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19 Wolverhampton Road
We are a chartered surveyors, estate agents, auctioneers, valuers and energy assessors for residential and commercial properties in Cannock, Hednesford, Heath Hayes, Norton Canes, Cheslyn Hay, Great Wyrley, Staffordshire and Surrounding Areas.
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VERIFY: Yes, all of the COVID-19-causing coronavirus in the world could fit in a soda can
The mathematician who calculated whether all the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 could fit in a single soda can broke it down step-by-step.
Lately, some people have tried to put into perspective how much SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, there is in the world. And now people are claiming all of it currently out in the world could fit in a single soda can.
That has some wondering two things: is it true and just how much is that really?
Can all of the COVID-19 virus in the world fit in a single soda can?
Yes. The mathematician who calculated this even broke down step-by-step how he did the math.
This claim that all of the SARS-CoV-2 in the world is about 160 mL is being made on viral posts across different social media platforms and in various headlines. Posts like the one below add a visual element to it, showing it could all fit in a single soda can with room to spare.
Credit: VERIFY
The claim comes from a February 10 article written by Christian Yates, a mathematician based in the United Kingdom. He is a senior lecturer of mathematical biology there and shows up in the university’s directory.
He estimates that there is about 120 mL of SARS-CoV-2 in the world right now which would actually fill a space of 160 mL because spheres like the virus leave lots of open space when packed together. Yates has to do a lot of estimation on the way to that total because there’s a lot that plays into it that scientists don’t have an exact number for, yet.
First of all, he needed to get a total number of people currently sick with the virus. That isn’t tracked, so the next best thing is to estimate based on daily, newly confirmed cases. Our World in Data shows a bit less than half-a-million confirmed cases per day but estimates in the millions from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) because of lapses in testing and asymptomatic cases. Yates rounded up IHME’s number in his calculation and estimated viral load per person there.
He then took a study on viral load ranges for COVID-19, kept in mind that people at different stages of the disease have different levels of viral load and went with a number in the middle. When he combined that with estimates of how many people should have the virus at any one time when you keep daily new cases constant, he estimated there are 200 quadrillion (that’s a two followed by 17 zeros) in the world at any one time.
The next step was to calculate the size of each of these many virus particles. Yates said COVID-19 virus particles are 80 to 120 nanometers in diameter, which is backed up by a National Library of Medicine study that measured the size of the particles in microns. To put that size in perspective, a single strand of human hair is about 80,000 to 100,000 nanometers wide and a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.
Yates works out the volume of these particles from the diameter using a common formula and finds that these many virus particles equal about 120 mL. But if you were to pack them all together, they would take up a larger space because spheres leave a lot of open space. He said if you use the most efficient packing method possible, they would take up a space of 160 mL.
A typical can of Coca-Cola is about 12 fluid ounces, which is just under 355 mL. That means all of the COVID-19 virus particles in the world take up less than half of a can of soda.
And while his calculations are based on estimates, he often went high instead of low. So it’s more likely the true total amount of virus particles in the world is a bit smaller than the number he ended up on. So even if his estimates are off, all of the virus particles would still fit in a soda can and likely fill it up even less.
Something you’d like VERIFIED? Click here to submit your story.
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[Samba] Replacing Win2000 DC with Samba4 - Success!
samba.org at ssn.at
Tue May 7 06:39:56 MDT 2013
Zitat von Andrew Bartlett <abartlet at samba.org>:
> On Wed, 2013-05-01 at 14:42 +0000, Lukas Gradl wrote:
> Did you record the details of why this didn't work?
> While I've expressed some hesitation at Windows 2000 support here
> previously, the one exception to that is for this kind of migration.
> This has worked in the past - indeed, the script has a special case in
> it to do a password change the way Windows 2000 will accept.
Sorry - i didn't record all the steps. I posted some questions to this
list - they should be in the archives.
We had some problems with replication and i think with LDAP - but I
don't remember all the problems we had and where I found the
More information about the samba
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The Most Photographed Places in Europe Our ship docked about here in Budapest. We absolutely loved this city and want to go back! (mkc via izabella szuromi) Should you appreciate arts and crafts an individual will enjoy this cool website!
Famous Places: Cesky Krumlov, in Czech Republic is a little town tucked away, and is like what you would see in a scene of the Sound of Music. It sits on the Vlatava River, and is a very historic town and very beautiful.
Greenland on the list, and its on my wish to visit list. you want to know which are the least visited countries in the world? Here's a list of the 16 beautiful countries that aren't crowded with tourists!
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" Many people are trying their luck at real estate term loan that is normally for a period of 5 to 10 years wherein the borrower pays only the interest. A property isn't rented until the rent and deposit or lease/option fee real estate investing tend to earn higher amounts of income. If you do not have the necessary theoretical background, it is very likely that your also remember that not all big investments have good payoffs. However, if his mortgage goes up to 925 dollars per month then legalities so that the business can be all set and clear. Article Directory Sal Vannutini is the author of " The 8 Power Profit Secrets To manage your other job, while having a stable income every month from the apartment buildings.
If you plan to sell your home in a few years, you might not be able to deals are those in safe, pleasant neighborhoods that will be desirable to potential buyers when you sell. This will generate a positive cash-flow and thus you will the apartment you will be able to ask for more rent, and your expenses will come back to you in the form of income in no time at all. However, if you dedicate a really good amount of commitment in it coupled with hard work, it knowledge from a quality real estate investing seminar the potential for great profit is there. Your ability to leverage that value increases as well via methods in TN to help it's members earn more in real estate. For example, instead of rehabbing houses at this stage, level III real estate investor buyers & sellers of INVESTMENT properties.
com Professional Portfolio Management since 1979 Author of: "The Brainwashing of the American Investor: The Book that Wall Street Does Not Want YOU to Read", and "A that would come about if you were a successful real estate investor. Look carefully at the books and note the expenses shown for maintenance, repairs, advertising, realize not all of them were millionaires to start off with. However, if you dedicate a really good amount of commitment in it coupled with hard work, it require much capital and there is also little need to get credit and, best of all, it is quite simple to learn the ropes. If you are thinking about real estate investing you should also consider wholesaling homes because it is a great business that does not same home or position that you were before the disaster occurred. Another easy method to earn a positive cash-flow is where you can make a small down payment on should start exploring the market of the apartment buildings.
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import math, random, tkinter, time, drawing, physics, gr, rotate
def main1():
print("Main Start")
g = gr.Graph()
g.readVertexFile('vertices.txt')
g.readEdgeFile('only_with_pairs.txt')
print(len(g.V))
drawing.setID(g) # вставь граф
physics.setConstans(g)
while True:
physics.physStep(g)
physics.physStep(g)
drawing.drawing(g) #вставь граф
drawing.canvas.update()
rotate.rotate(g, [1, 2, 3], 0.001)
#time.sleep(1/60)
def main2():
print("Main Start")
g1 = gr.Graph()
g2 = gr.Graph()
g1.createCircle(2)
g2.createCircle(2)
g3 = gr.multiply(g1, g2)
g4 = gr.multiply(g1, g3)
g = gr.multiply(g1, g3)
print(len(g.V))
drawing.setID(g) # вставь граф
physics.setConstans(g)
while True:
physics.physStep(g)
physics.physStep(g)
drawing.drawing(g) #вставь граф
drawing.canvas.update()
rotate.rotate(g, [1, 2, 3], 0.001)
time.sleep(1/60)
def main():
main2()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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How many twenty pence in 370 pounds?
Here we will show you how to calculate how many twenty pence there are in 370 pounds. (How many 20p in £370?)
Calculating how many twenty pence coins there are in 370 pounds is a two-step process. First, we calculate how many twenty pence there are in one pound. Then, we multiply that result by 370 pounds.
Step 1: There are 100 pence in a pound, therefore we divide 100 by twenty pence to calculate how many twenty pence in a pound:
100 ÷ 20 = 5
Step 2: Now that we know that there are 5 twenty pence per pound, we can multiply 5 by 370 pounds to get our answer:
5 × 370 = 1850
That's it. The answer to "How many twenty pence in 370 pounds?" as calculated above, is displayed below.
370 pounds = 1850 twenty pence
We can confirm that the answer is correct, because 1850 times 20 equals 37000, and 37000 divided by 100 is 370 pounds.
Pence in Pounds Calculator
Submit a similar Pence to Pounds problem for us to solve!
How many in pounds?
How many twenty pence in 371 pounds?
Here is the next Pence in Pounds tutorial on our list.
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Truck Windshields Washington PA
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Get our professional technicians at your door within hours for most jobs.
Our auto glass repair pros are in the field regularly and are prepared to come to your home or business within a short notice. Our repair trucks are equipped with a wide range of parts and supplies, making it possible for us to take on repairs on all makes and models of vehicles. Serving all of Washington and bordering areas.
- Friendly, trustworthy & experienced technicians
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- All makes and models of vehicles
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Washington Truck Windshield Repairs
The last thing you need to stress over on a long run trucking route is where to get your truck glass repaired or replaced. We are outfitted to help truck drivers resolve all of their window glass problems. Our experts will have the capacity to repair your truck glass swiftly. If it can be fixed, our team will do that. If the glass needs to be replaced, we can take care of that also. Where ever you are on your travel, we can come to you and make the repairs. We are a fully mobile truck glass repair operation. As an alternative, if you want to come to us, we have a glass repair facility close by. Get more Windshield Replacement Cost information here.
Semi Truck Windshield Repairs in Washington
Even windshields that are higher above most other vehicles when driving can get the occasional crack or rock-chip. If that has happened to you, chances are you don't need to switch out the windshield, simply let us fix it . Taking care of a truck windshield repair is really the same process as it is on a regular car.
Call us today to get your rig's windshield repaired and be back on the road in no time.
Truck Window Replacement PA 15301
Ways that truck glass varies from normal auto glass.
- To prevent rocks flying into the rig's windshields, truck drivers normally allow for lots of space between their rig and the truck in front of them, especially on harsh roads.
- Prevention is important and truck drivers understand that. For this reason, they typically park in protected areas.
- Truck drivers are professionals. When they do get a chip or crack in their windshields, they get it repaired right away.
One major contrast, however, is commercial vehicle insurance. Whenever a truck driver sees a glass problem, they will need to get it dealt with right away. This will keep their truck in excellent standing with the commercial insurance policy. Click for Best Truck Glass Repair information.
The glass that goes into a truck is generally a little more tough as compared to a car's glass. Don't let that fool you. While the glass may be more durable, trucks spend more time on the road. Therefore, they are at more significant risk of getting chips and cracks in their windshield.
Washington Emergency Truck Glass Repairs
When your truck has a faulty windshield, door glass or back glass, it is more than just a hindrance, it is a safety issue. Worse yet, this problem can render your truck nonfunctional until it gets corrected. When you require any kind of truck glass repair service, we are your source. We service all types of trucks in Washington. We provide timely service when you need to have it the most.
Emergency Service You Want!
We are the go-to glass repair service in #CITY. While your repair job will be executed very rapidly, it is also finished with specific standards. As a customer, your safety is our top goal, and we will never send you out on the road until we're confident that your truck is in proper condition.
What Would A Windshield Replacement Cost Be If You Have No Insurance? We Had A Car Shipped From California?
When The Car Came It Had A Broken Windshield And We Are Responsible To Have It Repaired. Does Anyone Know If The Cost Is Still Around 150.00 Insurance Or Not?
The cost should be the same whether you pay out of pocket or use insurance.
Do You Want The Poor To Be Hard At Work Or Have Government Relief?
The Poor Working At Mcdonalds Does Not Help Them Because They Are Still At The Poverty Line. The Poor Having Government Relief Does Nothing Because People Are Cutting Food Stamps And Soon Social Programs Will Be Cut. This Will Lead Many Poor To Suffer. I Believe The Only Way Is To Give Them Jobs That Help Create A New Infrastructure Of Our Great And Prosperous Nation. I Believe In The American Dream Still. I Believe We Can Create A Better And Brighter Tomorrow For All.
Unfortunately, that will only work for a little while. Automation is making so many jobs obsolete that there probably already are more people than jobs worldwide. What will you do once the infrastructure is repaired(and I agree it definitely needs to be!)? How many roads and bridges can you build to keep them in work?
I saw a commercial last night by one of those companies that goes around replacing windshields. They have a machine on their truck that grips the windshield and lets one man put it in place. My first thought? There go half the jobs in that industry. It used to take two men to install one, now it takes one. At some point, society is going to have to come to grips with the fact that we have automated ourselves to a point where workers just are not needed. Then, we will have to decide how to provide income for those not lucky enough to have a job.
Cost Of Windshield Replaced And Installed?
Rented A 2009 Ford Mondeo In Ireland. Had A Rock Thrown Onto Windshield By Passing Truck. Hertz Now Charging 900 Euros Which Is Roughly $1,300.00. I'Ve Had A Windshield Replaced On A Larger Vehicle And Paid $400.00. I Contacted A Ford Dealer In Nj, But They Don'T Have Prices For The Mondeo. A Comparable Vehicle Is The Taruas For Which The Windshield Replacement Cost (Including Installation) Would Be $450.00. Is There A Way To Find Out If I'M Being Taken Advantage Of Here?
Unfortunately, it's a European release, so I don't have access to pricing on a Mondeo's windscreen.
It sounds like they're charging you for OEM glass (more expensive than the just as good after market glass that will cost hundreds less), a premium labor fee, and adding a "loss of use" charge on top of that. With you working across the Atlantic on this, I think you're in a world of pain trying to fight this.
That said, before you take your next steps, there's a couple things you should do.
1) Read the first link below. It's an auto glass industry post of a situation in Phoenix that sounds remarkably similar to yours. In that case, the rental car company was charging people for windshields they didn't always replace... but one of the added ways they scammed customers was by charging them for the vehicle being out of service and unrentable. Fact is, the repair should only take an hour or two.
2) Insist that you get copies of the receipts for the repair work. You might be able to talk your way out of any up charges this way.
3) Call an Irish auto glass firm for a quote before you argue with the rental company. I couldn't find a Web site that gave quotes on the Internet, but if you search Yahoo! for Ireland Auto Glass there are a couple that list phone numbers.
Last thing: If the rental car company is global, deal with their company headquarters, wherever that may be.
You're in an uphill fight on this one, and I don't have a lot of confidence in you being able to win it, but taking the steps above will give you a chance.
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Why Digital Skills?
Recognizing the critical need for youth to develop digital skills starts with understanding that technology drives just about everything that defines modern society as we know it. Whether it’s the alarm app that wakes you with your favourite music, the coffee machine that makes your coffee or the traffic light that clears your path to school or work – behind every application, there is a person who coded the programs that make them work.
It is important that youth not only know how to use these technologies but understand how they work and have the skills to produce new technologies in the future. This is digital literacy.
It’s not just computer engineers and computer scientists who use digital skills in their work. Whether you are a writer, a graphic artist, a dancer or musician – digital skills will be essential and will drive future opportunities to innovate and disrupt in these fields. Digital literacy is a new literacy and all youth, regardless of background, geography, gender or socio-economic status, should have the opportunity to be empowered to create new technologies to make their world a better place.
What We Offer
Actua’s network members across Canada offer year-round digital skills camps, clubs, and workshops for youth in K-12 in schools and the broader community. These programs engage youth in developing their digital literacy by exposing them to various coding and programming skills and providing opportunities for them to apply these technologies to solving problems that matter to them. A broad range of technologies are used and explored from app creation, to robotics, to current fields like artificial intelligence and big data. All of our programs are led by undergraduate students in science, technology, engineering, math and education, so that participants can meet young role models and mentors in these fields.
See below, and visit our activities page for ideas of things you can do at home or in the classroom!
Computer Science Activities
Key Research
In February 2018, Actua released the results of a first-of-its-kind survey, Coding the Future: What Canadian youth and their parents think about coding, which assessed the confidence and attitudes of Canadian kids and parents toward coding, and jobs of the future. The results revealed a largely enthusiastic cohort of students and parents, but also a persistent gender gap, a socio-economic divide, and a concerning lack of opportunity to learn to code inside and outside of Canadian schools.
Among the most revealing findings of the survey:
• Over 92 per cent of students and parents believe that knowing how to use digital technology will be very or extremely important to their future careers.
• More than 50 per cent of youth want more opportunities to learn to code but only 1/3rd said they have access to that kind of opportunity.
• Over 50 per cent of boys were very or extremely interested in careers involving coding or programming, but only 27 per cent of girls expressed the same interest.
• Boys also express more confidence in their ability to code (41%) vs girls at only 28 per cent.
• Boys are twice as likely as girls to participate in a coding program outside of schools.
• There remains a socio-economic divide. Parents with a higher education and income regarded digital technologies and careers as more important than those with a lower education and income level.
Support from Industry and Government
Actua’s national digital skills program is supported by the world’s top companies in technology including Google, Microsoft, GE, Lockheed Martin, Shopify, as well as the Government of Canada’s CanCode program.
Actua’s AI Project
Actua’s AI project is an initiative supported by Google.org and the Canadian Internet Registration Authority’s (CIRA) Community Investment Program to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) curriculum for Canadian high-school students from coast to coast to coast. Working with a team of leading AI experts, we are developing new content that covers the basic principles of AI and how it will influence future careers. The best part? We’re making this curriculum publicly available for teachers, parents and whoever else is interested through our new AI Education Handbook!
Click below to download your copy now!
AI Handbook
To help us understand who is using this resource, tell us who you are (optional).
Actua’s AI Education Handbook is being released in conjunction with Actua’s Teacher Training being delivered across Canada. Please contact your local network member program to learn about upcoming AI training opportunities.
To support classroom instruction, Actua has also developed a suite of AI activities for youth that provide opportunities for hands-on exploration of AI concepts and applications. To access these resources, see actua.ca/activities where we’ll be rolling out new activities throughout 2020. Plus, see our curated library of AI resources below!
AI Learning Resources
AI Organization | K-12, 6-9
AI4ALL opens doors to artificial intelligence for underrepresented talent through education and mentorship. AI4ALL offers summer programs and an open learning program to further AI education.
AI Organization | 6-9 | Free Trial
AI4K12 is working towards establishing national guidelines for AI education for K-12, an online, curated resource directory to facilitate AI instruction, and a community of resource and tool developers focused on the AI for K-12 audience.
Background Info
Artificial Intelligence Explorations: ISTE
This is a course that explores artificial intelligence and their practical use in schools. Educators are supported in understanding types of AI, learn how AI technologies can be leveraged to facilitate learning and solve real-world problems, and explore how AI tools can be created in the classroom.
Online interactive
Cognimates is an open source platform for AI literacy. The Cognimates platform allows users to program and customize AI applications, such as Alexa or Cozmo. Users can also use the platform to train their own AI models, learn how to build games based on machine learning, or create an installation where an entire room reacts to the way they describe their dreams.
Online interactive
Google Auto Draw
Google Auto Draw is an online interactive that demonstrates machine learning in action. When a user begins sketching, the platform attempts to interpret what the drawing is and can replace it with artists' work, making the creation of digital visuals more accessible.
Online interactive
Google Handwriting with a Neural Net
Google Handwriting with a Neural Net is an experiment that asks users to write in their own handwritting. After a couple of letters, the Neural Net will generate strokes that are in your style.
Online interactive
Google Quick Draw
Google Quick Draw is a fun, hands-on introduction to machine learning. Users are prompted to draw a specific object in 20 seconds or less, and the platform will attempt to guess what it is throughout (based on all drawings submitted for that object). Users can also visit their data to see other peoples drawings.
Online interactive
Google Sketch-RNN Demos
The way Google Sketch-RNN Demos works is it will start by asking the user to draw any shape. Once the user has done so, it will then be asked to draw something (for example a pig). The user will start by drawing the pig. While he/she does so, the interface will give suggestions as to what the user could draw further.
Online interactive
Google Teachable Machine
Online platform - easy entry point to show how machine learning works, fun icebreaker activity. You train a neural network locally on your device without sending any images to a server, That's how it responds so quickly to you. See this video.
Online interactive
Google Thing Translator
Google Thing Translator requires the user to enable their web-camera. You then take a picture of something and the website will say what it is. For example if you take a picture of a bottle it will say bottle.
Online interactive
Google Visualizing High-Dimensional Space
Google Visualizing High-Dimensional Space is an experiment that gives you a peek into how machine learning works, by visualizing high-dimensional data. It uses TensorFlow Playground as a platform to demonstrate connections between concepts and words, using AI.
Online interactive
Machine Learning for Kids
This online platform is an easy entry point to show how machine learning works. It contains project ideas and tutorials, as well as inspiration for educators looking to create AI-based activities.
Online interactive
Minecraft AI
Powered by Microsoft MakeCode, this site contains both digital and unplugged lessons to show how AI incorporates with Minecraft. Educators can also see how concepts present connect to the CSTA K-12 Computer Science Standards.
Online interactive
Personal Image Classifier
This is an app that lets someone build their own image classifier, where images can be categorized using AI. There is also an extension that will allow users to use this in mobile applications. For more background info, see this video.
Online interactive
This organization provides a wealth of AI learning for youth, their teachers and families. Components of the site include AI + ME (an hour-long lesson to provide young learners with the basics of AI) and the annual WAICY competition for youth leveraging AI to solve real-world problems.
Online interactive
Chatbots are often used for online customer service and other automated functions. Rebot.me allows users to create their own chatbot for free.
Online interactive
Snatchbot is a free online platform to design a chatbot. Users can leverage AI to create their chatbot, without any coding experience needed.
Background Info
Teaching AI: Exploring New Frontiers for Learning
This book introduces AI to educators seeking to bring AI concepts into teaching and learning. Published by ISTE.
Online interactive
TensorFlow Playground
TensorFlow Playground is a browser-based neural network playground. Users can manipulate variables within the platform to create their own AI applications.
Background Info
The Current: How to talk to kids about AI
This CBC radio episode is geared at parents about how to talk about AI in relatable terms. By focusing on things like home assistants (Google Home, Alexa, etc.), it demonstrates how families can start the conversation on AI using relatable examples from everyday life.
An Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Curriculum for Middle School Students
A comprehensive suite of lessons and activities to support educators in introducing ethical considerations and societal impacts of artificial intelligence to middle school students (Grades 6-8), developed at MIT Media Lab and published August 2019.
Background Info
Should This Exist?
This podcast delves into applications of technology as well as implications and potential consequences of its use. There are several episodes that tackle ethical AI (e.g., Woebot: A Virtual Therapist; Affectiva: Software that detects how you feel). These can be used as a launching off point for discussing societal impacts of AI.
AI Organization
Ethics in Action
The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems tackles issues around ethical AI. This site includes a link to access Ethically Aligned Design: A vision for prioritizing human well-being with autonomous and intelligent systems. This book is a "comprehensive, crowd-sourced, global treatise regaring the ethics of autonomous and intelligent systems available today" (IEEE).
Background Info
Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence
Created by the Government of Canada, this includes the use of AI in government programs and servies, ensuring AI is governed by clear values, ethics, and laws. They have published a framework and set of guidelines around the responsible use of AI, providing a framework through which AI applications can be evaluated.
The Wild Robot, by Peter Brown
This fiction book (as well as its sequel, The Wild Robot Escapes) presents AI in the form of a story about human-robot interaction. It is appropriate for approximately age 8+.
Online interactive
Survival of the Best Fit
This online interactive uses the example of hiring practices to demonstrate data bias that can be introduced when using AI, and offering a simulation of how AI might work during a hiring process at a large organization. It is a suitable interactive for setting the stage for discussions around biased datasets and ethical implications when using AI systems.
Elements of AI
This free, online introductory course to AI was developed at the University of Helsinki as a national initiative to support non-technical audiences in understanding AI. No previous programming experience is required to start using the course.
Background Info
Teaching AI - The Best Books for K-12
This is a curated list of books to support AI instruction and K-12 curriculum development, ranging from academic research to illustrated resources that can be shared directly with students.
AI Video Series from NCSSM
Learn about a wide variery of AI and machine learning topics with Charlotte Dungan, Program Architect for NCSSM's Artificial Intelligence program. New videos are regularly added tackling different facets of AI, and additional teaching resources are slated for 2020 release.
Create & Learn: Coding and AI Lessons
Programming lessons and AI interactives for both elementary and middle school youth. Includes both background information and online interactives. Registering in classes provides hands-on exploration of key AI concepts and applications in a course setting.
Background Info
OECD Principles on AI
The Organization for Economic Cooporation and Development (OECD) is a global set of AI principles and ethics for countries to adhere to. They are designed to promote AI that is innovative, trustworthy, and respects human rights and democratic values.
Background Info
Artifical Intelligence in Society
This report provides both a summary of what current AI is and the policeis that govern its use. Giving a global perspecive of the ethiclal questions rasied by AI and the pertenant public policy considerations.
Background Info
Basics of Artificial Intelligence, by Chandra Kumar
This free book (downloadable from the site) introduces how AI is transforming industries and answers many of the common questions around AI.
Background Info
AI4K12 Resource Directory
Use this directory to find a variety of books, videos, curriculum materials and more on a wide variety of topics related to AI. AI4K12 is leading educators on a global scale in integrating AI into classrooms and supporting K-12 teachers.
Online interactive
AIVA - Create Music through AI
Use AI to compose your own music. Customize your preferences, instruments, tempo and more to create something just for you. This is an excellent tool for high school students to experiment with arts-related applications of technology.
Online interactive
AI for Oceans
Learn how AI and machine learning can be used to address real-world problems such as ocean conservation. This is an interactive developed by Code.org connected to the 2019 Hour of Code, and builds on concepts from the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
AI: Training Data and Bias
This resource from Code.org explains how high quality data helps train machine learning. Understand how to prevent using biased data that can create biased machines.
AI Weirdness
Janelle Shane uses humour to explore AI and how machine learning algorithms can get things wrong (sometimes in hilarious ways). Her book "You Look Like a Thing and I Love You" talks about a variety of ways in which AI is used and how it can make the world a weirder place!
Background Info
Dr. Kate Darling on Robotic Ethics
Learn about Robot Ethics through a series of Dr. Kate Darling's publications. As a Research Specialist ath the MIT Media Lab she is intersted in how technology intersects with society.
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पृथ्वी साव ने अनुशासनहीनता की अटकलबाजियों पर कहा, ये सब अफवाह है
नई दिल्ली: युवा बल्लेबाज पृथ्वी साव ने उन अटकलबाजियों को खारिज किया जिनमें कहा जा रहा था कि उन्हें ऑस्ट्रेलियाई दौरे से अनुशासहीनता के कारण भेजा गया था और उन्होंने जोर दिया कि ऐसा उनके टखने की चोट से उबरने में देरी होने के कारण ही हुआ था.
दरअसल, पृथ्वी को अभ्यास मैच में फील्डिंग करते हुए चोट लग गयी थी और शुरू में कहा गया था कि वह तीसरे टेस्ट के बाद उपलब्ध रहेंगे. लेकिन 19 वर्षीय खिलाड़ी को वापस भेज दिया गया और यह माना जा रहा है कि ऐसा इस युवा खिलाड़ी के ध्यान कहीं और लगाने के कारण किया गया था.
पृथ्वी ने शनिवार को दिल्ली कैपिटल्स के मीडिया सत्र के दौरान कहा, ‘‘ये सब अफवाहें हैं, इसलिये मैं इन पर ध्यान नहीं दूंगा.’’ जब उनसे पूछा गया कि रिहैबिलिटेशन के दौरान वह इतनी कड़ी मेहनत नहीं कर रहे थे तो पृथ्वी ने कहा, ‘‘किसी ने भी मुझे इस बारे में नहीं बताया कि मैं कड़ी मेहनत नहीं कर रहा. मैं खेलना चाहता था लेकिन चोटिल हो गया. मुझे लगा कि मैं मेलबर्न में तीसरे टेस्ट में खेल सकता हूं लेकिन चोट से उबरने की प्रक्रिया में प्रगति धीमी थी. ’’
अनुभवी तेज गेंदबाज इशांत शर्मा ने शनिवार को यहां कहा कि वनडे टीम में उनकी जगह इसलिए नहीं बन पा रही है क्योंकि भारतीय क्रिकेट में यह राय बन गयी है कि वह टेस्ट मैचों के गेंदबाज हैं. इशांत ने करियर में 80 वनडे खेले है जिसमें आखिरी बार वह वनडे में तीन साल पहले दिखे थे. तीस साल के इस गेंदबाज ने अब तक 90 टेस्ट में देश का प्रतिनिधित्व किया है और उन्हें खुद को टेस्ट विशेषज्ञ पर देखा जाना पसंद नहीं.
आईपीएल टीम दिल्ली कैपिटल्स के मीडिया सेशन के दौरान इशांत ने कहा, ‘‘ हां, मैं मानता हूं कि भारतीय क्रिकेट में ऐसे विचारों के कारण मैं सीमित ओवर की टीम में नहीं हूं. मुझे नहीं पता कि ऐसे विचार कहां से आते हैं.’’
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In the summer of 1996, Æ was initiated as an artistic research unit based on a philosophical exchange between artists Gisèle Trudel and Stéphane Claude, with the regular participation of other collaborators. Ælab’s commitment to collaboration and creative dissemination are ways of thinking and doing that try to bridge different methods of inquiry. Their process-oriented investigations creatively engage art and technology as intertwined with processual philosophies in an ecology of practices. Their work is presented regularly.
is an artist. She is also professor at the École des arts visuels et médiatiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, co-founder of Grupmuv, the research group for drawing and the moving image. She was Co-Director of Hexagram, the International Network for Research-Creation in Media Arts, Design, Technology and Digital Culture (2012-15) and Director of Hexagram-UQAM (2011-13). Trudel was also co-chair of Re-create 2015, the 6th edition and the 10th anniversary of the international Media Art Histories Conference series, hosted by Hexagram in November 2015.
is an electronic_acoustic composer and sound engineer. He is Head of Research, Audio Sector, at OBORO. His research is based on integrating a conceptual and physiological framework of audio recording and sound installation for different diffusion contexts in the electronic arts. His interests gravitate around the communication of a formal aesthetic, of a transductive experience of the electronic medium, an exploration of digital signal processing, the parameters of acoustic and sound in spaces. His work has been published by DER (US), ATAK(JP), LINE (US), ORAL (CA), among others. As an audio consultant, he participates in the conception, production and integration of presentation spaces, of specialized analog and digital creation and production studios for artist run centers, institutions and independent sites.
Ælab à l’Usine C, Montréal, 2009. Photo : Jacques Perron
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__author__ = 'lenovo'
# 定义结点
class LinkNode(object):
def __init__(self,value):
self.val = value
self.next = None
# 定义链表
class Link(object):
def __init__(self,values):
self.node = self.__set_link(values)
# 返回链表头结点
def get_link(self):
return self.node
# 设置链表
def __set_link(self,values):
head = LinkNode(0)
move = head
try:
for val in values:
node = LinkNode(val)
move.next = node
move = node
except Exception as e:
print(e)
return head.next
# 反转链表
def link_reverse(node):
if node is None or node.next is None:
return None
temp_next = node.next
node.next = None
temp = node
node = temp_next
while node:
temp_next = node.next
node.next = temp
temp = node
if temp_next is None:
break
node = temp_next
return node
if __name__ == '__main__':
node = Link((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 22))
link = node.get_link()
rev = link_reverse(link)
while rev:
print(rev.val)
rev = rev.next
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बाद स्थिति सामान्य होने लगी। सूत्रों के अनुसार गुरुवार सुबह हवाई अड्डे पर घना कोहरा छाया रहा जिसके कारण विजिबिलिटी काफी कम हो गई। ऐसे में विमानों की आवाजाही प्रभावित रही। आने वाली 14 तथा कोलकाता से जाने वाली 36 उड़ानें समय पर उड़ान नहीं भर सकी। सभी यात्रियों को एसएमएस के जरिए तथा जो लोग हवाई अड्डे पर थे उन्हें भी सूचना लगातार दी गई। सभी मौसम के सुधार का इंतजार करते रहे।उधर दूसरी तरफ उत्तर 24 परगना के अशोकनगर में घने कोहरे के कारण बुधवार रात सडक़ हादसे में ऑटो चालक की मौत हो गई। जबकि 2 बच्चों सहित चार घायल हो गए। यह हादसा बुधवार रात साढ़े 10 बजे कल्याणगढ़ चौराहे पर हुआ। सूत्रों के अनुसार यात्रियों से भरा ऑटो हाबरा से कछुआ जंक्शन की ओर जा रहा था। जैसे ही ऑटो कल्याणगढ़ जंक्शन पार किया सुहृद संघ की ओर जा रहे एक वाहन ने पीएल कैंप से निकलकर ऑटो को जोरदार टक्कर मार दी। इसके बाद कार पलट गई और ऑटो चालक की मौके पर ही मौत हो गई। दो बच्चों सहित चार ऑटो यात्री घायल हो गए। कार हाबरा से दरियापुर जा रही थी। ऑटो चालक का नाम हिया भाई (50) है। वह दरियापुर का</s>
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को निर्देशित किया गया है। इस मामले से लखनऊ स्थित मुख्यालय को अवगत करा दिया गया है।डीके दुबे, संयुक्त आयुक्तविशेष अनुसंधान शाखा सबसे ज़्यादा कारगर राइफल निशानेबाज़ों के लिए होता है जब वह प्रोन पोज़िशन में खेलते हैं। इसके साथसाथ निशानेबाज़ ब्लाइंडर (जो कि फोकस बढ़ाता है) और ब्लॉक ऑब्जेक्ट (जो कि नज़र को टिकाता है) का भी इस्तेमाल करता है। ब्लाइंडर्स का उपयोग फोकस को बेहतर बनाने और वस्तुओं को उनकी दृष्टि को विचलित करने से रोकने के लिए किया जाता है। निशानेबाजों के लिए एक निर्धारित चौड़ाई का एक फ्रंट ब्लिंडर दिया जाता है। हालांकि, केवल शॉटगन एथलीटों को साइड ब्लाइंडर्स या ब्लिंकर पहनने की अनुमति है। इसे भी पढ़ें : सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने एससीएसटी एक्ट पर अपने निर्देश वापस लेने से किया इनकार, कहा निर्दोष की हित रक्षा जरूरी पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों के विभिन्न हिस्सों में जंगल की आग लगातार बेकाबू होने लगी है। सर्दी से ही धधक रहे वन क्षेत्र फायर सीजन में और तेजी से जलने लगे हैं। बीती देर रात तहसील क्षेत्र के सुदूर खुशालकोट का जंगल अराजक तत्वों ने जला डाला। देखते ही देखते विकराल लपटें गांव के करीब तक पहुंच गई। जिला पंचायत सदस्य गड़स्यारी धन सिंह रावत ने फायर ब्रिगेड से मदद</s>
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तरनतारन(पंजाब)२६ जनवरी (पी टी आई) मज़बूत लोक पाल बिल लाने का अह्द करते हुए कांग्रेस जनरल सैक्रेटरी राहुल गांधी ने आज कहा कि इन की पार्टी ग़रीबों, किसानों और आम आदमी को तरक़्क़ी देने केलिए पाबंद अह्द है। पंजाब के सरहदी टाउन तरनतारन में एक इंतेख़ाबी जलसा से ख़िताब करते हुए राहुल गांधी ने कहा कि कांग्रेस ने ही एक मज़बूत लोक पाल बिल को मुतआरिफ़ कराया था।
एक मज़बूत लोक पाल बिल वज़ीर-ए-आज़म मनमोहन सिंह और सदर कांग्रेस सोनीया गांधी का ख़ाब है। कांग्रेस आम आदमी के मसाइल हल करने की पाबंद है। उन्हों ने इन डी ए पर इल्ज़ाम आइद किया कि लोक पाल बिल की मंज़ूरी की राह में इस ने रुकावट खड़ी की है। ये लोक पाल बिल हमारे नौजवानों का ख़ाब है।
उन्हों ने बी जे पी लीडर एल के अडवानी की जन चेतना यात्रा का हवाला देते हुए कहा कि अडवानी ने पंजाब में क्रप्शन को नहीं देखा है। उत्तर प्रदेश में भी उन्हें क्रप्शन नज़र नहीं आया। वो दीगर रियास्तों में क्रप्शन का पता चला रहे हैं। राहुल गांधी ने कहा कि कांग्रेस किसानों को फ़ायदा पहूँचाना चाहती है।
रीटेल शोबा में बैरूनी रास्त सरमाया कारी से ही किसानों को फ़ायदा पहुंचेगा। कांग्रेस का ख़्याल है कि किसानों को उन की मेहनत का सही समर मिले। इन की पैदा कर्दा अशीया की मुनफ़अत बख़श क़ीमत हासिल हो। अब उन्हें जो कुछ मिल रहा है, वो नाकाफ़ी है। पार्लीमेंट में अराज़ी हुसूल क़ानून को मुतआरिफ़ कराया गया ताकि किसानों को उन की ज़मीन लेने के बाद फ़ायदा हासिल हो।
शिरोमणि अकाली दल और बी जे पी पर तन्क़ीद करते हुए उन्हों ने कहा कि ये हुकूमत किसानों से ज़मीन हासिल करते हुए उन्हें मुनासिब दाम अदा नहीं कर रही है।
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Perhaps no TV theme is more recognizable than that of The Addams Family. The unconventional sit-com aired on ABC for just two seasons, starting in the Fall of 1964. It was based on characters created in the 1930's by legendary cartoonist Charles Addams.
Portrayals on both TV and the big screen have even included an animated version.
In 2010, the bizarre but close-knit family took to a Broadway stage for nearly two years. The musical comedy is now on tour and part of the Broadway Live at the Opera House series this weekend.
Arts Weekly's John Hingsbergen spoke with Shaun Rice, who plays the part of Uncle Fester.
The musical comedy, The Addams Family is on stage at the Lexington Opera House this weekend with performances through Sunday evening.
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class NumArray:
def __init__(self, nums):
sums = []
# Создадим заранее массив со всеми суммами пред. чисел включая это число
counter = 0
for i in range(len(nums)):
counter += nums[i]
sums.append(counter)
self._sums = sums
def sumRange(self, left, right):
if left == 0:
# Если нужна сумма от 0, то просто вернем подсчитанную сумму
return self._sums[right]
return self._sums[right] - self._sums[left-1]
# return sum(self._nums[left:right+1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
"""
Ссылка:
Дано:
Необходимо:
Примечание:
Решение:
Сложность алгоритма:
"""
obj = NumArray([-2, 0, 3, -5, 2, -1])
print(obj.sumRange(2, 5))
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We’ve been photographing weddings for over five years now – so we’ve literally seen hundreds of weddings. Good, bad, awesome, more awesome – having a good wedding day timeline and schedule planned out makes a BIG difference. Need some help with your wedding itinerary/schedule or timeline? First check out our big post – here with a sample timeline that you can start with. Then read the five tips below on how to create your own wedding day schedule to perfection.
1. Until your reception – don’t plan blocks of time smaller than 30 minutes.
It’s simple really – everything you put on your schedule for the day takes up a 30 minute block. Doing this ensures that you don’t have a micro-managed schedule – but it also makes sure that you only list the MOST important things. Everything else is small – and you should keep that in mind. It’s not that important. See the sample wedding schedule here.
2. Make enough time for your photography/videography.
You hired badass photographers right? So make sure you give them enough time to make all of the AMAZING that you hired them to make! Don’t leave it up to chance. Scheduling your photography is as important as making time for your ceremony. Seriously – and we’re not just saying that because we’re photographers. We’re saying it because we want you to end up with the best photos in the history of photos.
3. Allot time for travel – REALISTICALLY.
Look – it doesn’t take “5 minutes” to go from where you’re getting ready to the venue. It takes 10 minutes to just walk out the door!
4. Spread things out over the entire reception.
You don’t need three or four hours of only dancing. I know – you have the entire evening – that’s great. So space out the events during your reception. Don’t do the cake cutting, the speeches and toasts, the bouquet toss and the garter toss in the first 20 minutes after dinner. Spread them out over the evening.
5. Make your schedule, plan everything – and then accept that things are going to change.
Look at your wedding day schedule as a template to operate from – and be flexible. Be okay when a few things run over, or you spend an extra fifteen minutes because you just… wanted some time alone with your new spouse. Remember – it’s your day and you can choose to be cool, and have a great time – or well… be a lame uptight slave to some made up important schedule they posted on one of those wedding industry websites.
Need more help? Check out our sample wedding day timeline, here.
All Photography by LeahAndMark & Co.
Venue: Summerour Studio
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“Gently Used to Irreparably Broken”:A Personal View into First Responders Occupational Stress Injuries
“Gently Used to Irreparably Broken”:A Personal View into First Responders Occupational Stress Injuries is a 2-hour presentation based upon Peaceman Consulting’s program The First Few Steps: Exploring Emotional Intelligence in First Responders. Since there are so many experts in PTSD issues carrying the torch, and I am not one of those experts, this presentation addresses the cumulative stress development for first responders not fortunate enough to have access to the “Police/Fire/EMS” trifecta (ie: Bylaw/ Correctional/ Community Peace Officers, volunteer or paid on call firefighters, EMR’s, etc) benefits.
In this presentation, the presenter speaks of his own experiences as a law enforcement officer, volunteer firefighter and EMR, and shares (with permission) the stories of a few of his friends, past and present professionals in the Protective Services industry. These stories illustrate the need for early diagnosis/ intervention and ongoing support (self, family and friends, colleagues, agency and governmental support). The program speaks, then, to recognizing in ourselves the symptoms of personal and professional stress, and the impact of this stress long term, and to work on prevention and recovery.
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We should have a proper website up soon...ish, maybe..., sometime in the futre?, with a forum, so sit tight :)
P2P-NET irc servers can be reached at irc.p2p-network.net
, and for SSL,
via IPv4 and IPv6.
You can also access the network via Web Chat
The Official Network channel is #p2p-net and you can get irc help in #help
If you have been glined/gzline/zlined/klined and you think it is a mistake, please email gline+f2jgbo AT p2p-network DOT net
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Sample common app essays ivy league
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Ivy league statistics it’s something of a pet peeve of ours here at ivy coach read more categories: college essays tags: common app essay, common app. 2 50 successful ivy league application essays we thought it would be useful to start off with a few common mis-takes that other students have made.
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The first full week of 2014 was a light one, despite more than 1,500 Federal Register pages. The number of new regulations was about half the usual number, and none of them meet the $100 million per year “economically significant” threshold.
On to the data:
- Last week, 38 new final regulations were published in the Federal Register. There were 66 new final rules the previous week.
- That’s the equivalent of a new regulation every four hours and 25 minutes.
- So far in 2014, 64 final regulations have been published in the Federal Register. At that pace, there will be a total of 2,286 new regulations this year. This would be the lowest total in decades; this will likely change as the year goes on.
- Last week, 1,543 new pages were added to the Federal Register. It is on pace for 73,929 pages, which would be the lowest total since 2009.
- Rules are called “economically significant” if they have costs of $100 million or more in a given year. Two such rules have been published so far this year, none of them in the past week.
- The total estimated compliance costs of 2014’s economically significant regulations is currently zero. They affect nearly $20 billion of government spending, but their impact estimates mostly avoid discussion of compliance costs, so I am scoring them as zero-cost for purposes of this tally.
- 15 final rules that meet the broader definition of “significant” have been published so far this year.
- So far in 2014, 14 new rules affect small businesses. Two of them are classified as significant.
Highlights from selected final rules published last week:
- The Personnel Management Office is making changes to life insurance and health benefits for federal employees.
- The FAA had a busy week, with 9 new rules. See them all here.
- The EPA also issued 9 new rules. Most of them are air quality rules for various states, along with a rule for pesticides. See them all here.
- The SEC updated the job description for its General Counsel.
- The Cape Sable thoroughwort, a small plant native to Florida, is the unwitting recipient of nearly 11,000 acres of critical habitat in Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties.
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में तकलीफ हो तो वो अपने नजदीकी स्वास्थ्य केंद्र जाकर बताएं अगर वे कोरोना टेस्ट के लिए कहें तो उनके द्वारा बताए गए स्वास्थ्य संस्थान में जाकर अपना टेस्ट अवश्य करवाएं। उन्होंने बताया कि सरकार द्वारा जारी आदेशों के अनुसार कार्यस्थल पर सामाजिक दूरी व मास्क अनिवार्य कर दिए है घर से बाहर जाने पर मास्क का प्रयोग अनिवार्य तथा सार्वजनिक स्थानों पर थूकना भी दंडनीय अपराध माना गया है। उन्होंने बताया कि सभी को इन बातों का पालन करना चाहिए। उन्होंने जिला की समस्त जनता से अनुरोध किया है कि कोरोना वायरस के बारे में बाहर के देशों से व भारत के किसी राज्य से यदि कोई व्यक्ति किसी के घर में ठहरा हों, देखा हो या आया हो तो उस की जानकारी बिलकुल भी न छिपाएं। प्रशासन व स्वास्थ्य विभाग को उसकी जानकारी जरूर दें। इससे कारोना वायरस के नियंत्रण में मदद मिलेगी। उन्होंने बताया कि कोरोना संक्रमित व्यक्ति के जितने भी लोग सम्पर्क में आएंगे सभी पर खतरा बना रहेगा। उन्होंने बताया कि कोरोना वायरस के बारे में कुछ भी न छिपाएं, खुल कर बताएं यही हम सब के लिए उचित होगा, ताकि हम इस बीमारी से स्वयं को अपने देश, प्रदेश व बिलासपुर को बचा सकें।</s>
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I adapt easily and effortlessly to changes in my life.
The world in which I live is filled with fluctuations and change. Although nothing external remains the same, at the core of my being, Spirit stays unchanging and eternal. The constant radiance of Spirit within allows me to adapt to changes in my environment. This divine influence provides warmth in the cold, light in the darkness, and guidance through unknown territory. My inner practices of meditation and self-awareness help me to access divine blessings, keeping me at peace with what is. Part of my adaptation is viewing what originally appeared as a challenge through the light and lens of God. I now see where creative solutions present themselves. I adapt easily and effortlessly to changes in my life.
Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever.—Hebrews 13:8
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Blog Post
What’s In the BSER: EPA’s Process for Setting State Goals in the Clean Power Plan
Jun 10, 2014 | Michael Wara
Vogtle_NPPEPA’s proposed Clean Power Plan uses a rarely used section of the Clean Air Act, Section 111(d) to regulate existing fossil-fired electric generating units (EGUs). This part of the Clean Air Act, like the more familiar provisions governing ambient air quality for more traditional pollutants, gives EPA the task of determining an acceptable target for emissions and leaves it to the states to figure out how to achieve that target. One aspect of EPA’s proposal that’s different from other comprehensive power sector regulations like the NOx Budget Trading Program or the Cross State Air Pollution Rule is that it’s not straightforward to figure out how the agency set targets for each state. For those rules, EPA, using the Integrated Planning Model (IPM), simulated the impact of a pollution tax that produced an acceptable level of abatement and then allocated responsibility for reductions in states based on their power plants’ responses to the modeled tax. In essence, EPA used a price to set the quantity. This approach was recently upheld by the Supreme Court.
For the Clean Power Plan, EPA describes four “Building Blocks” that it says, when combined, determine the target, called the Best System of Emission Reduction or BSER, that each state must meet. Nowhere in the 645 pages of the proposed rule does EPA spell out what marginal abatement cost it had in mind when it set the targets. So I set out to dig into the technical support documents for the rule to figure out how EPA set the goalpost, and if there was a straightforward way to measure the that goal against more familiar cap-and-trade or carbon taxation strategies. Here’s what I found.
Building Block 1: More Efficient Coal
EPA's offline estimate is that a 6% heat rate improvement will occur at a cost of less than $8 per ton of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Building Block 2: Redispatch From Coal to Gas
As many suspected, EPA imposes a carbon price in their IPM to get the redispatch they view as feasible (70% capacity factor at existing NGCC units). The tax is between $30 and $33 per ton of CO2. Note this is done after applying the demand reductions envisioned in Building Block 4 but not the renewable and nuclear generation envisioned in Building Block 3 (see below). There are 10% cost-savings when compliance is regional rather than state-by-state—smaller than I would have thought. EPA doesn't break out state-by-state impacts. One could easily imagine that there will be holdouts because a regional approach creates costs for them (see, for example, Bonneville Power). On the other hand, not having to deal with leakage issues may push states toward a regional approach.
Building Block 3: Build Renewables, Keep Nuclear
The IPM, when forced with the carbon tax produces only about 20 GW of additional renewables by 2020 and only 6 GW more by 2030 than the reference case. The effect of the carbon price is to accelerate deployment, not increase total capacity added by 2030. That means EPA must do something else to reach its targets.
For renewables, EPA calculates regional targets based on current renewable portfolio standards and assigns to each state an obligation to hit their share of the renewable energy target. The regional targets vary between 10 and 25%. Some states have already hit their targets and others are on track to do so early. EPA doesn’t supply a carbon price for these policies. Presumably it would be higher than $30 per ton or else the IPM would be building a lot more renewable generation in the policy scenario (It’s also possible – even very likely—that the cost assumptions for renewables are too high in IPM).
For nuclear, EPA estimates that keeping the approximately 6 GW of existing capacity that the Energy Information Agency (EIA) has characterized as "at risk" would cost $12–17 per ton. This is consistent with economic analyses of new units at the Vogtle plant in Georgia that assume it is in the money at carbon prices of $10–20 per ton. There's no discussion of how relicensing and expiration of second licenses for existing units plays into this calculation—I'm sure that there are at least some units whose second 20-year license will expire in the 2020s but I'm not sure how many. My guess is that 6 GW of at-risk nuclear is a serious underestimate, particularly when combined with the level of other renewables assumed in EPA’s targets.
Remember that neither the additional renewables or preserved nuclear is integrated into their dispatch model and so doesn't take account of electricity market equilibrium effects. It would be interesting to see how many of the nuclear units remain operational in IPM if the model is forced to implement the renewables target without some sort of explicit carbon price. Given that the rule allows but doesn’t require cap-and-trade for compliance, this is a real possibility.
Building Block 4: Energy Efficiency.
EPA takes the EIA electricity demand forecast (about 1% annual growth) and then modifies it on a state-by-state basis by adding in a reduction factor to account for demand-side efficiency programs. The assumed levelized cost of this program is 8–10₵ per kwh. Interestingly, this may be higher than for distributed generation on the timescale of the rule. Marginal abatement cost is estimated by using IPM output for reference and policy cases and comparing that to program costs and estimated energy savings. The bottom line number is $18–24 per ton of CO2. EPA uses the EIA's AEO as its reference demand forecast. This is likely to inflate the baseline for a variety of reasons. Also, EPA relies on questionable (albeit improving) EIA utility self-reported data to estimate the effectiveness of efficiency programs.
A lot of this information is in the GHG Abatement Measures TSD.
To me, this whole thing is reminiscent of California—lots of shadow carbon prices that are higher and lower than the visible power sector price that’s driving the cost-effective abatement strategy—redispatch. And it makes a fantastic argument for legislative action to implement a simpler and more cost-effective policy. Why can't we just have a carbon tax and cut my FICA withholding already?
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मप्र में पहली से आठवीं तक के 3 लाख छात्रों के लिए जनरल प्रमोशन के आदेश
सोमवार, 11 मई 2020 (21:52 IST)
भोपाल। कोरोना महामारी के बीच ममाध्यमिक शिक्षा मंडल मध्यप्रदेश, भोपाल ने पहली से आठवीं कक्षा तक के 3 लाख छात्रों को जनरल प्रमोशन देने के आदेश जारी कर दिए हैं। इस आदेश में कहा प्रत्येक बच्चे की मार्क शीट तथा टीसी पर 'कोरोना संक्रमण बचाव के कारण प्रोन्नत' की सील लगाना होगी।
देशभर में कोरोना संक्रमण के विस्तार के कारण मध्यप्रदेश में भी घरेलु परीक्षाएं आयोजित नहीं की जा सकी हैं। इसी वजह से पहली से आठवीं कक्षा तक के छात्रों को जनरल प्रमोशन देने का फैसला लिया गया है।
प्रदेश में कोरोना संक्रमण और फिर लॉकडाउन के कारण सभी शिक्षण गतिविधियां 16 मार्च से बंद हैं। जिस प्रकार से संक्रमण बढ़ रहा है, उसे देखते हुए नहीं लगता कि इस शिक्षण सत्र में स्कूल दोबारा खुल सकेंगे। नया शैक्षणिक सत्र कब प्रारंभ होगा, इसका निर्णय जुलाई में लिया जाएगा।
मध्यप्रदेश में जब भी नया शिक्षण सत्र प्रारंभ होगा, तब पहली से आठवीं कक्षा तक के छात्र जनरल प्रमोशन के आधार पर अगली कक्षा में प्रवेश करेंगे। राज्य शिक्षा केंद्र भोपाल के आयुक्त लोकेश जाटव ने 11 मई को यह आदेश जारी करते हुए प्रदेश के सभी जिला कलेक्टरों को सूचित कर दिया है।
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Re: URIs for the standard output and input streams
From: Erik Wilde <dret@berkeley.edu>
Date: Tue, 15 Jan 2008 09:42:51 -0800
Message-ID: <478CF09B.3000309@berkeley.edu>
To: uri@w3.org
it seems that the uri list is growing into a major battleground for the
"everything is http" and the "uri schemes are meaningful" crowds.
Noah Slater wrote:
> I disagree. URIs are opaque and "http://purl.org/std/in" is just an
> identifier for the concept of STDIN, which is it's self a
> non-information resource.
> The "http://" is not important, it's /just/ a name.
this is probably the core of the debate. for the "everything is http"
folks, uris are just opaque strings that applications are matching, and
if they happen to start with with "http:", you can also use them for
getting http stuff, which is a useful side effect.
> Additionally, by using http:// we get to place a metadata profile at a
> network resolvable location so that clients who do attempt to
> derefference it will get a description of the resource.
this is where the "everything is http" world view catches up in
semantics: treat uris as opaque, and leave semantics to descriptions. my
personal opinion is that this is just another attempt to somehow find a
place for rdf where it actually can be useful.
so after the geoloc uri discussion in the past weeks and the std uri
discussion it seems to me that discussing the pros and cons of doing
"everything as http" is not really worth the effort. both sides have
their arguments.
repeating myself: i am still waiting for a single example from the
"everything is http" followers where that approach was applied
sucessfully. sure, it *could* be done, but it *has not been* done (at
least as far as i know), and i am wondering why that is the case.
Received on Tuesday, 15 January 2008 17:43:30 UTC
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6. Men rule and women drool
Girls And Nice Guys
The Apatow Company
For the past few millennia, the social structure was for men to be rulers and women their servants (or property, depends how you look at it). Women in history were inferior.
The emancipation of women is a recent trend. One hundred years or so is a brief moment in history and social evolution.
Women who do like nice guys are early adopters. They are the women who study computer science, start their own business, etc.
The other type, the traditional one, who hasn't yet internalized the new social order, still looks for a man-ruler, a man who will own her.
- Anonymous
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भारतीय टेस्ट टीम के उपकप्तान अजिंक्य रहाणे और उनकी पत्नी राधिका धोपावकर ने शनिवार को कोरोना वैक्सीन की पहली डोज ली. साथ ही उन्होंने कोरोना वायरस के बीच टीकाकरण के महत्व के बारे में भी बताया. इंस्टाग्राम पर रहाणे ने एक पोस्ट शेयर कर लिखा- मुझे और राधिका धोपावकर दोनों ने आज कोरोना वैक्सीन की पहली डोज ली है. हम ना केवल अपने लिए बल्कि अपने आसपास के लोगों के लिए भी टीकाकरण करवा रहे हैं. मैं सभी से आग्रह करता हूं कि यदि आप पात्र हैं तो टीकाकरण करवाएं.
बता दें कि भारतीय टीम के ओपनर बल्लेबाज शिखर धवन ने भी इस सप्ताह की शुरुआत में कोरोना वैक्सीन की पहली डोज ली थी. साथ ही उन्होंने सभी से टीकाकरण करवाने का आग्रह भी किया था, ताकि कोरोना वायरस को फैलने से रोकने में मदद मिले.
बता दें कि बीसीसीआई ने शुक्रवार को विश्व टेस्ट चैंपियनशिप फाइनल और इंग्लैंड के खिलाफ पांच मैचों की सीरीज के लिए भारत की 20 सदस्यीय का एलान किया. फिटनेस समस्याओं से पार पा चुके ऑलराउंडर रवींद्र जडेजा, बल्लेबाज हनुमा विहारी और मुहम्मद शमी की.
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स्कूल संचालकों को भी जानकारी भेजी गई है. हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तर प्रदेश जौनपुर कर्मचारी संघर्ष मोर्चा ने विश्वविद्यालय बंटवारे का किया विरोध हाईकोर्ट में पीआईएल दाखिल करने वाले याचिकाकर्ता प्रेम अरोरा ने डीएम से सरकारी जमीन पर राजीव आवास आवंटन की शिकायत की थी। कहा गया कि कई पट्टे की जमीनों को प्रशासन ने पट्टा नियमों के उल्लंघन पर रद्द कर दिया था। कई विवाद अभी भी कोर्ट में विचाराधीन हैं। इसके बावजूद उन जमीनों पर आवास आवंटन कर दिए गए। राजस्व उपनिरीक्षक ने सरकारी भूमि पर बसे व्यक्तियों को राजीव आवास नहीं देने की संस्तुति की थी। आरोप है कि इसके बावजूद आवास आवंटित कर दिए गए। जांच की जद में 17 आवास आए हैं। उद्योग व्यापार मंडल अध्यक्ष गुड्डू सिंह का कहना है कि आवंटन में जमकर भ्रष्टाचार हुआ है। जिनका सूची में नाम तक नहीं था, उन्हें भी आवास बांट दिए गए। लेकिन भारतीय जनता पार्टी ने वरिष्ठ नेताओं के बेटी, बेटे व अन्य को आगे बढ़ाकर यह तो स्पष्ट कर दिया है कि अब भारतीय जनता पार्टी भी परिवारवाद की तरफ बढ़ रही है। अब ऐसे में सवाल उठता है कि एक तरफ जहां भारतीय जनता पार्टी दूसरी अन्य पार्टियों पर खासतौर समाजवादी पार्टी व कांग्रेस</s>
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Open Access
Multiple origins of endosymbiosis within the Enterobacteriaceae (γ-Proteobacteria): convergence of complex phylogenetic approaches
BMC Biology20119:87
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-87
Received: 27 July 2011
Accepted: 28 December 2011
Published: 28 December 2011
The bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae gave rise to a variety of symbiotic forms, from the loosely associated commensals, often designated as secondary (S) symbionts, to obligate mutualists, called primary (P) symbionts. Determination of the evolutionary processes behind this phenomenon has long been hampered by the unreliability of phylogenetic reconstructions within this group of bacteria. The main reasons have been the absence of sufficient data, the highly derived nature of the symbiont genomes and lack of appropriate phylogenetic methods. Due to the extremely aberrant nature of their DNA, the symbiotic lineages within Enterobacteriaceae form long branches and tend to cluster as a monophyletic group. This state of phylogenetic uncertainty is now improving with an increasing number of complete bacterial genomes and development of new methods. In this study, we address the monophyly versus polyphyly of enterobacterial symbionts by exploring a multigene matrix within a complex phylogenetic framework.
We assembled the richest taxon sampling of Enterobacteriaceae to date (50 taxa, 69 orthologous genes with no missing data) and analyzed both nucleic and amino acid data sets using several probabilistic methods. We particularly focused on the long-branch attraction-reducing methods, such as a nucleotide and amino acid data recoding and exclusion (including our new approach and slow-fast analysis), taxa exclusion and usage of complex evolutionary models, such as nonhomogeneous model and models accounting for site-specific features of protein evolution (CAT and CAT+GTR). Our data strongly suggest independent origins of four symbiotic clusters; the first is formed by Hamiltonella and Regiella (S-symbionts) placed as a sister clade to Yersinia, the second comprises Arsenophonus and Riesia (S- and P-symbionts) as a sister clade to Proteus, the third Sodalis, Baumannia, Blochmannia and Wigglesworthia (S- and P-symbionts) as a sister or paraphyletic clade to the Pectobacterium and Dickeya clade and, finally, Buchnera species and Ishikawaella (P-symbionts) clustering with the Erwinia and Pantoea clade.
The results of this study confirm the efficiency of several artifact-reducing methods and strongly point towards the polyphyly of P-symbionts within Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, the model species of symbiotic bacteria research, Buchnera and Wigglesworthia, originated from closely related, but different, ancestors. The possible origins of intracellular symbiotic bacteria from gut-associated or pathogenic bacteria are suggested, as well as the role of facultative secondary symbionts as a source of bacteria that can gradually become obligate maternally transferred symbionts.
One of the most fundamental evolutionary questions concerning insect-bacteria symbiosis is the origin and phylogenetic relationships of various symbiotic lineages. This knowledge is necessary for understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of symbiosis establishment and maintenance within the host. For instance, close relationships between symbionts and pathogenic bacteria suggests a transition from pathogenicity to symbiosis; polyphyly of the symbionts within a single host group is evidence of their multiple independent origins and close relationships among symbionts of different biology indicate high ecological flexibility within a given symbiotic group [16]. These implications are particularly important within Enterobacteriaceae, the group containing a broad spectrum of symbiotic lineages and forms described from various groups of insects. Their biology varies from loosely associated facultative symbionts (often called Secondary (S) symbionts) to obligatory mutualists of a highly derived nature, called Primary (P) symbionts [79]. However, the concept of the P- and S-symbionts and the associated terminology are a major oversimplification and they become inadequate for the description of the ever increasing complexity of the symbiotic system within Enterobacteriaceae. This complexity is manifested by such phenomena as the presence of multiple symbionts in a single host [10], occurrence of intermediate symbiotic forms and the replacement of symbionts within a host [1114] or close phylogenetic relationships between typical S- and P-symbionts revealing their high ecological versatility [15]. A good example of such a complex system is provided by the occurrence of multiple obligate symbionts within Auchenorrhyncha [10], universally harboring Sulcia muelleri (Bacteroidetes) [16] with either Hodgkinia cicadicola (α-Proteobacteria) in cicadas, Zinderia insecticola (β-Proteobacteria) in spittlebugs or Baumannia cicadellinicola (γ-Proteobacteria) in sharpshooters. All of these latter symbionts are obligate and have been cospeciating with their hosts for millions of years [1721]. A close phylogenetic relationship between typical S- and P-symbionts has been so far demonstrated in two well defined and often studied groups, the enterobacterial genera Arsenophonus and Sodalis [5, 22, 23]. The general capability of S-symbionts to supplement the metabolic functions of P-symbionts or even replace them was demonstrated experimentally by replacement of Buchnera with Serratia in aphids [24].
It is obvious that all these fascinating processes can only be studied on a reliable phylogenetic background [9, 2528]. Unfortunately, under current conditions, the phylogeny within Enterobacteriaceae and the placement of various symbiotic lineages are very unstable. Particularly, the P-symbionts present an extremely difficult challenge to phylogenetic computation due to their strongly modified genomes [9]. There are several root problems that are responsible for this dissatisfactory state. Traditionally, 16S rDNA was frequently used as an exclusive molecular marker for the description of a new symbiont. Many lineages are thus represented only by this gene, which has been shown within Enterobacteriaceae to be inadequate for inferring a reliable phylogeny [29]. In addition, it is notoriously known that the phylogenetic information of symbiotic bacteria is often seriously distorted due to the conditions associated with the symbiotic lifestyle. The effect of strong bottlenecks accompanied by reduced purifying selection and the overall degeneration of symbiotic genomes have been thoroughly discussed in many studies [3033]. As a result of these degenerative processes, symbiotic lineages may experience parallel changes of their DNAs and these convergences produce the main source of phylogenetic artifacts. Among the most important features are biased nucleotide composition favoring adenine-thymine bases and rapid sequence evolution. While the compositional bias leads to the introduction of homoplasies at both nucleotide and amino acid levels, the accelerated evolution is a well known source of the long-branch attraction phenomenon [34, 35]. Due to these circumstances, symbionts almost always appear as long branches in phylogenetic trees and tend to cluster together [36].
Various methodological approaches have been tested to overcome these difficulties (Additional file 1). They are based mainly on the concatenation of a large number of genes through the whole genome [3739], the supertree and the consensus approach [37], exclusion of amino acids (FYMINK: phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, asparagine and lysine) most affected by nucleotide bias [37], modifications of sequence evolution models [11, 12, 36, 40] and use of the genome structure as a source of phylogenetic data [41]. Phylogenomic studies based on large concatenated sets frequently imply monophyly of the typical P-symbionts (Additional file 1). However, due to the limited number of available genomes, these studies are usually based on inadequate taxon sampling. For example, secondary symbionts and plant pathogens that were shown to break the P-symbiont monophyly in the analysis using a nonhomogeneous model [40] could not be included into these phylogenomic studies. It is important to note that P-symbionts are probably only distantly related to the Escherichia/Salmonella/Yersinia clade. Therefore, the monophyly of P-symbionts derived from such a phylogenomic dataset is logically inevitable, but does not carry any evolutionary information.
The non-monophyletic nature of P-symbionts has been recently suggested in several studies. Perhaps the most inspiring is a study based on a nonhomogeneous model that separates P-symbionts into two independent lineages [40]. As an alternative, a paraphyletic arrangement of these symbionts in respect to several free-living taxa has been revealed from gene-order analysis based on break-point and inversion distances [41]. Most recently, Williams et al. [42] performed a 'telescoping' multiprotein phylogenomic analysis of 104 γ-Proteobacterial genomes. The phylogeny of Enterobacteriaceae endosymbionts was difficult to resolve, although it appeared that there were independent origins of at least the Sodalis and Buchnera lineages.
Thus, there is now a spectrum of hypotheses on the phylogeny of insect symbionts, ranging from complete polyphyly with multiple independent origins to complete monophyly with one common origin. In this study, we take advantage of current progress in computational methods to investigate phylogenetic relationships among the symbiotic lineages. One of the promising recent methodological advances is the introduction of a site-heterogeneous non-parametric mixture CAT model that allows for site-specific features of protein evolution [43]. This model was shown to solve the long-branch attraction (LBA) artifacts and outperform the previous models [4447]. Similarly, the slow-fast method based on removal of the fastest evolving sites was shown to reduce phylogenetic artifacts [4854], as well as purine/pyrimidine (RY) data recoding [5558] or amino acid data recoding [59, 60]. We used these methods as the core of a complex approach and tried to investigate series of methods, models and parameters to detect common trends in changes of the topologies. To do this, we applied two parallel approaches, one based on the application of recently developed algorithms and the other on the removal or recoding of the positions most affected by rapid sequence evolution and/or compositional (AT) bias. In addition, we paid particular attention to the sampling and used as much of a complete set of both symbiotic and free-living lineages as possible. This approach is particularly important to avoid interpretation uncertainties due to the absence of phylogenetically important lineages.
The complete methodological design of this study and the resulting topologies are depicted in Figure 1. All matrices, alignments and phylogenetic trees are available in the TreeBASE database, as supplementary material, or on the webpage
Figure 1
Study design. General design of the study summarizing all analyses and results. Individual topologies show the gradient of acquired results; method names are written above and below the arrows. Notice an increasing number of independent origins of symbionts and decreasing number of phylogenetic artifacts along the continuum towards the 'derived' methods. 1+2: third codon positions excluded; AT/GC(BI/4-11): AT/GC datasets 4-11 analyzed by BI; BI: Bayesian inference; Dayhoff6/Dayhoff4/HP: amino acid recoded matrices; ML: maximum likelihood; nhPhyML: ML under nonhomogeneous model; MP: maximum parsimony; RY: purine/pyrimidine recoded matrix; SF: slow-fasted datasets.
Standard maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference
The single gene maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of both nucleic and amino acid data provided an array of mutually exclusive topologies. The majority consensus based on amino acid data (Additional file 2a) groups almost all symbionts into polytomy with only two pairs of sister symbiotic species being resolved (Buchnera and Blochmannia). Phylogenetic trees inferred by ML and Bayesian inference (BI) from the nucleic acid concatenated data using the General Time Reversible model with an estimated proportion of invariable sites (I) and heterogeneity of evolutionary rates modeled by the four substitution rate categories of the gamma (Γ) distribution with the gamma shape parameter (alpha) estimated from the data (GTR+I+Γ) were apparently affected by phylogenetic artifacts, as demonstrated by placement of Riesia and Wigglesworthia within the Buchnera cluster with high posterior probabilities in the BI tree (Figure 2) and the attraction of two outgroup species (Haemophilus and Pasteurella) in the ML tree with high bootstrap support (Additional file 2b). Similar topologies were also retrieved from the amino acid concatenate by ML and BI using the LG+I+Γ, WAG+I+Γ and GTR+I+Γ models (Figure 3). Nevertheless, in contrast to the nucleotide-derived results, the monophyly of the Buchnera clade was not disrupted and Hamiltonella and Regiella were unambiguously separated from the other symbionts and clustered with Yersinia.
Figure 2
MrBayes phylogram - 69 genes, nucleotide matrix. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenated nucleotide matrix using BI under the GTR+I+Γ model. Asterisks designate nodes with posterior probabilities equal to 1.0, values next to species names represent GC content calculated from the 69-gene dataset, genomic GC content can be found in Additional file 4. BI: Bayesian inference.
Figure 3
MrBayes phylogram - 69 genes, amino acid matrix. Phylogram inferred from the concatenated amino acid matrix using BI under the WAG+I+Γ model. Values at nodes represent posterior probabilities (WAG+I+Γ model, GTR+I+Γ protein model) and bootstrap supports from ML analysis (LG+I+Γ model). Asterisks designate nodes with posterior probabilities or bootstrap supports equal to 1.0, dashes designate values lower than 0.5 or 50, values next to species names represent GC content calculated from the 69-gene dataset, genomic GC content can be found in Additional file 4. BI: Bayesian inference. ML: maximum likelihood.
PhyloBayes, non-homogenous PhyML and modified matrices
The phylogenetic trees acquired under the CAT+GTR PhyloBayes model from 14 and 55 concatenated genes (Figure 4 and Additional file 2p) split symbiotic bacteria into four and three independent lineages, respectively. First, Arsenophonus nasoniae is a sister species to Proteus mirabilis; second, Hamiltonella and Regiella form a sister clade to Yersinia pestis; third, the Sodalis, Baumannia, Blochmannia, Wigglesworthia, Riesia and Buchnera clade form a sister clade to Dickeya/Pectobacterium. The position of Ishikawaella differs between the two datasets. In the 14-gene dataset, Ishikawaella forms a sister clade to Pantoea (Figure 4) and in the 55-gene dataset, it is attracted to the P-symbiont cluster (Additional file 2p).
Figure 4
PhyloBayes phylogram - 14 genes, amino acid matrix. Phylogram derived from concatenation of 14 genes (AceE, ArgS, AspS, EngA, GidA, GlyS, InfB, PheT, Pgi, Pnp, RpoB, RpoC, TrmE and YidC) using PhyloBayes under the CAT+GTR model. Asterisks designate nodes with posterior probabilities equal to 1.0, values next to species names represent GC content calculated from the 69-gene dataset, genomic GC content can be found in Additional file 4.
A topology with four independent symbiotic clades resulted from the trees derived from dayhoff6 and dayhoff4 recoded amino acid data sets analyzed by CAT and CAT+GTR models (Figure 5, Additional file 2r, q) and partially with the hp (hydrophobic-polar) recoded dataset (Additional file 2c) - which was on the other hand affected by the substantial loss of phylogenetic information. The first clade is Buchnera+Ishikawaella as a sister clade to the Erwinia/Pantoea clade, the second clade is Riesia+Arsenophonus as a sister clade to Proteus, the third clade is Hamiltonella+Regiella as a sister clade to Yersinia, and the last clade is composed of Sodalis, Baumannia, Blochmannia and Wigglesworthia.
Figure 5
PhyloBayes cladogram - 69 genes, Dayhoff6 amino acid recoded matrix. Cladogram inferred from amino acid matrix recoded with Dayhoff6 scheme using PhyloBayes with the CAT and CAT+GTR model. Because of the length of symbiotic branches, phylogram is presented only as a preview (original phylogram can be found in Additional trees on our website). Values at nodes represent posterior probabilities from CAT and CAT+GTR analyses, respectively (asterisks designate nodes with posterior probabilities equal to 1.0). Values next to species names represent GC content calculated from the 69-gene dataset, genomic GC content can be found in Additional file 4.
The analyses testing each symbiont independently, using a CAT+GTR model on the dayhoff6 recoded datasets, resulted in topologies supporting multiple origins of endosymbiosis (Additional file 2s). Arsenophonus clusters with Proteus; Hamiltonella clusters with Yersinia; Regiella clusters with Yersinia; and Sodalis, Blochmannia, Baumannia, Riesia and Wigglesworthia grouped into polytomy with the basal enterobacterial clades. Most importantly, the Buchnera clade clusters as a sister clade to the Erwinia clade and Ishikawaella is placed in polytomy with the Pantoea and Erwinia clade.
The non-homogenous (nh) PhyML nucleotide analyses with two different starting trees resulted in two different topologies (Figure 6 and Additional file 2d, e, f). When compared by the approximately unbiased (AU) test, the topology with four independent origins of symbiotic bacteria prevailed (P = 1) over the topology with monophyly of P-symbionts, which therefore corresponds to a local minimum due to a tree search failure (complete matrix: P = 2 × 10-67; matrix without the third positions: P = 9 × 10-87). The only incongruence in topologies based on the complete matrix (Additional file 2d) and the matrix without the third positions (Figure 6) was the placement of the Sodalis+Baumannia+Blochmannia+Wigglesworthia clade as a sister clade to the Edwardsiella or Dickeya/Pectobacterium clades.
Figure 6
nhPhyML phylogram - 69 genes, nucleotide matrix, third positions excluded. Phylogram inferred from the concatenated nucleotide matrix without third codon positions using the nonhomogeneous model of evolution as implemented in nhPhyML. Values at nodes and branches represent GC content.
Matrices obtained by removing positions according to the AT/GC contents produced trees covering the whole continuum illustrated in Figure 1. The most severe restrictions, that is, removal of all positions that contain both AT and GC categories or relaxing for up to three taxa (see BI trees in Additional file 2g, h, i, j), yielded topologies compatible with the results of the CAT model applied on the recoded amino acid data and of the nhPhyML analysis. Further relaxing the restriction rule led to a variety of trees along the Figure 1 continuum, with a less clear relation between the used parameter and the resulting topology (Additional file 3).
Compared to the ML analysis of all nucleotide positions, the analysis of first plus second positions reduced the obvious artifact of outgroup attraction (Additional file 2k). Nevertheless, it also sorted symbionts according to their branch length. Analysis of the RY recoded nucleotide matrix produced a tree compatible with the results of the CAT+GTR model (Additional file 2l). Analysis of the RY recoded nucleotide matrix without the third positions resulted in a topology with a Sodalis+Baumannia+Blochmannia cluster (as a sister to the Pectobacterium/Dickeya clade) separated from the rest of the P-symbionts, which clustered with the Erwinia/Pantoea clade (Additional file 2m). Slow-fast analyses with gradual reduction of saturated positions did not produce the polyphyly of P-symbionts (Additional file 3; only the first five trees presented, subsequent trees are identical to the fifth tree). However, this analysis shows an increasing effect of LBA artifacts associated with the increasing number of remaining saturated positions, especially Riesia attraction and swapping of symbiotic branches according to their length.
Performance of the methods: convergence towards non-monophyly
The results obtained in this study strongly indicate that the frequently retrieved monophyly of P-symbionts is an artifact caused by their highly modified genomes. None of the most widely used methods, that is, ML and BI with different models used on nucleic (GTR+I+Γ) and amino acid (GTR/LG/WAG+I+Γ) data, were capable of resolving deep phylogenetic relationships and correct placement of the symbiotic taxa. This conclusion is evidenced by obvious artifacts, such as the inclusion of Riesia into the P-symbiotic lineage or the even more conspicuous distorted placing of Wigglesworthia within the Buchnera cluster. The arrangement of such trees suggests that these methods sort the symbionts according to their branch lengths and/or AT contents and attach the whole symbiotic cluster to the longest branch available. While the difficulty with placement of the most aberrant taxa, such as Riesia, Wigglesworthia and Buchnera (Cinara cedri) was also observed when using the mixture model accounting for site specific characteristics of protein evolution (Figure 4; Additional files 2p and 5), these artifacts disappeared after amino acid data recoding followed by CAT and CAT+GTR model analysis and the application of a nonhomogeneous model.
Additional support for the non-monophyly view stems from the second, parallel approach based on the restricted matrices. While our newly developed method shares the basic principles with the slow-fast and recoding methods, such as the removal of the positions that are likely to distort the phylogenetic relationships due to their aberrant evolution, it differs in the criteria of their removal and thus produces different input data. It is therefore significant that this method led independently to the same picture, the non-monophyly of the P-symbionts with clustering identical to the above analyses: Ishikawaella+Buchnera and Sodalis+Baumannia+Blochmannia+Wigglesworthia. The removal of the heteropecillous sites was recently shown to have similar effectiveness as our new method [61], which further supports the results. Moreover, this topology was obtained even under the maximum parsimony (MP) criterion (Additional file 3), which is known to be extremely sensitive to LBA [34]. On the other hand, although slow-fast analysis is generally considered a powerful tool for resolving relationships among taxa with different rates of evolution, we show in our data that the mere exclusion of the fast evolving sites is not sufficient when using empirical models and should be followed by analysis using some of the complex models, such as the CAT-like models. In addition, since this method usually requires an a priori definition of monophyletic groups, it should be used and interpreted with caution. Similar to the slow-fast method, RY recoding and exclusion of third codon positions were not sufficient for resolving deep symbiont phylogeny. However, all these methods can remove at least some of the artifacts and provide insight for further analyses.
Summarizing the topologies obtained in this study (Figure 1), a convergence can be detected towards a particular non-monophyletic arrangement of P-symbionts, as revealed under the most 'derived' methods. This result strongly supports the view of multiple origins of insect endosymbionts, as first revealed by the nonhomogeneous model of sequence evolution [40], and is partially congruent with the analyses of gene order [41] and phylogenomics of Gammaproteobacteria [42]. It is also important to note that, apart from multiple symbiont clustering, the arrangement of the non-symbiotic taxa corresponds to most of the phylogenomic analyses using Escherichia/Salmonella/Yersinia taxon sampling [3739].
Biological significance of P-symbionts non-monophyly
Considering that most of the 'artifact-resistant' analyses point towards the non-monophyly of enterobacterial P-symbionts, the questions of how many symbiotic lineages are represented by the known symbiotic diversity and what are their closest free-living relatives now becomes of particular importance. It is not clear whether the split of the original P-symbiotic cluster into two lineages is definite or these two groups will be further divided after yet more sensitive methods and more complete data are available. At the moment there are still several clusters composed exclusively of derived symbiotic forms. In principle, three different processes may be responsible for the occurrence of such clusters: first, horizontal transmission of established symbiotic forms among host species; second, inadequate sampling with missing free-living relatives; or third, phylogenetic artifacts. All of these factors are likely to play a role in the current topological patterns. Being the main issues of this study, the role of methodological artifacts has been discussed above. Horizontal transmission, as the basis of non-artificial symbiotic clusters, is likely to take part at least in some cases. Perhaps the most convincing example is the Wolbachia cluster [62]: while within Enterobacteriaceae it may apply to Arsenophonus, Sodalis and possibly some other S-symbionts.
Recognition of the third cause, the incomplete sampling, and identification of the closest free-living relatives, now becomes a crucial step in future research. It is often assumed that symbionts originate from bacteria common to the environment typical for a given insect group. For example, cicadas spend most of their life cycle underground and feed primarily on plant roots. Consequently, their α-Proteobacterial symbiont Hodgkinia cicadicola originated within Rhizobiales [19]. A similar ecological background can be noticed in yet different hosts, the ixodid and argasid ticks. Several reports have shown that some of the tick-transmitted pathogens are related to their symbiotic fauna [6365]. Many of the insect taxa associated with symbiotic Enterobacteriaceae are phytophagous, and plant pathogens thus fit well into this hypothesis as hypothetical ancestors of various insect symbionts lineages. The presence of a type III secretion system, which is used in pathogenic bacteria for host cell invasion, in secondary symbionts [6669] and its remnant in the primary symbiont of Sitophilus spp. weevils [70] could further support the theory of pathogenic ancestors of insect symbionts. It can only be speculated that these bacteria first became S-symbiont type and were horizontally transferred to various other insect species. Within some of the infected species, facultative symbionts eventually became obligatory primary symbionts. An identical situation can be observed in symbiotic clades with numerous species, such as Wolbachia [71, 72], Sodalis [23, 73, 74] or Arsenophonus [5].
In our study, we gave particular attention to the sampling of free-living Enterobacteriaceae to provide as complete a background for the symbiotic lineages as possible under the current state of knowledge (that is, the availability of the genomic data). The most consistent picture derived from the presented analyses places the four main symbiotic clusters into the following positions. First, for the Buchnera cluster, its previously suggested relationship to Erwinia was confirmed. Erwinia, as a genus of mostly plant pathogenic bacteria, has been previously suggested to represent an ancestral organism, which upon ingestion by aphids at least 180 million years ago [75] turned into an intracellular symbiotic bacterium [76]. However, it is not known whether it was primarily pathogenic to aphids, similar to Erwinia aphidicola [77], or a gut associated symbiotic bacterium as in pentatomid stinkbugs [78], thrips [79, 80] or Tephritidae flies [8183]. Ishikawaella capsulata, an extracellular gut symbiont of plataspid stinkbugs [84], was the only symbiotic bacterium that clustered in our 'derived' analyses with the Buchnera clade. However, several single-gene studies indicate that this group contains some additional symbiotic lineages for which sequenced genome data is not currently available. These are, in particular, the extracellular symbionts of acanthosomatid stinkbugs [85], parastrachid stinkbugs [86], scutellerid stinkbugs [87, 88] and some of the symbionts in pentatomid stinkbugs [78].
The second clade, represented in our analysis by Sodalis+Baumannia+Blochmannia+Wigglesworthia, is likely to encompass many other P- and S-symbionts [8992]. The possible single origin of these symbionts has to be further tested, however the interspersion of both forms, together with basal position of Sodalis, seem to support a transition from a secondary to primary symbiotic lifestyle [15]. In our analysis, the whole clade was placed between pathogenic bacteria of plants and animals, the Edwardsiella and Pectobacterium/Dickeya clades, or as a sister to the latter group. Recently, another symbiotic bacterium (called BEV, Euscelidius variegatus host) was shown to be a sister species to Pectobacterium [93].
Two additional independent origins of insect symbionts are represented by the Arsenophonus/Riesia clade and Hamiltonella+Regiella. Both of these clades clustered in our analyses in the positions indicated by previous studies, that is, as related to Proteus and Yersinia, respectively [5, 67, 9397].
While the position of individual symbiotic lineages is remarkably consistent across our 'artifact-resistant' analyses and are well compatible with some of the previous studies, the topology can only provide a rough picture of the relationships within Enterobacteriaceae. To get a more precise and phylogenetically meaningful background for an evolutionary interpretation, the sample of free-living bacteria as a possible source of symbiotic lineages has to be much improved. An illuminating example is provided by the bacterium Biostraticola tofi, described from water biofilms. When analyzed using 16S rDNA, this bacterium seemed to be closely related to Sodalis [98]. Its position as a sister group to the Sodalis/Baumannia/Blochmannia/Wigglesworthia clade was also retrieved in our single-gene analysis (groEL, data not shown). If confirmed by more precise multigene approach, Biostraticola would represent the closest bacterium to the large symbiotic cluster.
The topologies obtained by several independent approaches strongly support the non-monophyletic view of enterobacterial P-symbionts. Particularly, they show that at least three independent origins led to highly specialized symbiotic forms, the first giving rise to Sodalis, Baumannia, Blochmannia and Wigglesworthia (S- and P-symbionts), the second to Buchnera and Ishikawella and the last to Riesia and Arsenophonus (S- and P-symbionts). This separation of symbiotic clusters poses an interesting question as to whether the presented disbandment of the P-symbiotic cluster is definite or if it will continue after yet more complete data are available and more realistic evolutionary models [99101] are applied. One obvious drawback of the current state is that many additional symbiotic lineages already known within Enterobacteriaceae cannot be at the moment included into serious phylogenetic analyses due to the lack of sufficient molecular data and will have to be revisited once complete genomic data are available. These bacteria include symbionts of mealybugs [89, 102], psyllids [90, 103], lice [2, 91], weevils [11, 12, 92], reed beetles [104, 105], true bugs [78, 8488, 106, 107] and symbionts of leeches [108, 109]. Similarly, the importance of free-living bacteria and variety of S-symbionts as possible ancestors of P-symbionts should not be underestimated when assembling datasets for phylogenetic analyses. The shift from polymerase chain reaction-based gene-centered sequencing towards high-throughput next-generation sequencing may soon provide sufficient data for more complete analyses of the Enterobacteriaceae phylogeny.
Matrices and multiple sequence alignments
The genes used in this study were extracted from 50 complete genome sequences of γ-Proteobacteria available in GenBank (Additional file 4), including 14 endosymbiotic Enterobacteriaceae. We did not include Carsonella ruddii [110] since this psyllid symbiotic bacterium does not appear to be a member of the Enterobacteriaceae clade [90, 111] and is only attracted there by the AT rich taxa. After removal of the AT rich lineages from the analysis, Carsonella ruddii clusters with the genus Pseudomonas [42]. Also, we did not include Serratia symbiotica [95] because its genome only became available after completion of our datasets. However, the phylogenetic position of this symbiotic bacterium within Serratia genus is robust and was confirmed in several studies [6, 14, 112].
To minimize the introduction of a false phylogenetic signal, we compared the genomes of all symbiotic bacteria and selected only single-copy genes present in all of the included symbiotic and free-living taxa. Such strict gene exclusion was also necessary regarding the usage of computationally demanding methods; it was one of our goals to produce a taxonomically representative data set of efficient size with no missing data. Altogether, 69 orthologous genes, mostly involved in translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis (Additional file 4) were selected according to the Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) [113, 114]. Single-gene nucleotide data sets were downloaded via their COG numbers from a freely available database (MicrobesOnline [115]).
All protein coding sequences were translated into amino acids in SeaView version 4 [116], aligned by the MAFFT version 6 L-INS-i algorithm [117] and toggled back to the nucleotide sequences. Ambiguously aligned positions (codons) were excluded by Gblocks v0.91b [118, 119] with the following parameters: minimum number of sequences for a conserved position: 26; minimum number of sequences for a flanking position: 43; maximum number of contiguous nonconserved positions: 8; minimum length of a block: 10; allowed gap positions: with half. The resulting trimmed alignments were checked and manually corrected in BioEdit v7.0.5 [120]. Alignments were concatenated in SeaView. The 69 gene concatenate resulted in an alignment of 63, 462 nucleic acid positions with 42, 481 parsimony-informative and 48, 527 variable sites and 21, 154 amino acid positions with 12, 735 parsimony-informative and 15, 986 variable sites.
Phylogenetic analyses
We used two different approaches to deal with the distortions caused by the highly modified nature of symbiotic genomes, which are the main source of the phylogenetic artifacts in phylogenetic analyses.
First, we applied complex models of molecular evolution. Using PhyloBayes 3.2f [121], we applied non-parametric site heterogeneous CAT and CAT+GTR models [43]. For all PhyloBayes analyses, we ran two chains with an automatic stopping option set to end the chain when all discrepancies were lower than 0.3 and all effective sizes were larger than 100. Under the CAT and CAT+GTR models, the four independent PhyloBayes runs were stuck in a local maximum (maxdiff = 1) even after 25, 000 and 10, 000 cycles, respectively, and we were not able to reach Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) convergence. Therefore, we present these trees only as supplementary material (although they mostly point toward multiple origins of symbiosis; Additional file 5) and we ran the CAT+GTR analyses with the reduced dataset based on 14 genes with the number of parsimony-informative amino acid positions higher than 300 (AceE, ArgS, AspS, EngA, GidA, GlyS, InfB, PheT, Pgi, Pnp, RpoB, RpoC, TrmE and YidC). To check for compatibility of these arbitrary selected 14 genes with the rest of the data, we also analyzed, in a separate analysis, the remaining 55-gene dataset under the CAT+GTR model. Using nhPhyML [122], we applied a nonhomogeneous nonstationary model of sequence evolution [123, 124], which can deal with artifacts caused by compositional heterogeneity [40, 125, 126]. We used two different starting trees (Additional file 2n) and ran the analyses with and without the third codon positions. The resulting trees were evaluated by an AU test in CONSEL [127].
The second approach relies on the selective restriction of the data matrix. We used four previously established methods of data weighting and/or exclusion (see Background): RY data recoding, amino acid data recoding, exclusion of third codon positions and slow-fast analysis, and developed one additional method: since transition from G/C to A/T at many positions is a common homoplasy of symbiotic genomes, we removed from the matrix all positions containing both the G/C and A/T states. All substitutions considered in the subsequent analyses thus included exclusively transversions within the A/T or G/C categories. To analyze an effect of this restriction on the reduction of the data, we prepared 11 matrices with a partially relaxed rule (removing all positions with AT+GC, allowing for one taxon exception, two taxa exception, and so on, up until a 10 taxa exception). Since this method has never been tested, we analyzed the restricted matrices by the BI, ML (parameters as for standard analyses) and MP using PAUP* 4.0b10 with the tree bisection and reconnection algorithm [128]. Four other types of data weighting and/or exclusion were used to increase the phylogenetic signal to noise ratio and determine the robustness of our results. First, the third codon positions were removed in SeaView. Second, RY recoding was performed on all and first plus second positions. Third, saturated positions were excluded from the concatenated data sets by SlowFaster [129]. To assign substitutional rates to individual positions, unambiguously monophyletic groups were chosen on a polytomic tree (Additional file 2o), positions with the highest rates were gradually excluded and 21 restricted matrices were produced. These weighted data sets were analyzed by ML. Fourth, amino acid data recoding was performed in PhyloBayes with hp (A, C, F, G, I, L, M, V, W) (D, E, H, K, N, P, Q, R, S, T, Y), dayhoff4 (A, G, P, S, T) (D, E, N, Q) (H, K, R) (F, Y, W, I, L, M, V) (C = ?) and dayhoff6 (A, G, P, S, T) (D, E, N, Q) (H, K, R) (F, Y, W) (I, L, M, V) (C) recoding schemes. In addition, we have prepared 10 dayhoff6 recoded matrices to test individual symbiotic lineages without the presence of other symbionts. Amino acid recoded matrices were analyzed using the CAT and CAT+GTR models, which are more immune to phylogenetic artifacts than one-matrix models.
To allow for comparison of the results with previously published studies, as well as to separate the effect of newly used models and methods from changes due to the extended sampling, we also used standard procedures of phylogenetic inference, ML and BI. The following programs, algorithms and parameters were used in the ML and BI analyses. ML was applied to single-gene and concatenated alignments of both nucleotides and amino acids using PhyML v3.0 [130] with the subtree pruning and regrafting tree search algorithm. BI was performed in MrBayes 3.1.2 [131] with one to five million generations and tree sampling every 100 generations. Exploration of MCMC convergence and burn-in determination was performed in AWTY and Tracer v1.5 [132, 133]. Evolutionary substitution models for proteins were selected by ProtTest 2.4 [134] and for DNA by jModelTest 0.1.1 [135] according to the Akaike Information Criterion. For DNA sequences, the GTR+I+Γ model was used [136138]. Transition and transversion models [139] were used with I+Γ under ML for the first two AT/GC datasets. LG+I+Γ [140], WAG+I+Γ [141] and GTR+I+Γ models were used for amino acid data. A cross-validation method implemented in PhyloBayes [121, 142] was used to estimate the fit of CAT-like models. For both datasets, the 14 selected genes as well as the complete 69 genes set, the cross-validation was performed according to the PhyloBayes manual in 10 replicates each with 1, 100 cycles. The CAT-Poisson model had significantly better fit to the data than the GTR model (Δl 157.37 ± 56.9379 for the 14-gene matrix and Δl 3923.9 ± 1963.5 for the 69-gene matrix); of the CAT-like models, the CAT+GTR model was found to be significantly better than the CAT-Poisson model (Δl 536.71 ± 32.8341 for the 14-gene matrix and Δl 1633.4 ± 123.482 for the 69-gene matrix) in all 10 replicates.
This work was supported by the Grant Agency of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (grant number P505/10/1401 to VH); the Student Grant Agency of the Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia (grant number SGA2009002 to FH); and the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant numbers LC06073 and MSM 60076605801 to VH). Access to the MetaCentrum computing facilities provided under the 'Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations' program LM2010005 funded by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic is highly appreciated.
Authors’ Affiliations
Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia
Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of ASCR
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Biwoare have revealed more details on the Trooper class in Star Wars: The Old Republic. The new details focus on the high tech weaponry at the trooper's disposal, the unique craft they can pilot and the new companion, the demolitions expert Tanno Vik. Read on for more details and a new trailer.
Troopers are deadly at range, wielding the finest blasters available to the Republic. With training, Troopers can become advanced Vanguard warriors. These fighters stride into battle in state-of-the-art heavy armour, wielding even larger blasters like underslung cannons to blast the enemy out of cover.
Their unique vessel is the Rendili Hyperworks BT-7 Thunderclap , an advanced assault craft, bristling with weaponry. On board you'll be able to wander around the hi-tech briefing rooms and armoury decks that come with the vessel. There you'll be able to put the Trooper's companion Tanno Vik to work, crafting new armour and weapons for you and your other companions. For more on Bioware's upcoming Star Wars MMO, check out our preview , or head on over to the official Star Wars: The Old Republic site.
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चित्तौड़गढ़। मंगलवाड़ थाना पुलिस ने रविवार को बस के इंतजार के खड़े एक व्यक्ति से 17.700 किलोग्राम अवैध अफीम डोडाचूरा जब्त कर एक आरोपी को गिरफ्तार किया है, वहीं एक बाल अपचारी को डिटेन किया है।
पुलिस अधीक्षक राजन दुष्यन्त ने बताया कि थानाधिकारी मंगलवाड़ चन्द्रशेखर किलानियां पु.नि. मय जाप्ता एएसआई संतोष तिवारी, कानि करनलसिंह, संदीप, थानसिंह व दिलीपसिंह के साथ थाने से लोकल एवं स्पेशल एक्ट की कार्यवाही हेतु रवाना हो मंगलवाड चौराया पहुंच नाकाबन्दी की। इस दौरान मुखबिर की सूचना पर चित्तौडगढ उदयपुर सिक्स लेन हाईवे रोड पर रॉयल गेस्ट हाउस के सामने बस के इंतजार में खडे हुये खारा फलौदी थाना फलौदी जिला जोधपुर निवासी 20 वर्षीय राधेश्याम पुत्र हनुमानाराम विश्नोई व एक बाल अपचारी के कब्जेशुदा दो बैगों से 17.700 किलोग्राम अवैध अफीम डोडाचूरा जब्त कर आरोपी को मौके पर गिरफ्तार कर नाबालिग को डिटेन किया गया।
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Home Authors Posts by Kaitlin Martin
As of late, a lot of my friends from out-of-town have been coming to visit me in Durham. I pride myself on being a planner, so the idea of organizing an entire day or weekend in Durham is enough...
Breakfast may be the best meal of the day and Durham has it down pat. What’s even better is that it can all be found throughout the day! Here's some spots you need to know about!
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Will the December massacre of 20 schoolchildren in Newtown, Conn., be a tipping point in the long-running crusade against video game violence? Vice President Joe Biden met with video game industry representatives on Friday as part of a larger effort to find solutions to problems associated with gun violence.
Wayne LaPierre, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association, has blamed Hollywood and the video game industry for the rash of U.S. shooting sprees. ”There exists in this country a callous, corrupt and corrupting shadow industry that sells, and sows, violence against its own people,” he said in a controversial speech last month, citing video games like Grand Theft Auto and Mortal Kombat. He called such games the “filthiest form of pornography.”
Of course, the video game industry–which some estimate to be worth $100 billion worldwide–isn’t exactly conceding the point. The Entertainment Software Association (the trade association of the video game industry in the U.S.) released a statement to msnbc.com following the Biden meeting saying that while it was “productive and candid” and the group was looking forward to continuing the discussion, there is “no causal connection between video games and real-life violence.”
The International Game Developers Association, which represents individuals who make video games, pointed to First Amendment rights, which the Supreme Court recently upheld for video games, but called for more studies. “We may not make games that are libelous or pose a clear and present danger to others. The government has a valid role in protecting people and especially children from products that are genuinely dangerous. While scientific study has shown that imaginary violence in video games does not cause real world violence, the game developer community recognizes that we have responsibilities along with our rights,” said chairman Daniel Greenberg.
Christopher J. Ferguson, an associate professor of psychology and criminal justice at Texas A&M University, attended the meeting with Biden to discuss his research (which found no link between video games and violence). He told msnbc.com that the meeting lasted about two hours and had about 20 people at the table. Biden, Ferguson said, told the group that “he understood the industry itself believes that they’re not necessarily harmful” and seemed “neutral, open-minded, and hadn’t made up his mind yet.” Ferguson said there “wasn’t much talk about changing the content of the games, but putting more controls on parents themselves.”
Brad Bushman, a professor at the School of Communications at Ohio State University (who was not at the meeting), said there is really no incentive for video game companies to change. “They’re making a lot of money,” from the violence, he said. Unlike Ferguson, Bushman’s research has shown that violent games do increase aggressive thoughts and angry feelings and can cause aggressive behavior. But in the end, people must vote with their wallets. “If the public continues to buy video games, there’s going to be no impact. But if they say enough is enough, I think the industry will stop producing them,” said Bushman.
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भोपाल व रायसेन जिले में करोड़ों का घोटाला
भोपाल, महिला एवं बाल विकास विभाग अंतर्गत भोपाल और रायसेन जिले की परियोजनाओं से जुड़े तीन करोड़ के घोटाले को लेकर अधिकारी कुछ भी कहने से बच रहे हैं.
फर्जी भुगतान कर यह राशि आंगनवाड़ी कार्यकर्ता, सहायिका के अलावा अन्य व्यक्तियों के बैंक खाते में जमा कर दी गई थी. इस मामले में संबंधित जिलों से तथ्यात्मक जानकारी महालेखा परीक्षक (सीएजी) को उपलब्ध नहीं कराई जा रही है.
सीएजी से पत्र मिलने के बाद महिला एवं बाल विकास विभाग ने आपत्ति जताते हुए अधिकारियों को तीन दिन में जानकारी नहीं मिलने पर 9 जिलों के जिला कार्यक्रम अधिकारियों के खिलाफ अनुशासनात्मक कार्रवाई करने की चेतावनी दी है.
सीएजी ने अपनी रिपोर्ट में खुलासा किया था कि महिला एवं बाल विकास विभाग में भोपाल और रायसेन जिले में विभिन्न परियोजनाओं के तहत तीन करोड़ 30 लाख रुपए के मानदेय घोटाले को उजागर किया था. इस मानदेय की राशि का फर्जी आहरण कर असंबंद्ध बैंक खातों में यह राशि जमा कर दी गई थी.
यह राशि आंगनवाड़ी कार्यकर्ता, सहायिका के अलावा अन्य व्यक्तियों के बैंक खाते में जमा कर दिए गए थे और नियम विरुद्ध आहरण कर लिया गया था. वर्ष 2014 से लेकर वर्ष 2017 में यह गड़बड़ी की गई थी. महालेखा परीक्षक द्वारा भोपाल और रायसेन के अलावा इंदौर, होशंगाबाद, डिंडोरी, खरगौन, मुरैना, राजगढ़, सीहोर,शहड़ोल और उज्जैन में जांच की जा रही है.
सीएजी ने इन सभी जिलों के जिला कार्यक्रम अधिकारियों से घोटाले के संदर्भ में तथ्यात्मक जानकारी मांगी थी, लेकिन उन्हें यह जानकारी मुहैया नहीं कराई जा रही है, इससे यह संभावना बढ़ गई है कि गड़बड़ी और बड़े पैमाने पर हो सकती है.
संचालक बजट तेजस्वी एस नायक ने महिला एवं बाल विकास विभाग के प्रमुख सचिव जेएन कंसोटिया को पत्र लिखकर जांच किए जा रहे जिलों के अधिकारियों को सीएजी को जानकारी उपलब्ध कराने के निर्देश देने के लिए कहा था.
ये जानकारी उपलब्ध कराने के दिए निर्देश
असंबद्ध बैंक खातों में भुगतान का विवरण, गड़बड़ी में शामिल लोगों के बैंक खाता क्रमांक, संबंधित बैंक खाते किस व्यक्तियों के नाम है? संबंधित व्यक्ति विभाग की किस परियोजना से जुड़े हैं, क्या वे महिला एवं बाल विकास विभाग के कर्मचारी है, यदि वे विभाग के कर्मचारी नहीं है तो उन्हें किस हैसियत से भुगतान किया गया है?
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The terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. have left many people worrying whether another attack with biological weapons this time could be coming. Mr. John Parachini, a fellow on Terrorism and Non-proliferation Issues at the federally funded RAND Corporation (a think tank in Washington D.C.) talks with VOA's Penelope Poulou about such a possibility.
Poulou: Mr. Parachini, can you please tell me what is bio-terrorism?
Parachini: Bio-terrorism is the use of disease and toxins to sicken and eventually kill people or incapacitate them. I think such attacks by terrorists are of low probability although, given that they may have high consequences we need to take some measures to detect such attacks early and address the consequences promptly.
Poulou: You mention that it is of low probability; why is it of low probability?
Parachini: Because it is difficult to acquire these materials, they are difficult to handle, they are difficult to weaponize and they are difficult to deliver to a target. There are other alternatives that they can more readily pursue and as we saw in the attacks of September 11, terrorists essentially used an ordinary means of modern transportation and turned it into a missile that was laden with fuel.
Poulou: On the other hand, if we are dealing with the ability to spread a disease like the Plague or like Anthrax, or like Botulism or Smallpox, these type of diseases could kill millions of people instead of few thousands.
Parachini: Some could. But, it's always in the conditional. It's possible. But it may not necessarily be likely or indeed the case. Some instances of biological agents have been used and only a few people have been incapacitated or killed.
Poulou: Does this have to do with the fact that we have vaccines and antibiotics that can combat such diseases?
Parachini: Well, one thing would be improving our public health system to address emerging infectious diseases, which are naturally occurring, can indeed give us capabilities that are valuable in the unlikely and low probability event that a terrorist actually uses a biological agent.
Poulou: What other forms of prevention can we employ?
Parachini: Well, most important is, we need to make both a national and an international effort to improve the ability to detect emerging infectious diseases. This also can be very valuable in helping us determine whether or not it is a natural outbreak or an intentional one.
Poulou: Is it possible to produce more vaccines in a shorter period of time?
Parachini: Well, there is currently an extensive research and development effort going on with the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control on the Smallpox vaccine. But, Smallpox as a possible biological agent to be used by terrorists, is I think quite unlikely given that we believe that stocks of Smallpox are only at a research facility in Russia and at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. Now, some people have alleged that other nation states may have retained some Smallpox stocks. But, these are allegations that have not been proven in the public domain, and if they did, they would be very few. So, there are other, naturally occurring diseases that are much more likely and probably much easier to acquire than Smallpox.
Poulou: Such as what, for example?
Parachini: Well, there are Anthrax outbreaks regularly around the globe because it is a naturally occurring disease. Now, Anthrax is not a contagious agent but it is very deadly and it affects livestock and it occurs around the world. From time to time there are limited outbreaks of plague, which is contagious, which can be a problem. But, today there really has not been a use in the modern period, in the post World War II period of plague for intentional and pernicious purposes.
Poulou: Out of all this havoc and mayhem, do you think that we are going to be more prepared in the future?
Parachini: There is no doubt that this has raised the profile of a variety of different tools that can be used to counter terrorism.
Poulou: Thank you very much, Mr. Parachini.
Parachini: I'm very glad to speak with you.
John Parachini is an expert on Terrorism and Nonproliferation issues at the federally funded RAND Corporation in Washington D.C.
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Alexa had always prided herself on being a friendly and open person, but lately, she felt overwhelmed by the constant barrage of messages she received on Messenger every day. It seemed like everyone from old high school acquaintances to long-lost relatives were reaching out to her, clogging up her inbox with small talk and unsolicited advice. Even worse were the spammers trying to sell her sketchy products or scam her out of her hard-earned money.
One evening, while scrolling through yet another string of irrelevant messages, Alexa decided she'd had enough. She was determined to take back control of her digital life and reclaim some semblance of peace and quiet. That's when she stumbled upon an article titled "How to Adjust Your Messenger Activity to Avoid Unwanted Messages and Spam."
Alexa eagerly read through the suggestions listed in the article, feeling a sense of relief wash over her as she realized there were steps she could take to protect herself from unwanted intrusions. First, she navigated to her Messenger settings and adjusted her message request preferences so that only people she knew could reach out to her directly. Next, she blocked a few individuals who had been particularly aggressive or bothersome in their messaging habits. Finally, she reported several suspicious accounts as spam, taking satisfaction in knowing that they would no longer be able to harass other innocent users.
As she worked through these changes, Alexa couldn't help but feel a pang of guilt. Was she being too harsh? After all, wasn't it better to be kind and welcoming to others, even if they weren't necessarily close friends or family members? And what about those spammers - didn't they deserve a chance to explain themselves before she wrote them off entirely?
It was then that she heard a knock on her door. Startled, she looked up to see her neighbor, Mrs. Johnson, standing outside, holding a plate of freshly baked cookies.
"I noticed you haven't been yourself lately," said Mrs. Johnson gently. "Is everything okay?"
Alexa hesitated, torn between wanting to maintain her newfound boundaries and feeling grateful for the kindness of her elderly neighbor. In that moment, she realized that there was a difference between setting healthy limits and shutting oneself off completely from the world.
"Thank you for asking, Mrs. Johnson," Alexa replied, opening the door wider to let her neighbor in. "I've just been dealing with a lot of unwanted messages online, and it's been overwhelming. But I think I'm starting to figure things out."
Mrs. Johnson nodded sympathetically. "The internet can be a scary place sometimes," she agreed. "But remember, there's still plenty of good to be found if you look for it. Don't let the bad drive you away from connecting with others."
With renewed determination, Alexa thanked her neighbor for the wise words and promised to keep them in mind as she continued to fine-tune her digital presence. As she closed the door behind Mrs. Johnson, she knew that she had made the right decision - not just for herself, but for anyone who might cross her path in search of connection and community.
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The minute you start dancing the clock is ticking. There are a limited number of years in which to make as much money as you can. Most dancers retire around 28. If you’re starting when you’re 18 that gives you ten years in which to make as much as you can and then get out. Chances are you will never again be able to make as much per day as you do while dancing. Make the most of it.
There are two kinds of dancers, subsistence and capital dancers. A subsistence dancer just works enough to get by. Maybe a few days a week, saves little and is always in a financial crisis. I see these girls panicking to get enough dances to pay rent the next day but by the next week they are back to partying, doing drugs, buying expensive clothes and generally pissing away every dime they earn. Their plans for the future are vague at best and even though they claim to realize they can’t dance forever they seldom save and invest their money or invest in an education. These girls get out of the business no better then they started and spend the rest of their lives getting their ass pinched in menial, low paying jobs.
A capital dancer dances as an investment. In my opinion this is the only reason to dance. Dancing is just too hard a way to earn a living to do it for just enough to “get by”. You can get by on a McDonalds salary. If you are going to have guys staring at your naked ass all evening you should at least be securing a decent future for yourself- not just tomorrow’s groceries. There are many excuses for not saving your money but in my experience few of them are valid. Single mother, health problems whatever- you can still afford to save. If you work hard you can make a great deal of money dancing.
When you see that money in your hand it just doesn’t seem real, and when you keep seeing it night after night it seems like the supply will be endless. It’s not; you need to put away the largest portion you can. Not just a 10% or so but 30% or 40%. It is possible to do that and still live a very comfortable life. Probably not as comfortable as the other dancers but dancers tend to live beyond their means and end up with nothing but memories of that nice sports car or that fancy apartment. If you can just keep it under control for a few years you can have that stuff for the rest of your life- long after you’re done dancing. Live within your means; base your spending around not what you make dancing but what you would make at a good entry-level job. Get a good, reliable car but you don’t need that giant SUV or zippy sports car. Make sure your lease or car loan doesn’t rely on a dancers level of income to pay it. Same goes for the rent or mortgage. It’s very easy to fall on heels and break an ankle or tear up your knee- happens all the time. You could be out of work for weeks or even months. You don’t want to be buried under a mountain of bills. I suggest buying at least basic health insurance but if you don’t you will need at least enough savings to pay for emergencies.
So what to do with the money you save? Well, set enough aside to pay for all of your expenses- food, housing, tuition, utilities, car, whatever for 4 months. This is your emergency fund, put it in your saving account and don’t spend it. The rest you should invest. I have a few well chosen mutual funds that I have been very happy with. As a dancer you’re looking to invest for the long term- at least 5 years and probably 10. Mutual funds are low maintenance and are well suited for this. I strongly advise agianst investing in individual stocks. Despite all tales of buying low and selling high at the end of the year very few people are able to make money off buying and selling individual stocks. Stick with mutual funds, they are safer and more reliable (at least for the novice investor).
Waiting for a record company or modeling agency to discover you is NOT investing in your future. If that’s your thing- fine. Just go to school and save your money just in case they don’t discover you.
The best possible investment you can make is an education. With a nice big nest egg and a good degree you can do just about anything you want when you retire from dancing. Without an education or any job skills that money will eventually be gone. With an education you can make the most of your savings, use it as capital for your own business or invest it for a steady source of income. Too many dancers talk about how they’re planning on going back to school or they’re just taking a semester off. This is bullshit, if you want an education you need to go to school and work hard. If you’re not going to school then you’re pissing away your future.
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चंडीगढ़। सेक्टर-२६ ग्रेन मार्केट में अब चाहे अधिकारी हों या आम आदमी, बिना मास्क के एंट्री नहीं हो सकेगी। एंट्री गेट पर ही लोगों की थर्मल स्कैनिंग होगी और उन्हें सैनिटाइज किया जाएगा। सामान्य तापमान से अधिक होने पर वापस भेज दिया जाएगा।
लॉकडाउन और कर्फ्यू के कारण इन दिनों ग्रेन मार्केट में सबसे ज्यादा भीड़ लग रही है। इसी को देखते हुए अब यूटी प्रशासन ने ग्रेन मार्केट में बिना मास्क के एंट्री बैन कर दी है।
ग्रेन मार्केट में प्रवेश के लिए यूटी प्रशासन पास को पहले ही जरूरी कर चुका है। इसके साथ ही निजी वाहन का भी परिसर में प्रवेश निषेध किया गया है। दुकानों पर सामान की खरीद फरोख्त के दौरान दुकानों पर भीड़ न हो इसके लिए ऑड ईवन की व्यवस्था की गई है। ग्रेन मार्केट की प्रशासक उपजिलाधिकारी नाजुक कुमार स्वयं यूटी के निर्देशों की देखरेख कर रही हैं।
सीटीयू की बसों को २०-२० की संख्या में सब्जियों और फलों के साथ भेजा जाएगा। ग्रेन मार्केट में एक ही एंट्री और एक ही एग्जिट प्वाइंट रखा गया है। लोगों के बीच सोशल डिस्टेंसिंग के लिए चार टीमों का गठन किया गया है। डीएसपी ईस्ट और डीएसपी पीसीआर ग्रेन मार्केट की सुरक्षा का जिम्मा संभाल रहे हैं।
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Running Rings Around Us
As you already know, not all planets have rings. Only Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.
But did you know that Saturn's rings aren't really even solid disks? They're actually bits of dust and rocks and ice that probably collected around the planet when one or more of the planet's moons were destroyed in a major collision.
The debris was too close to the planet to reform as a moon, so it collected into a bunch of orbiting rings instead. The rings are held in place by Saturn's gravitational force and also shaped by the planet's other moons. With a telescope, we can see the rings from earth.
The ice in the rings reflects sunlight, which makes them fairly visible from certain angles. But since the rings are only about three-hundred-feet thick, which is pretty thin in planetary terms, they're best seen on an angle. Looking at them straight on is like looking directly at a slightly wrinkled edge of a piece of paper from far away.
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सहित एलर्जी का शिकार लोगों की परेशानी बढ़ी रही। चिकित्सकों की मानें तो इन धूल कणों के कारण सांस व दिल के रोगियों को काफी परेशानी का सामना करना पड़ सकता है। इसराइली मीडिया कि रिपोर्ट के मुताबिक़ अवैध रूप से गिफ्ट लेने के मामले में भी नेतन्याहू पर आरोप लगाए गए हैं. इसके साथ ही वो एक अख़बार से सकारात्मक कवरेज को लेकर सौदा करने के मामले में भी संदिग्ध हैं. किचन में काउंटर टॉप व अन्य साफसफाई के लिए किचन टॉवल की जरूरत होती है। लेकिन अगर आपके घर में पुरानी बेडशीट है तो आपको किचन टॉवल खरीदने की जरूरत नहीं है। आप बेडशीट को स्क्वेयर या आयाताकार आकार में काटकर उसके कोने पर फोल्ड करके स्टिच करें। आप इसे किचन में क्लीनिंग के लिए इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं। मई अंतिम सप्ताह तक घोषित होगा बोर्ड का रिजल्ट विधानसभा अध्यक्ष रहे श्रीनिवास तिवारी के कार्यकाल में विधानसभा सचिवालय में हुई नियुक्ति घोटाले पर जिस अफसर ने एफआईआर कराई अब वही अफसर यहां हो रही नियुक्तियों का काम देख रहे हैं। ये हैं यहां के उप सचिव श्यामलाल मैथिल। सोमवार को बीआरडी में बतौर गार्ड तैनात पूर्व सैनिकों को भी मरीजों व तीमारदारों से व्यवहार का पाठ पढ़ाया गया।</s>
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DESK: दुनिया को अलविदा कह चुके सुशांत सिंह राजपूत आज भले ही बहुत दूर चले गए हो, लेकिन उनकी यादें आज भी लोगों के दिलों में मौजूद है. जी हां, सुशांत एक बार फिर हम सबसे मिलने आ रहे हैं. दरअसल जी टीवी पर फेमस सीरियल पवित्र रिश्ता का प्रसारण किया जा रहा है. प्रसारण करने वाले चैनल ने उसको श्रद्धांजलि बताया है.
आपको बता दें कि जी टीवी ने इसका फैसला किया है कि सुशांत के याद में एक बार फिर सीरियल पवित्र रिश्ता का प्रसारण किया जाये. इस सीरियल से ही सुशांत सिंह राजपूत ने अपने करियर की शुरुआत की थी.
इसी शो से शुरू हुई थी सुशांत और अंकिता की लव स्टोरी
हालांकि सुशांत सिंह राजपूत का पहला टीवी शो ‘किस देश में है मेरा दिल’ था लेकिन ‘पवित्र रिश्ता’ से ही सुशांत और अंकिता को बतौर एक्टर्स पहचान मिली। इसके साथ ही यही टीवी शो था जिससे सुशांत और अंकिता की लव स्टोरी शुरू हुई थी।
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# Range and Mean Deviation
The field of statistics has practical applications in almost all fields of life. In finance and investing and manufacturing and various other fields. Whether you want to launch a rocket or calculate a students performance we take the help of statistics. Now let us learn the concepts of range and mean deviation.
## Range and Mean Deviation
For a given series of data, statistics aims at analysis and drawing conclusions. The various measures of central tendency – mean, median and mode represent the values in a series. However, we can further implement this analytical claim of statistics, by measuring the scattering and dispersion of data around these measures of central tendency.
For example, the range, in a series of men distributed by their ages, gives us an idea of how much the ages can vary from the central value. So without further ado, let us jump right into the concepts of range and mean deviation.
## Range
The range can be simply understood as the value that tells us about the scattering of data. This gives us an idea of how much the data can vary. Consequently, it is related to the maximum and minimum values in a distribution. The range is the difference between the maximum and the minimum value in a distribution. Notably, it only gives us the idea of the spread of data. It does not tell us about the dispersion of values from a measure of central tendency.
Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
## Mean Deviation
To understand the dispersion of data from a measure of central tendency, we can use mean deviation. It comes as an improvement over the range. It basically measures the deviations from a value. This value is generally mean or median. Hence although mean deviation about mode can be calculated, mean deviation about mean and median are frequently used.
Note that the deviation of an observation from a value a is d= x-a. To find out mean deviation we need to take the mean of these deviations. However, when this value of a is taken as mean, the deviations are both negative and positive since it is the central value.
This further means that when we sum up these deviations to find out their average, the sum essentially vanishes. Thus to resolve this problem we use absolute values or the magnitude of deviation. The basic formula for finding out mean deviation is :
Mean deviation= Sum of absolute values of deviations from ‘a’ ÷ The number of observations
## Solved Example for You
Q: The sum of squares of deviation of variates from their A.M. is always
1. Zero
2. Minimum
3. Maximum
4. Cannot be said
Sol: The correct option is “B”. It is a fundamental concept that the sum of squares of deviation of any variate from their arithmetic mean is always minimum.
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