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germanium is the first element in the periodic table , beginning at hydrogen , that ’ s named after a country : it is named after germany . there are other elements named after france and poland and america but we will come to those later . one of the things about germanium and what really makes it important in the per... | if you look at it in visible light it looks like a metal . germanium na , na , n-na na . i have used germanium mirrors in some of my experiments . the lasers that i used when i was younger had a germanium mirror that let the light out at the front of it and germanium is used quite widely in electronics . this is quite ... | germanium is in the same group as carbon and silicon , but while both carbon and silicon have the stable oxidation state of +4 , what about germanium ? why is this the case ?
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at pixar , we 're all about telling stories , but one story that has n't been told very much is the huge degree to which math is used in the production of our films . the math that you 're learning in middle school and high school is used all the time at pixar . so , let 's start with a very simple example . anybody re... | it 's dory . okay , that was easy . here 's a little harder one .
| design a character that would be really easy to describe mathematically . what makes the design easy ?
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is it a flying comma , or a quotation mark chopped in half ? either way , you may already be well-versed in how to use the apostrophe , but here 's a quick refresher on its usage . the apostrophe can be used in three ways : to mark possession , to mark contraction , to mark the plural of single letters . most of the ti... | certain pronouns already have possession built in and do n't need an apostrophe . remembering that will help you avoid one of the trickiest snags in english grammar : its vs. it 's . `` it 's '' only take an apostrophe when it 's a contraction for `` it is '' or `` it has . ''
| as the english language evolves , so do english grammar `` rules '' and `` style '' choices . why ?
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the biggest kidney stone on record weighed more than a kilogram and was 17 centimeters in diameter . the patient did n't actually swallow a stone the size of a coconut . kidney stones form inside the body , but unfortunately , they 're extremely painful to get out . a kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that can fo... | stones can also be surgically removed through an incision in the patient 's back or groin . what about just avoiding kidney stones in the first place ? for people prone to them , their doctor may recommend drinking plenty of water , which dilutes the calcium oxalate and other compounds that eventually build up into pai... | what is happening to the incidence of kidney stones in the human population ?
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despite advances in medicine , cancer remains one of the most frightening diagnoses patients can receive . what makes it so difficult to cure is that it 's not one illness , but a family of over 100 diseases occurring in different types of cells . and one type of cancer has the unfortunate distinction of afflicting chi... | to restore the normal function of the blood , leukemic cells have to be eliminated . but because leukemias are not solid tumors , they ca n't be removed surgically . instead , the cells are killed inside the body using various treatments that include chemotherapy , a combination of drugs that destroys quickly multiplyi... | doctors ca n't use surgery to remove leukemia because :
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brady haran : hey there , everyone . today 's video is about richard feynman -- a lot of people 's favorite scientist -- and safe breaking . but i just wanted to point out at the start that most safes , or secure filing cabinets , actually have one dial . and if you 've got a three number combination , for example , yo... | i do n't want to get all the safe enthusiasts out there too fired up and angry in the comments section . but for now , here 's professor bowley with his pretend safe and the story of richard feynman and his world war ii safe cracking . professor roger bowley : i 'm talking about feynman and how he managed to crack safe... | why did richard feynman start cracking safes ?
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right now , you 're probably sitting down to watch this video and staying seated for a few minutes to view it is probably okay . but the longer you stay put , the more agitated your body becomes . it sits there counting down the moments until you stand up again and take it for a walk . that may sound ridiculous . our b... | it sits there counting down the moments until you stand up again and take it for a walk . that may sound ridiculous . our bodies love to sit , right ?
| sitting may help your brain function better .
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you 've probably heard of the human genome , the huge collection of genes inside each and every one of your cells . you probably also know that we 've sequenced the human genome , but what does that actually mean ? how do you sequence someone 's genome ? let 's back up a bit . what is a genome ? well , a genome is all ... | you probably also know that we 've sequenced the human genome , but what does that actually mean ? how do you sequence someone 's genome ? let 's back up a bit .
| if there are 3 billion letters in the reference genome , how much did it cost per letter to sequence the first human genome ?
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since the dawn of humanity , an estimated 100.8 billion people have lived and died , a number that increases by about .8 % of the world 's population each year . what happens to all of those people 's bodies after they die and will the planet eventually run out of burial space ? when a person 's heart stops beating , t... | these days , with suitable burial land running out in high-population areas , purchasing private gravesites can be costly , and many people ca n't afford simple burials . even cremation , the second most common burial practice in the world , comes with a high cost . as for the question of running out of space , the iss... | what is the second most common burial method ?
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the secrets of the x chromosome . these women are identical twins . they have the same nose , the same hair color , the same eye color . but this one is color blind for green light , and this one is n't . how is that possible ? the answer lies in their genes . for humans , the genetic information that determines our ph... | now we can explain our color blind twin . both sisters inherited one mutant copy of the green receptor gene and one normally functioning copy . the embryo split into twins before x inactivation , so each twin ended up with a different inactivation pattern .
| what is one cause of colorblindness ?
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testing , testing , one , two , three . when your band is trying to perform , feedback is an annoying obstacle , but in the grand orchestra of nature , feedback is not only beneficial , it 's what makes everything work . what exactly is feedback ? the key element , whether in sound , the environment or social science ,... | a food web containing twenty populations can generate thousands of loops of up to twenty links in length . but instead of forming a disordered cacophany , feedback loops in ecological systems play together , creating regular patterns just like multiple instruments , coming together to create a complex but harmonious pi... | how do all the feedbacks together in an ecosystem create harmony ? one important mechanism is :
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imagine if half the people in your neighborhood , your city , or even your whole country were wiped out . it might sound like something out of an apocalyptic horror film , but it actually happened in the 14th century during a disease outbreak known as the black death . spreading from china through asia , the middle eas... | as a result , most europeans in the early 14th century experienced a steady decline in living standards , marked by famine , poverty and poor health , leaving them vulnerable to infection . and indeed , the skeletal remains of black death victims found in london show telltale signs of malnutrition and prior illness . t... | what proportion of the affected population was killed by the black death ?
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with social media sites being used by ⅓ of the entire world , they ’ ve clearly had an major influence on society . but what about our bodies ? here are 5 crazy ways that social media and the internet are affecting your brain right now ! can ’ t log off ? surprisingly , 5-10 % of internet users are actually unable to c... | or wait ... did it even buzz ? phantom vibration syndrome is a relatively new psychological phenomenon where you think you felt your phone go off , but it didn ’ t . in one study , 89 % of test subjects said they experienced this at least once every two weeks .
| in your own words , explain phantom vibration syndrome . have you ever experienced it ?
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if i say , `` venice , '' do you imagine yourself gliding down the grand canal , serenaded by a gondolier ? there 's no doubt that the gondola is a symbol of venice , italy , but how did this curious banana-shaped black boat get its distinctive look ? the origins of the venetian gondola are lost to history , but by the... | specialized artisans supplied their gondola-making colleagues with elaborate covered passenger compartments , upholstery and ornaments of steel and brass . oar makers became integral partners to the gondola makers . the venetian oarlock , or fórcola , began as a simple wooden fork , but evolved into a high-precision to... | why do you think that gondoliers and gondola makers appear less frequently in historical documents than , let ’ s say , politicians or bankers ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar you might have heard that we 're running out of fresh water . this might sound strange to you because , if you live in a place where water flows freely from the tap or shower at any time , it sure does n't seem like a big deal . it 's just there , right ? wrong ! ... | agricultural and industrial patterns of water use need serious attention . how do our societies value water ? distribute it ?
| in your own words , explain how our societies value water .
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar right now , trillions of chemical reactions are humming away in the cells of your body . you never feel them , but without these reactions , you would n't be alive . unfortunately , each of those reactions needs some help . you see , most molecules are stable , th... | once they are convinced , it 's a piece of cake . bonds break , atoms rearrange , and the rest of the reaction happens automatically . after that first push , the body does n't need to put in any more energy to help the reaction along .
| in a chemical reaction , atoms do which of the following ?
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you might remember a pair of ted-ed lessons written and performed by two educators , brad voytek and tim verstynen . these two scientists used a drooling , hag-faced , animated zombie as a mechanism to model the symptoms and medical diagnosis process for various neurological conditions . for example , they spent time d... | you might remember a pair of ted-ed lessons written and performed by two educators , brad voytek and tim verstynen . these two scientists used a drooling , hag-faced , animated zombie as a mechanism to model the symptoms and medical diagnosis process for various neurological conditions . for example , they spent time d... | the two educators used a drooling , hag-faced , animated zombie as a mechanism to model the symptoms and medical diagnosis process for various neurological conditions .
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testing , testing , one , two , three . when your band is trying to perform , feedback is an annoying obstacle , but in the grand orchestra of nature , feedback is not only beneficial , it 's what makes everything work . what exactly is feedback ? the key element , whether in sound , the environment or social science ,... | when your band is trying to perform , feedback is an annoying obstacle , but in the grand orchestra of nature , feedback is not only beneficial , it 's what makes everything work . what exactly is feedback ? the key element , whether in sound , the environment or social science , is a phenomenon called mutual causal in... | describe three examples of positive feedback and three of negative feedback , in other systems that have many interacting parts – such as economic , social , political systems .
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when you hear the word art , what comes to mind ? a painting , like the mona lisa , or a famous sculpture or a building ? what about a vase or a quilt or a violin ? are those things art , too , or are they craft ? and what 's the difference anyway ? it turns out that the answer is not so simple . a spoon or a saddle ma... | in fact , some works that might be considered craft , a peruvian rug , a ming dynasty vase , a totem pole , are considered the cultures ' preeminent visual forms . when art historians of the 19th century saw that the art of some non-western cultures did not change for thousands of years , they classified the works as p... | what are some of the ways in which renaissance culture changed people ’ s views of the role of art—and artists—in western society ?
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if i were to distill the 20 years of elephant research that i 've done into one sentence , what would it be ? what could i tell you ? i would say that elephants are just like us ! and what do i mean by that ? it takes a lot of patience to be out there in the field and trying to figure out patterns of these very slow an... | well , in fact , their families are very similar to ours . and family is extremely important to elephants . they grow up in very tight-knit families and they have extended families .
| when an extended family group of elephants meets up at a waterhole when they haven ’ t seen each other in a while ________ .
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this is a tomato plant , and this is an aphid slowly killing the tomato plant by sucking the juice out of its leaves . the tomato is putting up a fight using both physical and chemical defenses to repel the attacking insects . but that 's not all . the tomato is also releasing compounds that signal nearby tomato plants... | they can cause tiny wounds in the inside of animals ' mouths , which create entry points for toxins . the mimosa plant has a strategy designed to prevent herbivores from taking a bite at all . specialized mechanoreceptor cells detect touch and shoot an electrical signal through the leaflet to its base causing cells the... | one of the defense strategies that mimosa plants use against herbivores is :
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anyone who has played a claw machine can relate to the experience of having the claw perfectly positioned only to see it weakly graze the prize before pulling back up . `` no man ! '' it may seem like the machine is n't even trying . and well ... `` it is not your imagination , those claw machines are rigged ! '' there... | and that just ruins everything . so , most of the time claw machines are more like slot machines , than like skeeball or wack-a-mole . `` who 's in charge here ! ''
| the first claw machines were explicitly marketed as highly profitable for owners . when were they invented and why were they so popular at the time ?
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good morning , john ! today is the day after thanksgiving here in america . traditionally , the day when we buy all the things ! actually , more traditionally at my house , it 's the day when we do n't leave the house ; because black friday.. terrifies me . for people who are n't american , the very ominous-sounding bl... | despite the fact that it has kind of this ominous-sounding name , it has been billed as the biggest and most important and best holiday shopping day of the year ; which is actually not true . we are.. a nation of procrastinators ; and thus , the biggest shopping day of the year is christmas eve . it seems a little bit ... | what is the biggest shopping day of the year in the united states ?
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if you ever find yourself gazing at falling snow , why not catch a few snowflakes on your glove and examine their shapes ? you might notice that they look symmetrical , and if you look closely , you 'll see they have six sides . you could say a snowflake is simply frozen water , but compare one with an ice cube from th... | completely dry snow is very difficult to ski on because there 's too much friction between the jagged snowflakes and the ski surface . so what 's happening is that as skis move , they rub the surface of the snow and warm it up , creating a thin layer of water , which helps them slide along . so technically , it 's not ... | why can a skier slide over snow ?
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in 1985 , three researchers on a dolphin-studying expedition got a little bored . to lighten things up , one pretended to be poseidon by placing a seaweed garland on his head and then throwing it into the ocean . moments later , a dolphin surfaced with the seaweed crowning her head . sure , this could have been a coinc... | this sort of cultural transmission even extends to tool use . one group of bottlenose dolphins off the australian coast nicknamed the dolphin sponge club , has learned how to cover their rostrums with sponges when rooting in sharp corals , passing the knowledge from mother to daughter . dolphins have even demonstrated ... | the dolphin sponge club :
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in 1996 , 56 volunteers took part in a study to test a new painkiller called trivaricaine . on each subject , one index finger was covered in the new painkiller while the other remained untouched . then , both were squeezed in painful clamps . the subjects reported that the treated finger hurt less than the untreated o... | in these cases , placebos are often used as a control to fine-tune the trial so that the effects of the new versus the old or alternative drug can be precisely compared . but of course , we know the placebos exert their own influence , too . thanks to the placebo effect , patients have experienced relief from a range o... | list some of the benefits that patients have been known to experience while under the influence of placebos .
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many of the inanimate objects around you probably seem perfectly still . but look deep into the atomic structure of any of them , and you 'll see a world in constant flux . stretching , contracting , springing , jittering , drifting atoms everywhere . and though that movement may seem chaotic , it 's not random . atoms... | translation allows the molecule to move in the direction of any of them . that 's three degrees of freedom . it can also rotate around any of these three axes .
| a large protein consisting of 94 atoms has ____ vibrational ‘ degrees of freedom . ’
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some people ca n't see the forest for the trees , but before stephen sillett , no one could see or even imagine the forest in the trees . stephen was an explorer of new worlds from the start . he spent his boyhood in harrisburg , pennsylvania reading tolkien and playing dungeons and dragons with his brother scott . but... | he noticed that the higher he went , the thicker the branches were , not the case with most trees . he found moist mats of soil many inches thick , made from fallen needles , bark , other plant debris and dust from the sky piled on the tops of the large branches . he even found reiterations : new redwood tree trunks gr... | soil mats form on the large branches over long periods of time . explain the importance of these soil mats in the redwood canopy ecosystem .
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how many times can you fold a piece of paper ? assume that one had a piece of paper that was very fine , like the kind they typically use to print the bible . in reality , it seems like a piece of silk . to qualify these ideas , let 's say you have a paper that 's one-thousandth of a centimeter in thickness . that is 1... | how many times can you fold a piece of paper ? assume that one had a piece of paper that was very fine , like the kind they typically use to print the bible .
| if we fold the paper ten times , how thick would it be ?
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mastering any physical skill , be it performing a pirouette , playing an instrument , or throwing a baseball , takes practice . practice is the repetition of an action with the goal of improvement , and it helps us perform with more ease , speed , and confidence . so what does practice do in our brains to make us bette... | mastering any physical skill , be it performing a pirouette , playing an instrument , or throwing a baseball , takes practice . practice is the repetition of an action with the goal of improvement , and it helps us perform with more ease , speed , and confidence .
| how is slow practice beneficial in the development of complex , coordinated skills in dance , sports , the martial arts , and playing a musical instrument ?
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some superheros can move faster than the wind . the men in apollo 10 reached a record-breaking speed of around 25,000 miles per hour when the shuttle re-entered the earth 's atmosphere in 1969 . would n't we save a lot of time to be able to move that fast ? but what 's the catch ? air is not empty . elements like oxyge... | that sounds very romantic , but , in reality , that girl will probably suffer more damage from the hero than the bullet if he moved her at super speed . newton 's first law of motion deals with inertia , which is the resistance to a change in its state of motion . so , an object will continue moving or staying at the s... | newton ’ s first law of motion deals with inertia , which is
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so i 'm here today to encourage you to think about new york city , and not just as one of humanity 's greatest achievements , but as home to native wildlife that are subject to a grand evolutionary experiment . so take this forested hillside in northern manhattan , for example . this is one of the last areas left in th... | this guy , we catch in almost every forested area in new york city . this is the white-footed mouse -- not the mouse you find running around your apartment . this is a native species , been here long before humans .
| munshi-south and his colleagues are analyzing dna from the white-footed mouse in order to
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby how big was that fish you caught ? this big ? this big ? this big ? without photographic evidence , there 's nothing that proves you caught a whopper , and that 's been true since the dawn of fishing . in fact , hundreds of years ago , long before photography could ... | in fact , hundreds of years ago , long before photography could capture the moment , japanese fishermen invented their own way to record trophy catches . they called it gyotaku . gyotaku is the ancient art of printing fish that originated in japan as a way to record trophy catches prior to the modern day camera .
| what was the original purpose for gyotaku ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar being human , we each view ourselves as a unique and independent individual , but we 're never alone ! millions of microscopic beings inhabit our bodies , and no two bodies are the same . each is a different habitat for microbial communities : from the arid desert... | every person has a unique and diverse community of gut microbes that can process food in different ways . one person 's gut microbes may be capable of releasing only a fraction of the calories that another person 's gut microbes can extract . so , what determines the membership of our gut microbial community ?
| one person 's gut microbes may be capable of releasing only a fraction of the calories that another person 's gut microbes can extract .
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4,000 years ago , the ancient sumerians made a surprising discovery . if they scraped the bark off a particular kind of tree and ate it , their pain disappeared . little did they know that why they 'd found was destined to influence the future course of medicine . what the sumerians had discovered was a precursor to th... | in fact , the 1982 nobel prize winners also demonstrated that aspirin slows production of thromboxanes , chemicals that cause clumping of platelets , which in turn form blood clots . a landmark clinical trial showed that aspirin reduced heart attack risk by 44 % in participants who took the drug . today , we prescribe ... | aspirin is one of the various strategies used to prevent heart attacks . what are some of the other approaches people could take to reduce their risk ?
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in 1984 , an enterprising australian doctor named barry marshall decided to take a risk . too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain due to stomach ulcers , which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract . at the time , few effective treatments for ulcers existed , and many sufferer... | but they make up less than 1 % of all cases . dr. marshall and dr. warren pinpointed a spiral-shaped bacteria called helicobacter pylori , or h. pylori , as the real offender . h. pylori is one of humanity 's oldest and most frequent companions , having joined us at least 50,000 years ago , and now found in 50 % of peo... | which of the following factors most influences when helicobacter pylori prompts the development of ulcers ?
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in 1978 , louise brown became the world 's first baby to be born by in vitro fertilization , or ivf . her birth revolutionized the field of reproductive medicine . given that approximately one in eight heterosexual couples has difficulty conceiving , and that homosexual couples and single parents often need clinical he... | in 1978 , louise brown became the world 's first baby to be born by in vitro fertilization , or ivf . her birth revolutionized the field of reproductive medicine .
| although many patients want twins , a common phenomenon with in vitro fertilization , why has there been a push to try to reduce the number of twins born from ivf ?
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figs are one of my favorite foods . they 're sweet and floral , and there 's something about the texture that i find so delightful—the outside is soft , but the seeds in the middle give you this totally satisfying crunch . but it turns out that many species of figs contain the bodies of dead wasps . i 'm anna and this ... | but if the flowers are trapped inside the fig how do they get pollinated ? well , that 's where fig wasps come in . in most species , pregnant female fig wasps carrying pollen are attracted to young figs . they enter through a tiny opening at the fig ’ s bottom that ’ s highly selective—it usually only lets in the exac... | before the newly-hatched female fig wasps leave the fig , they pick up some pollen , then bore their way out through tiny holes . so when they enter a new fig what two tasks are they accomplishing ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar this is zeno of elea , an ancient greek philosopher famous for inventing a number of paradoxes , arguments that seem logical , but whose conclusion is absurd or contradictory . for more than 2,000 years , zeno 's mind-bending riddles have inspired mathematicians a... | now you can see why we choose this particular way of cutting up the square . we 've obtained the same infinite series as we had for the time of zeno 's journey . as we construct more and more blue pieces , to use the math jargon , as we take the limit as n tends to infinity , the entire square becomes covered with blue... | an infinite series :
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meet our chemist , harriet . she has a chemical reaction that needs to occur more quickly . a chemist has some processes at her disposal that can help her speed up her reaction , and she knows of five ways . and to remember them , she thinks back to her days as a high school student , and the day she got a date for the... | in order to facilitate this improved dance-date-getting process , i propose five changes to all schools that parallel harriet 's five ways to increase chemical reaction rates . first , i propose that we shrink the size of the hallways . this will make it more difficult to safely navigate the hallways and will cause mor... | in this analogy , shrinking the hallways is analogous to :
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there are many stories that can be told about world war ii , from the tragic to the inspring . but perhaps one of the most heartrending experiences was that of the akune family , divided by the war against each other and against their own identities . ichiro akune and his wife yukiye immigrated to america from japan in... | the brothers not only had very limited contact with their family in japan , but found themselves confined to a camp in a remote part of colorado . but their story took another twist when recruiters from the us army 's military intelligence service arrived at the camp looking for japanese-speaking volunteers . despite t... | what was the primary reason harry and ken akune joined the u.s. army 's military intelligence service ?
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in 1997 , a french woman named jeanne calment passed away after 122 years and 164 days on this earth , making her the oldest known person in history . her age was so astounding that a millionaire pledged $ 1 million to anyone who could break her record . but in reality , living to this age or beyond is a feat that very... | those changes in turn drive their decline , and subsequently , the failure of the whole organism . the exact mechanisms of aging are poorly understood . but recently , scientists have identified nine physiological traits , ranging from genetic changes to alterations in a cell 's regenerative ability that play a central... | why is it difficult to define aging ?
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every year , about 1,000 new words are added to the oxford english dictionary . where do they come from , and how do they make it into our everyday lives ? with over 170,000 words currently in use in the english language , it might seem we already have plenty . yet , as our world changes , new ideas and inventions spri... | and today , the process works both ways , with english lending words like software to languages all over the world . another popular way to fill a vocabulary gap is by combining existing words that each convey part of the new concept . this can be done by combining two whole words into a compound word , like airport or... | a way to fill-in a conceptual gap in a language is to :
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today i ’ m going to tell you about one of my favorite creatures to ever grace this planet . it ’ s a frog that ’ s pretty bizarre but also weirdly sweet and adorable . sadly , it went extinct just before i was born , so i thought i ’ d never get the chance to see it . but a few years ago , scientists tried to bring it... | not only would it have major impacts on ecosystems worldwide , and be a loss of beautiful biodiversity , but there is so much we still have to learn from these creatures that might be beneficial to human health and well-being . take the gastric-brooding frog . if we ’ d had more time to study it , maybe we could have l... | what made the gastric brooding frog go extinct ?
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you might just want to sneak up so you don ’ t sprinkle any dirt at the bottom of this place where we turned it over . yeah ok. look at that soil , it is all cake looking . yeah it is . where are we ? look up yonder . to the left oh wow ! ok , let me get the soil before you start whacking ok ? oh yeah . salt blast cove... | so if we look into the quarry in the normal daylight in the absence of the snow it would look a bit like a lunar landscape . no the black stuff that is that stuff is crystal , that is the crystal in rocks , now i say that for one specific reason because during the apollo programme the astronauts , they came back from t... | why does this video begin with images of astronauts from the apollo program walking on the moon ?
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rising temperatures and seas , massive droughts , changing landscapes . successfully adapting to climate change is growing increasingly important . for humans , this means using our technological advancement to find solutions , like smarter cities and better water management . but for some plants and animals , adapting... | critical climate refuges are being identified and set aside , and projects are underway to help mobile species move to more suitable climates . existing parks and protected areas are also doing climate change check-ups to help their wildlife cope . fortunately , it 's still within our power to preserve much of the wond... | humans will have to adapt to climate change too . predict the future for those people living in areas that will be most affected ( coastal areas , those in warmer climates , arctic areas ) .
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flatulence , or passing gas , is a normal daily phenomenon . most individuals , yes , that includes you , will make anywhere from 500-1500 milliliters of gas and can pass gas ten to twenty times a day . but where does this bodily gas come from ? a small proportion may come from ingesting air during sleep , or at other ... | a small proportion may come from ingesting air during sleep , or at other times , but the majority of gas is produced by bacteria in our intestines as they digest parts of food which we can not . our intestine is home to trillions of bacteria living in a symbiotic relationship with us . we provide them with a safe plac... | trillions of bacteria live in a symbiotic relationship with humans . why is this beneficial ?
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everyone knows that stories are made up of words , from short poems to epic novels . but did you know that a single word itself can tell an entire story ? you see , just as we can look at a story 's plot , setting , and characters , we can also study the history of an individual word , where it developed , and the cult... | but the older the word , the longer the story and the more it stands to reveal to us not only about itself , but about ourselves and our history . the oldest words in present-day english are those that come from old english , the ancestor of our modern language whose first seeds were planted about 1500 years ago . comp... | english is not as old as some languages ; it dates back only about
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in 1984 , an enterprising australian doctor named barry marshall decided to take a risk . too many of his patients were complaining of severe abdominal pain due to stomach ulcers , which are sores in the lining of the upper intestinal tract . at the time , few effective treatments for ulcers existed , and many sufferer... | but they make up less than 1 % of all cases . dr. marshall and dr. warren pinpointed a spiral-shaped bacteria called helicobacter pylori , or h. pylori , as the real offender . h. pylori is one of humanity 's oldest and most frequent companions , having joined us at least 50,000 years ago , and now found in 50 % of peo... | approximately how much of the world ’ s population has helicobacter pylori ?
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look at your hand . how do you know it 's really yours ? it seems obvious , unless you 've experienced the rubber hand illusion . in this experiment , a dummy hand is placed in front of you and your real hand is hidden behind a screen . both are simultaneously stroked with a paint brush . no matter how much you remind ... | and we have other senses , besides the typical five , such as the sense of balance and a sense of the relative location of our body parts . the rubber hand illusion , and similar virtual reality experiments , show that our senses can easily mislead us in our judgment of self . they also suggest that our bodies and exte... | what can we learn from rubber hand illusion or other virtual reality experiments ?
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in 1997 , in a game between france and brazil , a young brazilian player named roberto carlos set up for a 35 meter free kick . with no direct line to the goal , carlos decided to attempt the seemingly impossible . his kick sent the ball flying wide of the players , but just before going out of bounds , it hooked to th... | too fast and it hooks too late . the same physics make it possible to score another apparently impossible goal , an unassisted corner kick . the magnus effect was first documented by sir isaac newton after he noticed it while playing a game of tennis back in 1670 .
| which physics principal underlies the banana kick ?
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a , c , e , d , b , k. no , this is n't some random , out of order alphabet . these are vitamins , and just like letters build words , they 're the building blocks that keep the body running . vitamins are organic compounds we need to ingest in small amounts to keep functioning . they 're the body 's builders , defende... | the system 's ability to circulate water-soluble vitamins in the bloodstream so easily means that most of them can be passed out equally easily via the kidneys . because of that , most water-soluble vitamins need to be replenished on a daily basis through the food we eat . but fat-soluble vitamins have staying power be... | how many fruits and vegetables do you need to get enough daily vitamins ?
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what 's the worst bug on the planet ? you might vote for the horsefly or perhaps the wasp , but for many people , the worst offender is by far the mosquito . the buzzing , the biting , the itching , the mosquito is one of the most commonly detested pests in the world . in alaska , swarms of mosquitos can get so thick t... | in fact , humans hate mosquitos so much that we spend billions of dollars worldwide to keep them away from us -- from citronella candles to bug sprays to heavy-duty agricultural pesticides . but it 's not just that mosquitos are annoying , they 're also deadly . mosquitos can transmit everything from malaria to yellow ... | what do you do to prevent mosquitos from biting ?
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( music ) quick ! what 's common between beef burgers , baseball training and auto mufflers ? tough question . let 's ask it another way . what 's the common factor between mcdonald 's , d-bat and meineke ? you may know the answer if , along with a big mac , you 've absorbed a fragment of the romantic story of ray kroc... | her health and beauty treatments have been copied , and her business model is dominant . in fact , half of retail sales in america are through martha harper 's franchising idea . so the next time you enjoy a mcdonald 's hamburger or a good night 's rest at a days inn , think of martha .
| the expansion of martha harper ’ s franchising idea today drives half of all retail sales in america [ 5:07 ] . this means one woman has had a really remarkable effect on america ’ s economy . so why is she relatively unknown ?
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we live in a society obsessed with music . we use music to worship , tell stories , to celebrate , to work , exercise , declare our love and sometimes our hatred , and , arguably most importantly , to dance . and , of course , we play music ourselves because , well , it 's a pleasant thing to do . thousands of years ag... | according to plato , only very specific types of music were beneficial to a person 's ethos . one should only listen to music that promotes intelligence , self-discipline , and courage , and all other kinds of music must be avoided . furthermore , plato fervently denounced any music that deviated from established music... | pick one of the muses and think about the art form or science she influenced . what are some ways her discipline is expressed in music or art today ?
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as far as we know , medieval england was never invaded by ice zombies , or terrorized by dragons , but it was shaken by a power struggle between two noble families spanning generations and involving a massive cast of characters with complex motives and shifting loyalties . if that sounds familiar , it 's because the hi... | raising an army in france , he crossed the channel in 1485 and quickly defeated richard 's forces . and by marrying elizabeth of york , elder sister of the disappeared princes , the newly crowned henry vii joined the two roses , finally ending nearly a century of war . we often think of historical wars as decisive conf... | what were the ways in which henry tudor managed to finally end the war ?
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hmmm , that 's not what we want , is it ? today 's digital cameras do a lot for us , but there 's no replacement for the human eye . it 's important to learn how cameras work with light to create an image , that way we 'll know what 's going on when it 's time to capture a moment . there are three variables that determ... | if we increase sensitivity , we 'll be able to use faster speeds and smaller apertures , but we 'll get noisier images . good thing we have something to tell us if we 're getting the correct amount of light to get a good exposure , the light meter . sound good to you ?
| imagine you are shooting an indoor basketball match . players move fast , but you don´t have a large amount of light . which exposure will you use to capture faster action ?
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- when you get to space , because you 're in a zero g environment , some really funky things happen to your body . ( upbeat music ) i grew an inch . right now , i 'm 5'11 '' but in space i was six-feet tall . on the ground , gravity compresses your spine , it pulls you down , the force factor going down . in space , wi... | - when you get to space , because you 're in a zero g environment , some really funky things happen to your body . ( upbeat music ) i grew an inch .
| 4. from the description in the video , determine what the word `` atrophy '' means .
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you probably know the feeling . your phone utters its final plaintive `` bleep '' and cuts out in the middle of your call . in that moment , you may feel more like throwing your battery across the room than singing its praises , but batteries are a triumph of science . they allow smartphones and other technologies to e... | he tested his idea with a stack of alternating layers of zinc and copper , separated by paper or cloth soaked in a salt water solution . what happened in volta 's cell is something chemists now call oxidation and reduction . the zinc oxidizes , which means it loses electrons , which are , in turn , gained by the ions i... | oxidation and reduction are processes through which _____
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the onset of cancer usually begins as a solitary tumor in a specific area of the body . if the tumor is not removed , cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs , as well as places far away from the origin , such as the brain . so how does cancer move to new areas , and why are some organs more likely to get inf... | the war against cancer is a constant struggle , and scientists are hard at work developing new methods against metastasis . of recent interest is immunotherapy , a modality which involves harnessing the power of the immune system to destroy the migrating cells . this can be done in different ways , such as training imm... | which of the following is not a type of immunotherapy ?
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so comrades , welcome to the lecture . what i am going to do now , we ’ re going to begin with an experiment to illustrate this point that the oxygen molecule , o2 , has unpaired electrons . now we ’ re outside just to show you the reactivity of this lovely stuff here , liquid oxygen . so you can see wonderful liquid o... | so near the earth ’ s surface , where you and i are at the moment , ozone is really quite dangerous because if you breathe it in it can start reacting with any sort of molecule that has bonds between carbon . but in the upper atmosphere , ozone is extremely important because it absorbs ultra-violet light that comes fro... | in the upper atmosphere , we can find a high concentration of ozone . why is this ozone layer so important to us ?
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you may know that it takes light a zippy eight minutes to reach us from the surface of the sun , so how long do you think it takes light to travel from the sun 's core to its surface ? a few seconds or a minute at most ? well , oddly enough , the answer is many thousands of years . here 's why . photons are produced by... | the answer is given by this formula : distance equals step size times the square root of the number of steps . so if you were taking a random walk from your front door with a one meter stride each second , it would take you a million steps and eleven days just to travel one kilometer . so then how long does it take for... | list the zones of the sun from the exterior to the interior . give one characteristic of each layer .
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caffeine a legal stimulant that most of us are pretty familiar with , many of us use every day , and some of us are addicted to . if you are a caffeine user , you probably know your limits . for me one small cup of coffee in the morning can help keep me alert and focused , whereas two small cups of coffee in the mornin... | oh no . caffeine also stimulates the production of adrenaline or epinephrine . adrenaline is a pretty well known hormone involved in the fight-or-flight response . it causes all sort of physiological reactions !
| which of the following is not an effect of adrenaline ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby in the 11th and 12th centuries , most english commoners were illiterate . since they had no way to learn the bible , the clergy came up with an inventive solution : they 'd create plays out of certain bible stories so even people who could n't read could learn them ... | can you imagine what might happen to the story if the butcher 's guild put on the crucifixion of christ ? yes , without the clergy , the plays soon started changing from their true bible stories . by the end of the 14th century , a new form of drama , called the morality play , had evolved .
| why were the plays reenactments of bible stories ?
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consider the classic white t-shirt . annually , we sell and buy two billion t-shirts globally , making it one of the most common garments in the world . but how and where is the average t-shirt made , and what 's its environmental impact ? clothing items can vary a lot , but a typical t-shirt begins its life on a farm ... | consider the classic white t-shirt . annually , we sell and buy two billion t-shirts globally , making it one of the most common garments in the world .
| create a list of all the countries that may be involved in creating the t-shirt you might be wearing today .
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in the early hours of august 13 , 1961 , east german construction workers flanked by soldiers and police began tearing up streets and erecting barriers throughout the city of berlin and its surroundings . this night marked the beginning of one of history 's most infamous dividing lines , the berlin wall . construction ... | but the announcement brought thousands of east berliners to the border crossing points in the wall , forcing the surprised guards to open the gates immediately . rejoicing crowds poured into west berlin as people from both sides danced atop the wall . and others began to demolish it with whatever tools they could find ... | the wall was built to :
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physicists , air traffic controllers , and video game creators all have at least one thing in common : vectors . what exactly are they , and why do they matter ? to answer , we first need to understand scalars . a scalar is a quantity with magnitude . it tells us how much of something there is . the distance between yo... | what does that mean ? let 's say you and a friend are moving your tent . you stand on opposite sides so you 're facing in opposite directions .
| you have walked to a friend ’ s house and suddenly get a phone call . “ where are you ? ” your sister asks . she wants to come and see you at your friend ’ s house . how do you use vectors to diagram the pathway to your friend ’ s house so your sister can arrive without getting lost ?
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penguins have long captured the imagination and the hearts of people the world over . but while popular culture depicts them as clumsy , adorable birds with endlessly abundant populations , the truth is that penguins are exceedingly graceful , often ornery , and their populations are in rapid free fall . their real lif... | and sadly , most of this decline is attributable to human activities . historically , penguins have had to deal with multiple disturbances . the mass collection of penguin eggs and the harvesting of the seabird guano they nested in caused the dramatic decline of several penguin species .
| penguins are faced with multiple human-based disturbances , and even though they only inhabit the southern hemisphere , things that are done in the northern hemisphere impact penguins as well . what are some of the global practices that harm penguins ? what changes can you make in your daily life to reduce your impact ... |
meet our chemist , harriet . she has a chemical reaction that needs to occur more quickly . a chemist has some processes at her disposal that can help her speed up her reaction , and she knows of five ways . and to remember them , she thinks back to her days as a high school student , and the day she got a date for the... | meet our chemist , harriet . she has a chemical reaction that needs to occur more quickly . a chemist has some processes at her disposal that can help her speed up her reaction , and she knows of five ways .
| explain how a chemical catalyst helps change the rate of a chemical reaction and give two examples of actual chemical catalysis .
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today , more than half of all people in the world live in an urban area . by mid-century , this will increase to 70 % . but as recently as 100 years ago , only two out of ten people lived in a city , and before that , it was even less . how have we reached such a high degree of urbanization , and what does it mean for ... | but about 10,000 years ago , our ancestors began to learn the secrets of selective breeding and early agricultural techniques . for the first time , people could raise food rather than search for it , and this led to the development of semi-permanent villages for the first time in history . `` why only semi-permanent ?... | what led to the development of the first semi-permanent settlements ?
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massive vines that blanket the southern united states , climbing as high as 100 feet as they uproot trees and swallow buildings . a ravenous snake that is capable of devouring an alligator . rabbit populations that eat themselves into starvation . these are n't horror movie concepts . they 're real stories , but how co... | a ravenous snake that is capable of devouring an alligator . rabbit populations that eat themselves into starvation . these are n't horror movie concepts .
| one of the main problems caused by both the burmese python and european rabbit is :
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this is a map of yellowstone national park for the most part the park is in wyoming but it extends a bit into montana and idaho this little 50 square miles section in idaho is what concerns us it 's called the zone of death because of a loophole that exists in the constitution of the united states if someone were to ex... | this is a map of yellowstone national park for the most part the park is in wyoming but it extends a bit into montana and idaho this little 50 square miles section in idaho is what concerns us it 's called the zone of death because of a loophole that exists in the constitution of the united states if someone were to ex... | yellowstone national park is mostly in which state ?
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we check the time every day , all day long . but did you ever wonder - where did telling time come from ? why does it matter what time it is ? who determined the clock and why in the world are there so many different time zones ? the first form of telling time was the sundial and the earliest sundials known from the ar... | who determined the clock and why in the world are there so many different time zones ? the first form of telling time was the sundial and the earliest sundials known from the archaeological record are obelisks from nearly 5,000 years ago . sundials indicate the time by casting a shadow onto a surface .
| the first form of telling time was the :
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in 1895 , a physicist named wilhelm roentgen was doing experiments with a cathode tube , a glass container in which a beam of electrons lights up a fluorescent window . he had wrapped cardboard around the tube to keep the fluorescent light from escaping , when something peculiar happened . another screen outside the tu... | a ct scanner works by sending a fan or cone of x-rays through a patient to an array of detectors . the x-ray beam is rotated around the patient , and often also moved down the patient 's body , with the x-ray source tracing a spiral trajectory . spiral ct scans produce data that can be processed into cross sections det... | modern ct data are often collected when the x-ray source moves along _____ around the patient .
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in this short video , we 're going to show you how we constructed and animated a pop-up book to explain earth 's tectonic plates . the supercontinent pangaea broke apart 200,000,000 years ago , but the pieces have n't stopped shifting . although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought... | although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought it 'd be more interesting to depict gigantic sliding slabs of rock using a tangible object that also moves and shifts . and the pop-up book idea was born . ( music ) to make your own pop-up book , you 'll need some basic paper tools , s... | why is it so important to create a prototype of your pop-up book ?
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hi , my name is john green , this is crash course world history , and today we ’ re going to talk about the french revolution . admittedly , this wasn ’ t the french flag until 1794 , but we just felt like he looked good in stripes . as does this guy . huh ? so , while the american revolution is considered a pretty goo... | they had a system with kings and nobles we now call the ancien régime . thank you , three years of high school french . and for most french people , it sucked , because the people with the money - the nobles and the clergy - never paid taxes . so by 1789 , france was deeply in debt thanks to their funding the american ... | what conditions existed in france in 1789 that caused the french people to revolt ?
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good morning hank , it 's tuesday . so earlier this morning , i was kayaking on the white river . i came to an island that only exists when the water is low , so i had to choose which stream to follow down . i thought as i always do in these situations of robert frost 's poem , the road not taken . you know , the one t... | but of course , there are a bunch of problems . for one thing , if everyone followed the road less travelled , it quickly becomes the road more travelled . furthermore , there are many times when the road more travelled is more travelled for a reason , because for instance , the road less travelled leads to a kayak unf... | what did the speaker ( john green ) discover when he took the road less traveled while in his kayak ?
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dear nickelodeon , i 've gotten over how spongebob 's pants are not actually square . i can ignore most of the time that gary 's shell is not a logarithmic spiral . but what i can not forgive is that spongebob 's pineapple house is a mathematical impossibility . there 's three easy ways to find spirals on a pineapple .... | in this case , 21 . the three sets of spirals in any pineapple are pretty much always adjacent fibonacci numbers . the rare mutant cases might show lucas numbers or something , but it will always be three adjacent numbers in a series .
| what 5 numbers does the fibonacci sequence begin with ?
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have you ever tried to picture an ideal world ? one without war , poverty , or crime ? if so , you 're not alone . plato imagined an enlightened republic ruled by philosopher kings , many religions promise bliss in the afterlife , and throughout history , various groups have tried to build paradise on earth . thomas mo... | in the decades after world war ii , writers wondered what new technologies like atomic energy , artificial intelligence , and space travel meant for humanity 's future . contrasting with popular visions of shining progress , dystopian science fiction expanded to films , comics , and games . robots turned against their ... | what was a major difference between dystopian fiction of the 19th century and the 20th ?
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energy is not easy to define . things have energy , but you ca n't hold a bushel of energy in your hands . you can see what it does , but you ca n't see it directly . there are different types of energy , but the differences between them are manifested only in how they make stuff behave . we do know that the total amou... | there are different types of energy , but the differences between them are manifested only in how they make stuff behave . we do know that the total amount of all the different types of energy in the universe is always the same . and , for chemists , two important types of energy are chemical potential energy and kinet... | the total amount of all energy in the universe is ________ .
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translator : denise rq reviewer : callum downs i just want to start with a little bit of a word of warning and that is my job here tonight it 's to be a little bit of a doctor bring me down . so bear with me for a few minutes , and know that after this , things will get lighter and brighter . let 's start . i know that... | i do n't want to just pick on our friends in the gaming arts , i 'll turn to the graphic arts where we often see these monolithic , homogeneous stories about the great country of africa . but africa is not a country , it 's a continent . it 's 54 countries and thousands and thousands of languages .
| dodson observes that the continent of africa encompasses
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how do you know you 're real ? it 's an obvious question until you try to answer it , but let 's take it seriously . how do you really know you exist ? in his `` meditations on first philosophy , '' rené descartes tried to answer that very question , demolishing all his preconceived notions and opinions to begin again ... | how do you really know you exist ? in his `` meditations on first philosophy , '' rené descartes tried to answer that very question , demolishing all his preconceived notions and opinions to begin again from the foundations . all his knowledge had come from his sensory perceptions of the world . same as you , right ?
| descartes rules out emotions and intuition as foundations for discovering truth . does this provide a fair understanding of human knowledge ?
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your rich , eccentric uncle just passed away , and you and your 99 nasty relatives have been invited to the reading of his will . he wanted to leave all of his money to you , but he knew that if he did , your relatives would pester you forever . so he is banking on the fact that he taught you everything you need to kno... | 3 x 3 = 9 , but the 3 can only be counted once . therefore , every locker that is a perfect square will remain open . you know that these ten lockers are the solution , so you open them immediately and read the words inside : `` the code is the first five lockers touched only twice . ''
| what is the second locker to remain open ?
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currently i think there are eight intelligences that i ’ m very confident about and a few more that i ’ ve bene thinking about . i ’ ll share that with our audience . the first two intelligences are the ones which iq tests and other kind of standardized tests valorize and as long as we know there are only two out of ei... | interpersonal intelligence is how you understand other people , how you motivate them , how you lead them , how you work with them , how you cooperate with them . anybody at any workplace with other people needs interpersonal intelligence . leaders hopefully have a lot of interpersonal intelligence . but any intelligen... | what is interpersonal intelligence ? how can it be used in a pernicious way ?
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indium is a very soft metal . i haven ’ t got a sample here . it melts at 150 degrees or so . this is an example of indium it is a really , really quite nice chemical element this one . we can use it for lots and lots of selective types of catalysis , but generally when it is forming a complex with other organic ligand... | indium is a very soft metal . i haven ’ t got a sample here .
| indium-113 and indium-115 are the 2 natural isotopes of this metal . what other radioactive isotope is used in medicine as a radiotracer to follow the movement of labeled proteins and white blood cells in the body ?
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we live in a society obsessed with music . we use music to worship , tell stories , to celebrate , to work , exercise , declare our love and sometimes our hatred , and , arguably most importantly , to dance . and , of course , we play music ourselves because , well , it 's a pleasant thing to do . thousands of years ag... | music was used as a form of medicine to treat illnesses and physical complaints , as a vital accompaniment to sporting contests , and as a means to keep workers in time as they toiled away on monotonous or menial tasks . one of the most important applications of music in ancient greek society is found in the belief tha... | what are some ways that you use or are exposed to music in daily life that someone from ancient greece would recognize ? are there ways that we use music today that an ancient greek citizen would find strange ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar hello , my name is christian rudder , and i was one of the founders of okcupid . it 's now one of the biggest dating sites in the united states . like most everyone at the site , i was a math major , as you may expect , we 're known for the analytic approach we ta... | if both people in a relationship are saying yes to this , they 're going to have massive problems . we realized this early on , and so we decided we needed a bit more data from each question . we had to ask people to specify not only their own answer , but the answer they wanted from someone else .
| what was the last data point that okcupid needed from each question ?
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the earth intercepts a lot of solar power : 173 thousand terawatts . that 's ten thousand times more power than the planet 's population uses . so is it possible that one day the world could be completely reliant on solar energy ? to answer that question , we first need to examine how solar panels convert solar energy ... | to answer that question , we first need to examine how solar panels convert solar energy to electrical energy . solar panels are made up of smaller units called solar cells . the most common solar cells are made from silicon , a semiconductor that is the second most abundant element on earth .
| what is the carrier of the electric current from solar cells ?
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caffeine a legal stimulant that most of us are pretty familiar with , many of us use every day , and some of us are addicted to . if you are a caffeine user , you probably know your limits . for me one small cup of coffee in the morning can help keep me alert and focused , whereas two small cups of coffee in the mornin... | well the now what really depends on how your specific body metabolizes caffeine . the average half-life of caffeine in the human body is about six hours . so this means that if you have two hundred milligrams of caffeine in your average cup of coffee at 9am in the morning , then 6 hours later half of that will be left ... | what is the half-life of caffeine in the average human body ?
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with every year , machines surpass humans in more and more activities we once thought only we were capable of . today 's computers can beat us in complex board games , transcribe speech in dozens of languages , and instantly identify almost any object . but the robots of tomorrow may go futher by learning to figure out... | there 's body language and vocal tone , changes in heart rate , complexion , and skin temperature , or even word frequency and sentence structure in our writing . you might think that training neural networks to recognize these would be a long and complicated task until you realize just how much data is out there , and... | a major problem for self-driving cars would be :
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what do fans of atmospheric post-punk music have in common with ancient barbarians ? not much . so why are both known as goths ? is it a weird coincidence or a deeper connection stretching across the centuries ? the story begins in ancient rome . as the roman empire expanded , it faced raids and invasions from the semi... | here , the word gothic was repurposed again to describe a literary genre that emerged as a darker strain of romanticism . the term was first applied by horace walpole to his own 1764 novel , `` the castle of otranto '' as a reference to the plot and general atmosphere . many of the novel 's elements became genre staple... | the term “ gothic ” was first used as a derogatory term during the :
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a , c , e , d , b , k. no , this is n't some random , out of order alphabet . these are vitamins , and just like letters build words , they 're the building blocks that keep the body running . vitamins are organic compounds we need to ingest in small amounts to keep functioning . they 're the body 's builders , defende... | finally , from vitamin k , we score the ability to clot blood , since it helps make the proteins that do this job . without this vitamin variety , humans face deficiencies that cause a range of problems , like fatigue , nerve damage , heart disorders , or diseases like rickets and scurvy . on the other hand , too much ... | humans need the correct amount of vitamins to function . too much or too little of any one vitamin can cause problems . list five vitamins and problems associated with too much of each one .
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are you afraid of black cats ? would you open an umbrella indoors ? and how do you feel about the number thirteen ? whether or not you believe in them , you 're probably familiar with a few of these superstitions . so how did it happen that people all over the world knock on wood , or avoid stepping on sidewalk cracks ... | and somehow , this tradition survived long after belief in these spirits had faded away . many superstitions common today in countries from russia to ireland are thought to be remnants of the pagan religions that christianity replaced . but not all superstitions are religious .
| many common superstitions come from history of :
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you and nine other individuals have been captured by super intelligent alien overlords . the aliens think humans look quite tasty , but their civilization forbids eating highly logical and cooperative beings . unfortunately , they 're not sure whether you qualify , so they decide to give you all a test . through its un... | the tallest captive sees three black hats in front of him , so he says `` black , '' telling everyone else he sees an odd number of black hats . he gets his own hat color wrong , but that 's okay since you 're collectively allowed to have one wrong answer . prisoner two also sees an odd number of black hats , so she kn... | how many wrong guesses is the group allowed to have ?
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as 1905 dawned , the soon-to-be 26-year-old albert einstein faced life as a failed academic . most physicists of the time would have scoffed at the idea that this minor civil servant could have much to contribute to science . yet within the following year , einstein would publish not one , not two , not three , but fou... | as 1905 dawned , the soon-to-be 26-year-old albert einstein faced life as a failed academic . most physicists of the time would have scoffed at the idea that this minor civil servant could have much to contribute to science .
| einstein 's first `` miracle year '' paper , in march 1905 , put forth a surprising idea . he proposed that :
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translator : jessica ruby reviewer : caroline cristal russia , with the largest territory in the world , has roughly the same total population as nigeria , a country 1/16 its size . but this similarity wo n't last long . one of the populations is rapidly growing , while the other is slowly declining . what can this tel... | finally , countries in advanced stages of industrialization reach a point where both birth and death rates are low , and the population remains stable or even begins to decline . now , let 's take a look at the projected population pyramids for the same three countries in 2050 . what do these tell us about the expected... | what factors might account for differences in population pyramids between cities within the same country ?
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so , you 're thinking of moving to mars . have you picked out a spot for your new home ? no ? well , i 'm here to help . first things first , here are some of the things you 'll need to bring to the red planet : a high tolerance for cold , loneliness , and radiation ; a lifetime supply of breathable air and food ; a mu... | they play a large part in making the planet red by distributing rusted iron particles across the surface and into the air . thanks to the low gravity and lack of moisture , these dust storms can last for months and cover the planet . so , you might want to build your home as high as possible .
| dust storms last longer on mars than on earth . what is the most important reason for this ?
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the victory of the underdog over the favored team . the last minute penalty shot that wins the tournament . the high-energy training montages . many people love to glorify victory on the playing field , cheer for favorite teams , and play sports . but here 's a question : should we be so obsessed with sports ? is playi... | the victory of the underdog over the favored team . the last minute penalty shot that wins the tournament .
| around what age does bone density begin to decrease ?
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translator : marcia de brito reviewer : ariana bleau lugo ( guitar music throughout ) music is a language . both music and verbal languages serve the same purpose . they are both forms of expression . they can be used as a way to communicate with others . they can be read and written . they can make you laugh or cry , ... | too long . think about the first language you learn as a child . more importantly , think about how you learned it .
| how did you learn the first language you spoke ? were you allowed to make mistakes ? how do you think those mistakes helped you learn the language ? how do you think that relates to learning to play a musical instrument ?
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this room may appear to be holding 600 people , but there 's actually so many more , because in each one of us there is a multitude of personalities . i have two primary personalities that have been in conflict and conversation within me since i was a little girl . i call them `` the mystic '' and `` the warrior . '' i... | from there , we dove in . and we used these questions : share some of your life experiences with me . what issues deeply concern you ?
| what are the three questions that lesser used to help structure her conversation ?
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