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Species of organisms that have permanently died out can also be called what?
extinct
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What do you call mixtures of ash and water that travel down river valleys?
lahars
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The galápagos islands are a group of 16 volcanic islands 600 miles off the west coast of what continent?
south america
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What is it called when something is unable to move from place to place?
sessile
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Both solids and liquids hold a definite what?
volume
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Why would prokaryotes be chemotrophs instead of phototrophs in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent?
lack of light
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What substances are involved in most of the chemical reactions that take place in organisms, including digestion?
enzymes
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What is the method that is a plan for asking questions and testing possible answers called?
scientific investigation
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Because they control many cell activities - as well as being controlled by feedback mechanisms - what substances are very important for homeostasis?
hormones
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What simple machine works with a wheel and axle in a wheelbarrow?
lever
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Reptiles can be found on every continent except which one?
antarctica
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What are daily changes in the level of ocean water called?
tides
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What organism is at the top of the energy pyramid?
carnivore
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Which organ of the body do large tapeworms attack or block?
intestines
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What is formed when an acidic solution and a basic solution react together in a neutralization reaction?
salt
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What do we call the cartilaginous structure that surrounds the notochrod?
arcualia
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Restriction enzymes or restriction endonucleases are prokaryotic enzymes that recognize and cut what at specific sequences?
dna
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The distance between two crests of a wave of light is referred to as what, which is related to the color of light?
wavelength
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Skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells share what property, which is not shared by smooth muscle cells?
striations
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What corrosive substances capable of dissolving many metals can cause contamination if spilled?
acids
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Amino groups are found within amino acids, nicknamed the building blocks of what?
proteins
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Which state of matter is characterized by molecules with minimal movement and strong forces between them?
solid
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Why does the heating element of a toaster get hot so quickly?
good conductor
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What is the name for the male gamete?
sperm
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What are the cone-like structures that contain sporangia called?
strobili
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What term describes the application of knowledge to real-world problems and is practiced by engineers?
technology
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What is found inside the pores of spongy bone?
bone marrow
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Displacement is a vector quantity, which means it has both direction and what else?
magnitude
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Each kidney is supplied by a renal artery and what else?
renal vein
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By impacting plant species and the animals they support, destruction of habitat threatens what event?
extinction
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Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called what?
myofibrils
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What kind of muscle is responsible for making the human heart beat?
cardiac muscle
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Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are examples of which type of sti?
bacterial
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What do we call heated groundwater that erupts from the ground under pressure?
springs or geysers
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What is defined as the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths?
dispersion
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What do extensive properties depend on the amount of?
matter in a sample
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What do obligate aerobes need to live?
oxygen
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A unique characteristic of mammals is the ability to chew, this happens by the temporalis and the masseter allowing what?
side-to-side movement
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What are the most common types of compounds found on earth?
carbon-based compounds
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At the earth’s surface, the air pressure exerted on you is a result of the weight of what above you?
air
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When a warm air mass becomes trapped between two cold air masses, what type of front occurs?
occluded front
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What is the term for going into a dormant state during the winter?
hibernation
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Genetic equilibrium occurs when what process doesn't exist within the population?
evolution
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The distance between two consecutive z discs or z lines is called what?
sarcomere
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Root-like projections anchor adults of what colony-dwelling animals to solid surfaces such as rocks and reefs?
sponges
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Memory t cells are long-lived and can even persist for how long?
lifetime
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What causes high winds and monsoon storms in the desert?
high summer temperature
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Living organisms release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by what method?
cellular respiration
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What type of joint has the greatest range of motion?
ball-and-socket
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Like plants, animals are multicellular what?
eukaryotes
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What force causes waves to topple over and break on the shore?
friction
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What is the most important characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?
uniform composition throughout
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When flagellated sperm must swim to the egg, sexual reproduction requires the presence of what substance?
water
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What is the term for matter that does not let any light pass through it, whether it absorbs light, reflects light, or does both?
opaque
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The a in atp is short for what?
adenosine
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The various sensory organs are part of what organ system?
nervous
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What part of the continuous dermal tissue system covers stems?
epidermis
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What are small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis called.
ribosomes
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The largest population size that can be supported in an area without harming the environment is referred to as what?
carrying capacity
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Some bacteria can contaminate food and cause what illness?
food poisoning
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What machine is used to determine the calories in food, as well as the average heat yield from burning various grades of coal and oil?
calorimeter
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What are seeds plants that produce naked seeds in cones called?
gymnosperms
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What is caused when circulating blood puts pressure on the walls of blood vessels?
blood pressure
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Respiration that occurs in the cells is called?
cellular respiration
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Intestinal cells combine with proteins to create what?
chylomicrons
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Unlike wood and glass, steel is an example of a material that responds to what force?
magnetic
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When the nucleus divides, the two chromatids that make up each chromosome separate from each other and move to opposite poles of the cell during this process?
mitosis
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What is the first stage of cellular respiration called?
glycolysis
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Sunlight gives plants the energy they need for what?
photosynthesis
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What is the energy of moving matter?
kinetic energy
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What is the movement of plates called?
plate tectonics
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What third property is different if two boxes have the same volume but one has greater mass?
density
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What is the total range of the energy from the sun called?
electromagnetic spectrum
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Adulthood is divided into how many stages?
three
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Unburned hydrocarbons can more easily be converted to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a what?
catalyst
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A fundamental particle of matter, protons and neutrons are made of these?
quarks
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Cirrus, stratus, and cumulus are the main types of what?
clouds
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Which ductless gland releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids?
endocrine gland
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Melting points are temperatures that are high enough to separate liquids from which substances?
solids
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Surface tension of alveolar fluid, which is mostly water, creates an inward pull of the tissue of what organ?
lung
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There are three basic types of hormones: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and what?
peptide
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What drives the turbine in a thermonuclear reactor?
heated water or steam
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Which law states that a pair of alleles is separated, or segregated, during the formation of gametes?
law of segregation
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According to the octet rule, magnesium is unstable because its valence shell has just two of what?
electrons
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What areas of the planet are most birds native to?
tropical
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What kind of variation does a rate measure?
property to time
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What is the technical term for species that produce their own body heat and regulate their internal temperature independently of the outside temperature?
endothermic
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What element chemically weathers rock by combining with a metal?
oxygen
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What are the ice crystals that form on the ground called?
frost
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What is a measurement of the amount of variation of the species in a given area called?
biodiversity
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What type of cartilage contains no collagen?
lamprey cartilage
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The ether functional group consists of an oxygen atom which forms single bonds with what other atoms?
carbon
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What is the cloud of brown dust-like power that escapes when a puffball fungus is touched?
spores
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It may seem as though burning destroys matter, but the same amount of what, still exists after a campfire as before?
mass
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What is the area around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be, called?
electron cloud
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What are two common weather characteristics of hurricanes?
high winds and rainfall
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What type of invertebrates where the earliest animals?
aquatic invertebrates
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Diffusion can occur across a semipermeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, as long as a what exists?
concentration gradient
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Where is the potential energy of a river the highest at?
the source
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What is the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on earth, numbering in the millions of trillions?
bacteria
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