mm). As speakers get thinner, the excursion becomes smaller, which is a major restriction on output sound level.
A speaker's biggest excursion problem comes at and near its resonant frequency. At the resonant frequency the membrane moves easily, so small amounts of power can push the speaker beyond its limit. Micro speaker systems normally add a high-pass filter at around 1000 Hz to reduce the excursion. This can minimize the impact of the resonance peak, but losing the bass significantly degrades the sound quality.
The resonant frequency can change dramatically over the operating conditions, too. Temperature, ageing, a poorly designed phone case, and changes in the acoustic environment like blocking a speaker port will all cause shifts in the resonant frequency. Wear-and-tear on the phone case can also cause leaks in the speaker's back-volume. Any of these changes can cause speaker failure in a fixed-filter system.
Tony Casey
7/26/2012 4:08 AM EDT
It is not strictly correct to state that loudspeaker impedance rises linearly with temperature. Only the resistive part of impedance due to the voice coil behaves this way.
Over most of the frequency range of a typical moving coil loudspeaker, the impedance is dominated by either the motional impedance caused by back-emf at low frequencies, or voice coil inductance at high frequencies. It is only essentially resistive in a narrow frequency range between these two, where it is largely determined by the voice coil resistance.
Any attempt to infer temperature by measuring current, must therefore take this into account (presumably by bandpass filtering the current sense signal).
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7/30/2012 2:06 AM EDT
Good point. But the *rise* in impedance should be linear with temperature. so, if you take a 25C measurement across the spectrum, you should get a nice linear increase across the full spectrum as temperature increases.
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Tony Casey
7/30/2012 7:06 AM EDT
That's not something you can rely on either.
For example, suspension compliance will change significantly with temperature, changing both the resonant frequency and impedance peak. Moving mass, on the other hand, should remain constant. :-)
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8/1/2012 6:02 AM EDT
Yes, and not only with temperature but with aging. Ideally, positional determination should be independent.
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7/26/2012 12:20 PM EDT
OK, so as far as I can tell the cone positional information is not exactly acquired in real time (which would be very difficult) but rather developed as a model which resides in the DSP.
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7/26/2012 12:58 PM EDT
Does this part have any value for piezo speakers?
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7/26/2012 3:21 PM EDT
While what the author is stating is true it is much more important to provide a means of acoustic control over the diaphragm. The low frequencies need not be limited by back EMF nor the highs by inductance if a means to provide constant pressure behind the driver is provided. Typically the driver will have a more shallow roll off and not experience as much breakup under these conditions. Pat.7207413 B2 and others pending to allow for dynamic volume modification of the enclosed volume behind the driver. Impedance variations are also not as aggressive and critically damped resonance peaks enhance bass response. These conditions are established pre-electronics allowing for less aggressive DSP requirements to fix the speaker.
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7/27/2012 8:37 AM EDT
Author has briefed an important topic and triggered my thoughts. Always there is research going on improving the quality of the sound produce by the loud speakers. This is because the loud speaker efficiency is around 5% maximum. When it comes to fidelity again a quite a lot of limitations. This is because the speaker has to reproduce about more than a 1000 different types musical instruments sounds from a big drum to a smallest string instrument.So naturally it is difficult to design a single transducer to reproduce these sounds.And micro loudspeakers really tough to satisfy.Researchers can think of any other new type of transducer.
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8/3/2012 7:13 PM EDT
How about using some of that air pumping functionality to cool the coil?
Add a sub chamber and and a mechanical diode (one way valve for the air) and project it along the coil or better inside it.
badabing badabong.
Now only do this at the exteme travel points and add damping and only pump cooling air when at max power when you need it.
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Tell me more ×
Here's a simple, yet frustrating, problem. I cannot check my oil, because the dipstick is stuck fast to the tube.
I don't really want to pull and twist so hard that it breaks off.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
Try pulling it when the engine is hot. A that point the metals might have expanded a little and you might actually get it out.
share|improve this answer
I agree - you might want to add a couple of firm taps with a metal mallet as well. Don't bend anything - you just want to let any corrosion or adhesion know that you mean business. – Bob Cross Mar 26 '12 at 1:06
Your Answer
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Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Travel light and keep moving
It’s nice, I guess, to be credited as the founder or initiator of a literature that has burgeoned in the law reviews over the last ten or twelve years. Hence, I enjoyed noting a newly published article by Ilan Benshalom and Kendra Stead, entitled “Values and (Market) Valuations: A Critique of the Endowment Tax Consensus,” which begins as follows:
“A consensus is hard to come by, and to the extent you find one you should be suspicious of it. There are hints of such a consensus among several prominent tax scholars—endorsement of endowment as the ideal tax base. An endowment tax would be based on individuals’ ability to earn income rather than on income actually earned. This Article challenges this agenda at a crucial moment, as developments in genetics and quantitative social sciences may start allowing endowment taxation to creep outside the boundaries of abstract tax theory, potentially affecting real tax policy arrangements.
“Many leading tax scholars writing today have endorsed the endowment tax—that is, the tax of material wealth and innate earning capacity one is born into—as a tax base superior to consumption or income. Daniel Shaviro was the first tax law scholar to articulate the potential importance of the endowment tax, noting that endowment could serve as a proxy for well-being. Viewed as an indicator of well-being, endowment appears to be an equitable tax base under certain liberal egalitarian approaches. The main appeal of the endowment tax, however, is that its progressivity does not seem to have very high efficiency costs. If endowment is innate, individuals cannot change their behaviors to avoid the tax and will therefore have the incentive to allocate their time and wealth resources in the most efficient way. Given the undeniable force behind this reasoning, the notion of endowment as an ideal tax base has won many supporters.”
Benshalom and Stead then criticize the idea and several of its prominent recent proponents, making what they recognize is a more old-fashioned case for wanting to base taxes on actual earnings or income, rather than on some gauge of mere potential.
My original article on endowment taxation attempts to make one point clear that has frequently been forgotten in the debate (which itself sometimes strikes me as having too much of an angels-on-the-head-of-a-pin character).
“Inequality … plays an important role in a variety of views of distributive justice, although under any it rests at least one turtle from the bottom. [Footnote citing the old story of the woman who claimed that the earth rests on the back of a turtle and, when asked what the turtle rests on, responded that it was “turtles all the way down.”] The move from a description of who is better-off under some metric to the claim that tax burdens should vary by reason of the differences that this metric identifies requires motivation.”
I argue that, under plausible assumptions, endowment or earnings ability is one turtle down from actually observed income or market consumption as a marker of material wellbeing. For example, if we think of utility as produced by market consumption plus leisure, someone who voluntarily chooses more leisure isn’t, by reason of the choice, worse-off than someone who happens to prefer choosing more work and market consumption.
But endowment differences, even if deemed both meaningful and measurable, don’t get you all the way to relative wellbeing, and they certainly don’t get you all the way to relative marginal utility of a dollar given people’s circumstances, which is the key distributional factor in a utilitarian social welfare function.
So we’ll always remain a few turtles from the bottom (to put it optimistically), no matter how far down we go. And endowment can’t be a first-best tax and transfer base, any more than income or consumption, even if in some respects it’s superior. (Not in all respects, however – for example, it can’t address the role of an income or consumption tax in addressing the risks associated with under-diversified human capital, e.g., because one may have to specialize in a particular profession that faces variable future returns.)
First-bests are generally unavailable theoretically, not just practically.
1 comment:
llq said...
Possibly the most amazing blog that I read all year dresses with sleeves!?!
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Tell me more ×
I know that there is a 15 block limit before a repeater is needed, however I am looking for the TOTAL distance that current can travel. Is it infinite? Can I keep adding repeaters and go on forever?
I don't mind whether "old-school" repeaters are used (2 NOT gates) or the ones added in Beta 1.5, biggest distance wins.
Interesting stuff guys, I would love to see some pictures of your findings!
share|improve this question
I'm curious what the purpose of the bounty is; it seems like Ronan gave you an exhaustive answer 7 minutes after you asked, and you didn't expand on your question. – Nick T May 21 '11 at 2:09
@Nick I'm looking for a more specific answer - Ronan's doesn't give a hard limit, just that it will stop when some of the wire is no longer loaded. – soulBit May 21 '11 at 9:51
That's because there is no limit, it depends on how many other chunks are loaded, render distance and RAM(?) – Ronan Forman May 21 '11 at 19:10
maybe this is also interesting for you: They claim, that redstone will cease operating after 281 blocks (which are 17.5 chunks) – frosch03 Jun 22 '11 at 7:36
6 Answers
up vote 14 down vote accepted
Short version:
Using repeaters the travel distance is infinite. This can be exploited to build moderately large memory buffers utilizing delay-line memory, for fun and profit.
Note that there might be practical limits to how much the game engine can handle before it blows up.
Long version:
If it is not a question of distance, but rather an issue of the theoretical maximum number of wire/repeater blocks that can be powered by a single redstone torch, this number is fairly large.
When you consider the fact that redstone repeaters will reset current to 15, the actual distance itself is infinite, but there is a practical distance; loaded chunks. This limits you to an area of 16 * 16 * 81; and if you want to keep your circuits isolated; this works out to an approximate upper limit of 11000 powered pieces of wire/repeater, unless you use nothing but repeaters and wires for turns, in which case you can almost completely tesselate all of the loaded area, allowing for a lossage of approximately 144 blocks to turning space.
Edit: It's worth noting that in an all-repeater configuration; while you get upwards of 20000 square meters of active redstone; said redstone won't be able to power anything much; and any escape gap you make to allow devices to draw power will carry a pretty big penalty to the number of blocks that can be powered (upwards of an entire row).
Reedit: Did a bit of a gaffe in my math:
In an all-repeater configuration, you can also use several levels; up to about 62 (allowing for bedrock and sky) layers of tightly packed redstone; giving you somewhere north of 1,200,000 meters of redstone current; or a little south of 1.2 megabits of storage in delay-line memory; 150 kilobytes.
In a single player game this 150kB is as such the absolute maximum storage any Minecraft-based computer can have. 150kB might not sound like a lot; but if you use some sort of clock and a suitably designed buffer, it amounts to almost 10 minutes of 256-tone music, or over an hour if you limit yourself to 32 tones. (Of course, you would have no space to build the music player and still have the memory work, but that's not the point. ;)
A screenshot of a possible design of a Minecraft High-Density Memory Cell:
Repeater memory cell concept
Not pictured: A monostable circuit allowing 1-tick input and a loopback device turning it into permanent memory
This particular design uses both ^^ gates and compact repeaters; the function of the repeaters is essentially to increase isolation, increasing density and, by extension, distance; but they also double as delay-line memory. A memory cell like this built from bedrock (4) to sky (128) over 81 chunks has an approximate maximum travel distance for a redstone pulse of 144 * 144 * ((128 - 4) / 2) + (128 - 4) = 1,285,756 meters; with a total capacity of 1,276,828 bits.
Note: Working out how large a stretch of redstone will have to be sacrificed in the central chunk of this memory cell in order to build a 32-tone music player; a 32-bit buffer and utilities to program the music is left as an exercise to the reader.
As is actually building it and seeing if it will actually work on the scale described. ;)
share|improve this answer
Short answer:
It can go on forever lit torches and repeaters will always give a current of 15.
Long answer:
Current will travel until some of the wire is no longer loaded, if the source of the current is not inside the render distance current will not start. (This is why Minecraft inside Mincraft will not work, there is not enough space to run all of a computer)
share|improve this answer
81 local chunks are loaded into memory at any one time, and each chunk is 16 blocks long. So, based on that current should be able to travel at most 16 * 9 = 144 blocks. – chandsie May 13 '11 at 16:25
That's a straight line though - you can have a longer line, as long as it is bent. – Douglas Leeder May 13 '11 at 16:32
What he said -- redstone will work anywhere in a loaded chunk. if you have a powered wire that goes out of the loaded area and then comes back in, the wire will be powered until it hits the edge of the loaded chunk, then where it comes back in it will be unpowered. – Doktor J May 13 '11 at 16:41
What if the user walks alongside the wire as current is traveling down the wire? What about SMP servers with multiple people spread out to keep as many chunks loaded as possible? I feel like combining both of those, as well as having users set their coordinates on the map, the answer truly could be infinite, as long as people have the patience to continue moving into new chunks. – Dave McClelland May 17 '11 at 19:55
@Dave I was going to test the walking down a wire theory but spawning that much wire at once crashed the game. :( – Ronan Forman May 17 '11 at 21:08
show 1 more comment
You can extend the range as far as you want in SMP, as long as other players or bots are in place to keep chunks in memory that are outside the 81 chunks that are loaded around the player. Several of the larger redstone creations on youtube have bots stationed at regular intervals to keep the whole circuit in memory.
In single player you are limited to 81 chunks, 144 blocks.
share|improve this answer
144 blocks plus up/down! – Joe the Person Oct 23 '11 at 2:40
For those running their own server - a bit of additional information. I'm running 1.8. I had built a very long circuit which was not working. I didn't count or do the math, but FYI -- I changed my view-distance parameter from the default of 10 to 15 and my circuit worked as expected. Apparently, as I'd hoped, a longer view-distance keeps more chunks in memory.
share|improve this answer
I've done some research into this myself. I've got 16 sets of memory at 2bytes each. Each memory section is approx 40 blocks long. Redstone propagation is good up to the 5 section. Sometimes it will get as far as the 8th section. So current is limited to 200 blocks reliably, and up to 320 will limited reliability. I'm on a normal render distance, and it's possible that with a higher render, you'll get farther propagation.
I'm using standard side-by-side parallel communication with a space between lines. At 16 bits per section, that leaves 32 blocks reserved for communication. The additional 8 is required space for routing of signals to where they need to go. These are sustained by redstone repeaters at approx 12-14 blocks between each.
Now this is lateral communication, not vertical. Because vertical remains within the same chunk, I believe that vertical signal propagation is infinite to the min and max of the chunk itself.
share|improve this answer
This, of course, is assuming that the player isn't moving. – GnomeSlice Jul 15 '12 at 21:03
15 Blocks is your answer. With repeaters it can be infinite.
share|improve this answer
Please refrain from making posts that don't add anything already mentioned by other answerers. – Nick T May 21 '11 at 15:57
Your Answer
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http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/22114/how-far-can-redstone-current-travel/22323
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Version 16 (modified by jjr8, 4 years ago)
Extracting ArcGIS rasters from the HYCOM global ocean model's 4D netCDFs
The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, or HYCOM, is a sophisticated, high resolution system for simulating ocean physics. HYCOM is a set of equations refined over many years that describe the effects of the tides, winds, earth's rotation, and many other factors on the flow of water. Using supercomputers, the HYCOM team executes these equations at fine spatial and temporal scales to produce daily 3D snapshots of oceanographic variables such as temperature, salinity, and current velocity. At the time of this writing, HYCOM had been applied to global ocean simulations at 1/12º resolution and several ocean basins at higher resolution.
Acknowledgement: Thanks to Alan Wallcraft from the Naval Research Laboratory for providing critical hints that made this example possible.
Advantages of HYCOM over satellite data
• HYCOM resolution is similar to satellite resolution. The 1/12º simulations have a cell size of approximately 8.9 km at the equator. This is not as good as the popular global SST products; NODC AVHRR Pathfinder 5.0 and MODIS have cell sizes of 4 to 5 km. But it is far better than the popular Aviso geostrophic currents product, which has a 37 km cell size.
• HYCOM images are cloud-free. Daily satellite images are often very, very cloudy.
• HYCOM is 3D. Satellite images only provide data for the ocean surface.
Disadvantages of HYCOM
• HYCOM is a model, not reality. While HYCOM has a high spatial resolution, is very sophisticated, has been under refinement for years, has been tested extensively against in situ measurements and satellite estimates, and uses assimilation to improve its accuracy, it is important to keep in mind that HYCOM is a model. If you have in situ or satellite data available, we recommend you compare it against HYCOM output and form your own opinion about whether HYCOM provides enough accuracy for your situation.
Below is visual comparison of relatively cloud-free GOES satellite SST images and corresponding HYCOM SST images for the Gulf Stream. The top HYCOM image is from the HYCOM Global 1/12° Simulation (expt_05.8), while the bottom one is from the HYCOM + NCODA Global 1/12° Analysis (expt_90.8). As you can see, both HYCOM images resemble the GOES images at a broad spatial scale, but the bottom HYCOM image shows a better resemblence at finer scale. Also, both HYCOM images appear to deviate from the GOES images in the hottest and coldest areas by as much several degrees.
These differences may or may not be important, depending on how the data are used. In showing these comparisons, we make no claims about whether HYCOM output might or might not be suitable for your analysis. We simply urge you to make your own comparison and decide for yourself. An important difference between the two HYCOM datasets shown here is that the top one was a "free run" that simulated the global ocean without attempting to increase accuracy by assimilating in situ or satellite measurements, while the bottom one did use assimilation. The bottom one is also several years newer than the top one and is probably based on improved science. Finally, it is very difficult to model the fine scale structure and dynamics of the Gulf Stream, so it is not surprising to find that HYCOM does not match the satellite at fine scales. Better correspondance might be observed elsewhere, in less dynamic regions.
• HYCOM data are available for limited time ranges. At the time of this writing, global simulations were available from 2003 to the present, a north and equatorial Pacific simulation was avialble for 1979-2003, and a Gulf of Mexico simulation was available from 2008 to the present. Data that incorporate the latest assimilation techniques are only available for the most recent years.
• HYCOM provides only physical variables. These variables typically include temperature, salinity, u and v current vectors (eastward and northward velocity), sea surface height, and various properties of the mixed layer. For biological variables such as chlorophyll density or primary and secondary productivity, you must use products estimated from satellite data or other ocean models such as ROMS-CoSINE.
• Global HYCOM simulations use a complicated coordinate system. As discussed below, global HYCOM simulations use three different coordinate systems, making it difficult to import these data into a GIS as raster data. Most of the complexity of this example relates to this problem; please see below for details.
The structure of HYCOM output
HYCOM output is structured as a time series of snapshots of the state of simulated region. At each time period, typically 1 day, there are a set of 2D grids that provide ocean surface parameters such as sea surface height, thickness of the mixed layer, and so on. There are also a set of 3D grids that specify temperature, salinity, and u and v current vectors at a series of depths. There are typically 33 depth layers: 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, and 5500 meters. Although HYCOM executes the simulation at a variety of depths using a sophisticated algorithm, the model outputs are usually interpolated to these 33 common depths, for consistency with other global ocean datasets.
Acquring HYCOM output
At the time of this writing, HYCOM output could be acquired from as OPeNDAP datasets in a THREDDS catalog and as series of netCDF files from an FTP or HTTP server. If you are familiar with OPeNDAP and can write the code necessary to acquire data through it, I suggest you use it, particularly if you only need a small subset of the data.
In the project that gave rise to this example, I needed to acquire four years of temperature and currents data for all 33 depth layers. This worked out to be about 9 TB of data. I found that it was faster to download netCDF files than go through OPeNDAP for that much data. Although the HYCOM FTP server appeared to impose a throughput limit of 1.25 MB/s per FTP download, I was able to run 15 simultaneous downloads with SmartFTP and maintain an overall throughput of 20 MB/s. If you have a fast Internet connection, this may a good way to acquire data quickly. The remainder of this example assumes you will also use netCDF files.
On the HYCOM FTP server, the directory housing each dataset was organized like this:
The data directory contained the model output. The 2d subdirectory contained one netCDF file per day. Each of these contained the 2D variables representing the state of the ocean surface, as you can see in this netCDF header. The salt, temp, uvel, and vvel subdirectories contained the salinity, temperature, eastward current velocity, and northward current velocity data, respectively. These also contained one netCDF per day, as shown above. Each netCDF contained a single physical variable (salinity, temperature, u, or v) as well as several auxiliary variables representing the grid coordinates, as you can see in this netCDF header. Each physical variable had four dimensions, time, depth, x, and y, with just one time slice but 33 depth slices.
The topo directory contained four files:
• regional.depth.a contained the bathymetry grid used by the simulation as a 2D binary array of big endian 32-bit IEEE 754 floats in column-major order (i.e. Fortran order).
• regional.depth.b was a text file specifying the dimensions of regional.depth.a.
• regional.grid.a contained grids specifying the latitudes and longitudes of the centers of the HYCOM grid cells.
• regional.grid.b was a text file specifying the dimensions of regional.grid.a.
The HYCOM User's Guide, available on the HYCOM documentation page describes these files in detail.
How HYCOM output is geolocated
One of the biggest challenges in working with HYCOM output is understanding how it is georeferenced and getting the data into a GIS-compatible raster format. The HYCOM User's Guide provides some essential information but is written for oceanographers who will be running HYCOM, not for ecologists who will consume HYCOM output. The essential parts are chapter 3: The HYCOM Grid, section 2.3: I/O File Formats in HYCOM, and section 5.1: File "regional.grid.[ab]". From these, some hints from Alan Wallcraft, and extensive experimentation, I was able to understand how HYCOM data is georeferenced and develop a strategy for getting it into ArcGIS-compatible format.
HYCOM simulations are either global or regional. This discussion concerns global simulations. I have not looked at any regional simulations yet so I don't know how much of it applies to them.
The main difficulty with global HYCOM simulations is that they use three different map projections in one grid, as shown below. Ignore the data (the colors) in this map and just focus on the geographic elements.
The central part of the grid uses a Mercator projection with square cells and a fixed cell size. This section can be converted directly to an ArcGIS-compatible raster format without much trouble. To the south is an equiangular section (i.e. a traditional "geographic" projection in ArcGIS terminology). Although these cells have a fixed size (in degrees), the cell width and height are different. The common raster formats compatible with ArcGIS require square cells, so this section is more difficult to get into ArcGIS. To the north is a "bi-polar" section. To my knowledge, there is no way to represent this directly in ArcGIS without ESRI introducing support for this projection.
My approach to dealing with this is to extract three ArcGIS rasters from each HYCOM grid. I call these the equatorial, Arctic, and Antarctic rasters. The equatorial raster is simply a verbatim copy of the Mercator section of the grid. The Arctic and Antarctic rasters are created by treating the HYCOM cells in those sections as points, projecting to a polar stereographic projection, and interpolating using ArcGIS's inverse distance weighting algorithm. The details of this are shown in the code below.
HYCOM simulations assume the Earth is a sphere with radius 6371001.0 meters (yes, 6371001.0, not 6371000.0). Alan Wallcraft provided this information; I did not find it in any documentation. Thus the rasters output by the code below use a custom datum having that spheroid. To get other geographic data into these projections, you can use a custom geographic transformation, as described in the Sinusoidal MODIS example.
Step-by-step instructions to extracting HYCOM output
Prerequisites / assumptions
• ArcGIS 9.1 or later is installed (note: this has only been tested with 9.3.1)
• MGET 0.7 or later is installed
• You are comfortable running programs from the Windows command prompt (a.k.a. DOS)
• You are using a global HYCOM dataset, not a regional one; the procedure will probably fail on regional datasets but you could adapt it to work with them
• You are extracting the one of the 3D variables called temperature, salinity, u, or v; you must modify the code to extract one of the 2D surface variables (e.g. ssh)
The steps
1. Create a folder on your hard drive. I suggest and will assume you will use C:\HYCOM, although you can use a different folder if desired.
1. Right-click on the following files and save them into C:\HYCOM:
1. Using your favorite web browser or FTP client, go to the place where you download files from the HYCOM dataset you want. From the topo directory on the HYCOM server, download the files regional.grid.a and regional.grid.b and save them to C:\HYCOM.
1. Create the directory C:\HYCOM\NetCDFs.
1. From the HYCOM server, go to the data directory and then to the subdirectory for your oceanographic variable of interest, either salt, temp, u, or v. Download the netCDF files (.nc file extension) for your dates of interest. If you are downloading a lot of files and have a fast Internet connection, consider using a program like SmartFTP that can download multiple files simultaneously, to work around the per-file throughput limitation imposed by the server. (I was told by Michael McDonald of HYCOM that this is ok.)
1. Create the directory C:\HYCOM\Rasters.
1. Start a CMD shell. (On Windows XP or Server 2003, click Start, Run, type CMD, and press Enter. On Vista or later, click Start, type CMD, and press Enter.) CD to the C:\HYCOM directory.
1. Before extracting a large batch of data, you should verify that you can extract a single depth layer from a single file. Type the following into the CMD shell and press Enter (this assumes you want to extract the temperature variable for the 0 m depth layer from the file NetCDFs\ temperature regional.grid.a regional.grid.b Rasters 0
You should see output that looks like this:
C:\HYCOM> NetCDFs\ temperature regional.grid.a regional.grid.b Rasters 0
2009-10-01 10:52:16,187 INFO Initializing the ArcGIS geoprocessor.
2009-10-01 10:52:25,671 INFO This HYCOM grid has 4500 rows and 3298 columns.
2009-10-01 10:52:25,671 INFO Each 2D variable in a HYCOM .a file takes 59375616 bytes, including the padding to a 16 KB boundary.
2009-10-01 10:52:25,671 INFO Reading the longitude and latitude grids from regional.grid.a.
2009-10-01 10:52:30,625 INFO The cell size of the Mercator section of the grid is 8895.5955278281017 m.
2009-10-01 10:52:30,625 INFO The central meridian is -105.88.
2009-10-01 10:52:30,780 INFO The Mercator section of the grid spans rows 1126 through 2907, inclusive, where the top row is 0.
2009-10-01 10:52:30,780 INFO The center latitudes of the top and bottom rows of the Mercator section are 46.9873 and -66.1599.
2009-10-01 10:52:30,780 INFO The projected x and y coordinates of the lower-left corner of the Mercator section are -20015089.937613226, -9914094.8628181182.
2009-10-01 10:52:31,171 INFO Found 1 input files. Looking for existing output rasters.
2009-10-01 10:52:31,217 INFO Extracting 1 total depth slices spread across 1 input files.
2009-10-01 10:52:31,217 INFO Reading depth slice 0 from C:\HYCOM\NetCDFs\
2009-10-01 10:52:44,203 INFO Creating ArcGIS raster Rasters\temperature\Equatorial\Depth_0\2003\temp20032322.img...
2009-10-01 10:53:32,233 INFO Writing 1788880 points to a temporary CSV file.
2009-10-01 10:53:50,483 INFO Executing program: C:\HYCOM\ascii2shp.exe C:\Temp\GeoEcoTemp_jjr8\tmp0vucia\points.csv C:\Temp\GeoEcoTemp_jjr8\tmp0vucia\points.shp X Y
2009-10-01 10:54:28,250 INFO ascii2shp.exe returned exit code 0.
2009-10-01 10:54:30,421 INFO Projecting the points to a polar stereographic projection.
2009-10-01 10:58:29,437 INFO Interpolating an Arctic polar stereographic raster with cell size 6065.1235625980898 m.
2009-10-01 10:59:06,421 INFO Copying ArcGIS raster C:\Temp\GeoEcoTemp_jjr8\tmp0vucia\raster to C:\HYCOM\Rasters\temperature\Arctic\Depth_0\2003\temp20032321.img...
2009-10-01 10:59:10,733 INFO Writing 753298 points to a temporary CSV file.
2009-10-01 10:59:19,655 INFO Executing program: C:\HYCOM\ascii2shp.exe C:\Temp\GeoEcoTemp_jjr8\tmpkdlzzm\points.csv C:\Temp\GeoEcoTemp_jjr8\tmpkdlzzm\points.shp X Y
2009-10-01 10:59:34,500 INFO ascii2shp.exe returned exit code 0.
2009-10-01 10:59:34,546 INFO Projecting the points to a polar stereographic projection.
2009-10-01 11:00:55,125 INFO At the northernmost row of the equirectangular Antarctic section, the cells are 3595.4712307818422 m wide and 8809.0454264488071 m high.
2009-10-01 11:00:55,125 INFO Interpolating an Antarctic polar stereographic raster with cell size 8809.0454264488071 m.
2009-10-01 11:01:09,203 INFO Finished extracting: 0:08:37 elapsed, 1 slices extracted, 0:08:37.985000 per slice.
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The Truth About Time-Shares
This vacation option is more popular than ever, but is it really a smart investment?
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The Pitfalls of Time-Share Investments
Time-shares -- those vacation deals that let you purchase in perpetuity a week or so every year at a given destination -- have changed a lot since the bad old days of the 1970s. Back then the market was unregulated: Among the developers who snapped up unsold condos and sliced them into blocks of time to sell to vacationers there were some dishonest operators who sold promises they couldn't keep -- nonexistent amenities such as spas and pools -- for cash they didn't return. What's more, their unsavory sales tactics included high pressure and outright lies, the biggest being that time-share units were lucrative real-estate investments.
The time-share industry has come a long way since then. Today, thanks to changes such as new consumer protections, increased flexibility, and the emergence of established hotel chains as time-share providers, this vacation option is more popular than ever, with 3.9 million American owners. But one important factor has not changed: Most time-shares are still not a good investment because they do not appreciate. In fact, pitching a time-share for investment purposes in most states (unless the company selling the property is registered with the SEC) is now prohibited by law in this country, according to David Sampson, a time-share attorney at Baker & Hostetler, a Los Angeles law firm. "If you buy a time-share, it should be solely for your own consumption and use, not for any resale value," he says.
Technically a traditional time-share is real estate -- you actually receive a deed for a fraction of the property you share with all of the many other owners. But don't be fooled: In most cases, time-shares sell for a mere fraction of their original value. "Just as any product on the secondary market, resold time-shares don't come with the same warranties and bells and whistles and may not be eligible for certain developer benefits, such as frequent guest services and preferential rates," explains David Gilbert, executive vice president of resort sales and marketing at Interval International, a vacation exchange company. Buyers are also wary because taking on someone else's property can mean assuming any past-due fees or mortgage payments. Owners who want to get rid of a time-share frequently feel they have no recourse but to take a significant loss if they want to free themselves from the ongoing financial obligations.
On average, when you purchase a new two-bedroom time-share, you pay about $17,000 up front, according to the American Resort Development Association (ARDA). In addition, you're responsible for annual maintenance fees, which average $505 nationally, and property taxes, which run approximately $75. Periodically, assessments may be made to fix a leaky roof or upgrade a swimming pool. By contrast, if you had simply invested $17,000 in an average S&P 500 stock portfolio 10 years ago, calculates Maury Harris, chief U.S. economist at UBS Securities, in Stamford, Connecticut, you'd now have almost $40,000. For the same outlay, your 10-year-old time-share would be worth much less if you sold it.
But even though a time-share isn't generally an investment, it can still add up in terms of savings when you calculate the cost of paying for a quality hotel year after year, because having prepaid for your stay protects you against the room-rate inflation at hotels. "If I buy a time-share at $15,000 and I spend $500 a year in fees and taxes, then over 10 years it will cost me $20,000 to vacation," says Howard Nusbaum, president and CEO of ARDA. "Had I rented two rooms in a gorgeous two-bedroom resort each year, it would have cost me $42,000."
Continued on page 2: A New Kind of "Point" Plan
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Saturday, April 14, 2012
Pastel Rainbow Nails Tutorial
It's just an animation, but it's pretty self explanatory. This is such a cute dreamy design and couldn't be more simple! The only special thing you would probably need to buy is that flat brush. It honestly just looks like a flat eyeshadow brush. I already have a paint brush like this that came in a set. I'm assuming either one will work. You don't need to buy a special nail painting brush at the beauty supply store.
If anyone tries this, let me know and post a pic / link in the comments!
Need some nail polish?
Head over to Lime Crime and browse their assortment of dreamy colors! Click!
1. Wow, thanks for sharing this! I will try it:)!
2. It doesn't explain how to do it...
3. I have to try this Ihih
Well,to me it seems that the image does not explain but it's not hard to understand how to do it-.-
Simply mix three Nail Polishes (as in animation), pass with a flat brush (as in animation), and paint (as in animation lol). And voila! That's it;)
*Kisses from Portugal*
4. Ya, that's what I thought too Malaika.
Maybe it's easier for certain people to understand. Especially if you are like me and look at beauty stuff online all the time ;)
5. nice!! I can't wait to try this c:
6. Oooh I'm off to buy a flat brush asap to do this =)
7. This is probably a stupid question, but is that tape you're using to keep the nail polish from getting on your fingers or something else?
8. That is not tape. It's just a gloss that got on the fingers. You can clean it up with a q-tip and nailpolish remover after your done. Oh and this is not my hand! It's just a picture I found online ;)
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Hugh Hewitt
Recommend this article
The day after the president's face-plant in front of 67 million viewers, the geniuses behind the nation's dismal economy instructed the president to go ugly, setting off the "Mitt Romney is a liar, liar, liar" chorus in the wholly-owned Obama subsidiary known as the MSM. The president led the charge himself, repeatedly referring to the "fellow who played Mitt Romney last night" in stump speeches Thursday, a weirdly nasty-but-ineffective attempt to argue that his whupping wasn't fair because Romney made arguments the president hadn't heard inside the cocoon, though they are the same arguments Romney has been making on the campaign trail for the past year.
A desperate Manhattan-Beltway media elite seized on Friday's job report as a life line without realizing what was at the other end: The "revisions" in the numbers that led them to claim victory at 7.8% unemployment also meant that job growth has been declining for three straight months, with fewer jobs created in August than in July and fewer still in September than in August --exactly what one expects in a slowing economy, one headed for the recession that is the worry of the CEO survey and the direction pointed to by The Index of Leading Economic Indicators and downward revision in 2Q GDP as well as the FedEx and Norfolk Southern forecasts which shocked serious observers of the economy.
It is a recession, folks, and it is headed this way, accelerated by President Obama's election year campaigning for growth-killing tax hikes and the promise of energy-production-destroying anti-fracking rules and other EPA job killing moves in December. (The recession has already arrived in the Eurozone.)
The economic reality most people feel is the price at the pumps --double what it was when President Obama took office-- and the knowledge that they have of the joblessness of friends and family and the job insecurity they and others worry over. The cluelessness displayed by President Obama on Wednesday night has become the symbol of his entire presidency, and his aimlessness in answering direct questions is what most distressed independent voters who moved so decidedly towards Romney in the Frank Luntz focus group that shocked long-time watchers of such groups.
The huge polling margins that declared Romney a winner in the debate took away a lasting impression of the president because it is consistent with the suspicion that has grown up around the 100+-rounds-of-golf playing Commander-in-Chief, the one who jetted off to raise money on the day the nation learned of the brutal murders of our ambassador and his aides in Benghazi and who then participated in the cover-up of that slaughter.
The wandering-in-answer Obama Wednesday night was the same guy who doesn't sit down with the press (and now we know why) and who cannot defend his record though offered repeated opportunities to do so by Jim Lehrer.
The takeaway from the first week in October, as the voting begins across the country, is that President Obama was as unprepared for the debate as he was for the presidency.
He isn't doing his job because he can't do his job.
The cluelessness President Obama displayed erases any argument that his on-the-job training has equipped him for a second term or earned him a second chance.
It was the worst debate performance by a sitting president in the history of these meetings, and millions who tuned in have now tuned out his appeals for one more chance. Not this time. Not with conditions this serious.
Recommend this article
Hugh Hewitt
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