| --- |
| language: |
| - zh |
| license: apache-2.0 |
| task_categories: |
| - text-generation |
| tags: |
| - code |
| - multilingual |
| - legesher |
| - tiny-aya-expedition |
| - language-decoded |
| - native-code |
| pretty_name: Language Decoded — Community Code |
| size_categories: |
| - 1K<n<10K |
| configs: |
| - config_name: zh |
| data_files: |
| - split: train |
| path: data/zh/train-*.parquet |
| - split: validation |
| path: data/zh/validation-*.parquet |
| dataset_info: |
| - config_name: zh |
| features: |
| - name: filename |
| dtype: string |
| - name: content |
| dtype: string |
| - name: extension |
| dtype: string |
| - name: source |
| dtype: string |
| - name: license |
| dtype: string |
| - name: quality_tier |
| dtype: string |
| - name: sha256 |
| dtype: string |
| - name: byte_size |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: total_lines |
| dtype: int64 |
| - name: cjk_ratio |
| dtype: float64 |
| - name: has_cjk |
| dtype: bool |
| splits: |
| - name: train |
| num_bytes: 23921213 |
| num_examples: 3137 |
| - name: validation |
| num_bytes: 2506431 |
| num_examples: 349 |
| download_size: 10076444 |
| dataset_size: 26427644 |
| --- |
| |
| # Language Decoded — Community Code |
|
|
| Natively-authored multilingual code for the **Language Decoded** project (part of [Cohere's Tiny Aya Expedition](https://aya.for.ai)). This dataset contains code written by developers in non-English programming languages and code with significant CJK content — **not** mechanically transpiled from English. |
|
|
| This data serves as a component of **Condition 3** ("Mixed Native Sources") and **Condition 4** ("Strictly Native Code") in the Language Decoded experiment, which tests whether native-language code improves multilingual reasoning beyond keyword swapping alone. |
|
|
| ## Available Configs |
|
|
| | Config | Language | Files | Description | |
| | ------ | -------- | ----- | --------------------------------------------- | |
| | `zh` | Chinese | 3,486 | Natively Chinese-authored code from 5 sources | |
|
|
| ## Schema |
|
|
| | Column | Type | Description | |
| | -------------- | ------ | ----------------------------------------------------- | |
| | `filename` | string | Unique file identifier | |
| | `content` | string | Full file content | |
| | `extension` | string | File extension (e.g., `.py`, `.java`, `.wy`, `.qi`) | |
| | `source` | string | Origin dataset or project | |
| | `license` | string | SPDX license identifier or `UNKNOWN` | |
| | `quality_tier` | string | Quality tier: A (highest), B, C, D | |
| | `sha256` | string | SHA-256 hash of file content for deduplication | |
| | `byte_size` | int64 | File size in bytes | |
| | `total_lines` | int64 | Number of lines in the file | |
| | `cjk_ratio` | float | Ratio of CJK characters to total non-whitespace chars | |
| | `has_cjk` | bool | Whether the file contains any CJK characters | |
|
|
| ## Chinese (`zh`) Source Breakdown |
|
|
| | Source | Files | Extensions | Description | |
| | -------------------- | ----- | ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| | `thestack` | 1,948 | .py, .js, .java, … | Code from The Stack with CJK in comments, strings, identifiers | |
| | `program_in_chinese` | 703 | .java, .js, .ts, … | [Program in Chinese](https://github.com/program-in-chinese) — code with Chinese identifiers | |
| | `qi` | 239 | .qi | [Qi](https://github.com/nicevoice/qi) — Chinese-syntax programming language | |
| | `mulan` | 166 | .ul | [Mulan](https://github.com/MulanRevive/mulan-rework) — Chinese programming language | |
| | `wenyan` | 81 | .wy | [Wenyan](https://github.com/wenyan-lang/wenyan) — Classical Chinese programming language (20K+ GitHub stars) | |
|
|
| ### Quality Tier Distribution |
|
|
| | Tier | Count | Description | |
| | ---- | ----- | ------------------------- | |
| | A | 778 | High quality, rich CJK | |
| | B | 1,158 | Good quality | |
| | C | 789 | Moderate quality | |
| | D | 412 | Lower quality, sparse CJK | |
|
|
| ### File Type Distribution |
|
|
| | Extension | Count | Extension | Count | |
| | --------- | ----- | --------- | ----- | |
| | .py | 2,003 | .ul | 166 | |
| | .java | 288 | .wy | 81 | |
| | .qi | 239 | .ts | 59 | |
| | .js | 205 | .c | 36 | |
| | Others | 59 | | | |
|
|
| ## Usage |
|
|
| ```python |
| from datasets import load_dataset |
| |
| # Load Chinese native code |
| ds = load_dataset("legesher/language-decoded-community", "zh") |
| train = ds["train"] # 3,137 files |
| val = ds["validation"] # 349 files |
| |
| # Filter by source |
| wenyan = train.filter(lambda x: x["source"] == "wenyan") |
| |
| # Filter by quality |
| high_quality = train.filter(lambda x: x["quality_tier"] in ("A", "B")) |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## Relationship to Other Datasets |
|
|
| - **[legesher/language-decoded-data](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legesher/language-decoded-data)**: The main experiment dataset with transpiled code (conditions 1–2), blended datasets (condition 3), and strictly native code (condition 4). Conditions 3 and 4 use native code from this repo. |
| - This repo stores the **raw native code** with full metadata. The blended and native training datasets live in `language-decoded-data`. |
|
|
| ## Limitations |
|
|
| - **Chinese only**: Currently limited to Chinese-language code. Native code for Spanish and Urdu is not yet available. |
| - **License uncertainty**: Some files (particularly from `thestack`) have `UNKNOWN` licenses. These were included because they appeared in The Stack's permissive-license subset, but individual file licenses could not always be verified. |
| - **Quality variation**: Quality tiers are assigned heuristically based on CJK content ratio, file size, and structural indicators. Tier D files may contain minimal native-language content. |
| - **Non-Python files included**: Unlike the transpiled datasets (conditions 1–2), this dataset includes code in multiple programming languages (Python, Java, JavaScript, Wenyan, Qi, Mulan, etc.), reflecting the reality of native-language programming ecosystems. |
| - **CJK-heavy bias**: Files were selected partly based on CJK character presence, which may over-represent code with Chinese comments/strings rather than code with Chinese-language syntax. |
|
|
| ## Citation |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @misc{language-decoded-2026, |
| title={Language Decoded: Investigating Language-Dependent vs. Structure-Dependent Reasoning Benefits of Code}, |
| author={Madison Edgar and Saad Ahmed Bazaz and Tom Sherborne and Rashik Shahjahan and Khojasteh Mirza and Sarah Jawaid and Rafay Mustafa and Sohaib Ahmed Bazaz}, |
| year={2026}, |
| publisher={Hugging Face}, |
| url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/legesher/language-decoded-community} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| ## License |
|
|
| Apache 2.0 |
|
|
