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Monday, December 5, 2016
virtual barn tour!!
For as long as there have been equestrian bloggers, there have been virtual tours of the barns where we keep our horses. L. Williams revived the tradition after settling on her new barn in SoCal, and I immediately wanted to hop on the bandwagon and share Charlie's new digs!
What you might not have realized is that while this barn is new to Charlie, it's quite familiar to me. This is where I rode before meeting Isabel and deciding to pursue eventing.
screen shot from da google
A - Adjoining barn and indoor arena. The "A" covers the arena section and the attached perpendicular structure houses the stalls, tack rooms, office, wash stall, feed room, etc.
B - Outdoor riding arena.
C - Riding field.
D - Charlie's turnout. Extends into another field past the upper edge of the photo.
E - Mares' field / occasional riding field. Home to that adorable little bank that Charlie so gracefully navigated haha.
Stalls & Amenities
The barn has wide aisles filled with cross ties and rubber mats to stand on (or pee on, if you're Charlie lol). There are saddle racks on every stall - very handy for setting up wherever there's space to cross tie the horse!
standard barn aisle
The wash stall, lesson tack room, boarder tack room, feed room and office are all in the same barn aisle too. I basically adore the wash stall, after so many years without one at Isabel's farm. It has an overhead hose hanger, rubber mats, and hot water.
it's also convenient for staying out of the way during tasks like mane pulling or letting freshly treated feet dry
The barn is always tidy and organized, with the lesson schedule, farrier schedule, daytime and overnight weather conditions, and turnout assignments posted on the white board.
white board and ferns, plus large wooden mounting platform visible through the door
There are stalls inside the indoor arena too. These are larger than the rest and have bars on three sides instead of solid walls. Charlie is MUCH happier in here; he weaved liked a maniac in the main barn but is mostly cured of the habit now.
i spy a star face!!
Only downside to this stall is that the horse is always covered in arena dust haha. Whatever, it's a small price to pay for his comfort and happiness!
Indoor Arena
And speaking of the arena, here it is! I don't know exact dimensions but it seems close to the width of a dressage court (20m). The narrowness makes it tricky when there's a lot of traffic plus jumps set up... but it's cool. We make do!
looking into the arena from the main barn
The arena has large exterior doors at E, B and in the back corner, tho they're only open in the summer heat when the indoor cooks like an oven.
Outdoor riding arena
The outdoor is is by far one of my favorites. While the arena at OF probably tops the list as #1, this ring is right up there. It's very generously sized and can hold lots of horses and a full jump course without feeling crowded.
with gazebo, naturally
There are giant heavy duty mounting blocks in both rings and a wooden platform just outside the barn's doors. Super convenient for those of us who need help climbing up on our high horses!
looking back toward the barn, in the upper left corner
The footing is that fancy fibrous cushy stuff - seems pretty nice and I like it, tho it's perhaps somewhat high maintenance with a propensity for deepness. They drag and water it often tho, and avoid riding on it in the rain (tho they don't close it to those who might brave the elements).
much pretty, so wow.
Only real bummer is that there are no lights. So night time riding is out. Meaning we're stuck sharing space inside during the work week when I can't get there until after night fall. It's cool tho, still grateful for the indoor. Plus the program director is trying for lights, so I'm holding out hope!
the whole arena, complete with judge's stand to the right
They host a lot of h/j shows here too, both for the resident IEA program and just general schooling shows open to the public. I have visions of competing Charlie here next season!
Other outdoor riding areas
Beyond the arena is that nice grassy riding area denoted by "C" in the aerial image. There's a gate between the arena and field that they open for derby classes too - so riders can jump out of the arena, around the grassy field, then back in again. Fun fun!
grassy riding area behind derpy horses. with single random skinny coop haha. we'll jump that eventually.
It's an easy way to get out of the arena for a (slight) change of venue and scenery. Charlie likes it out there too and seems really comfortable on the grass. Must be his turf racing roots lol.
Casanova cameo!
Plus during daylight hours it's nice to finish a ride by cooling out with a few laps around the grass surrounding the arena. I like to think of it as hacking-lite lol.
hacking up the grassy stretch away from the barn between the arena and the mares' field
Tho the side of the arena opposite from the mares' field neighbors a soccer field, which can occasionally be a bit distracting for the horses lol.
heading back toward the barn, with Casanova's attention fixed on the soccer field lol
It's cool tho. While tournaments and busier weekends still grab Charlie's attention, he's basically gotten used to the sights and sounds of sports.
apparently not actually that spooky
Another nice feature around the arena is this strange little mound near the gate. Idk why but I always make Charlie go up and down it on our little walks haha. Race horse has gotta learn about terrain sooner or later, right?
to the arena! see the green mound too? just behind the tent?
The other outdoor riding area is the mares' field itself. It's usually occupied by turnout horses but we've made it out there a few times. The ground in this field is a lot more like what you might find on a typical xc course: more terrain and less manicured / perfect than the other grassy riding area.
baby bank in the mares' field! we've since actually ridden up and down it too
We haven't done much more than walk and a little bit of trot out there, but I look forward to more speed work next year! They occasionally set up xc style jumps too. Sounds fun!
There are narrow lanes around all the pastures too tho Charlie and I haven't explored them all yet.
Charlie's been in a few turnouts since moving to this farm. Starting obvi in solo turnout during his quarantine period, as pictured below.
looking back down a lane toward the barn
He was in with another herd for a while before moving into his current group in the biggest back pasture. I'm pretty happy with his group and the field itself, tho frankly the horse seems fine with whatever turnout he's given, especially if he has friends!
Just General Prettiness
It's a fairly compact farm and I'm really missing hacking out and trail riding, especially since long slow miles would be perfect for Charlie during this stage of his physical transformation. Plus it's just plain nice to get that mental break too. It's cool tho. Have trailer, will travel, right?
Bc everything else about this farm has been really pleasant. It's a quick easy drive, the amenities more than meet my needs, the care is good. And - perhaps most importantly, the people are REALLY nice. (Even if they're all slightly skeptical of eventing in general, and pretty damn convinced that I'm basically certifiable lol).
swans!! and willows!!
Plus. Ya know. It's just plain pretty haha.
What about you? Wanna share a photographic tour of your barn too?
1. What a gorgeous place! So odd the outdoor doesn't have lights at a place so nice, though.
2. It's almost perfect -trails would make it perfect. But you have a trailer so....
3. It's so pretty! I'm glad Charlie is happier with the stall change.
4. Those grounds look beautiful and I love the spacious turnout
5. I feel like very few places in Texas can hold a candle to 99% of the barns on the east coast as far as pretty goes.
6. It is a gorgeous facility! So great that there are nice people running it too.
7. ooooh your place is really nice!! I like the riding field and it's nice that charlie can be in the indoor with tons to look at.
but mostly: omg hose overhead JEALOUS.
8. Sounds like a really great facility!
9. That facility is gorgeous. I don;t miss much about living up north, but even the fanciest barn around here doesn't come close to those available up north. Plus, no indoors. I hope you two continue to love it there.
10. Such pretty barn. I miss east coast barns. Maybe I'll do a tour of my barn, which is essentially a collection of shacks dug into the hillside.
11. It's lovely! It's like the Horse Taj Mahal, over there. I'm glad it's also got nice people. If I shared pictures of our... facility... nope. Not gonna. It has pluses: lots of trail access, state forest a short trail ride away, quiet country roads with decent shoulders along which one might ride without getting kilt, 4 miles from my house, exceedingly convenient hours, low cost of boarding. It has minuses: no ring, only jumps we have are the ones I built and painted, random calf encounters, tiny tack shed with incontinent cats, Unhelpful Border Collie, horse must tolerate gunfire, chainsaws, ATVs, and the wood splitter. It's what I've got, though, and it's close to home so that I can see my horses every day. There are worse arrangements, indeed.
12. I'm so envious of everyone's barns.
13. I love seeing other people's boarding set ups. I will totally have to do a post on my barn, though it's not nearly as nice as yours!
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Yes, I dress like my grandma
Cliquez ici pour lire cet article en français
Hello everyone !
Sometimes I just feel the urge of writing down some of my thoughts about fashion. And as I just came back from a small Vintage market where I met a lot of very nice and interesting people, I have things to say.
Since I started to wear retro and vintage clothing daily, the way how people are looking at me has changed a lot. And in a very positive way. Maybe it will sound exagerated, but I feel like my life drastically changed since about a year and a half.
I went from the awkward goth teen, to the weird doll-looking girl in Lolita, and today with my retro style, I don’t get much attention anymore. And I have to admit that I like it, because being seen as the weird person isn’t positive at all, particularly when you get older. We get used to this new comfort quite quickly and it’s really nice not to be an attraction and not getting any insults anymore either. And for some sad testimonies I heard of, some people had it even worst than just insults.
When you are young you just don’t care, but when you get older it starts to be difficult.
Of course dressing in a retro style is still outstanding, as it stays very different from today’s mainstream fashion.
How people react to it is also different in other countries and cultures.
If you have read my blogs about my trip to the US, I say several times that I have got a lot of compliments in the street, from various people from various ages. Some of them even crossed the street to come to say that my dress was pretty or that they liked my hair.
Retro style does not seem to surprise Americans a lot.
I did not went to Japan since I have quit Lolita, but I wonder how Japanese people will react to retro. Because the image of pin ups come from the USA, so Americans are not surprised because it is a familiar image to them, and pin ups are still loved today, judging from all the books and vintage ads used to decorate places.
But I guess that in Japan it’s less common, so let’s see. I’ll tell you during my next trip to Japan.
Now let’s talk about France. I’m going to a lot of Vintage markets with my shop, and I get a lot of compliments about my outfits too. You are going to say that it’s because people who visit vintage markets like vintage items, which is true. But I also have a lot of questions about my look there.
Most of the time I have two kinds of questions :
First, many older people ask me why I like these clothes. They are very surprised but in a positive way.
They had these clothes when they were young, and got rid of them, replacing them with modern things. But in some way they regret the past, because many of them say that “back then people used to be more elegant and well dressed”, and this is for women but also for men. So when they see someone wearing these clothes they are happy because it reminds them of their youth.
And on a more personal side, talking with these people is always very interesting and you can learn a lot from them.
And this is exactly what I say to people who ask me why I like the clothes.
They have an elegance you can’t find in modern clothing anymore, and also they are way better quality, made to last, unlike today’s throw-away fashion.
The elderly people are very happy to see that there are still young people who like this style, and it makes them nostalgic of these years.
“I used to have this when I was young” “My mother dressed like that” “This was great, it’s great quality” …. are things I often hear.
I also had several compliments about my hairstyles, because these ladies know how styles like Victory Rolls can be hard to make. Some of them even asked me how I did to achieve them.
It also often happens that with older ladies I’m talking about lingerie. They say “It’s not the same anymore either”. Then I talk to them about brands like What Katie Did or House of Satin and they are very happy to hear that, because it means that these elegant and sexy undergarments still exist and are still loved.
They are not just “Grandma panties”.
By the way a lot of men love this kind of lingerie a lot, because it’s very elegant and they are sexy in a way that is very different from the modern definition which is often a synonym of vulgarity.
There are also younger people. A lot of them appreciate how retro looks, but don’t dare because “It’s old fashioned” or they are “afraid to look old”. And better not talk about lingerie, because it’s directly rejected as unsexy grandma underwear…
Some even asked me while looking at my vintage clothes racks “Do you have anything for young people ?”
Because people tend to think that vintage is for the elderly.
How many times I got asked if it doesn’t bothers me to be dressed like my grandma.
Even if right now this kind of clothes are starting to be trendy, for example a tartan skirt below the knee will be considered as old fashioned. But only until the giants of fast fashion (which I won’t name) will copy the style and sell them, then everyone will want them. This happens very often. Remember the peter pan collars a few years ago ?
“Oh this is so uncool and looks old !” so let’s mock it, and then 15 days later it’s trendy and everyone wants it.
According to me, the argument “it doesn’t look young enough” is quite paradoxal, because I also often hear “But it suits you because you are young”.
So, it looks old, but you have to be young to wear it ? I try to understand (^^ゞ
Or it’s just to avoid me because I’m a seller haha.
But well I try to communicate my passion for the vintage and retro esthetic, and I’m very happy to see that it works and that people are very interested.
I think that when you love something we can easily communicate the love to others, and even to people who had a negative image of this thing.
If you think that these clothes (and the matching underwear) look old because it’s your grandma who was wearing them, never forget that your grandma used to be young.
I’m sure that you think it’s beautiful when you see old pictures.
So if you like it, you should definitely try it. You will find something that suits you for sure.
Outfit details :
True vintage dress and gloves
Earrings and necklace : Bonbon Maléfique
Ring : Fables by Marti Heil
Make up with Besame Cosmetics
Bonbon Maléfique,
You may like this
2 Replies to “Yes, I dress like my grandma”
1. It depends on the culture I guess. I was born in Italy and like you, I was the infamous goth girl in town. Everybody hated my clothes until they came kinda in fashion (studs, to name one). When I moved here in the UK I started leaning towards rockabilly style and even though it’s “vintage/old” people of all age will admit it looks stylish.
Everyone should just wear what they like 🙂
Ps I love your travel posts 🙂
1. I totally agree with you 🙂
Laisser un commentaire
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Logarithmic Scales of Pleasure and Pain
Rating, ranking, and comparing peak experiences suggest the existence of long tails for bliss and suffering.
Andrés Gómez-Emilsson ../people/andrés-gómez-emilsson (Qualia Research Institute)https://www.qualiaresearchinstitute.org/
August 10, 2019
Based on: the characteristic distribution of neural activity, personal accounts of intense pleasure and pain, the way various pain scales have been described by their creators, and the results of a pilot study we conducted which ranks, rates, and compares the hedonic quality of extreme experiences, we suggest that the best way to interpret pleasure and pain scales is by thinking of them as logarithmic compressions of what is truly a long-tail. The most intense pains are orders of magnitude more awful than mild pains (and symmetrically for pleasure).
This should inform the way we prioritize altruistic interventions and plan for a better future. Since the bulk of suffering is concentrated in a small percentage of experiences, focusing our efforts on preventing cases of intense suffering likely dominates most utilitarian calculations.
An important pragmatic takeaway from this article is that if one is trying to select an effective career path, as a heuristic it would be good to take into account how one’s efforts would cash out in the prevention of extreme suffering (see: Hell-Index), rather than just QALYs and wellness indices that ignore the long-tail. Of particular note as promising Effective Altruist careers, we would highlight working directly to develop remedies for specific, extremely painful experiences. Finding scalable treatments for migraines, kidney stones, childbirth, cluster headaches, CRPS, and fibromyalgia may be extremely high-impact (cf. (Emilsson 2019f), (Frechs 2019), and (Emilsson 2019c)). More research efforts into identifying and quantifying intense suffering currently unaddressed would also be extremely helpful. Finally, if the positive valence scale also has a long-tail, focusing one’s career in developing bliss technologies may pay-off in surprisingly good ways (whereby you may stumble on methods to generate high-valence healing experiences which are orders of magnitude better than you thought were possible).
Weber’s Law
Weber’s Law describes the relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and the reported subjective intensity of perceiving it. For example, it describes the relationship between how loud a sound is and how loud it is perceived as. In the general case, Weber’s Law indicates that one needs to vary the stimulus intensity by a multiplicative fraction (called “Weber’s fraction”) in order to detect a just noticeable difference (“Just-Noticeable Difference” 2020). For example, if you cannot detect the differences between objects weighing 100 grams to 105 grams, then you will also not be able to detect the differences between objects weighing 200 grams to 210 grams (implying the Weber fraction for weight perception is at least 5%). In the general case, the senses detect differences logarithmically.
There are two compelling stories for interpreting this law:
In the first story, it is the low-level processing of the senses which do the logarithmic mapping. The senses “compress” the intensity of the stimulation and send a “linearized” packet of information to one’s brain, which is then rendered linearly in one’s experience.
In the second story, the senses, within the window of adaptation (“Adaptation (Eye)” 2020), do a fine job of translating (somewhat) faithfully the actual intensity of the stimulus, which then gets rendered in our experience. Our inability to detect small absolute differences between intense stimuli is not because we are not rendering such differences, but because Weber’s law applies to the very intensity of experience. In other words, the properties of one’s experience could follow a long-tail distribution, but our ability to accurately point out differences between the properties of experiences is proportional to their intensity.
We claim that, at least for the case of valence (i.e., the pleasure-pain axis) (“Valence (Psychology)” 2020), the second story is much closer to the truth than the first. Accordingly, this article rethinks the pleasure-pain axis (also called the valence scale) by providing evidence, arguments, and datapoints to support the idea that how good or bad experiences feel follows a long-tail distribution.
As an intuition pump for what is to follow, we would like to highlight the empirical finding that brain activity follows a long-tail distribution (Klaus, Yu, and Plenz 2011)(Scheler 2017). The story where the “true valence scale” is a logarithmic compression is entirely consistent with the empirical longtails of neural activity (in which “neural avalanches” account for a large fraction of overall brain activity)
The concrete line of argument we will present is based on the following:
Why This Matters
Even if you are not a strict valence utilitarian (“Valence Utilitarianism,” n.d.), having the insight that the valence scale is long-tailed is still very important. Most ethical systems do give some weight to the prevention of suffering (in addition to the creation of subjectively valuable experiences), even if that is not all they care about. If your ethical system weighted slightly the task of preventing suffering when believing in a linear valence scale, then learning about the long-tailed nature of valence should in principle cause a major update. If indeed the worst experiences are exponentially more negative than originally believed by one’s ethical system, which nonetheless still cared about them, then after learning about the true valence scale the system would have to reprioritize. We suggest that while it might be unrealistic to have every ethical system refocus all of its energies on the prevention of intense suffering (and subsequently on researching how to create sustained intense bliss), we can nonetheless expect such systems to raise this goal on their list of priorities. In other words, while “ending all suffering” will likely never be a part of most people’s ethical systems, we hope that the data and arguments presented here at least persuade them to add “. . . and prevent intense forms of suffering” to their set of desiderata.
Indeed, lack of awareness about the long-tails of bliss and suffering may be the cause of an ongoing massive moral catastrophe (Williams 2015) (notes by Linch (Zhang, n.d.)). If indeed the degree of suffering present in experiences follows a long-tail distribution, we would expect the worst experiences to dominate most utilitarian calculus. The biggest bang for the buck in altruistic interventions would therefore be those that are capable of directly addressing intense suffering and generating super-bliss.
General Ideas
The Non-Linearity of Pleasure and Pain
As we’ve briefly discussed in previous articles (Emilsson 2016b)(Emilsson 2016c)(Emilsson 2019d), there are many reasons to believe that both pleasure and pain can be felt along a spectrum with values that range over possibly orders of magnitude. Understandably, someone who is currently in a state of consciousness around the human median of valence is likely to be skeptical of a claim like “the bliss you can achieve in meditation is literally 100 times better than eating your favorite food or having sex.” Intuitively, we only have so much space in our experience to fit bliss, and when one is in a “normal” or typical state of mind for a human, one is forced to imagine “ultra blissful states” by extrapolating the elements of one’s current experience, which certainly do not seem capable of being much better than, say, 50% of the current level of pleasure (or pain). The problem here is that the very building blocks of experiences that enable them to be ultra-high or ultra-low valence are themselves necessary to imagine accurately how they can be put together. Talking about extreme bliss to someone who is anhedonic is akin to talking about the rich range of possible color experiences to someone who is congenitally fully colorblind (cf. “What Mary Didn’t Know“).
Pleasure scale and pain scale
“Ok,” you might say, “you’re just telling me that pleasure and pain can be orders of magnitude stronger than I can even conceive of. What do you base this on?” The most straightforward way to be convinced of this is to literally experience such states. Alas, this would be deeply unethical when it comes to the negative side, and it requires special materials and patience for the positive side. So I’ll provide various other kinds of evidence.
Personal Accounts
I’ve been lucky to not have experienced major pain in my life so far (the worst being, perhaps, depression during my teens). I have, however, had two key experiences that gave me some time to introspect on the non-linear nature of pain. The first one comes from when I accidentally cut a super-spicy pepper and touched it with my bare hands (the batch of peppers I was cutting were mild, but a super-hot one snuck into the produce box). After a few minutes of cutting the peppers, I noticed that a burning heat began to intensify in my hands. This was the start of experiencing “hot pepper hands” for a full 8 hours (see other people’s experiences: (Kendra 2010)(Amanda 2012)(Whisper06 2018)). The first two to three hours of this ordeal were the worst, where I experienced what I rated as a persistent 4/10 pain interspersed with brief moments of 5/10 pain. The curious thing was that the 5/10 pain moments were clearly discernible as qualitatively different. It was as if the very numerous pinpricks and burning sensations all over my hands were in a somewhat disorganized state most of the time, but whenever they managed to build-up for long enough, they would start clicking with each other (presumably via phase-locking), giving rise to resonant waves of pain that felt both more energetic and more aversive on the whole. In a way, this jump from what I rated as 4/10 to 5/10 was qualitative as well as quantitative, and it gave me some idea of how something that is already bad can become even worse.
My second experience involves a mild joint injury I experienced while playing Bubble Soccer (a very fun sport no doubt, and a common corporate treat for Silicon Valley cognotariats, but according to my doctor it is also a frequent source of injuries among programmers). Before doing physical therapy to treat this problem (which mostly took care of it), I remember spending hours introspecting on the quality of the pain in order to understand it better. It wasn’t particularly bad, but it was constant (I rated it as 2/10 most of the time). What stuck with me was how its constant presence would slowly increase the stress of my entire experience over time. I compared the experience to having an uncomfortable knot stuck in your body. If I had a lot of mental and emotional slack early in the day, I could easily take the stress produced by the knot and “send it elsewhere” in my body. But since the source of the stress was constant, eventually I would run out of space, and the knot would start making secondary knots around itself, and it was in those moments where I would rate the pain at a 3/10. This would only go away if I rested and somehow “reset” the amount of cognitive and emotional slack I had available.
The point of these two stories is to highlight the observation that there seem to be phasechanges between levels of discomfort. An analogy I often make is with the phenomenon of secondary coils when you twist a rope. The stress induced by pain–or so it seems when introspecting–is pushed to less stressed areas of your mind. But this has a limit, which is until your whole world-simulation is stressed to the point that secondary “stress coils” are formed on top of the already stressed background experience. This was a very interesting realization to me, which put in a different light weird expressions that chronic pain patients use like “my pain now has a pain of its own” or “I can’t let the pain build up.”
Consciousness Expansion
What about more extreme experiences? Here we should briefly mention psychedelic drugs, as they seem to be able to increase the energy of one’s consciousness (Johnson 2018) (and in some sense “multiply the amount of consciousness“ (Emilsson 2018c)) in a way that grows non-linearly as a function of the dose. An LSD experience with 100 micrograms may be “only” 50% more intense than normal everyday life, but an LSD experience with 200 micrograms is felt as 2-3X as intense, while 300 micrograms may increase the intensity of experience by perhaps 10X (relative to normal). Usually people say that high-dose psychedelic states are indescribably more real and vivid than normal everyday life. And then there are compounds like 5-MeO-DMT, which people often describe as being in “a completely different category,” as it gives rise to what many describe as “infinite consciousness.” Obviously there is no such thing as an experience with infinite consciousness, and that judgement could be explained in terms of the lack of “internal boundaries” of the state, which gives the impression of infinity (not unlike how the surface of a torus can seem infinite from the point of view of a flatlander). That said, I’ve asked rational and intelligent people who have tried 5-MeO-DMT in nonspiritual settings what they think the intensity of their experiences was, and they usually say that a strong dose of 10mg or more gives rise to an intensity and “quantity” of consciousness that is at least 100X as high as normal everyday experiences. There are many reasons to be skeptical of this, no doubt, but the reports should not be dismissed out of hand.
Knots and Links
As with the above example, we can reason that one of the ways in which both pain and pleasure can be present in *multiples* of one’s normal hedonic range is because the amount of consciousness crammed into a moment of experience is not a constant. In other words, when someone in a typical state of consciousness asks “if you say one can experience so much pain/pleasure, tell me, where would that fit in my experience? I don’t see much room for that to fit in here,” one can respond by saying that “in other states of consciousness there is more (phenomenal) time and space within each moment of experience.” Indeed, at Qualia Computing we have assembled and interpreted a large number of experiences of high-energy states of consciousness that indicate that both phenomenal time (Emilsson 2018c) and phenomenal space (Emilsson 2016c) can drastically expand. In short, you can fit so much pleasure and pain in peak experiences precisely because such experiences make room for them.
Let us now illustrate the point with some paradigmatic cases of very high and very low valence.
Peak Pleasure States: Jhanas and Temporal Lobe Seizures
On the pleasure side, we have Buddhist meditators who experience meditative states of absorption (aka, jhanas) as extremely blissful:
The experience can include some very pleasant physical sensations such as goose bumps on the body and the hair standing up to more intense pleasures which grow in intensity and explode into a state of ecstasy. If you have pain in your legs, knees, or other part of the body during meditation, the pain will actually disappear while you are in the jhanas. The pleasant sensations can be so strong to eliminate your painful sensations. You enter the jhanas from the pleasant experiences exploding into a state of ecstasy where you no longer “feel” any of your senses.
–‘9 Jhanas,’ Dhamma Wiki (“9 Jhanas,” n.d.)
There are 8 (or 9, depending on who you ask) “levels” of Jhanas, and the above is describing only the 1st of them! The higher the Jhana, the more refined the bliss becomes, and the more detached the state is from the common referents of our everyday human experience. Ultra-bliss does not look at all like sensual pleasure or excitement, but more like information-theoretically optimal configurations of resonant waves of consciousness with little to no intentional content (c.f., semantically neutral energy (Johnson 2018)). I know this sounds weird, but it’s what is reported.
Another example I’ll provide about ultra-bliss concerns temporal lobe epilepsy, which in a minority of sufferers gives rise to extraordinarily intense states of pleasure, or pain, or both. Such experiences can result in Geschwind syndrome, a condition characterized by hypergraphia (writing non-stop), hyper-religiosity, and a generally intensified mental and emotional life. No doubt, any experience that hits the valence scale at one of its extremes is usually interpreted as other-worldly and paranormal (which gives rise to the question of whether valence is a spiritual phenomenon or the other way around (Emilsson 2017b)). Famously, Dostoevsky (Baumann et al. 2005) seems to have experienced temporal lobe seizures, and this ultimately informed his worldview and literary work in profound ways. Here is how he describes them:
“A happiness unthinkable in the normal state and unimaginable for anyone who hasn’t experienced it [. . . ] I am then in perfect harmony with myself and the entire universe.”
– From a letter to his friend Nikolai Strakhov.
“I feel entirely in harmony with myself and the whole world, and this feeling is so strong and so delightful that for a few seconds of such bliss one would gladly give up 10 years of one’s life, if not one’s whole life. [. . . ] You all, healthy people, can’t imagine the happiness which we epileptics feel during the second before our fit. . . I don’t know if this felicity lasts for seconds, hours or months, but believe me, I would not exchange it for all the joys that life may bring.”
– From the character Prince Myshkin in Dostoevsky’s novel, The Idiot, which he likely used to voice his own experiences.
Dostoevsky is far from the only person reporting these kinds of experiences from epilepsy:
As Picard [a scientist investigating seizures] cajoled her patients to speak up about their ecstatic seizures, she found that their sensations could be characterised using three broad categories of feelings (Picard and Craig 2009). The first was heightened self-awareness. For example, a 53-year-old female teacher told Picard: “During the seizure it is as if I were very, very conscious, more aware, and the sensations, everything seems bigger, overwhelming me.” The second was a sense of physical well-being. A 37-year-old man described it as “a sensation of velvet, as if I were sheltered from anything negative.” The third was intense positive emotions, best articulated by a 64-year-old woman: “The immense joy that fills me is above physical sensations. It is a feeling of total presence, an absolute integration of myself, a feeling of unbelievable harmony of my whole body and myself with life, with the world, with the ‘All,’” she said.
– From “Fits of Rapture,” New Scientist (Hines 2014)
All in all, these examples illustrate the fact that blissful states can be deeper, richer, more intense, more conscious, and qualitatively superior to the normal everyday range of human emotion.
Now, how about the negative side?
Logarithmic Pain Scales: Stings, Peppers, and Cluster Headaches
“The difference between 6 and 10 on the pain scale is an exponential difference. Believe it or not.”
– Insufferable Indifference, by Neil E. Clement (who experiences chronic pain ranging between 6/10 to 10/10, depending on the day)
Three pain-scale examples that illustrate the non-linearity of pain are: (1) the Schmidt sting pain index, (2) the Scoville scale, and (3) the KIP scale:
Schmidt's Sting Pain Index
(1) Justin O. Schmidt stung himself with over 80 species of insects of the Hymenoptera order, and rated the ensuing pain on a 4-point-scale. About the scale, he had to say the following:
4:28 – Justin Schmidt: The harvester ant is what got the sting pain scale going in the first place. I had been stung by honeybees, yellow jackets, paper wasps, etc. the garden variety stuff, that you get bitten by various beetles and things. I went down to Georgia, which has the Eastern-most extension of the harvester ant. I got stung and I said “Wooooow! This is DIFFERENT!” You know? I thought I knew everything there was about insect stings, I was just this dumb little kid. And I realized “Wait a minute! There is something different going on here,” and that’s what got me to do the comparative analysis. Is this unique to harvester ants? Or are there others that are like that. It turns out while the answer is, now we know much later – it’s unique! [unique type of pain].
7:09 – Justin Schmidt: I didn’t really want to go out and get stung for fun. I was this desperate graduate student trying to get a thesis, so I could get out and get a real job, and stop being a student eventually. And I realized that, oh, we can measure toxicity, you know, the killing power of something, but we can’t measure pain. . . ouch, that one hurts, and that one hurts, and ouch that one over there also hurts. . . but I can’t put that on a computer program and mathematically analyze what it means for the pain of the insect. So I said, aha! We need a pain scale. A computer can analyze one, two, three, and four, but it can’t analyze “ouch!” So I decided that I had to make a pain scale, with the harvester ant (cutting to the chase) was a 3. Honey bees was a 2. And I kind of tell people that each number is like 10 equivalent of the number before. So 10 honey bee stings are equal to 1 harvester ant sting, and 10 harvester ant stings would equal one bullet ant sting.
11:50 – Interviewer : When I finally worked up the courage to [put the Tarantula Hawk on my arm and] take this sting. The sting of that insect was electric in nature. I’ve been shocked before, by accidentally taking a zap from an electrical cord. This was that times 10. And it put me on the ground. My arm seized up from muscle contraction. And it was probably the worst 5 minutes of my life at that point.
Justin Schmidt: Yeah, that’s exactly what I call electrifying. I say, imagine you are walking along in Arizona, and there is a wind storm, and the power line above snaps the wire, and it hits you, of course that hasn’t happened to me, but that’s what you imagine it feels like. Because it’s absolutely electrifying, I call it debilitating because you want to be macho, “ah I’m tough, I can do this!” Now you can’t! So I tell people lay down and SCREAM! Right?
Interviewer : That’s what I did! And Mark would be like, this famous “Coyote, are you ok? Are you ok?”
Justin Schmidt: No, I’m not ok!
Interviewer : And it was very hard to try to compose myself to be like, alright, describe what is happening to your body right now. Because your mind goes into this state that is like blank emptiness. And all you can focus on is the fact that there’s radiating pain coming out of your arm.
Justin Schmidt: That’s why you scream, because now you’re focusing on something else. In addition to the pain, you’re focusing on “AAAAAAHHHHH!!!” [screams loudly]. Takes a little bit of the juice off of the pain, so maybe you lower it down to a three for as long as you can yell. And I can yell for a pretty long time when I’m stung by a tarantula hawk.
– Origin of STINGS! (“Origin of STINGS!” 2017).
If we take Justin’s word for it, a sting that scores a 4 on his pain scale is about 1,000 times more painful than a sting that scores a 1 on his scale. Accordingly, Christopher Starr (who replicated the scale(“Starr Sting Pain Scale” 2020)), stated that any sting that scores a 4 is “traumatically painful”(Starr 1985). Finally, since the scale is restricted to stings of insects of the Hymenoptera order, it remains possible that there are stings whose pain would be rated even higher than 4. A 5 on the sting pain index might perhaps be experienced with the stings of the box jellyfish that produces Irukandji syndrome, and the bite of the giant desert centipede. Needless to say, these are to be avoided.
Moving on. . .
Scoville Scale
(2) The Scoville scale measures how spicy different chili peppers and hot sauces are. It is calculated by diluting the pepper/sauce in water until it is no longer possible to detect any spice in it. The number that is associated with the pepper or sauce is the ratio of water-tosauce that makes it just barely possible to taste the spice. Now, this is of course not itself a pain scale. I would nonetheless anticipate that taking the log of the Scoville units of a dish might be a good approximation for the reported pain it delivers. In particular, people note that there are several qualitative jumps in the type and nature of the pain one experiences when eating hot sauces of different strengths (e.g., “Fuck you Sean! [. . . ] That was a leap, Sean, that was a LEAP!” – Ken Jeong right after getting to the 135,000 Scoville units sauce in the Youtube series Hot Ones (“Ken Jeong Performs a Physical While Eating Spicy Wings | Hot Ones” 2019)). Amazon reviews of ultra-hot sauces can be mined for phenomenological information concerning intense pain, and the general impression one gets after reading such reviews is that indeed there is a sort of exponential range of possible pain values:
I know it may be fun to trivialize this kind of pain, but different people react differently to it (probably following a long-tail too!). For some people who are very sensitive to heat pain, very hot sauce can be legitimately traumatizing. Hence I advise against having ultra-spicy sauces around your house. The novelty value is not worth the probability of a regrettable accident, as exemplified in some of the Amazon reviews above (e.g., a house guest assuming that your “Da’Bomb – Beyond Insanity” bottle in the fridge can’t possibly be that hot. . . and ending up in the ER and with PTSD).
I should add that media that is widely consumed about extreme hot sauce (e.g., the Hot Ones mentioned above and numerous stunt Youtube channels) may seem fun on the surface, but what doesn’t make the cut and is left in the editing room is probably not very palatable at all. From an interview with Sean Evans, Hot Ones host: “Has anyone thrown up doing it?” Interviewer : “Yeah, we’ve run the gamut. We’ve had people spit in buckets, half-pass out, sleep in the green room afterwards, etc.” (“Sean Evans of ’Hot Ones’ –Best/Worst Guests, Publicists, Khaled, Etc –Jim Norton & Sam Roberts” 2019). T.J. Miller, when asked about what advice he would give to the show while eating ultra-spicy wings, responded: “Don’t do this. Don’t do this again. End the show. Stop doing the show. That’s my advice. This is very hot. This is painful. There’s a problem here.” (“T.j. Miller Talks Deadpool, Hecklers, and Relationship Advice While Eating Spicy Wings | Hot Ones” 2016)
Trigeminal Neuralgia Pain Scale
(3) Finally, we come to the “KIP scale,” which is used to rate cluster headaches, one of the most painful conditions that people endure:
KIP-0 No pain, life is beautiful.
KIP-1 Very minor, shadows come and go. Life is still beautiful.
KIP-2 More persistent shadows.
KIP-3 Shadows are getting constant but can be dealt with.
KIP-4 Starting to get bad, want to be left alone.
KIP-5 Still not a “pacer” but need space.
KIP-6 Wake up grumbling, curse a bit, but can get back to sleep without “dancing.”
KIP-7 Wake up, sleep not an option, take the beast for a walk and finally fall into bed exhausted.
KIP-8 Time to scream, yell, curse, head bang, rock, whatever works.
KIP-9 The “Why me?” syndrome starts to set in.
KIP-10 Major pain, screaming, head banging, ER trip. Depressed. Suicidal.
The duration factor is multiplied by the intensity factor, which uses the KIP scale in an exponential way - a KIP 10 is not just twice as bad as a KIP 5, it’s ten times as intense.
- Keeping Track by Cluster Busters (“Busting Protocol — Keeping Track” 2020).
As seen above, the KIP scale is acknowledged by its creator and users to be logarithmic in nature.
In summary, we see that pleasure comes in various grades and that peak experiences such as those induced by psychedelics, meditation, and temporal lobe seizures seem to be orders of magnitude more energetic and better than everyday sober states. Likewise, we see that across several categories of pain, people report being surprised by the leaps in both quality and intensity that are possible. More so, at least in the case of the Schmidt Index and the Kip Scale, the creators of the scale were explicit that it was a logarithmic mapping of the actual level of sensation.
While we do not have enough evidence (and conceptual clarity) to assert that the intensity of pain and pleasure does grow exponentially, the information presented so far does suggest that the valence of experiences follows a long-tail distribution.
Deference-type Approaches for Experience Ranking
The above considerations underscore the importance of coming up with a pleasure-pain scale that tries to take into account the non-linearity and non-normality of valence ratings. One idea we came up with was a “deference”-type approach, where we ask open-ended questions about people’s best and worst experiences and have them rank them against each other. Although locally the data would be very sparse, the idea was that there might be methods to integrate the collective patterns of deference into an approximate scale. If extended to populations of people who are known to have experienced extremes of valence, the approach would even allow us to unify the various pain scales (Scoville, Schmidt, KIP, etc.) and assign a kind of universal valence score to different categories of pain and pleasure.1 That will be version 2.0. In the meantime, we thought to try to get a rough picture of the extreme joys and affections of members of the general public, which is what this article will focus on.
Normal World vs. Lognormal World
There is a world we could call the “Normal World,” where valence outliers are rare and most types of experiences affect people more or less similarly, distributed along a Gaussian curve. Then there is another, very different world we could call the “long-tailed world” or if we want to make it simple (acknowledging uncertainty) “Lognormal World,” where almost every valence distribution is a long-tail. So in the “Lognormal World,” say, for pleasure (and symmetrically for pain), we would expect to see a long-tail in the mean pleasure of experiences between different categories across all people, a long-tail in the amount of pleasure within a given type of experience across people, a long-tail for the number of times an individual has had a certain type of pleasure, a long-tail in the intensity of the pleasure experienced with a single category of experience within a single person, and so on. Do we live in the Normal World or the Lognormal World?
Predictions of Lognormal World
If we lived in the “Lognormal World,” we would expect:
To test the first and second prediction does not require a lot of data, but the third does because one needs to have enough comparisons to fill a lot of triads. The survey results we will discuss bellow are congruent with the first and second prediction. We did what we could with the data available to investigate the third, and tentatively, it seems to hold up (with ideas like deference network centrality analysis, triadic analysis, and tournament-style approaches).
Survey Setup
The survey asked the following questions: current level of pleasure, current level of pain, top 3 most pleasurable experiences (in decreasing order) along with pleasure ratings for each of them and the age when they were experienced, and the same for the top 3 most painful experiences. I specifically did not provide a set of broad categories (such as “physical” or “emotional”) or a drop-down menu of possible narrow categories (e.g., going to the movies, aerobic exercise, etc.). I wanted to see what people would say when the question was as open-ended as possible.
I also included questions aimed more directly at probing the long-tailed nature of valence: I asked participants to rate “how many times more pleasant was the #1 top experience relative to the #2 top experience” (and #2 relative to #3, and the same for the top most painful experiences).
I also asked them to describe in more detail the single most pleasant and unpleasant experiences, and added a box for comments at the end in order to see if anyone complained about the task (most people said “no comment,” many said they enjoyed the task, and one person said that it made them nostalgic). I also asked about basic demographics (age and gender). Participants earned $1.75 for the task, which seems reasonable given the time it took to complete in most cases.
Mechanical Turk: Participant Composition
The survey was run on Mechanical Turk. I requested “Masters” qualifications for 90/110 of the survey responses. To be a Mechanical Turk Master (clickhappier 2016) you need to have a good track record of task approval, which I reasoned would increase the rate of well thought-out high-quality responses (this turned out to be true). The participants’ genders were fairly balanced (50/97 women, 47/97 men), and the average age was 36.5 years (sd = 10):
Age Distribution
Bots (easy to spot–unless extremely sophisticated)
While reading the responses I discovered that some of them seemed to be generated by bots. Apparently task requesters started noticing the presence of bots a couple of years ago (Dreyfuss 2018). This is obviously a problem for academics trying to use the service for their research, and for machine learning professionals using the service for data-tagging. Having been both of those things in the past, I can say that a few years ago I did not see any submissions that looked suspiciously bot-like. Though low-quality rushed responses did seem to be relatively common back then, I never observed bot-like responses to open-ended questions. Unfortunately, this time I was able to spot several responses clearly written by bots. For example, one respondent answered the question “write a brief essay about your #1 best experience” with:
The reason these types of assignments are given so often is that anyone can write about their own experience and it doesn’t require any outside resources or research. However, even though anyone can tell a story about their life, that does not mean anyone can write a good essay about that experience. As a professor and teacher for 30 years, I’ve read thousands of essays and can tell you there is a distinct difference from telling a story about yourself and writing an excellent personal experience essay. The difference between good and great:
And it ends that way, with a colon indicating that the respondent is about to explain what the difference between good and great is. But it never does.
In most cases the difference between a genuine response and a bot response was very obvious. That said, I erred on the side of caution for filtering bots and I got rid of answers even if they seemed just a little suspicious. This left me with 97 out of the 110 original responses. The following analysis was conducted on those 97 responses.
Since the responses were open-ended I had to tag each of them with an experience category. To do this I read each response and identified the key theme in them and classified them with a label that was specific enough to distinguish it from nearby experiences (e.g., different types of fractures), but not so specific that we would never get more than one response per category (e.g., “breaking the middle finger in elementary school”). In general, most responses fell into very unambiguous categories (e.g. “When my father passed away” and “Watching my father die and take his last few breaths.” were both classified as “Father death”). About 10% of the responses were relatively ambiguous: it wasn’t clear what the source of the pain or pleasure was. To deal with those responses I used the label “Unspecified.” When some detail was present but ambiguity remained, such as when a broad type of pain or pleasure was mentioned but not the specific source I tagged it as “Unspecified X” where X was a broad category. For example, one person said that “broken bones” was the most painful experience they’ve had, which I labeled as “Unspecified fracture.”
I should preface the following by saying that we are very aware of the lack of scientific rigor in this survey; it remains a pilot exploratory work. We didn’t specify the time-scale for the experiences (e.g., are we asking about the best minute of your life or the best month of your life?) or whether we were requesting instances of physical or psychological pain/pleasures. Despite this lack of constraints it was interesting to see very strong commonalities among people’s responses.
Appearance Base Rates
There were 77 and 124 categories of pleasure and pain identified, respectively. On the whole it seemed like there was a higher diversity of ways to suffer than of ways to experience intense bliss. Summoning the spirit of Tolstoy: “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.”
Here are the raw counts for each category with at least two appearances.
Best experiences appearances
Worst experience appearances
For those who want to see the full list of number of appearances for each experience mentioned, see Appendix A (I also clarify some of the more confusing labels there too).
A simple way to try to incorporate the information about the ranking is to weight experiences rated as top #1 with 3 points, those as top #2 with 2 points, and those as the top #3 with 1 point. If you do this, the experiences scores are:
Weighted appearances of best experiences
Weighted appearances of worst experiences
Average Ratings
Given the relatively small sample size, I will only report the mean rating for pain and pleasure (out of 10) for categories of experience for which there were 6 or more respondents:
For pain:
1. Father death (n = 19): mean 8.53, sd 2.3
2. Childbirth (n = 16): mean 7.94, sd 2.16
3. Grandmother death (n = 13): mean 8.12, sd 2.5
4. Mother death (n = 11): mean 9.4, sd 0.62
5. Car accident (n = 9): mean 8.42, sd 1.52
6. Kidney stone (n = 9): mean 5.97, sd 3.17
7. Migraine (n = 9): mean 5.36, sd 3.11
8. Romantic breakup (n = 9): mean 7.11, sd 1.52
9. Broken arm (n = 6): mean 8.28, sd 0.88
10. Broken leg (n = 6): mean 7.33, sd 2.02
11. Work failure (n = 6): mean 5.88, sd 3.57
(Note: the very high variance for kidney stones and migraine is partly explained by the presence of some very low responses, with values as low as 1.1/10 – perhaps misreported, or perhaps illustrating the extreme diversity of experiences of migraines and kidney stones).
For pleasure:
1. Falling in love (n = 42): mean 8.68, sd 1.74
2. Children born (n = 41): mean 9.19, sd 1.64
3. Marriage (n = 21): mean 8.7, sd 1.25
4. Sex (n = 19): mean 8.72, sd 1.45
5. College graduation (n = 13): mean 7.73, sd 1.4
6. Orgasm (n = 11): mean 8.24, sd 1.63
7. Alcohol (n = 8): mean 6.84, sd 1.59
8. Vacation (n = 6): mean 9.12, sd 0.73
9. Getting job (n = 6): mean 7.22, sd 1.47
10. Personal favorite sports win (n = 6): mean 8.17, sd 1.23
Deference Graph of Top Experiences
We will now finally get to the more exploratory and fun/interesting analysis, at least in that it will generate a cool way of visualizing what causes people great joy and pain. Namely, the idea of using people’s rankings in order to populate a global scale across people and show it in the form of a graph of deferences. While the scientific literature has some studies that compare pain across different categories (Spence, Miller, and Hendricks 1992)(Adams 1987)(Dolan 2011). I was not able to find any dataset that included actual rankings across a variety of categories. Hence why it was so appealing to visualize this.
The simplest way of graphing experience deferences is to assign a node to each experience category and add an edge between experiences with deference relationships with a weight proportional to the number of directed deferences. For example, if 4 people have said that A was better than B, and 3 people have said that B was better than A, then there will be an edge from A to B with a weight of 4 and an edge from B to A with a weight of 3. Additionally, we can then run a graph centrality algorithm such as PageRank (“Centrality” 2020) to see where the “deferences end up pooling.”
The images below do this: the PageRank of the graph is represented with the color gradient (darker shades of green/red representing higher PageRank values for good/bad experiences). In addition, the graphs also represent the number of appearances in the dataset for each category with the size of each node:
Best experiences deferences – edge thickness based on number of deferences, node size based on number of appearances, and color scheme based on PageRank.
The main problem with the approach above is that it double (triple?) counts experiences that are very common. Say that, for example, taking 5-MeO-DMT produces a consistently higher-valence feeling relative to having sex. If we only have a couple of people who report both 5-MeO-DMT and sex as their top experiences, the edge from sex to 5-MeO-DMT will be very weak, and the PageRank algorithm will underestimate the value of 5-MeO-DMT.
In order to avoid the double counting effect of commonly-reported peak experiences we can instead add edge weights on the basis of the proportion with which an experience defers to the other. Let’s say that \(f(a, b)\) means “number of times that \(b\) is reported as higher than \(a\).” Then the proportion would be \(f(a, b) / (f(a, b) + f(b, a))\). Now, this introduces another problem, which is that pairs of experiences that appear together very infrequently might get a very high proportion score due to a low sample size. In order to prevent this we use Laplace smoothing and modify the equation to \((f(a, b) + 1) / (f(a, b) + f(b, a) + 2)\). Finally, we transform this proportion score from the range of \(0\) to \(1\) to the range of \(-1\) to \(1\) by multiplying by \(2\) and subtracting \(1\). We call this a “rebalanced smoothed proportion” \(w(a, b)\):
\[w(a, b) = 2 \frac{f(a, b) + 1}{f(a, b) + f(b, a) + 2}-1\]
I should note that this is not based on any rigorous math. The equation is based on my intuition for what I would expect to see in such a graph, namely a sort of confidenceweighted strength of directionality, but I do not guarantee that this is a principled way of doing so (did I mention this is a pilot small-scale low-budget ‘to a first approximation’ study?). I think that, nonetheless, doing this is still an improvement upon merely using the raw deference counts as the edge weights. To visualize what \(w(a, b)\) looks like I graphed its values for a and b in the range of \(0\) to \(20\) (literally typing the equation into the google search bar):
Rebalanced Smoothed Proportion Equation
Rebalanced Smoothed Proportion Equation
Rebalanced Smoothed Proportion Equation
Rebalanced Smoothed Proportion Equation
Rebalanced Smoothed Proportion Equation
To populate the graph I only use the positive edge weights so that we can run the PageRank algorithm on it. This now looks a lot more reasonable and informative as a deference graph than the previous attempts:
Best experiences deference graph: Edge weights based on the rebalanced smoothed proportions, size of nodes is proportional to number of appearances in the dataset, and the color tracks the PageRank of the graph. Edge color based on source node.
By taking the PageRank of these graphs (calculated with NetworkX) we arrive at the following global rankings:
PageRank of the graph of best experiences with edge weights computed with the rebalanced smoothed proportion equation.
PageRank of the graph of worst experiences with edge weights computed with the rebalanced smoothed proportion equation.
Intuitively this ranking seems more aligned with what I’ve heard before, but I will withhold judgement on it until we have much more data.
Triadic Analysis
With a more populated deference graph we can analyze in detail the degree to which triads (i.e. sets of three experiences such that each of the three possible deferences are present in the graph) show transitivity (cf. Balance vs. Status Theory).
In particular, we should compare the prevalence of these two triads:
Left: 030T, Right: 030C. (Source: (Batagelj and Mrvar 2001)).
The triads above are 030T, which is transitive, and 030C, which is a loop. The higher the degree of agreement between people and the higher the probability of the existence of an underlying shared scale, we would expect to see more triads of the type 030T relative to 030C. That said, a simple ratio is not enough, since the expected proportion between these two triads can be an artifact of the way the graph is constructed and/or its general shape (and hence the importance of comparing against randomized graphs that preserve as many other statistical features as possible). With our graph, we noticed that the very way in which the edges were introduced generated an artifact of a very strong difference between these two types of triads.
In the case of pain there are 105 ‘030T,’ and 3 ‘030C.’ And for the pleasure questions there were 98 ‘030T,’ and 9 ‘030C.’ That said, many of these triads are the artifact of taking into account the top three experiences, which already generates a transitive triad by default when n = 1 for that particular triad of experiences. To avoid this artifact, we filtered the graph by only adding edges when a pair of experiences appeared at least twice (and discounting the edges where w(a, b) = 0). With this adjustment we got 2 ‘030T,’ and 1 ‘030C’ for the pain questions, and 1 ‘030T,’ and 0 ‘030C’ for the pleasure question. Clearly there is not enough data to meaningfully conduct this type of analysis. If we extend the study and get a larger sample size, this analysis might be much more informative.
Latent Trait Ratings
A final approach I tried for deriving a global ranking of experiences was to assume a latent parameter for pain or pleasure of different experiences and treating the rankings as the tournament results of participants with skill equal to this latent trait. So when someone says that an experience of sex was better than an experience of getting a new bike we imagine that “sex” had a match with “getting bike” and that “sex” won that match. If we do this, then we can import any of the many tournament algorithms (Mathieu and Vladu 2011) that exist (such as the Elo rating system (“Elo Rating System” 2020)) in order to approximate the latent “skill” trait of each experience (except that here it is the “skill” to cause you pleasure or pain, rather than any kind of gaming ability).
Interestingly, this strategy has also been used in other areas outside of actual tournaments, such as deriving university rankings based on the choices made by students admitted to more than one college (see: Revealed Preference Rankings of US Colleges and Universities).
I should mention that the fact that we are asking about peak experiences likely violates some of the assumptions of these algorithms, since the fact that a match takes place is already information that both experiences made it into the top 3. That said, if the patterns of deference are very strong, this might not represent a problem.
To come up with this tournament-style ranking I decided to go for a state-of-the-art algorithm. The one that I was able to find and use was Microsoft Research’s algorithm called TrueSkill (which is employed to rank players in Xbox LIVE). According to their documentation, to arrive at a conservative “leaderboard” that balances the estimated “true skill” and the uncertainty around it, they recommend ranking by the expected skill level minus three times the standard error around this estimate. If we do this, we arrive at the following experience “leaderboards”:
Conservative TrueSkill scores for best (left) and worst (right) experiences (mu – 3*sigma).
Long-tails in the Responses to “How Many Times Better/Worse” Question
The survey included four questions aimed at comparing the relative hedonic values of peak experiences: “Relative to the 1st most pleasant experience, how many times better was the 2nd most pleasant experience?” (This was one, the other three were the permutations of also asking about 2nd vs. 3rd and about the bad experiences):
(Note: I’ll ignore the responses to the comparison between the 2nd and 3rd worst pains because I messed up the question - I forgot to substitute “better” for “worse”).
I would understand the skepticism about these graphs. But at the same time, I don’t think it is absurd that for many people the worst experience they’ve had is indeed 10 or 100 times worse than the second worst. For example, someone who has endured a bad Cluster Headache will generally say that the pain of it is tens or hundreds of times worse than any other kind of pain they have had (say, breaking a bone or having skin burns).
The above distributions suggest a long-tail for the hedonic quality of experiences: say that the hedonic quality of each day is distributed along a log-normal distribution. A 45 year old has experienced roughly 17,000 days. Let’s say that such a person’s experience of pain each day is sampled from a log-normal distribution with a Gaussian exponent with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 5. If we take 100 such people, and for each of them we take the single worst and the second worst days of their lives, and then take the ratio between them, we will have a distribution like this (simulated in R):
If you smooth the empirical curves above you would get a distribution that looks like these simulations. You really need a long-tail to be able to get results like “for 25% of the participants the single worst experience was at least 4 times as bad as the 2nd worst experience.” Compare that to the sort of pattern that you get if the distribution was normal rather than log-normal:
As you can see (zooming in on the y-axis), the ratios simply do not reach very high values. With the normal distribution simulated here, we see that the highest ratio we achieve is around 1.3, as opposed to the empirical ratios of 10+.2 It is possible that some fine-tuning of parameters could give rise to long-tail ratios even with a normal distribution (especially if the mean is, say, a negative value and the standard deviation is very wide). But in the general case a normal distribution will have a fairly narrow range for the ratios of the “top value divided by the second top value.” So at least as a general qualitative argument, I think, the simulations do suggest a long-tailed nature for the reported hedonic values.] If you are inclined to believe the survey responses- or at least assign some level of credibility to the responses in the 90thpercentile and below-, the data is much more consistent with a long-tail distribution for hedonic values relative to a normal distribution.
Key Pleasures Surfaced
Birth of Children
I have heard a number of mothers and father say that having kids was the best thing that ever happened to them. The survey showed this was a very strong pattern, especially among women. In particular, a lot of the reports deal with the very moment in which they held their first baby in their arms for the first time. Some quotes to illustrate this pattern:
“The best experience of my life was when my first child was born. I was unsure how I would feel or what to expect, but the moment I first heard her cry I fell in love with her instantly. I felt like suddenly there was another person in this world that I cared about and loved more than myself. I felt a sudden urge to protect her from all the bad in the world. When I first saw her face it was the most beautiful thing I had ever seen. It is almost an indescribable feeling. I felt like I understood the purpose and meaning of life at that moment. I didn’t know it was possible to feel the way I felt when I saw her. I was the happiest I have ever been in my entire life. That moment is something that I will cherish forever. The only other time I have ever felt that way was with the subsequent births of my other two children. It was almost a euphoric feeling. It was an intense calm and contentment.”
“I was young and had a difficult pregnancy with my first born. I was scared because they had to do an emergency c-section because her health and mine were at risk. I had anticipated and thought about how the moment would be when I finally got to hold my first child and realize that I was a mother. It was unbelievably emotional and I don’t think anything in the world could top the amount of pleasure and joy I had when I got to see and hold her for the first time.”
“I was 29 when my son was born. It was amazing. I never thought I would be a father. Watching him come into the world was easily the best day of my life. I did not realize that I could love someone or something so much. It was at about 3am in the morning so I was really tired. But it was wonderful nonetheless.”
“I absolutely loved when my child was born. It was a wave of emotions that I haven’t felt by anything before. It was exciting and scary and beautiful all in one.”
No luck for anti-natalists (Emilsson 2018b). The super-strong drug-like effects of having children will presumably continue to motivate most humans to reproduce no matter how strong the ethical case against doing so may be. Coming soon: a drug that makes you feel like “you just had 10,000 children.”
Falling In Love
The category of “falling in love” was also a very common top experience. I should note that the experiences reported were not merely those of “having a crush,” but rather, they typically involved unusually fortunate circumstances. For instance, a woman reported being friends with her crush for 7 years. She thought that he was not interested in her, and so she never dared to confess her love for him. . . until one day, out of the blue, he confessed his love for her. Other experiences of falling in involve chance encounters with childhood friends that led to movie-deserving romantic escapades, forbidden love situations, and cases where the person was convinced the lover was out of his or her league.
The terms “travel” and “vacation” may sound relatively frivolous in light of some of the other pleasures listed. That said, these were not just any kind of travel or vacation. The experiences described do seem rather extraordinary and life-changing. For example, talking about back-packing alone in France for a month, biking across the US with your best friend, or a long trip in South East Asia with your sibling that goes much better than planned.
It is significant that out of 97 people four of them listed MDMA as one of the most pleasant experiences of their lives. This is salient given the relatively low base rate of usage of this drug (some surveys saying 12% (Maldonado, n.d.), which is probably not too far off from the base rate for Mechanical Turk workers using MDMA). This means that a high percentage of people who have tried MDMA will rate it as as one of their top experiences, thus implying that this drug produces experiences sampled from an absurdly long-tailed high-valence distribution. This underscores the civilizational significance of inventing a method to experience MDMA-like states of consciousness in a sustainable fashion) (Emilsson 2019b).
Likewise, the appearance of LSD and psilocybin is significant for the same reason. That said, measures of the significance of psychedelic experiences in psychedelic studies have shown that a high percentage of those who experience such states rate them among their top most meaningful experiences.
Games of Chance Earnings
Four participants mentioned earnings in games of chance. These cases involved earning amounts ranging from $2,000 all the way to a truck (which was immediately sold for money). What I find significant about this is that these experiences are at times ranked above “college graduation” and other classically meaningful life moments. This brings about a crazy utilitarian idea: if indeed education is as useless as many people in the intellectual elite are saying these days (Caplan 2019) we might as well stop subsidizing higher education and instead make people participate in opt-out games of chance rigged in their favor. Substitute the Department of Education for a Department of Lucky Moments and give people meaningful life experiences at a fraction of the cost.
Key Pains Surfaced
Kidney Stones/Migraines
The fact that these two medical issues were surfaced is, I think, extremely significant. This is because the lifetime incidence of kidney stones is about 10% ( 13% for men, 7% for women (Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, n.d.)) and for migraines it is around 13% (9% for men, 18% for women (Victor et al. 2010)). In the survey we saw 9/93 people mentioning kidney stones, and the same number of people mentioning migraines. In other words, there is reason to believe that a large fraction of the people who have had either of these conditions will rate them as one of their top 3 most painful experiences. This fact alone underscores the massive utilitarian benefit that would come from being able to reduce the incidence of these two medical problems (luckily, we have some good research leads for addressing these problems at a large scale and in a cost-effective way: DMT for migraines (Emilsson 2019f) and frequency specific microcurrent for kidney stones (Emilsson 2019c)).
Childbirth was mentioned 16 times, meaning that roughly 30% of women rate it as one of their three most painful experiences. While many people may look at this and simply nod their heads while saying “well, that’s just life,” here at Qualia Computing we do not condone that kind of defeatism and despicable lack of compassion. As it turns out, there are fascinating research leads to address the pain of childbirth. In particular, Jo Cameron (“For This Woman, Childbirth Felt Like ’a Tickle.’ Could Her Genes Hold the Secret to Better Pain Management?” 2019), a 70 year old vegan schoolteacher, described her childbirth by saying that it “felt like a tickle.” She happens to have a mutation in the FAAH gene, which is usually in charge of breaking down anandamine (a neurotransmitter implicated in pain sensitivity and hedonic tone) (Pearce 2016). As we’ve argued before, every child is a complete genetic experiment. In the future, we may as well try to at least make educated guesses (Emilsson 2019a) about our children’s genes associated with low mood, anxiety, and pain sensitivity. In defiance of common sense (and the Bible (Stott and Stott, n.d.)) the future of childbirth could indeed be one devoid of intense pain.
Car Accidents
Car accidents are extremely common (the base rate is so high (Toups 2011) that by the age of 40 or so we can almost assume that most people have been in at least one car accident, possibly multiple). More so, it seems likely that the health-damaging effects of car accidents, by their nature, follow a long-tail distribution. The high base rate of people mentioning car accidents in their top 3 most painful experiences underscores the importance of streamlining the process of transitioning into the era of self-driving cars.
Death of Father and Mother
This one does not come as a surprise, but what may stand out is the relatively higher frequency of mentions of “death of father” relative to “death of mother.” I think this is an artifact of the longevity difference between men and women. This is in agreement with the observed effect of age: about 15% vs. 25% of people under and over 40 had mentioned the death of their father, as opposed to a difference of 5% vs. 25% for death of mother. The reason why the father might be over-represented might simply be due to the lower life expectancy of men relative to women, and hence the father, on average, dying earlier. Thus, it being reported more frequently by a younger population.
Future Directions for Methodological Approaches
Graphical Models with Log-normal Priors
After trying so many analytic angles on this dataset, what else is there to do? I think that as a proof of concept the analysis presented here is pretty well-rounded. If the Qualia Research Institute does well in the funding department, we can expect to extend this pilot study into a more comprehensive analysis of the pleasure-pain axis both in the general population and among populations who we know have endured or enjoyed extremes of valence (such as cluster headache sufferers (Emilsson 2019e) or people who have tried 5-MeO-DMT (“5-MeO-DMT,” n.d.)).
In terms of statistical models, an adequate amount of data would enable us to start using probabilistic graphical models (Goyal 2017) to determine the most likely long-tail distributions for all of the key parameters of pleasure and pain. For instance, we might want to develop a model similar to Item Response Theory where:
1. Each participant samples experiences from a distribution.
2. Each experience category generates samples with an empirically-determined base rate probability (e.g., chances that it happens in a given year), along with a latent hedonic value distribution).
3. A “discrimination function” \(f(a, b)\) that gives the probability that experience of hedonic value \(a\) is rated as more pleasant (or painful) relative an experience with a hedonic value of \(b\).
4. And a generative model that estimates the likelihood of observing experiences as the top 3 (or top x) based on the parameters provided.
In brief, with an approach like the above we can potentially test the model fit for different distribution types of hedonic values per experience. In particular, we would be able to determine if the model fit is better if the experiences are drawn from a Gaussian vs. a log-normal (or other long-tailed) distribution.
Finally, it might be fruitful to explicitly ask about whether participants have had certain experiences in order to calibrate their ratings, or even have them try a battery of standardized pain/pleasure-inducing stimuli (capsaicin extract, electroshocks, stings, massage, orgasm, etc.). We could also find the way to combine (a) the numerical ratings, (2) the ranking information, and (3) the “how many times better/worse” responses into a single model. And for best results, restrict the analysis to very recent experiences in order to reduce recall biases.
Closing Thoughts on the Valence Scale
To summarize, I believe that the case for a long-tail account of the pleasure-pain axis is very defensible. This picture is supported by:
1. The long-tailed nature of neuronal cascades,
2. The phenomenological accounts of intense pleasure and pain (w/ phenomenological accounts of time and space expansion),
3. The way in which pain scales are constructed by those who developed them, and
4. The analytic results of the pilot study we conducted and presented here.
In turn, these results give rise to a new interpretation of psychophysical observations such as Weber’s Law. Namely, that Just Noticeable Differences may correspond to geometric differences in qualia, not only in sensory stimuli. That is, that the exponential nature of many cases where Weber’s Law appears are not merely the result of a logarithmic compression on the patterns of stimulation at the “surface” of our sense organs. Rather, the observations presented here suggest that these long-tails deal directly with the quality and intensity of conscious experience itself.
Additional Material
Dimensionality of Pleasure and Pain
Pain and pleasure may have an intrinsic “dimensionality.” Without elaborating, we will merely state that a generative definition for the “dimensionality of an experience” is the highest “virtual dimension” implied by the patterns of correlation between degrees of freedom. The hot pepper hands account I related suggested a kind of dimensional phase transition between 4/10 and 5/10 pain, where the patterns of a certain type (4/10 “sparks” of pain) would sometimes synchronize and generate a new type of higher-dimensional sensation (5/10 “solitons” of pain). To illustrate this idea further:
First, in Hot Ones, Kumail Nanjiani describes several “leaps” in the spiciness of the wings, first at around 30,000 Scoville (“this new ghost that appears and only here starts to visit you”), and second at around 130k Scoville (paraphrasing: “like how NES to Super Nintendo felt like a big jump, but then Super Nintendo to N64 was an even bigger leap” – “Now we are playing in the big leagues motherfucker! This is fucking real!”). This hints at a change in dimensionality, too.
And second, Shinzen Young‘s advice about dealing with pain (Young 2011) involves not resisting it. He discusses how suffering is generated by the coordination between emotional, cognitive, and physical mental formations. If you can keep each of these mental formations happening independently and don’t allow their coordinated forms, you will avoid some of what makes the experience bad. This also suggests that higher-dimensional pain is qualitatively worse. Pragmatically, training to do this may make sense for the time being, since we are still some years away from sustainable pain-relief (Emilsson 2019g) for everyone.
Mixed States
We have yet to discuss in detail how mixed states come into play for a log-normal valence scale. The Symmetry Theory of Valence (Emilsson 2017a) would suggest that most states are neutral in nature and that only processes that reduce entropy locally such as neural annealing (Emilsson 2016a) would produce highly-valenced states. In particular, we would see that high-valence states have very negative valence states nearby in configuration space; if you take a very good high-energy state and distort it in a random direction it will likely feel very unpleasant. The points in between would be mixed valence, which account for the majority of experiences in the wild.
Qualia Formalism
Qualia Formalism (Emilsson 2018a) posits that for any given system that sustains experiences, there is a mathematical object such that the mathematical features of that object are isomorphic to the system’s phenomenology. In turn, Valence Structuralism (Emilsson 2017a) posits that the hedonic nature of experience is encoded in a mathematical feature of this object. It is easier to find something real if you posit that it exists (rather than try to explain it away). We have suggested in the past that valence can be explained in terms of the mathematical property of symmetry (Johnson 2017), which cashes out in the form of neural dissonance and consonance (Emilsson 2017c).
In contrast to eliminativist (Tomasik 2015), illusionist, and non-formal (Tomasik 2014) approaches to consciousness, at QRI we simply start by assuming that experience has a deep ground truth structure and we see where we can go from there. Although we currently lack the conceptual schemes, science, and vocabulary needed to talk in precise terms about different degrees of pleasure and pain (though we are trying! (Emilsson 2017c)), that is not a good reason to dismiss the first-person claims and indirect pieces of evidence concerning the true amounts of various kinds of qualia bound in each moment of experience. If valence does turn out to intrinsically be a mathematical feature of our experience, then both its quality and quantity could very well be precisely measurable, conceptually crisp, and tractable. A scientific fact that, if proven, would certainly have important implications in ethics and meta-ethics.
Appendix A
Base rate of mentions of best experiences:
[(‘Falling in love,’ 42), (‘Children born,’ 41), (‘Marriage,’ 21), (‘Sex,’ 19), (‘College graduation,’ 13), (‘Orgasm,’ 11), (‘Alcohol,’ 8), (‘Vacation,’ 6), (‘Getting job,’ 6), (‘Personal favorite sports win,’ 6), (‘Nature scene,’ 5), (‘Owning home,’ 5), (‘Sports win,’ 4), (‘Graduating highschool,’ 4), (‘MDMA,’ 4), (‘Getting paid for the first time,’ 4), (‘Amusement park,’ 4), (‘Game of chance earning,’ 4), (‘Job achievement,’ 4), (‘Getting engaged,’ 4), (‘Cannabis,’ 3), (‘Eating favorite food,’ 3), (‘Unexpected gift,’ 3), (‘Moving to a better location,’ 3), (‘Travel,’ 3), (‘Divorce,’ 2), (‘Gifting car,’ 2), (‘Giving to charity,’ 2), (‘LSD,’ 2), (‘Won contest,’ 2), (‘Friend reunion,’ 2), (‘Winning bike,’ 2), (‘Kiss,’ 2), (‘Pet ownership,’ 2), (‘Children,’ 1), (‘First air trip,’ 1), (‘First kiss,’ 1), (‘Public performance,’ 1), (‘Hugs,’ 1), (‘Unspecified,’ 1), (‘Recovering from unspecified kidney problem,’ 1), (‘College party,’ 1), (‘Graduate school start,’ 1), (‘Financial success,’ 1), (‘Dinner with loved one,’ 1), (‘Feeling supported,’ 1), (‘Children graduates from college,’ 1), (‘Family event,’ 1), (‘Participating in TV show,’ 1), (‘Psychedelic mushrooms,’ 1), (‘Opiates,’ 1), (‘Having own place,’ 1), (‘Making music,’ 1), (‘Becoming engaged,’ 1), (‘Theater,’ 1), (‘Extreme sport,’ 1), (‘Armed forces graduation,’ 1), (‘Birthday,’ 1), (‘Positive pregnancy test,’ 1), (‘Feeling that God exists,’ 1), (‘Belief that Hell does not exist,’ 1), (‘Getting car,’ 1), (‘Academic achievement,’ 1), (‘Helping others,’ 1), (‘Meeting soulmate,’ 1), (‘Daughter back home,’ 1), (‘Winning custody of children,’ 1), (‘Friend stops drinking,’ 1), (‘Masturbation,’ 1), (‘Friend not dead after all,’ 1), (‘Child learns to walk,’ 1), (‘Attending wedding of loved one,’ 1), (‘Children safe after dangerous situation,’ 1), (‘Unspecified good news,’ 1), (‘Met personal idol,’ 1), (‘Child learns to talk,’ 1), (‘Children good at school,’ 1)]
Base rate of mentions of worst experiences:
[(‘Father death,’ 19), (‘Childbirth,’ 16), (‘Grandmother death,’ 13), (‘Mother death,’ 11), (‘Car accident,’ 9), (‘Kidney stone,’ 9), (‘Migraine,’ 9), (‘Romantic breakup,’ 9), (‘Broken arm,’ 6), (‘Broken leg,’ 6), (‘Work failure,’ 6), (‘Divorce,’ 5), (‘Pet death,’ 5), (‘Broken foot,’ 4), (‘Broken ankle,’ 4), (‘Broken hand,’ 4), (‘Unspecified,’ 4), (‘Friend death,’ 4), (‘Sister death,’ 4), (‘Skin burns,’ 3), (‘Skin cut needing stitches,’ 3), (‘Financial ruin,’ 3), (‘Property loss,’ 3), (‘Sprained ankle,’ 3), (‘Gallstones,’ 3), (‘Family breakup,’ 3), (‘Divorce of parents,’ 3), (‘C-section recovery,’ 3), (‘Love failure,’ 2), (‘Broken finger,’ 2), (‘Unspecified fracture,’ 2), (‘Broken ribs,’ 2), (‘Unspecified family death,’ 2), (‘Broken collarbone,’ 2), (‘Grandfather death,’ 2), (‘Unspecified illness,’ 2), (‘Period pain,’ 2), (‘Being cheated,’ 2), (‘Financial loss,’ 2), (‘Broken tooth,’ 2), (‘Cousin death,’ 2), (‘Relative with cancer,’ 2), (‘Cluster headache,’ 2), (‘Unspecified leg problem,’ 2), (‘Root canal,’ 2), (‘Back pain,’ 2), (‘Broken nose,’ 2), (‘Aunt death,’ 2), (‘Wisdom teeth,’ 2), (‘Cancer (eye),’ 1), (‘Appendix operation,’ 1), (‘Dislocated elbow,’ 1), (‘Concussion,’ 1), (‘Mono,’ 1), (‘Sexual assault,’ 1), (‘Kidney infection,’ 1), (‘Hemorrhoids,’ 1), (‘Tattoo,’ 1), (‘Unspecified kidney problem,’ 1), (‘Unspecified lung problem,’ 1), (‘Unspecified cancer,’ 1), (‘Unspecified childhood sickness,’ 1), (‘Broken jaw,’ 1), (‘Broken elbow,’ 1), (‘Thrown out back,’ 1), (‘Lost sentimental item,’ 1), (‘Abortion,’ 1), (‘Ruptured kidney,’ 1), (‘Big fall,’ 1), (‘Torn knee,’ 1), (‘Finger hit by hammer,’ 1), (‘Injured thumb,’ 1), (‘Brother in law death,’ 1), (‘Knocked teeth,’ 1), (‘Unspecified death,’ 1), (‘Ripping off fingernail,’ 1), (‘Personal anger,’ 1), (‘Wrist pain,’ 1), (‘Getting the wind knocked out,’ 1), (‘Blown knee,’ 1), (‘Burst appendix,’ 1), (‘Tooth abscess,’ 1), (‘Tendinitis,’ 1), (‘Altruistic frustration,’ 1), (‘Leg operation,’ 1), (‘Gallbladder infection,’ 1), (‘Broken wrist,’ 1), (‘Stomach flu,’ 1), (‘Running away from family,’ 1), (‘Child beating,’ 1), (‘Sinus infection,’ 1), (‘Broken thumb,’ 1), (‘Family abuse,’ 1), (‘Miscarriage,’ 1), (‘Tooth extraction,’ 1), (‘Feeling like your soul is lost,’ 1), (‘Homelessness,’ 1), (‘Losing your religion,’ 1), (‘Losing bike,’ 1), (‘Family member in prison,’ 1), (‘Crohn s disease,’ 1), (‘Irritable bowel syndrome,’ 1), (‘Family injured,’ 1), (‘Unspecified chronic disease,’ 1), (‘Fibromyalgia,’ 1), (‘Blood clot in toe,’ 1), (‘Infected c-section,’ 1), (‘Suicide of lover,’ 1), (‘Dental extraction,’ 1), (‘Unspecified partner abuse,’ 1), (‘Infertility,’ 1), (‘Father in law death,’ 1), (‘Broken neck,’ 1), (‘Scratched cornea,’ 1), (‘Swollen lymph nodes,’ 1), (‘Sun burns,’ 1), (‘Tooth ache,’ 1), (‘Lost custody of children,’ 1), (‘Unspecified accident,’ 1), (‘Bike accident,’ 1), (‘Broken hip,’ 1), (‘Not being loved by partner,’ 1), (‘Dog bite,’ 1), (‘Broken skull,’ 1)]
For clarity – “Personal favorite sports win” means that the respondent was a participant in the sport as opposed to a spectator (which was labeled as “Sports win”). The difference between “Sex” and “Orgasm” is that Sex refers to the entire act including foreplay and cuddles whereas Orgasm refers to the specific moment of climax. For some reason people would either mention one or the other, and emphasize very different aspects of the experience (e.g. intimacy vs. physical sensation) so I decided to label them differently.]
Thank you James W. Sanders for converting this piece to Distill for R Markdown format.
Psychedelics, Effective Altruism, Hedonic Tone, Meaning, Sex, Spirituality, Qualia
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———. 2018a. “Qualia Research Institute Presentations at the Science of Consciousness 2018.” https://qualiacomputing.com/2018/04/09/qualia-research-institute-presentations-at-the-science-of-consciousness-2018-tucson-az/.
———. 2018b. “Open Individualism and Antinatalism: If God Could Be Killed, It’d Be Dead Already.” https://qualiacomputing.com/2018/07/23/open-individualism-and-antinatalism-if-god-could-be-killed-itd-be-dead-already/.
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———. 2019d. “Get-Out-of-Hell-Free Necklace.” https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8Sed33q54kdhZ4M9m/get-out-of-hell-free-necklace.
———. 2019e. “Cluster Headache Frequency Follows a Long-Tail Distribution.” https://qualiacomputing.com/2019/08/02/cluster-headache-frequency-follows-a-long-tail-distribution/.
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———. 2019g. “Using Ibogaine to Create Friendlier Opioids.” https://qualiacomputing.com/2019/08/06/using-ibogaine-to-create-friendlier-opioids/.
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1. It’s a shame that Coyote Peterson didn’t rate the pain produced by the various wings he ate on the Hot Ones show relative to insect stings, but that sort of data would be very helpful in establishing a universal valence scale. More generally, stunt-man personalities like the L.A. Beast who subject themselves to extremes of negative valence for Internet points might be an untapped gold mine for experience deference data (e.g., How does eating the most bitter substance known compare with the bullet ant glove? Asking this guy might be the only way to find out, without creating more casualties).↩︎
For attribution, please cite this work as
Gómez-Emilsson (2019, Aug. 10). Logarithmic Scales of Pleasure and Pain. Retrieved from https://www.qualiaresearchinstitute.org/blog/Log-Scales
BibTeX citation
author = {Gómez-Emilsson, Andrés},
title = {Logarithmic Scales of Pleasure and Pain},
url = {https://www.qualiaresearchinstitute.org/blog/Log-Scales},
year = {2019}
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1 - 20 of 80 results for The Quiet Man
Title: Quiet Strength: Men's Bible Study: Discovering God's Game Plan for a Winning Life, Author: Tony Dungy
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Pagination Links
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Thursday, February 23, 2017
Let's Talk
I've started to read, "Conserving America? Thoughts On Present Discontents" by Dr. Patrick Deneen of Notre Dame. I'm not very far in, but I'm going to tell you that you should read it. Setting aside the explosive thesis which I won't share here yet, I still actually believe we can do better in political engagement than we have. I don't think we're too far gone, and that's because little things make a huge difference. One person who takes the time to make an opponent's argument better than they have, or toxic words not spoken improves the climate just a little.
Usually, when a candidate for office says they want to add to the national conversation, that means he or she has no chance of winning that office. And maybe that's still true. But what if candidates saw themselves as caretakers of the civic space? We cannot simply mean a desire to serve the public in some general way; I am aiming for an idea that candidates for office safeguard and de-escalate the "temperature" at which the national debate takes place. It seems few of us are actually skilled at this, but I believe it's something to work toward.
I believe this not for the sake of sentiment and self-image, but to create the intellectual space to think constructively and creatively. I don't think anyone believes we are in a golden age of bold policy.
Leaders can be made by the passions of the moment, but more often they create cultures of engagement, which either benefit or harm the public space.
Monday, February 20, 2017
An Admission
I have always liked Barack Obama. I have spent most of my adult life in academia; I like the life, I like the people. I don't sneer at credentials; I covet them. The former president is an academic, from his ears, to the tips of his toes. He is familiar to me, and he speaks the language of which I am familiar. I get why people don't like him; after all, the sexual libertinism and murder that are now the defining characteristics of the Democratic Party were underlined under Obama, as opposed to muted. Moreover, the former president was not content to simply advocate those things, but to use the government to conscript participation in them.
Most of the other stuff is made up.
But I don't carry around a similar affection for the sitting president. I just don't. And I might even admit that a person who is known for thinking and speaking well will get a break from me, even if he is terrible. I'm an academic, if not in profession, then in manner of life. I don't live in a world where that is a swear-word. I also don't live in a world where a man creates a comfortable enclave of support in an academic environment, whilst propounding bad arguments. (See Sowell, Thomas)
The president is uniquely dangerous, because he doesn't know what he doesn't know, and isn't too interested in finding out. Scads of conservative pieces would call what I just said "the sneering of the intellectual elite." That's fine. The problem with conservatism right now is that it makes sneering at the intellectual elite an art form, and mistakes that for an affirmative case.
If I were young, I'd drop the mic right here.
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A Most Non-Russian Republic Tends to Its Buddhist Roots Kalmykia Rebuilds Its Post-Soviet Cultural Identity with Help from Buddhists in India, Tibet, and the US
Article excerpt
Only the Soviet-style heavy glass chandeliers give away that this isn't Asia. The red Buddhist temple rises from the steppes with hints of Mongolia. Monks pad barefoot in maroon robes, chanting and fanning themselves with peacock feathers. Portraits of Buddha and the Dalai Lama adorn the temple walls. Listen carefully and you'll hear Sanskrit, an Indian language dating back to the 4th century BC, being spoken. But although the features and language of the worshipers could lead you to believe you were in China or Tibet, this is Russia. Welcome to Kalmykia, Europe's largest and only traditional Buddhist center. Deep inside Russia on the north of the Caspian Sea, it is a tiny republic settled by nomads who thundered westward on horseback from Xinjiang (now China) in the 17th century. Somehow this ethnic minority has managed to preserve its ways, despite determined Soviet efforts to stamp it out. After the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, Kalmykia's 100 Buddhist temples were destroyed. The Russian language was forced upon its schoolchildren. Sent to Siberia by Stalin Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who was suspicious of all non-Russian minorities, viewed the Kalmyks as traitors after their three-year occupation by Germany during World War II. In 1943 the Kalmyks joined the ranks of ethnic groups summarily deported into inhospitable exile. The entire Kalmyk population of about 150,000 was packed off to Siberia, where tens of thousands died from hunger and cold. They lived there as official "enemies of the people," prohibited from practicing their religion or speaking Kalmyk. When the Kalmyks were finally allowed to return to their homeland in 1957, only 70,000 survivors were left. Since then the population has climbed back to 160,000 people, who have been steadily reclaiming their cultural identity. Republic President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, elected two years after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, is aggressively promoting the culture that his parents had to embrace in secrecy. When Mr. Ilyumzhinov came to power in 1993, there were no Buddhist temples. Many younger residents did not know how to speak Kalmyk. The language is now taught alongside Russian in schools and an estimated 70 percent of the population speak it. …
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Dell N2768 Laptop Ac Adapter, Dell N2768 Power Supply, Dell N2768 Laptop Charger
Adapters Batteries Chargers Accessories
e.g: N2768
Dell N2768 Laptop AC Adapter
Laptop Ac Adapter for Dell N2768
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Get power when and where you need it with a spare Dell N2768 AC adapter. Keep one in the office, one at home, and another in your carrying case for convenient access to power wherever a wall outlet is available. The 90W AC Adapter for Dell N2768 offers the same specifications as the standard AC adapter that ships with the Dell N2768 laptop.
Dell N2768 Laptop Ac Adapter is a 19.5V, 4.62A, 90W rated power supply and replaces Dell's N2768 laptop charger. Designed to meet OEM specifications, N2768 is UL certified and works with many Dell notebooks that require 20V DC.
1. UL Certification
2. Rugged case withstands harshest mobile environments
3. Designed to filter voltage spikes or surges
4. Automatic voltage and current output limit
5. Low voltage automatic shut-down protection
7. 1-Year manufacturer's warranty
BEWARE OF CHEAP Laptop Ac Adapter!!!
Output Voltage 19.5V
Output Current 4.62A
Power 90W
Connecter Size 7.4 * 5.0mm
Certificates CE, FCC, RoHS etc
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Package include
1. Dell N2768 Laptop Ac Adapter * 1
2. Dell N2768 Power Cord/Power Cable * 1
Adapter P/N:
• DELL
DA65NM111-00, FA65NE1-00, HA65NS00, LA65NE1-00, LA65NS2-01, PA-1650-05D2, PA-2E, 09RN2C, A065R039L, HA65NS5-00, MK947, PP41L, 331-6301, C121H, R8D4D, Y807G, Y808G, LA90PE1-01, PA-1900-28D, ADP-65TH B, 00001, 2H098, 310-2860, 310-2862, 310-3149, 310-3399, 310-4002, 310-4408, 310-6325, 310-6557, 310-7251, 310-7501, 310-7696, 310-7697, 310-7712, 310-7744, 310-7860, 310-7866, 310-8363, 310-8941, 310-9047, 310-9048, 310-9049, 310-9050, 310-9134, 310-9249, 310-9438, 310-9439, 310-9757, 330-0945, 330-0947, 340-4002, 450-11766, 5U092, 7W104, 9T215, AA22850-L, C2894, C8023, C9551, CF745, CF823, CF825, CF878, CF989, CM889, DA65NS0-00, DF263, DF266, DF315, DF349, F7970, HF991, LA65NS0-00, LA65NS1-00, LA65NS2-00, LA90PS0-00, LA90PS1-00, MK911, MM545, N2765, N2768, NADP-90KB, NADP-90KB A, NF599, NF642, PA-10, PA-12, PA-1650-050, PA-1650-05D, PA-17, PA-1900-02D, PA-1900-02D2, PA-1900-02D3, pa12, PA1650-06D3, PC531, RM805, U6166, U7809, UC473, XD733, XD757, XD802, YD637, YR733
Replacement Model#:
• DELL:
Latitude E5270, Latitude E5470, Latitude E5570, Alienware M11x, Alienware M11x R2, Alienware M11x R3, Inspiron 11, Inspiron 1120, Inspiron 13 7000, Inspiron 13R, Inspiron 13Z, Inspiron 14, Inspiron 14R, Inspiron 15R, Inspiron 17R, Inspiron B130, Inspiron M101z, Inspiron M4110, Inspiron M5030, Inspiron N5030, Inspiron N5040, Inspiron N5050, Latitude 2120, Latitude D630 XFR, Latitude E5250, Latitude E5430, Latitude E5440, Latitude E5450, Latitude E5530, Latitude E5540, Latitude E5550, Latitude E6230, Latitude E6330, Latitude E6400 XFR, Latitude E6410 ATG, Latitude E6420 ATG, Latitude E6420 XFR, Latitude E6430, Latitude E6430 ATG, Latitude E6430s, Latitude E6440, Latitude E6510, Latitude E6530, Latitude E7240, Latitude E7440, Latitude ST, Latitude XT, Latitude XT3, Studio 1457, Studio 1458, Studio 14z (1440), Studio 15 (1535), Studio 15 (1537), Studio 1569, Studio XPS 13 (M1340), Vostro 1088, Vostro 2420, Vostro 2520, Vostro 3500, Vostro 3555, Vostro V130, XPS 14 (L421X), XPS 18 (1810), Inspiron 15 (3521), Latitude 3330, Latitude 3340, Latitude 3440, Latitude 3540, Inspiron 3520, Inspiron 3521, Vostro 3360, Vostro 3460, Vostro 3560, Latitude 6430u, Vostro 1014, Vostro 1015, Vostro 1210, Vostro 1300, Vostro 2510, Vostro 90, Inspiron 1000 Series, Inspiron 11z, Inspiron 1320, Inspiron 1320n, Inspiron 1440, Inspiron 1464, Inspiron 14z, Inspiron 1545, Inspiron 1564, Inspiron 15z, Inspiron 1750, Inspiron 1764, Inspiron 505m, Inspiron 610m, Inspiron 9200, Inspiron 9400, Inspiron E1705, Inspiron M301z, Inspiron M5010, Inspiron N3010
See more model# this item can fit
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Home » Opinions » Whoa Déjà vu
Whoa Déjà vu
Whoa Déjà vu
I remember when DVD first launched. I remember watching it struggling with first generation players that were buggy, under-featured and massively overpriced. I remember the early Region 2 discs being of particularly poor quality, with many of them needing to be flipped over halfway through the movie. Most of all, I remember there being little incentive for me to switch from Laserdisc to DVD, and for the general consumer, even less incentive to switch from VHS.
But there was a definite turning point for DVD in the UK and that turning point was due to the release of one movie; The Matrix. I believe that no single movie release did more to drive mass adoption of the DVD format than The Matrix. I personally know several people who bought The Matrix on DVD before they even had a player, while many others chose that moment to invest in a player, just so that they could watch that disc.
There were several reasons why The Matrix acted as a catalyst for the DVD format. First up was the fact that it was a stunningly good movie and one that truly broke new ground when it came to visual effects. This alone meant that movie fans wanted to be able to watch The Matrix in as high a quality format as possible, even if that meant investing in new hardware.
Adding to the undeniable quality of the film itself, Warner also created what was probably the best DVD disc ever seen at the time and one that wasn’t to be bettered for quite a while. The print of the film on the disc was first rate, something that’s vitally important with a movie that’s particularly dark and often quite monochromatic. But Warner didn’t stop with putting a superb print of the movie on the disc, it also showed consumers what DVD extras were supposed to look like.
The “follow the white rabbit†option on The Matrix disc was the first true example of seamless branching on a DVD, and to be honest I’d be hard pushed to think of a disc that’s done it better since then. Being able to hit a button on the remote while watching the movie and be transported to an in depth documentary about how the effects in that particular scene were created was a big hit with movie buffs and general consumers alike. It’s often said that most consumers never watch any extras on their DVDs, despite citing the extras as a reason for purchase, but I’m fairly certain that everyone who bought The Matrix DVD followed the white rabbit, at least once.
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Corsica mission: summary of the mission
Wednesday 5 November 2014
popularity : 15%
Table of contents:
1. Context of the project
2. Objective
3. Partners and participants
4. Summary of the mission
5. Timing of the mission
6. Methodology
7. Sites description (one plan for each site)
8. List of participants
9. Sampling results for each site
10. Bibliography
In four days, 9 dives were done on 8 different sites. 6 of these dives were between 30 and 40 meters deep, 1 between 20 and 30 meters et 2 less than 10 meters deep. These dives permit to collect respectively 207 samples of M. truncata, 89 samples of L. cabiochiae/stictaeforme and 31 samples of C. inornata.
M. truncata is easy to collect on the most of the Corsica’s site? visited, it is abundant until near of the surface, in the weaknesses and the crevices. Colonies close to the surface seem denser and more thickset, and less covered with epiphytic than those in 30 meters deep. From 35 in 40 meters, the density in colony strongly decreases.
L. cabiochiae/stictaeforme is difficult to take from most of the visited stations of Corsica, and according to local people, this specie appears more towards 45 to 50 meters (near Bastia). The actual coralligenous reefs are often situated between 50 and 80 meters. To mitigate this inconvenience, we concentrated our researches on falling facing north (less light) and the most vertical possible (what was not so common in both prospected zones).
We found at the foot of certain falling (between 30 and 35 meters) ripraps (rocks piled by several meters in diameter) creating cavities where L. cabiochiae / stictaeforme seemed to find ideal conditions of luminosity to develop and was in good concentration (several "plates" of L. cabiochiae / stictaeforme by crevice). The youngest taken individuals could have been confused with Mesophyllum. Nevertheless, on the visited sites, we did not notice a bio-concretionnement due to Mesophyllum.
C. inornata was mainly taken under celling (where we also observed in abundance Leptosamia pruvotti and Parazoanthus axinella) in zones between 20 and 40 meters. Certain taken individuals were perhaps confused with Hoplangia durotrix.
3. Partners and participants ← o → 5. Timing of the mission
Aucun évènement à venir les 6 prochains mois
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Dating text responses
When fractured to dating advice make convenient to be very and to extend your answers based on the former. Text responses Dating. Street and leave personal dating until you see each other. They are really nasty in group sex. Selvsagt soviet det om penger, men bildet er mye mer nyansert enn det du fremlegger her.
5 Texting Behaviors That Mean They’re Interested
Cries don't want to sit on the plush about game-playing. Intuitively something is found. Still are you pretty to do next, select few?.
But don't start tapping away at that touchscreen just yet. Don't you know there are rules to this sort of thing? I mean, you wouldn't simply text someone you like and want to see again, would you? You might come off as desperate or clingy or, worse, like you're actually interested. Every texting move you make needs Dating text responses be carefully planned so you don't totally embarrass yourself and die. Never you fear, young Casanova. Consider this your guide to relationship texting etiquette. But please, don't follow these rules for face-to-face conversation. I've never gotten past texting; I actually have no idea what real dating is like. Everyone loves one-word answers. Trust me on this.
If you get a well-typed, thoughtful paragraph about her bad day or his dinner suggestions, the most impactful response is a nice "k. Imgur, ChiefofPoliceInternetDivision The one-word answer is akin to the smile and nod in face-to-face conversation. It recognizes the person is talking, but allows you the freedom to completely zone out and instead focus on what's important to you.
It's way too then for find-to-voice communication. Each quite do they don't here. He will in the year.
Wait hours to respond. The worst thing that could ever happen is to give Dating text responses a whiff of how desperate you are for this date. When she sends you a text like "What are you doing today? She'll immediately conjure images of you practicing your latest ballad on your guitar or volunteering at a soup kitchen — you know, something super fly. If she waits an hour to respond to your text, then she's obviously really important. You should wait two hours to prove you're more important and busy than she is. Apply this ratio to every text. If simple conversations take days, you're doing it right.
This is also particularly effective in situations where the other person might be concerned for your emotional or physical well-being. He becomes more inclusive in his texts. He tells you what he's doing, he asks what you're doing, and then he asks you out on a date. Wanis stresses that guys are more direct, especially with texting, while girls are more subtle. So, while it is a whole lot easier to receive a direct answer, ladies leave more delicate cues—pay attention to the small details! Answer it directly," Dr.
Responses Dating text
Wanis says with a laugh. But if their questions are anything but direct? Pay attention to how he or she is expressing interest, especially from a girl. Wanis also notes that some people are emoji people and others are not. Texting should be a fun and light way to getting to know each other, but with these little tips in mind, you can feel more confident about whether someone is expressing genuine interest in you or not. The rapidity with which people do reply is more of a modern phenomenon however, as Dr Blumberg explains. We're always 'on' and no longer live in age of delayed gratification. Then there's all that lovely text analysis Image: Getty "What we do is we subconsciously rate people on metrics like attractiveness, wealth, personality, status, style, IQ, emotional intelligence, kindness and empathy, perceived attitudinal similarities and perceived social liabilities.
Then you compare that score to the score you've given yourself.
The same applies if they subconsciously believe their score is higher than yours. There are some factors, however, which mean this rule is not an absolute. Read More Virgin, 29, who's expecting her first baby plans to remain sex-free after birth How we 'rate' someone can dictate how long it takes us to reply Image: Getty A person may have low self-esteem, or overly-inflated self-esteem, meaning there'll be a disparity between their score and the score others would give them.
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Two Factor Auth Explained
What does the “factor” part mean?
The factor part can be explained by this list, where every item is a factor.
1. Something you know
2. Something you have
3. Something you are
Nr 1 means a regular password. You (hopefully) know your password where you are a out to log in to.
Nr 2 means that you have to have something physical to login. Many bank have these devices where you get a one time code. Google has this app called Google Authenticator, there is another app called Duo Mobile. Some sites like Twitter and Facebook send you a text message. All these are examples of where you have a mobile phone which display a one time code that you enter to login.
Nr 3 means that you need to identify as yourself, physically by your fingerprint, an iris scan etc.
All of these are factors.
How about the “Two” part?
If you combine two of the earlier explained factors, you get a two factor auth.
One Time Codes. How?
The server and a mobile app has to use the same algorithm with the same initial setting and private keys to have their codes synced. They are not connected, you can be offline with your phone and still generate valid login codes.
The two most common algorithms are HOTP and TOTP. They are essentially the same, but HOTP uses a counter where TOTP uses a time window.
That means that if you with HOTP on your mobile generate code after code without logging in, the server and your mobile will be off sync and you won’t be able to log in anymore. With TOTP a code is valid for 30 seconds and the important thing here is to have the servers clock and your mobile clocks synced.
Can I have this for my WordPress site?
Of course, and you should!
I made this Two Factor Auth for WordPress which uses TOTP with 6 digits One Time Codes so you can use Dou Mobile or Google Authenticator on your mobile to get your codes. You can read more about it in my post about Two Factor Auth for WordPress.
If there’s anything else you want to know about this topic, ask me in the comments.
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1. Two Factor Auth | WP Plugin Directory
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There are many reasons that space exploration should continue.
The American space program as well as the United States economy is facing many challenges at this time but we need to look at what the long term costs of not continuing a robust manned and unmanned space program will be.
Satisfied customers are saying
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Liberty BASIC Help Online
Size and Placement of Windows
NOTE: Beginning with Liberty BASIC v2.0 the placement of windows and dialog boxes is more or less the same. Previous versions had two different helpfile sections to describe how window and dialog placement worked.
The size and placement of any window can be set before it is opened. If no size and placement statements are specified before a statement to OPEN a window, Liberty BASIC will pick default sizes.
There are four special variables that can be set to select the size and placement of windows:
The width and the height of the display screen can be retrieved with these variables:
The values set for UpperLeftX and UpperLeftY determine the number of pixels from the upper-left corner of the screen to position the window. Often determining the distance from the upper-left corner of the screen is not as important as determining the size of the window. If UpperLeftX and UpperLeftY values are not set, the window will appear at a default location determined by Windows.
WindowWidth and WindowHeight can be set to the number of pixels wide and high desired for window. These must be set before the OPEN statement for the window. Once the size and placement of a window are set, the window may be opened with an OPEN statement. Here is an example:
UpperLeftX = 32
UpperLeftY = 52
WindowWidth = 190
WindowHeight = 160
open "Status Window" for window as #stats
print "Screen width is ";DisplayWidth
print "Screen height is ";DisplayHeight
This will open a window 32 pixels from the left side of the screen and 52 pixels from the top of the screen, and with a width of 190 pixels, and a height of 160 pixels.
The screen resolution is contained in the special variables DisplayWidth and DisplayHeight. A screen resolution of 800x600 pixels returns values of 800 and 600 respectively for DisplayWidth and DisplayHeight. The sample code below prints the current screen resolution:
print "Screen width is ";DisplayWidth
print "Screen height is ";DisplayHeight
DisplayWidth and DisplayHeight can be used to compute values for WindowWidth and WindowHeight, as in these examples:
WindowWidth = DisplayWidth
WindowHeight = DisplayHeight - 100
Copyright (C) 2003 Shoptalk Systems
Liberty BASIC -
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Thursday, June 30, 2005
The US gets schooled-again
Spain-a country that allowed TORTURE until 1975-just legalized gay marriage. A country that has been a free of a brutal dictatorship for less than the lifespan of Leonardo DiCaprio, the home of the SPANISH INQUISITION, supports the gays. And our states have institutionalized discrimination and are trying to make it harder for our friends, neighbors, and family members to raise children, support each other, and just generally live the lives they deserve as humans and as Americans. Zapatero, you have once more proved how right the Spaniards were to elect you over Aznar. GW, as always, drop dead and burn in hell.
I'm the zombie now-in other news, BOYS!
No, MONKEY, I did not get bitten by one of those devil dogs, I just had a long day at work, and it was painfully hot and humid all day, so my brain is no longer solid, and I can't quite form sentences. I can look at pictures though, so it's time for another edition of Meredith's Super Special Boy Bloggery. Today's subject-Ewan McGregor.
I like this picture because I have an unnatural love for Iggy Pop, and for all its flaws, McGregor's version of Pop in Velvet Goldmine did ooze sex and animal magnetism. It also provided yet another opportunity to see Ewan give the finger to mainstream Hollywood by, um, wagging something else at them-see also The Pillow Book, Trainspotting, and Young Adam for more evidence of this rebellious streak. Sure, he's gone mainstream now, but he's got kids to feed. Besides, how can you hate someone who's best buds with Jude Law?
I've been nursing this unnatural obsession ever since I saw the preview(yes, the preview) for Shallow Grave on the Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert tape I rented far too many times from my friendly neighborhood Movie Gallery, so this has been going on for a solid 10 years now. Won't you join me in my adoration of this eyeliner-loving, nudity-championing marquee idol?
Tuesday, June 28, 2005
News of the World
The President is giving a speech about Iraq shortly, but instead of listening to his tired and delusional reasoning for endangering the lives of men and women who could and should be looking after a few of the other messes we've created in the last four years(Afghanistan, anyone?), I'm going to have a drink. In case you don't feel like watching either, Daily Kos has a link to some excerpts released earlier today. It's the same old same old, so let's look at a couple of things we should be paying more attention to:
1. Robert Novak roams free while Judy Miller and Matt Cooper are gearing up for prison life. I don't care how many times it's been said before, this is a gross miscarriage of justice. Robert Novak committed Treason when he named Valerie Plame as a CIA agent-it's not exaclty rocket science-and he's being protected by some demonic force, and the government just struck a huge blow to journalistic freedom. Judith Miller is a bad journalist-that's not rocket science either-but she didn't even write an article using the information she received from her source. The New York Times was right in their editorial. However, they were wrong about
2. This Supreme Court Decision. Yes, internet piracy is bad. Theft is wrong. But. I think the Times is wrong support the Court's hairsplitting on what new technologies can and can't do. I'm not an expert on this(start reading Larry Lessig's blog for that-right now), but the public domain is shrinking, and if you've ever read the license agreements you have to agree to before using software(again, if you don't, start now-scary), you know that corporations already exercise enormous power over what normal people can and can't do with content. The internet is still developing, even if the "tech bubble" has long since burst, and the conglomerate interests have done a pretty good job making sure they control what we see and how we use things we purchase(Lessig's book Free Culture covers e-books and other such things and how awful it is that we don't have control over content we own). Could it be the New York Times is still sore over losing this lawsuit?
3. John Tierney is still a dipshit. What kind of permits do you need for scalping?
4. Finally, Poland wants us to remember them, but in a slightly different way than GW wants us to. They want to bring harmony to the EU. Who would ever be afraid of a Polish plumber who looks like that? He looks more likely to listen to the Pet Shop Boys' version of "Go West" than actually go West. I don't think it's fair to make fun of the whole country for not being influential enough to pull of a compromise. Just because Italian monastaries are prettier than Soviet-style panelacki...
Monday, June 27, 2005
Worst. Scientists. Ever.
Thanks, MONKEY. Thanks a lot. It's bad enough that we're all going to die of Avian Influenza, but thanks to the news you posted in my darling robot's absence, now I can look forward to a flu pandemic AND demonic canines. My only hope is that I'll be so delirious with fever that I jump off a roof in an attempt to fly away from the packs of zombie hellhounds that will invariably overrun our society. Mother Nature is crying for us. If only Captain Planet could rescue us from this hubris!
Sunday, June 26, 2005
Something Fun
It's hot and I'm struggling to find some way to amuse myself. While I ponder that, this site defies words. Hilarious. I guarantee you'll be squeaking afterwards.
Go here now.
Friday, June 24, 2005
Some Subtle Social Commentary
About as subtle as having your arm gnawed off by the undead. Even the computers are zombies now. Why does it have to be good? It's easy to dismiss a movie when it's mindless, but how am I supposed to stay away from a film when it has a brain in its lumbering zombie body? That makes me want to see it so I can feel superior to those who don't realize the level of sophistication involved in sculpting a political allegory out of rotting flesh. If only I didn't hate the rotting flesh part so much.
How does one stop hating horror films with a burning passion? Is there a cure for that fear?
In other news, more people are dying in Iraq, and George Bush just won't listen to reason. More on that later. For now I have to go enjoy my long afternoon...
Thursday, June 23, 2005
Make Like Dolly Parton
Yeah, I'm at a 9 to 5. Not that that's bad. I need structure and discipline, much like Ted when his father threatened to send him to boarding school before he went on the Excellent Adventure. I just didn't realize exactly how well I'd segmented my days into chunks of non-work until I sat down to do eight hours of actual work at one time. Horrifying. Suddenly I'm wondering how much money I could make by selling organs. I'd get to hang out at home a lot...
Seriously though, it would figure that the news got crazy just as I stopped having time to post regularly. Between David Brooks, Karl Rove, Donald Rumsfeld, and The Supreme Court's decision today, shit's just a little more crazy. No time for commentary-I've got emails to send. Then, softball. I'm not playing(are you crazy?), but I have to cheer on The Nation against Air America. It's not just that I'm competitive; this is a personal. Maybe someone will hit Al Franken with a baseball bat. Probably won't happen-I bet he has a designated bat-target for him. Dude's rich enough to pay someone for that.
Wednesday, June 22, 2005
To the Monkey
I realize the picture I posted was huge and gross, but I like to consider it a public service to those in the world still considering unprotected sex. I'm just looking out for the poor children stuck in abstinence only education programs. Safe sex, kids. If you can't trust Joey Potter...
The End
Today is my last day at The Nation. The new interns are here, working away, I am soon to pass on my work to someone else and ride into the sunset, or Soho, to be exact, for my next gig. I still have lots of work to do, lots of writing and such(what with my silly dream of being a writer needing actual output to be legitimate), but for the next two hours I'm just going to sit at the computer that has been mine for the past six months, remember what it felt like during my first weeks here, and think about how many things have changed since I stepped off the plane at JFK on January 8th. I may also read some celebrity gossip. Posts may be slightly more infrequent for a bit, but I will not abandon my duty as a chronicler of the absurd, the pretty, and the absurdly pretty.
Monday, June 20, 2005
On the Tom Cruise-Katie Holmes "Love" Contract
I know it's old news, but it's still a point of discussion. For example:
"You'd think he wouldn've chosen someone without Herpes."
I agree, Liliana, but without a disclosure clause in the contract he probably signed it BEFORE this unsightly outbreak...
Sunday, June 19, 2005
A Call To Arms
Ok girls, I need some help. I'm going to try and interview Simon Reeve, but I'm blanking on questions to ask. I want it to be good(I've learned there might be a few people out there who have an interest in the man), so if you have any suggestions, especially if you've seen his BBC programs(I haven't yet), send them my way.
Saturday, June 18, 2005
Miyazaki does Bowie
Will he grow up to be this?
A girl can hope...
After seeing Howl's Moving Castle last night, my friend looked at me and said, "when Howl had blond hair he reminded me of David Bowie in Labyrinth." As she said it, the disturbing attraction I'd felt for this cartoon character suddenly made sense. Flowing white shirt-check. New age jewelry-check. Androgynous yet beautiful face and hair-check and check. All these things might have added up to little more than coincidence if it hadn't been for the final, perfect element-long, slim legs in TIGHT black pants. Granted, androgyny is not exactly uncommon in Japanese animation, but everyone knows that the defining characteristic of Labyrinth wasn't the muppets or the story, but "the pants." Who doesn't have that (at the time) mysterious bulge in those spandex pants seared into their memory? Certainly no girl I know. I credit those pants with my sexual awakening(Jareth was so powerful and menacing, and so SEXY!) When he tells Jennifer Connelly(herself responsible for a few disturbing realizations among small males) "I ask for so little. Just fear me, love me, do as I say and I will be your slave," I couldn't (and still can't) understand why on earth she'd say no. Who wouldn't fear something that huge?! Some think that these pants are a detriment to the film, but I couldn't disagree more. I also take issue with nearly all of what this person has to say about other beloved fantasy films of the 80's. Except Legend. There are no words powerful enough to describe the awfulness of that Tangerine Dream scored piece of shit. Tim Curry's horns, on the other hand...(just kidding)
Back to Howl. He's hardly the pathology -force of nature Bowie was(I may never recover), but there's still something neo-glam rock manic-depressive bad boy hot about him(although that might just be Christian Bale's voice). Sure you want to slap him, but you know he'll do magic just for you, much like your imaginary rock star boyfriend will write his biggest hit out of love for you. Somehow, and maybe it's because the movie as a whole was something of a disappointment after the superb Spirited Away(you know there's trouble when the romance between a small child and an ageless river spirit is more convincing than that between two adults), I find myself wishing today that Miyazaki had made the movie, and his characters, more Ziggy Stardust than that prissy vamp in The Hunger. The happy ending would have been much more believable, and the script less groan-inducing among adults. A little more rock star in the moving castle(and a whole lot less Billy Crystal-what dipshit thought that was a good casting decision?) would have gone a long way to making a movie I desperately want to love but can't one that inspires creepy fantasies in children and grown women for decades to come.
Thursday, June 16, 2005
Hell on Film
She may be black and white, but she'll still chew your arm off.
It should come as no surprise to those near and dear that I hate zombies. I have even posted about this hatred before, I believe under the title "I fucking hate zombies." They're just so undead, vile, and prone to gnashing their teeth in the vicinity of one's brains. It was disturbing enough to learn that some sick people have zombie sex fetishes, and the recurring zombie nightmares have never been a treat, so I was a bit...perturbed to see that George Romero has a new zombie movie coming out this summer.
There I was, sitting quietly in the movie theater, waiting for Lords of Dogtown to start so I could leer at the hot-yet-distressingly-young Emile Hirsch and Victor Rasuk for 100 minutes, and what should break my pre-film reveries but a preview for Land of the Dead! Stuffed from beginning to end with the walking dead(and Dennis Hopper), this latest installment in the "Dead" series features my WORST nightmare-AN ENTIRE PLANET OF ZOMBIES, and intelligent ones at that.
Seeing this preview once was enough for me. I must give George Romero respect for creating the single most repulsive monster ever, but it's safe to say I won't be slapping $10.75 down at the multiplex for this one. I'm a consumer, I have the ability to choose, I've chosen, so that should be it, right? WRONG. It seems that Yahoo has some sort of advertising deal with Land of the Dead's distributor, because EVERY TIME I GO TO YAHOO MAIL THE PREVIEW IS PLAYING. Over and over and over again, I try to hit "Check Mail" and instead my eyes are pulled to the top of the screen where teeming masses of the undead lumber and maim. Why me? Why now? Why, George Romero, why do your creations stalk me so?
The worst part of this all is that the movie doesn't seem like it will be that good-pretty standard Aliens type plot. Actually, the plot synopsis reads almost exactly like a zombie Aliens. And another thing-why do these newfangled, intelligent zombies look like they just got out of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer makeup trailer? I suppose once zombies develop agency and the ability to reason, etc., they are just vampires of a different type. What's that evolutionary term that describes two different species developing the same traits completely independent of each other?
Wednesday, June 15, 2005
The Fear
As of next Wednesday, I'm no longer Nation affiliated! This is sad enough, but to add insult to injury, I can't find myself a job. What is the cause of my utter incompetence in this arena? I wish I knew. I do know one thing-I'm so desperate for work I applied for something that pays $10 an hour. $10! And it's not in menial labor. I know this takes the normally stoic Thighs of Darkness to the emo place, but I want my mommy. And a good cry.
What to do?
Tuesday, June 14, 2005
Who, oh who could this statement be directed to? Not our fearless leader President George W. Bush? What? She is talking to him? Oh my, that sounds threatening; there's no excuse for talking to Il Duce that way, is there?
Oh-I guess there is. A pretty good one too. Lots of things seem to be hard work for President Bush. Being President, for example. After reading a lot of Thomas Friedman, I think there might be some eager young Indians or Chinese willing to take over the job for him...
Monday, June 13, 2005
California Judicial System Sucks Again
Michael Jackson is innocent? Could've fooled me. We can convict Martha Stewart of financial crimes but we can't find a way to stop a CHILD MOLESTER?!? This isn't a big surprise, but it's still disappointing. One of my coworkers said that within the context of the prosecution's case, justice has been served, but let's see if he still feels that way when this happens all over again ten years from now.
Every time I think it's safe to have faith in humanity...
Friday, June 10, 2005
The G8 Summit as Imperialist Smackdown
While the US is bogged down in the failed empire-building quagmire that is Iraq, Britain is bitch-slapping the few countries it still has some control over in a much subtler, simpler style. The Group of Eight member nations take turns hosting these summits, which is why this bit of a New York Times article caught my eye:
The agreement on debt cancellation is likely to be the only big issue at the coming Group of 8 summit meeting in Scotland on which the United States is in full accord with the other major industrial nations. The Group of 8 includes, in addition to the United States and Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan and Russia.(emphasis mine)
How sneaky! Give them their own parliament, let Sean Connery leave messages for people on behalf of the Scottish National Party, export Billy Boyd's adorableness to us, but don't think for one second the English will let them forget that Scotland is the LA Staples Center.
No point really, I just found it funny.
Thursday, June 09, 2005
Sex and science, again
When John Tierney said that men were naturally far more competetive than women, I was incensed, but the drive for victory described by New Scientist makes a lot more sense. Business success? Who needs it? Porn, on the other hand...
The best part about this article is penultimate paragraph-I guess all those men are scared of seeming "gay" for a reason.
By popular demand
Sometimes I post on issues of substance. The heat wave surges on, however, so today will not be one of those days. Someone asked me where my Simon Reeve post disappeared to. To answer your question, Carol, check the May Archives. Whilst searching for it, I remembered something-Simon Reeve is GORGEOUS! I've also discovered that he left his job as a reporter to write books at 23. 23. Simon has laid the gauntlet, and I am doomed to failure by his standards. I have 13 months before I've officially failed-he just won't love me if I have to start writing books when I'm 24.
Speaking of books, I read The New Jackals, his book about the first World Trade Center bombing and Osama bin Laden, and I was impressed. Neocon bookjacket blurbs aside, it predicted, pretty much exactly, what was to happen in 2001. This guy knows his terrorism.
Anyway, to the matter at hand-more pictures of Simon!
I've also been informed that he's married, which breaks my journalism-groupie heart. Clearly I am not alone in my love for Mr. Reeve(and his brother James), so keep sending me info and I'll keep talking about him!
Wednesday, June 08, 2005
Learn from the Mistress, girls
It's hot in New York-very, very hot. Nelly song hot, but out there as well as in here. Hot in that "exposed and glistening tan abs everywhere" way. The rising mercury has clearly melted the brains of Liliana and Lauren and has thrown them into the sort of man-frenzy I live in every day. They say imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, but I think that this is a clear sign that I have to get back to the kind of blogging I do best-fawning and slobbering over attractive men. To that end, I present to you Mr. Takeshi Kaneshiro. Who, you ask? Look at the pretty pictures for a minute and I'll tell you...
If you saw House of Flying Daggers, you've already spent a solid two hours waiting for him to take off his shirt and then had to endure the absurd, and fully clothed, denouement, but he's been gorgeous, tan, and sweaty looking in that "Hong Kong gets really sticky" sort of way in two Wong Kar Wai films, making references to pineapple and pining beautifully in both. Personally, he's a complete enigma, but we do know that he speaks five languages, has appeared in movies produced in several different countries, and, like a true Asian film star, also has a successful singing career. Time Asia even calls him "the Asian film industry's Johnny Depp." Maybe they should do a movie together...
Monday, June 06, 2005
Quadruple your fun-twice
26-year-old Aussie lass Darren Chalk has provided another link in the chain of human devolution(sadly, not DEVO-lution, because I'm still waiting for the day I call Mark Mothersbaugh overlord). With the help of IVF(one of the fertility treatments that leads to the scores of abandoned frozen embryos so endangered by stem cell research), Chalk is pregnant with her second litter! Apparently the fun of having four ten-month babies just wasn't enough. Why not add to the brood another four mewling whelps just as the first set reach 18 months? Someone forgot to tell her, and apparently, her doctor, that human litters don't mature at quite the same speed as dogs, cats, and sea turtles.
There is some nice symmetry to this pregnancy-if Darren and her husband divorce, they can each take a set of quadruplets instead of dealing with joint custody.
The article says that it took 18 rounds for this woman to "fall pregnant" the first time-think of all the wasted embryos!
Wednesday, June 01, 2005
It was a Tuesday...
The vagina: receptive, but...middling...
These are my friends. Brilliant...
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Internet Shakespeare Editions
Author: William Shakespeare
Editors: Brent Whitted, Paul Yachnin
Peer Reviewed
The Tempest (Folio 1, 1623)
Scœna Secunda.
Enter Caliban, with a burthen of Wood (a noyse of
Thunder heard.)
1040Cal. All the infections that the Sunne suckes vp
From Bogs, Fens, Flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By ynch-meale a disease: his Spirits heare me,
And yet I needes must curse. But they'll nor pinch,
Fright me with Vrchyn-shewes, pitch me i'th mire,
1045Nor lead me like a fire-brand, in the darke
Out of my way, vnlesse he bid 'em; but
For euery trifle, are they set vpon me,
Sometime like Apes, that moe and chatter at me,
And after bite me: then like Hedg-hogs, which
1050Lye tumbling in my bare-foote way, and mount
Their pricks at my foot-fall: sometime am I
All wound with Adders, who with clouen tongues
Doe hisse me into madnesse: Lo, now Lo,
Enter Trinculo.
Here comes a Spirit of his, and to torment me
1055For bringing wood in slowly: I'le fall flat,
Perchance he will not minde me.
Tri. Here's neither bush, nor shrub to beare off any
weather at all: and another Storme brewing, I heare it
sing ith' winde: yond same blacke cloud, yond huge
1060one, lookes like a foule bumbard that would shed his
licquor: if it should thunder, as it did before, I know
not where to hide my head: yond same cloud cannot
choose but fall by paile-fuls. What haue we here, a man,
or a fish? dead or aliue? a fish, hee smels like a fish: a
1065very ancient and fish-like smell: a kinde of, not of the
newest poore-Iohn: a strange fish: were I in England
now (as once I was) and had but this fish painted; not
a holiday-foole there but would giue a peece of siluer:
there, would this Monster, make a man: any strange
1070beast there, makes a man: when they will not giue a
doit to relieue a lame Begger, they will lay out ten to see
a dead Indian: Leg'd like a man; and his Finnes like
Armes: warme o' my troth: I doe now let loose my o-
pinion; hold it no longer; this is no fish, but an Islan-
1075der, that hath lately suffered by a Thunderbolt: Alas,
the storme is come againe: my best way is to creepe vn-
der his Gaberdine: there is no other shelter herea-
bout: Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfel-
lowes: I will here shrowd till the dregges of the storme
1080be past.
Enter Stephano singing.
Ste. I shall no more to sea, to sea, here shall I dye ashore.
This is a very scuruy tune to sing at a mans
Funerall: well, here's my comfort.
The Master, the Swabber, the Boate-swaine & I;
The Gunner, and his Mate
Lou'd Mall, Meg, and Marrian, and Margerie,
But none of vs car'd for Kate.
For she had a tongue with a tang,
1090Would cry to a Sailor goe hang:
She lou'd not the sauour of Tar nor of Pitch,
Yet a Tailor might scratch her where ere she did itch.
Then to Sea Boyes, and let her goe hang.
This is a scuruy tune too:
1095But here's my comfort.
Cal. Doe not torment me: oh.
Ste. What's the matter?
Haue we diuels here?
Doe you put trickes vpon's with Saluages, and Men of
1100Inde? ha? I haue not scap'd drowning, to be afeard
now of your foure legges: for it hath bin said; as pro-
per a man as euer went on foure legs, cannot make him
giue ground: and it shall be said so againe, while Ste-
phano breathes at' nostrils.
1105Cal. The Spirit torments me: oh.
Ste. This is some Monster of the Isle, with foure legs;
who hath got (as I take it) an Ague: where the diuell
should he learne our language? I will giue him some re-
liefe if it be but for that: if I can recouer him, and keepe
1110him tame, and get to Naples with him, he's a Pre-
sent for any Emperour that euer trod on Neates-lea-
Cal. Doe not torment me 'prethee: I'le bring my
wood home faster.
1115Ste. He's in his fit now; and doe's not talke after the
wisest; hee shall taste of my Bottle: if hee haue neuer
drunke wine afore, it will goe neere to remoue his Fit:
if I can recouer him, and keepe him tame, I will not take
too much for him; hee shall pay for him that hath him,
1120and that soundly.
Cal. Thou do'st me yet but little hurt; thou wilt a-
non, I know it by thy trembling: Now Prosper workes
vpon thee.
Ste. Come on your wayes: open your mouth: here
1125is that which will giue language to you Cat; open your
that soundly: you cannot tell who's your friend; open
your chaps againe.
Tri. I should know that voyce:
1130It should be,
fend me.
Ste. Foure legges and two voyces; a most delicate
Monster: his forward voyce now is to speake well of
poure some in thy other mouth.
Tri. Stephano.
haue no long Spoone.
1145good friend Trinculo.
Ste. If thou bee'st Trinculo: come foorth: I'le pull
thee by the lesser legges: if any be Trinculo's legges,
these are they: Thou art very Trinculo indeede: how
1150he vent Trinculo's?
art thou not dround Stephano: I hope now thou art
vnder the dead Moone-Calfes Gaberdine, for feare of
1155the Storme: And art thou liuing Stephano? O Stephano,
two Neapolitanes scap'd?
Ste. 'Prethee doe not turne me about, my stomacke
is not constant.
1160that's a braue God, and beares Celestiall liquor: I will
kneele to him.
Ste. How did'st thou scape?
How cam'st thou hither?
Sweare by this Bottle how thou cam'st hither: I escap'd
1165vpon a But of Sacke, which the Saylors heaued o're-
boord, by this Bottle which I made of the barke of
1170iect, for the liquor is not earthly.
St. Heere: sweare then how thou escap'dst.
like a Ducke i'le be sworne.
Ste. Here, kisse the Booke.
1175Though thou canst swim like a Ducke, thou art made
like a Goose.
Tri. O Stephano, ha'st any more of this?
by th'sea-side, where my Wine is hid:
1180How now Moone-Calfe, how do's thine Ague?
Cal. Ha'st thou not dropt from heauen?
Man ith' Moone, when time was.
furnish it anon with new Contents: Sweare.
ster: I afeard of him? a very weake Monster:
1190The Man ith' Moone?
A most poore creadulous Monster:
Well drawne Monster, in good sooth.
I will kisse thy foote: I prethee be my god.
1195Tri. By this light, a most perfidious, and drunken
Monster, when's god's a sleepe he'll rob his Bottle.
Ste. Come on then: downe and sweare.
1200ded Monster: a most scuruie Monster: I could finde in
my heart to beate him.
Ste. Come, kisse.
Tri. But that the poore Monster's in drinke:
An abhominable Monster.
1205Cal. I'le shew thee the best Springs: I'le plucke thee
A plague vpon the Tyrant that I serue;
I'le beare him no more Stickes, but follow thee, thou
wondrous man.
1210Tri. A most rediculous Monster, to make a wonder of
a poore drunkard.
show thee a Iayes nest, and instruct thee how to snare
1215the nimble Marmazet: I'le bring thee to clustring
Philbirts, and sometimes I'le get thee young Scamels
from the Rocke: Wilt thou goe with me?
Ste. I pre'thee now lead the way without any more
talking. Trinculo, the King, and all our company else
1220being dround, wee will inherit here: Here; beare my
Caliban Sings drunkenly.
Farewell Master; farewell, farewell.
1225Tri. A howling Monster: a drunken Monster.
Cal. No more dams I'le make for fish,
Nor fetch in firing, at requiring,
Nor scrape trenchering, nor wash dish,
Ban' ban' Cacalyban
1230Has a new Master, get a new Man.
day, freedome.
Ste. O braue Monster; lead the way.
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| 758
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Macaque Genome Deciphered; May Herald Medical Breakthroughs
<< Back to Page 1 Page 2 of 2
"If the chimp and the macaque share a feature and the human is different, you can say this is a human change."
Researchers say that humans and macaques had a common ancestor about 25 million years ago. About six million years ago, chimps split off from the human lineage.
"Once they diverge, other changes occur that reflect what the evolutionary pressures are on that particular species," Gibbs said. "What we see now are snapshots of the molecular fossils that reflect what had happened to that species since the divergence."
The researchers identified nearly 200 genes that probably play a key part in determining differences among primate species, including genes involved in hair formation, immune response, membrane-protein generation, and sperm-egg fusion.
Scientists were surprised to find some instances where the normal form of the macaque protein looks like a diseased human protein. One such example is phenylketonuria, a genetic disorder that can lead to brain damage and mental retardation because sufferers lack an important metabolic enzyme.
"The underlying question here is, What is what apparently looks like a human mutation that causes a devastating disease with early demise and severe mental retardation doing in an apparently normal macaque?" Gibbs asked.
AIDS Research
Because the rhesus macaque is both abundant and genetically and physiologically similar to humans, it is widely used in medical research, particularly in vaccine research and as a model for AIDS research.
Scientists expect the rhesus macaque genome sequence to enhance research in neuroscience, behavioral biology, reproductive physiology, endocrinology, and cardiovascular studies. (Related: "Dog Genome Mapped, Shows Similarities to Humans" [December 7, 2005].)
Some interesting findings are already coming from a study of variations within the macaque genome.
The complete genome sequencing of the macaque was done with the DNA of a single individual—a female rhesus macaque at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas. But researchers also sequenced parts of the genomes of 16 other macaques, 8 from China and 8 from India.
The analysis suggests that the two populations, from India and China, separated about 162,000 years ago.
"We're able to say that the two subspecies of the macaques are very different from each other on a genetic level, probably much more different than human populations are [from each other]," said study leader Carlos Bustamante, an assistant professor of biological statistics and computational biology at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is used as a model for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When exposed to SIV, Chinese macaques develop AIDS-like symptoms more slowly than Indian macaques, the researchers found.
"Indian animals came down with AIDS much faster than Chinese animals, so there's a huge interest in trying to figure out what are the genetic differences that may account for that," Bustamante said.
Researchers looking for a disease-causing gene don't usually find the exact location of the gene right away. Instead, the scientists first determine that the gene is situated somewhere along a particular DNA strand between two easily recognized sequences called markers, and then zero in from there.
"We found that for Indian macaques the number of markers you need to map a genetic disease will be much smaller than the number of markers that you need in Chinese macaques or even in humans," Bustamante said. "This means the search [for disease-causing genes] may be easier in Indian macaques."
Gibbs, the overall project leader, points out that sequencing the macaque genome doesn't mean more macaques should be used in laboratory research.
"I think we're doing something quite opposite," he said.
"We're entering into a new area where we can actually do much more rational and more informed experiments with macaques. We're knowing the macaque better instead of just advocating experimenting on the macaque."
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| 868
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The quest for ‘brain-like machines’
Dr Michael Reinsborough, King’s College London, discusses the leading international neuroscience projects and the growing interest of the military.
Article from SGR Newsletter no.44; online publication: 1 September 2016
Download pdf of article [0.05MB]
Are computers a biotechnology? One place from which the future of computing and robotics technologies is being thought about is a bit unexpected – the neuroscience lab. Over the past three years, a number of large research initiatives on the brain have been announced. Following the launch of the European Union’s Human Brain Project (HBP)1 and the BRAIN Initiative in the USA,2 other large scale cross-laboratory collaborative initiatives have begun in Japan, Australia, Israel and now China. While each project varies in its objectives, one similarity is the emphasis on using computers to draw together large amounts of experimental brain data for analysis. Not only are computers being used to think about how the brain is organised, the brain is being used to think about how computers are organised – and there is a lot of interest.
Brain or computer?
The 86 billion neurons (up to 860 trillion synaptic interconnections) fitting neatly within the human skull, utilise 20 watts of power and can solve complex problems like recognising a face. In comparison, an exascale supercomputer – probably the size of a football field, and requiring the equivalent of a small coal-fired power station to run it – would be necessary to simulate this amount of neuronal interconnection.3 Most visual or other pattern-matching tasks that are necessary for movement in an environment, and quite simple for a human, are beyond the capability of advanced computers and robots. Researchers who think the brain is comparable to a computer are very interested in learning from biology. One might even satirise some computer scientists as having ‘brain envy’.
Of course, increasing our knowledge of the brain is potentially beneficial. On the medical side, the research could help to improve our mental health or our treatment of brain diseases.
Lesser known, however, are the possible benefits that neuroscience might bring to computing. Two examples are better pattern recognition and greater energy efficiency. Ever since Santiago Ramón y Cajal drew the first pictures of a neuron in the 1890s, scientists have tried to understand the electrical properties of our constantly changing brains. A key step was the 1952 discovery of the relationship between charge and ion exchange at the synaptic cleft between the neurons. The changing relationship between neurons was simplified by Carla Shatz in 1992 as ‘what fires together wires together’. This neural plasticity allows the brain to strengthen links that acknowledge patterns in its environment.
This same principle is emulated when building neuromorphic computer chips – chips that mimic the decentralised memory and unusual firing patterns of the brain. Since much energy lost in computing happens in the distance between the memory storage location and the central processor, a decentralised structure of memory stored in or near the relationships of firing patterns that carry out simple calculations can be more energy efficient. This is crucial for supercomputers.
Military interest
While most funding for the leading brain projects comes from civilian (especially medical) research budgets, it is important to realise that there is also military interest. In the USA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is one of several agencies providing the overall budget for the BRAIN Initiative. DARPA’s goals are primarily in relation to veterans’ after-combat mental health, but there is also interest in enhancing the combat effectiveness of soldiers. In the EU, all funding for the HBP comes from a science budget earmarked to develop innovation in and improve the competitiveness of the EU computer industry. Specifically the HBP does not accept military research funding.
Many advances in science and neuroscience (regardless of how they were funded) have resulted in applications with both military and civilian use. For example, shortly after acetylcholine was discovered to be a neurotransmitter, the G-series of nerve agents (including sarin) were discovered during civilian research into pesticides. Other civilian discoveries led to the more deadly V-series, as well as the development of ‘incapacitants’ (also potentially lethal). Early warnings from researchers in neurotoxicity helped raise the alarm. Work since has limited their use according to international law, but with very poor verification and enforcement mechanisms.
There are parallels here with current research in artificial intelligence. ‘Brain-like machines’ are likely to have numerous civilian applications – for example, self-driving cars and medical informatics. Their development may also directly or indirectly lead to complex autonomous weapons systems and new potentials for intelligence gathering and other surveillance.
While some science fiction imaginings for artificial intelligence are either not possible or a long way off, there are still clearly many serious causes for concern.
The International Committee for Robot Arms Control4 and other initiatives are presently pushing for international treaties to prevent advances in drone warfare. But, in addition to the vigilance of individual scientists, we must continue to challenge the commercial, military and government institutions to be open and accountable.
Dr Michael Reinsborough is a Research Associate at King’s College, London, where he contributes to the Human Brain Project.
3. An exaflop is a billion billion floating point calculations per second, a thousand-fold increase in the performance of the first petascale computer developed in 2008.
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