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in the 1950s , a group of ranchers in idaho were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity . mystified by these cyclops sheep , they called in scientists from the u.s. department of agriculture to investigate . the researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes had snacked on poisonous bir... | in the 1950s , a group of ranchers in idaho were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity . mystified by these cyclops sheep , they called in scientists from the u.s. department of agriculture to investigate . the researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes had snacked on poisonous bir... | if you were a scientist called in to investigate the cyclops sheep , what questions would you ask the ranchers ?
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in this short video , we 're going to show you how we constructed and animated a pop-up book to explain earth 's tectonic plates . the supercontinent pangaea broke apart 200,000,000 years ago , but the pieces have n't stopped shifting . although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought... | although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought it 'd be more interesting to depict gigantic sliding slabs of rock using a tangible object that also moves and shifts . and the pop-up book idea was born . ( music ) to make your own pop-up book , you 'll need some basic paper tools , s... | what artistic elements play key roles in creating a pop-up book ?
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they say the pen is mightier than the sword , and authorities have often agreed . from outlawed religious tracts and revolutionary manifestos to censored and burned books , we know the potential power of words to overturn the social order . but as strange as it may seem , some numbers have also been considered dangerou... | these numbers , which we call irrational numbers , were perceived as a threat to the pythagorean 's notion of a perfect universe . they imagined a reality that could be described with rational , numerical patterns . historians write that hippasus was exhiled for publicizing his findings , while legends claim he was dro... | what is a rational number ?
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humans know the surprising prick of a needle , the searing pain of a stubbed toe , and the throbbing of a toothache . we can identify many types of pain and have multiple ways of treating it . but what about other species ? how do the animals all around us experience pain ? it 's important that we find out . we keep an... | we 've reached the point that research has made us so sure that vertebrates recognize pain that it 's illegal in many countries to needlessly harm these animals . but what about other types of animals like invertebrates ? these animals are n't legally protected , partly because their behaviors are harder to read .
| what behaviors have researchers measured in invertebrates after injury ? are these similar or different to those observed in vertebrate animals ?
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would you believe that walruses , rattlesnakes , and parakeets all once lived in the same house ? let 's go back about 350 million years . look around . steamy swamps and rain forests of horsetails and ferns cover the region . amphibians are the dominant land vertebrates . they range in size from newts to crocodiles . ... | in fact , the amniotic egg brings the pond with them by enclosing the aquatic environment within its shell . this is achieved by four main upgrades that are unique to amniotic eggs . let 's take a closer look .
| the chorion of amniotic eggs functions in :
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in 1962 , a cave explorer named michel siffre started a series of experiments where he isolated himself underground for months without light or clocks . he attached himself to electrodes that monitored his vital signs and kept track of when he slept and ate . when siffre finally emerged , the results of his pioneering ... | so neurons in our cortex and other brain areas may communicate in scheduled , predictable loops that the cortex uses to judge with precision how much time has passed . that creates our perception of time . in his cave , siffre made a fascinating additional discovery about this .
| how can light perception at night affect our neurotransmitters ?
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tellurium is , is quite a nice element here . i shall pick it up carefully . tellurium . you β ve never had anything to do with this ? nothing to do with it in my life . so this is a new one for me . this is tellurium powder . so let β s see what β s inside the vial . so as we open it and tap out the glass vial . this ... | i shall pick it up carefully . tellurium . you β ve never had anything to do with this ?
| tellurium was named after ...
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what if you could only see one color ? imagine , for instance , that you could only see things that were red and that everything else was completely invisible to you . as it turns out , that 's how you live your life all the time because your eyes can only see a minuscule part of the full spectrum of light . different ... | when we see , it 's because the energy of light stimulates a receptor in our eye called the retina . our retina are only sensitive to light with a very small range in energy , and so we call that range of light visible light . inside our retina are special receptors called rods and cones .
| which is not a form of light ?
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there are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums . you β ll see a lot of nurse sharks , zebra sharks , some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks . but not the great white . for decades , aquariums have tried to contain the world β s largest predatory fish . institutions like marineland , seaworld and the ste... | there are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums . you β ll see a lot of nurse sharks , zebra sharks , some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks . but not the great white . for decades , aquariums have tried to contain the world β s largest predatory fish .
| name at least two reasons why it is preferable for aquariums to try to capture and display young ( as opposed to adolescent or full-grown ) great white sharks .
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yeah . hey it 's me destin , welcome back to smarter every day . so i 've seen enough videos on the internet of a mantis shrimp punching to have a good idea of what 's going on , but i do n't understand it , like at the mechanical level . so today on smarter every day my sister has volunteered to model three seemingly ... | ( destin ) really ? so the mantis shrimp is.. it 's a peacock mantis shrimp . - yep .
| how is the mantis shrimp able to to break strong shells and not damage itself ?
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where the sidewalk ends , by shel silverstein . there is a place where the sidewalk ends and before the street begins , and there the grass grows soft and white , and there the sun burns crimson bright , and there the moon-bird rests from his flight to cool in the peppermint wind . let us leave this place where the smo... | where the sidewalk ends , by shel silverstein . there is a place where the sidewalk ends and before the street begins , and there the grass grows soft and white , and there the sun burns crimson bright , and there the moon-bird rests from his flight to cool in the peppermint wind .
| do you think the lego sculptures adequately illustrated the poem ? why or why not ? if not , what do you think would have been a more fitting medium ?
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light : it 's the fastest thing in the universe , but we can still measure its speed if we slow down the animation , we can analyze light 's motion using a space-time diagram , which takes a flipbook of animation panels , and turns them on their side . in this lesson , we 'll add the single experimental fact that whene... | so far , so good . but that space-time diagram represents andrew 's perspective . what does it look like to me ?
| why does light have to appear at the same angle when drawn on a space-time diagram ?
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hi , i 'm adam cole . this week we 've got a question from lulu miller , the host of npr 's invisibilia podcast : how old are our bodies actually ? because if you think about how we 're constantly being regenerated our physical matter is being shed and replenished ... what actually remains ? good question , lulu ! well... | good question , lulu ! well , your hair obviously does n't remain the same and i 'm not just talking about the style each hair on your head is replaced every 2 to 7 years a hundred hairs fall out every day and new ones grow back in their place and look at your fingernails - they 're completely new every six months or s... | what is a part of your body that has remained intact since before you were born ?
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the dna in just one of your cells gets damaged tens of thousands of times per day . multiply that by your body 's hundred trillion or so cells , and you 've got a quintillion dna errors everyday . and because dna provides the blueprint for the proteins your cells need to function , damage causes serious problems , such... | different ones respond to different types of damage . one common error is base mismatches . each nucleotide contains a base , and during dna replication , the enzyme dna polymerase is supposed to bring in the right partner to pair with every base on each template strand .
| base mismatches take place :
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar what does `` going viral '' on the internet really mean , and why does it happen so quickly ? why is a financial institution too big to fail ? how does a virus in africa end up in the united states in a matter of hours ? why are facebook and google such powerful c... | why are facebook and google such powerful companies at creating global connections ? well , in a word : networks . but what are networks ? everyone knows about their social network , but there are all different kinds of networks you probably have n't thought about .
| have you experienced any benefits from networks first hand ? what sort of benefits ?
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hi there , i β m john green , this is crash course : world history and today we β re going to talk about islam , which like christianity and judaism grew up on the east coast of the mediterranean but unlike christianity and judaism is not terribly well understood in the west . for instance , you probably know what this... | but muhammad did almost from the beginning . and in addition to being an important prophet , he was a good general and in 630 , the islamic community took back mecca . they destroyed the idols in the kabaa , and soon islam was as powerful a political force in the region as it was a religious one .
| what did the islamic community do in 630 ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby in all times and places in our history , human beings have wondered , `` where did we come from ? what 's our place in the world ? what happens to us after we die ? '' religions are systems of belief that have developed and evolved over time in response to these and... | and in the year 70 , the romans destroyed the temple in their capital , jerusalem . so , the religion transformed itself from a temple religion with sacrifices and priests to a religion of the book . because of this , judaism is a faith of symbolism , reverence , and deep meanings tied to the literature of its history ... | which of the following pairs of founders is considered by `` their '' religion to be god in human form ?
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which is correct : `` a dozen eggs is ? '' or `` a dozen eggs are ? '' i remember being in elementary school , and my teachers making a big deal about the unit . and i never really got that , until one day , i was in the grocery store , and i wanted to buy an apple , but i could n't buy one apple . i had to buy a whole... | we take 12 eggs , put them together to make a group , and we call that group a dozen . a dozen eggs is a composed unit . other examples of composed units include a deck of cards , a pair of shoes , a jazz quartet and of course , barbie and ken make a couple .
| what is an example of a composed unit ?
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the five fingers of evolution . a thorough understanding of biology requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution . most people are familiar with the process of natural selection . however , this is just one of five processes that can result in evolution . before we discuss all five of these processes ,... | even the thumb itself is an adaptation formed through the process of natural selection . the evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution , because it refers to a small change . however , this form of evolution may eventually lead to macroevolution , or speciation . every organism on the planet sha... | compare and contrast microevolution and macroevolution .
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our story is about a girl named iris . iris is very sensitive . ( bird cawing ) so much that she is always in tears . she cries when she 's sad , when she 's happy , ( godzilla roars ) and even tears up when things just get to her . she has special lacrimal glands to make new tears and special tubes , called lacrimal p... | and immediately starts again . only now , she 's not crying reflex tears but emotional tears . when someone is either too sad or too happy , it feels like a loss of control , which can be dangerous .
| why are emotional tears triggered by happiness as well as sadness ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar mysteries of vernacular miniature , something distinctively smaller than other members of its type or class . miniature traces its roots to the latin , < i > minium < /i > , which meant , `` red lead '' . minium referred , in particular , to a compound of lead use... | because of the necessarily small size of the paintings , miniatura began to be associated with all things wee and spawned to other words with the same base , like the latin < i > minimum < /i > , for least . miniatura was transmuted into english in the 16th century as the word , < i > miniature < /i > , and since that ... | the word miniature has changed meanings several times in the past two centuries .
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar take a look outside a window . what is the season where you are ? how do you know ? most likely , you looked at a tree or plant and noticed details about its leaves and assessed the qualities of sunlight streaming outside . observing the timing of biological event... | so , the next time you look out your window and notice what season it is , you may be fooled by those blooming trees . think of phenology , then think of how you can play a part to slow climate change .
| how deeply do you think your carbon footprint affects phenology ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar picture this : your friend and you are watching a sitcom and a sassy sidekick walks into a room , carrying a four-tiered wedding cake . he trips , falls , and face-plants into the cake . your friend doubles over with laughter and says , `` it 's so ridiculous ! so... | reasonable expectations of the situation are not met . that is irony . so while the cake dropper might not be ironic , there are all kinds of situations in life that are .
| we often confuse irony with something _____________ .
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imagine a group of people . how big do you think the group would have to be before there 's more than a 50 % chance that two people in the group have the same birthday ? assume for the sake of argument that there are no twins , that every birthday is equally likely , and ignore leap years . take a moment to think about... | so it seems improbable at first that 23 people could produce 253 possible pairs . once our brains accept that , the birthday problem makes more sense . every one of those 253 pairs is a chance for a birthday match .
| which of the following best describes the approach taken to solve the birthday problem in this video ?
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i was a blue-eyed , chubby-cheeked five-year-old when i joined my family on the picket line for the first time . my mom made me leave my dolls in the minivan . i 'd stand on a street corner in the heavy kansas humidity , surrounded by a few dozen relatives , with my tiny fists clutching a sign that i could n't read yet... | this was the beginning . our protests soon became a daily occurrence and an international phenomenon , and as a member of westboro baptist church , i became a fixture on picket lines across the country . the end of my antigay picketing career and life as i knew it , came 20 years later , triggered in part by strangers ... | briefly describe the agenda of the westboro baptist church .
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technetium is the first element in the periodic table which is naturally radioactive , so it is the lightest radioactive element and so for a long time very little was known about it . now people are beginning to study it in suitably strong surroundings of Ε― to contain the radioactivity and they have discovered that th... | technetium is the first element in the periodic table which is naturally radioactive , so it is the lightest radioactive element and so for a long time very little was known about it . now people are beginning to study it in suitably strong surroundings of Ε― to contain the radioactivity and they have discovered that th... | mendeleev predicted the existence of an element with an atomic mass of 100. what was the name he gave to the undiscovered element that became technetium ?
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thousands of years in the making , what began as part of a religious festival honoring the greek god zeus in the rural greek town of olympia has today become the greatest show of sporting excellence on earth . the inception date in 776 bc became the basis for the greek 's earliest calendar , where time was marked in fo... | citius , altius , fortius . three cheers for the olympics .
| what was the date of the first olympics ?
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water is virtually eveywhere , from soil moisture and ice caps , to the cells inside our own bodies . depending on factors like location , fat index , age , and sex , the average human is between 55-60 % water . at birth , human babies are even wetter . being 75 % water , they are swimmingly similar to fish . but their... | now , the consensus is that the amount of water we need to imbibe depends largely on our weight and environment . the recommended daily intake varies from between 2.5-3.7 liters of water for men , and about 2-2.7 liters for women , a range that is pushed up or down if we are healthy , active , old , or overheating . wh... | we lose 2 to 3 liters of water each day by doing which of the following ?
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mendelevium , which is named after one of the most important people as far as the periodic table is concerned , which is dimitri mendeleev . mendelevium is named after mendeleev , in russia the periodic table is called the mendeleev table , and you can see here on my tie i β ve got a picture of mendeleev . it β s anoth... | mendelevium , which is named after one of the most important people as far as the periodic table is concerned , which is dimitri mendeleev . mendelevium is named after mendeleev , in russia the periodic table is called the mendeleev table , and you can see here on my tie i β ve got a picture of mendeleev . it β s anoth... | what is the periodic table called in russia ?
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the sight of mistletoe may either send you scurrying , or if you have your eye on someone , awaiting an opportunity beneath its snow white berries , but how did the festive christmas tradition of kissing under mistletoe come about ? the long-lived custom intertwines the mythology and biology of this intriguing plant . ... | she mandated a one-day truce for all fights , and that everyone embrace beneath its branches when they passed to spread more love into the world . in the 17th century , british colonists arriving in the new world found a different , but very similar looking , species of mistletoe . they applied it to these tales of mag... | in the new world , the british colonists found :
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the evolutionary tango of animal genitalia . can you guess what you 're looking at ? if you answered `` duck vagina , '' you 'd be right . although the bird 's outward appearance may not strike you as especially odd , it uses this strange , intricate , cork-screw shaped contraption to reproduce . we see similarly unbel... | black widow spiders have a disposable penis tip that breaks off inside the vagina blocking the attempts of his rivals , and bed bug males bypass a female 's genitalia altogether using a syringe-like penis to inject sperm cells directly into her belly . not to be outdone , females have evolved their own countermeasures ... | how do male bedbugs fertilize females ?
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why do humans drink so much milk ? and given that all mammals lactate , why do we favor certain types of milk over others ? milk is the first thing we drink , and thanks to developments in the production and variety of dairy products , it can take on countless forms for our dietary and sensory well-being . milk 's prim... | or it can be later added back to the liquid in varying proportions to yield different fat content milks . full fat milk , sometimes referred to as whole milk , has 3.25 % butterfat added compared to 1-2 % for low and reduced fat milk , and less than half a percent for skim milk . to stop reseparation of the fat from th... | ____ β s milk is the most widely drank milk throughout the world .
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around the globe , there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes to escape war , violence , and persecution . the majority of them have become internally displaced persons , which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries . others have crossed a bord... | around the globe , there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes to escape war , violence , and persecution . the majority of them have become internally displaced persons , which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries . others have crossed a bord... | what is the difference between refugees and internally displaced persons ( idp ) ?
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spray-painted subway cars , tagged bridges , mural-covered walls . graffiti pops up boldly throughout our cities . it can make statements about identity , art , empowerment , and politics , while simultaneously being associated with destruction . and , it turns out , it 's nothing new . graffiti , or the act of writing... | political movements , too , have used wall writing to visually spread their messages . during world war ii , both the nazi party and resistance groups covered walls with propaganda . and the berlin wall 's one-sided graffiti can be seen as a striking symbol of repression versus relatively unrestricted public access . a... | you are walking along a city street and notice an open wall covered with graffiti , or as you drive through a local town , you notice the railroad overpass has been β tagged. β what is your initial response ? has this lesson changed your thoughts about this ? describe some local graffiti you may have seen in your area ... |
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar i got in my first car accident when i was sixteen . i had just gotten my license and i was driving home when a car pulled into the intersection and bang ! it hit me . it had happened that quick . bang ! but when i play that memory back , it does n't take two secon... | so , then , how do we slow down time in film ? how do we create slow motion ? maybe this is a surprise , but we do n't take less pictures , we take more pictures .
| how do we make slow motion in film ?
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interviewer : danica , how are you ? good , good . interviewer : nice to see you , what are you studying right now ? i 'm studying geometry . interviewer : holy cow , look at that . when i was in the ninth grade , i remember studying geometry theorems and saying , `` would n't it be cool to have a theorem named after m... | interviewer : danica , how are you ? good , good . interviewer : nice to see you , what are you studying right now ?
| why does danica say she did n't expect that she would be good at math ?
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just a minute ago , this oil helped make a delicious meal possible . but now , it 's just some nasty goop . what should we do with it ? well , the easiest thing would be to pour it down the drain ; that makes it seem like it 's gone , but it 's not really gone . instead , it 's collecting bits of food and other random ... | et voila ! biodiesel . now , you might be wondering whether all this hassle over recycling used cooking oil is even worth it .
| it seems a relatively easy task to collect used oil to produce biodiesel , yet most people find it really difficult to take the first step and stop throwing it down the drain . why do you think it is so difficult to change a behavior , and what strategies would you use to help someone to make that change ?
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consider throwing a ball straight into the air . can you predict the motion of the ball after it leaves your hand ? sure , that 's easy . the ball will move upward until it gets to some highest point , then it will come back down and land in your hand again . of course , that 's what happens , and you know this because... | everyday physics may start to look a bit more like the strange quantum world . quantum teleportation may even progress so far , that one day your cat will escape to a safer galaxy , where there are no physicists and no boxes .
| systems can be entangled even if they are too far apart from each other for communication to explain the effect . in light of this , think of an underlying mechanism that could explain entanglement .
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how fast are you moving right now ? that seems like an easy question . the first tempting answer is , `` i 'm not moving . '' upon further reflection , you realize that maybe the earth 's motion counts . so , a second tempting answer is , `` 19 miles/second around the sun . '' but then you recall learning that the sun ... | no ! some motions have only relative meaning , but some motions have absolute meaning , are absolutely real . for example , constant speed is relative , but change in speed is absolute .
| which of these has no hint of absolute meaning , only relative meaning ?
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each time you take a step , 200 muscles work in unison to lift your foot , propel it forward , and set it down . it 's just one of the many thousands of tasks performed by the muscular system . this network of over 650 muscles covers the body and is the reason we can blink , smile , run , jump , and stand upright . it ... | muscle contraction can be split into three main types . the first two , shortening muscle fibers and lengthening them , generate opposing forces . so the biceps will shorten while the triceps will lengthen or relax , pulling up the arm and making it bend at the elbow .
| if our muscles didn β t generate opposing forces , in what specific ways would that limit us ?
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the first standardized tests that we know of were administered in china over 2,000 years ago during the han dynasty . chinese officials used them to determine aptitude for various government posts . the subject matter included philosophy , farming , and even military tactics . standardized tests continued to be used ar... | the subject matter included philosophy , farming , and even military tactics . standardized tests continued to be used around the world for the next two millennia , and today , they 're used for everything from evaluating stair climbs for firefighters in france to language examinations for diplomats in canada to studen... | standardized tests are used to measure learning in many countries around the world . what are some other methods that schools might use ? what are the advantages and disadvantages of these other methods ?
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`` all men are created equal and they are endowed with the rights to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . '' not so fast , mr. jefferson ! these words from the declaration of independence , and the facts behind them , are well known . in june of 1776 , a little more than a year after the war against england be... | then , franklin and adams offered a few suggestions . but the most important change came after the declaration was turned over to the full congress . for two days , a very unhappy thomas jefferson sat and fumed while his words were picked over .
| according to the narrator , congress eliminated from the declaration a reference to :
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translator : marcia de brito reviewer : ariana bleau lugo ( guitar music throughout ) music is a language . both music and verbal languages serve the same purpose . they are both forms of expression . they can be used as a way to communicate with others . they can be read and written . they can make you laugh or cry , ... | like a child playing air guitar , there are no wrong notes . allow young musicians to play and perform with accomplished musicians on a daily basis . encourage young musicians to play more than they practice . the more they play the more they will practice on their own .
| wooten says that beginning musicians should play more than they practice . do you agree ? why or why not ?
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you 're facing a giant bowl of energy packed carbon crunchies . one spoonful . two . three . soon , you 're powered up by the energy surge that comes from your meal . but how did that energy get into your bowl ? energy exists in the form of sugars made by the plant your cereal came from , like wheat or corn . as you ca... | you 're facing a giant bowl of energy packed carbon crunchies . one spoonful . two .
| how many repeats of the calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule ?
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[ go project films ] i think that facing death changes people ... which is what happened with me . before this experience , i was a completely different person with a completely different dream . my last dream which was to treat cancer and right now my dream of changing the world in another way . [ welcome to canada ] ... | my last dream which was to treat cancer and right now my dream of changing the world in another way . [ welcome to canada ] [ over 4.8 million syrians are refugees living in neighboring countries . ] [ 6.5 million more are displaced within syria . ]
| according to the film , approximately how many syrians are refugees living in neighboring countries ?
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energy is not easy to define . things have energy , but you ca n't hold a bushel of energy in your hands . you can see what it does , but you ca n't see it directly . there are different types of energy , but the differences between them are manifested only in how they make stuff behave . we do know that the total amou... | energy is not easy to define . things have energy , but you ca n't hold a bushel of energy in your hands .
| if a piece of metal at 70 degrees touches a piece of metal at 40 degrees , ________ .
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hi i β m john green , this is crash course us history , and today we 're going to tell the story of how a group of plucky english people struck a blow for religious freedom , and founded the greatest , freest and fattest nation the world has ever seen . [ libertage ] these brits entered a barren land containing no peop... | and by the way , that feast was on the fourth thursday in november , not mid-october as is celebrated in some of these green areas we call not america . anyway squanto was a pretty amazing character and not only because he helped save the pilgrims . he found that almost all of his tribe , the patuxet had been wiped out... | who helped the pilgrims that landed in plymouth , massachusetts ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby mysteries of vernacular : bewilder , to confuse or puzzle completely . the root of the word bewilder can be traced back to the old english word wilde , which was used to refer to something that was in a natural state , uncultivated , or undomesticated . over time , ... | the two old english words , when mashed together , became wilderness , meaning a tract of uncultivated land , primarily inhabited by undomesticated beasts . from the word wilderness , the word wilder was born . to wilder someone was to lead him astray or lure him into the woods . in the 1600 's , the prefix be , meanin... | what does it mean to wilder someone ?
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when i was in fourth grade , my teacher said to us one day : `` there are as many even numbers as there are numbers . '' `` really ? `` , i thought . well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbe... | well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbers are left over , so there 's got to be more whole numbers than even numbers , right ? to see what my teacher was getting at , let 's first think abo... | in the lesson we showed how to match the set of positive whole numbers to the set of positive even numbers . show how to match the set of positive whole numbers to the set of all even numbers ( positive , negative and zero ) .
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imagine you 're asked to invent something new . it could be whatever you want made from anything you choose in any shape or size . that kind of creative freedom sounds so liberating , does n't it ? or does it ? if you 're like most people , you 'd probably be paralyzed by this task . without more guidance , where would... | the next pathfinder mission used an airbag system to allow the rover to bounce and roll to a halt without burning contaminating fuel . years later , we wanted to send a much larger rover : curiosity . however , it was too large for the airbag design , so another constraint was defined .
| what was the device used to lower the curiosity rover ?
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hey , congratulations ! you 've just won the lottery , only the prize is n't cash or a luxury cruise . it 's a position in your country 's national legislature . and you are n't the only lucky winner . all of your fellow lawmakers were chosen in the same way . this might strike you as a strange way to run a government ... | could reviving election by lottery lead to more effective government through a more diverse and representative group of legislatures ? or does modern political office , like athenian military command , require specialized knowledge and skills ? you probably should n't hold your breath to win a spot in your country 's g... | are there any features of athenian political practice that disturb you ? why ?
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it may sound like a paradox , or some cruel joke , but whatever it is , it 's true . beethoven , the composer of some of the most celebrated music in history , spent most of his career going deaf . so how was he still able to create such intricate and moving compositions ? the answer lies in the patterns hidden beneath... | but perhaps equally captivating is beethoven 's use of dissonance . take a look at measures 52 through 54 , which feature triplets containing the notes b and c. as their sine graphs show , the waves are largely out of sync , matching up rarely , if at all . and it is by contrasting this dissonance with the consonance o... | the notes c , e , g form a c major chord . their frequencies are : c β 261.6 hz e β 329.6 hz g β 392.0 hz what is the approximate ratio of c : e : g ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar you look down and see a yellow pencil lying on your desk . your eyes , and then your brain , are collecting all sorts of information about the pencil : its size , color , shape , distance , and more . but , how exactly does this happen ? the ancient greeks were th... | well , light is n't really like anything we 're used to dealing with in our everyday lives . sometimes it behaves like a particle and other times it behaves like a wave , but it is n't exactly like either .
| explain why light is both a wave and a particle . give one example why is behaves like a wave and then why it behaves like a particle .
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar this might seem like a far-away place in a far-away land . my house is right there in the middle . this was 1992 l.a . riots . and i remember being 8 years old and looking out there and thinking to myself , `` this is it , this is game over . i 'm done . '' the mi... | and the ghetto bird , you wo n't find in the audobon book , it 's a police helicopter in case you do n't know . and i went back home and i found mentors and friends and family and people who supported me in this , and in 2005 , this guy named richard louv wrote a book called < i > last child in the woods < /i > , and h... | what phrase did richard louv coin in his book , last child in the woods ?
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some superheroes can grow to the size of a building at will . that 's very intimidating ! but a scientist must ask where the extra material is coming from . the law of conservation of mass implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed , which means that our hero 's mass will not change just because his size ch... | and what defines each element is the number of protons in the nucleus . that is how our periodic table is organized . hydrogen has one proton , helium , two protons , lithium , three protons , and so on .
| the periodic table is organized by the number of
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yeah . hey it 's me destin , welcome back to smarter every day . so i 've seen enough videos on the internet of a mantis shrimp punching to have a good idea of what 's going on , but i do n't understand it , like at the mechanical level . so today on smarter every day my sister has volunteered to model three seemingly ... | ( destin ) really ? so the mantis shrimp is.. it 's a peacock mantis shrimp . - yep .
| how does the hyperbolic parabaloid , located on the top of the mantis shrimp 's arm , help create its strong punches ?
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dear mr. president , do you know much about physics ? i mean , you 're the president of the united states : a country with five thousand nuclear weapons , birthplace of the world 's computing and telecommunications industry , home of the first atomic clock and creator of the global positioning system . but chances are ... | so why , mr. president , am i addressing this letter to you ? well , you appoint the secretary of education , for one - and i do believe that high school physics is somewhat related to education . now , maybe your education secretary says , `` ancient physics is already hard to teach to high schoolers .
| excluding the `` correct '' answer in the last question , are any of the other three options mentioned valid reasons for `` post-1865 '' topics not to be included in high school physics curricula ? pick one of the other three options and explain why it is valid or why it is not . or , if you can think of your own reaso... |
they 're everywhere , but you will never see one . trillions of them are flying through you right this second , but you ca n't feel them . these ghost particles are called neutrinos and if we can catch them , they can tell us about the furthest reaches and most extreme environments of the universe . neutrinos are eleme... | these super energetic collisions are so rare that icecube 's scientists give each neutrino nicknames , like big bird and dr. strangepork . icecube has already observed the highest energy cosmic neutrinos ever seen . the neutrinos it detects should finally tell us where cosmic rays come from and how they reached such ex... | cosmic rays are thought to be produced in the same environments as cosmic neutrinos . why ca n't cosmic rays tell us about their origin ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar `` i need a hero ! '' so many people in distress have said this , but why ? what kind of hero do we need and do we even really even need a hero at all ? well , if you look at any piece of literature written for page , script , or stage , the answer is yes ! but , ... | at other times , we need a common person who becomes great so that they can inspire us all to be better . so do we need heroes ? absolutely !
| according to the end of the video , what is the reason that we need heroes ?
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the area surrounding the north pole may seem like a frozen and desolate environment where nothing ever changes . but it is actually a complex and finely balanced natural system , and its extreme location makes it vulnerable to feedback processes that can magnify even tiny changes in the atmosphere . in fact , scientist... | its feedback loops can affect us in much more direct and immediate ways . as climate scientists often warn , what happens in the arctic does n't always stay in the arctic .
| what physical characteristics of the arctic make climate feedbacks possible ?
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in 1997 , a french woman named jeanne calment passed away after 122 years and 164 days on this earth , making her the oldest known person in history . her age was so astounding that a millionaire pledged $ 1 million to anyone who could break her record . but in reality , living to this age or beyond is a feat that very... | but recently , scientists have identified nine physiological traits , ranging from genetic changes to alterations in a cell 's regenerative ability that play a central role . firstly , as the years pass , our bodies accumulate genetic damage in the form of dna lesions . these occur naturally when the body 's dna replic... | dna lesions involved in aging :
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where does all this stuff come from ? this rock ? that cow ? your heart ? not the things themselves , mind you , but what they 're made of : the atoms that are the fabric of all things . to answer that question , we look to the law of conservation of mass . this law says take an isolated system defined by a boundary th... | not the things themselves , mind you , but what they 're made of : the atoms that are the fabric of all things . to answer that question , we look to the law of conservation of mass . this law says take an isolated system defined by a boundary that matter and energy can not cross .
| the law of conservation of mass says that mass can neither be _____ nor _____
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there 's a prevailing attitude that art does n't matter in the real world . but the study of art can enhance our perception and our ability to translate to others what we see . those skills are useful . those skills can save lives . doctors , nurses , and law enforcement agents can use painting , sculpture , and photog... | here , imagine you 're a seasoned cop or a dedicated doctor , but also imagine you are at a museum and let 's look at a painting . rene magritte 's `` time transfixed '' of 1938 depicts a mysterious and complex interior that invites analysis not unlike that required of a patient 's symptoms or the scene of a crime . a ... | which of these illustrates an inconsistency in time transfixed ?
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there 's a concept that 's crucial to chemistry and physics . it helps explain why physical processes go one way and not the other : why ice melts , why cream spreads in coffee , why air leaks out of a punctured tire . it 's entropy , and it 's notoriously difficult to wrap our heads around . entropy is often described... | it continuously moves between neighboring bonds . as the energy moves , the energy configuration can change . because of the distribution of microstates , there 's a 21 % chance that the system will later be in the configuration in which the energy is maximally spread out , there 's a 13 % chance that it will return to... | given that energy configuration a has 11,460 microstates and energy configuration has 3,820 microstates , how does the probability of energy configuration a occurring compare to the probability of b occurring ?
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welcome to the ted-ed beta website tour . i 'm logan smalley , i 'm bedirhan cinar , i 'm jordan reeves , and i 'm stephanie lo . we represent the ted-ed team . we 're going to tell you about how the website is organized , about the lessons that surround each video , how you can customize or flip your own lesson , and ... | welcome to the ted-ed beta website tour . i 'm logan smalley , i 'm bedirhan cinar , i 'm jordan reeves , and i 'm stephanie lo .
| which feature of the ted-ed website excites you the most ?
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cadmium ? yes ok oh yeah , that β s some ! that is cool man ! so cadmium is an element which is really quite similar to mercury and the way that most people have seen cadmium is that cadmium sulphide has a very strong orange colour and it is therefore used for dying things yellow or orange . if you look round your hous... | cadmium ? yes ok oh yeah , that β s some !
| because cadmium is toxic , we should dispose of used batteries in the correct way . like mercury and lead , why is cadmium especially dangerous , ?
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in well-meaning attempts to boost our confidence ahead of challenging moments , people often try to draw our attention to our strengths : our intelligence , our competence , our experience . but this can β curiously β have some awkward consequences . there β s a type of under-confidence that arises specifically when we... | we trust that it 's an option to lead a good life without regularly making a complete idiot of ourselves . one of the most charming books ever written in early modern europe is called 'in praise of folly ' by the dutch scholar and philosopher , erasmus . in its pages , erasmus advances a hugely liberating argument . in... | what was the central argument of erasmus ' in praise of folly ?
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the five fingers of evolution . a thorough understanding of biology requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution . most people are familiar with the process of natural selection . however , this is just one of five processes that can result in evolution . before we discuss all five of these processes ,... | the initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent , or 10 of 20 total genes . these genes are the gene pool . the 20 different genes are like cards in a deck that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation .
| microevolution is changes in the frequency of genes in a gene pool . according to this definition what is the smallest biological unit that can evolve ?
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one of the great things about science is that when scientists make a discovery , it 's not always in a prescribed manner , as in , only in a laboratory under strict settings , with white lab coats and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go , `` beep ! '' in reality , the events and people involved in some of the majo... | in reality , the events and people involved in some of the major scientific discoveries are as weird and varied as they get . my case in point : the weird history of the cell theory . there are three parts to the cell theory . one : all organisms are composed of one or more cells .
| why do you think there were so many heated debates around the development of the cell theory ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby in the 11th and 12th centuries , most english commoners were illiterate . since they had no way to learn the bible , the clergy came up with an inventive solution : they 'd create plays out of certain bible stories so even people who could n't read could learn them ... | these were called mystery plays because they revealed the mystery of god 's word . at about the same time , the clergy also developed plays about the saints of the church , called miracle plays . in the beginning , the clergy members acted out bible stories on the steps outside the cathedral .
| in what order were the plays developed ?
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everyone knows that stories are made up of words , from short poems to epic novels . but did you know that a single word itself can tell an entire story ? you see , just as we can look at a story 's plot , setting , and characters , we can also study the history of an individual word , where it developed , and the cult... | the celtic peoples who first inhabited the british isles believed that trees housed deities . and , in fact , the ancient druids take their name from the same ancient root as tree . planting a tree is itself an act of faith and commitment .
| which ancient celtic group takes its name from a root meaning 'tree ' ?
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death and taxes are famously inevitable , but what about decomposition ? as anyone who 's seen a mummy knows , ancient egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition . so , how successful were they ? living cells constantly renew themselves . specialized enzymes decompose old structures , and the raw materia... | like any salt , natron can prevent decay by killing bacteria and preventing the body 's natural digestive enzymes from working . but natron is n't just any salt . it 's mainly a mixture of two alkaline salts , soda ash and baking soda .
| natron is :
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many of the inanimate objects around you probably seem perfectly still . but look deep into the atomic structure of any of them , and you 'll see a world in constant flux . stretching , contracting , springing , jittering , drifting atoms everywhere . and though that movement may seem chaotic , it 's not random . atoms... | that 's three degrees of freedom . it can also rotate around any of these three axes . that 's three more , unless it 's a linear molecule , like carbon dioxide .
| the movement of any given molecule around its axes is known as :
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today we 're talking about weird materials that we use in space , in robots and in your mouth . i 'm talking about shape memory alloys . like the name says , these are metals that remember different shapes . to understand how these metals work , we 've got to talk about atoms and organizing . let 's talk about atoms fi... | today we 're talking about weird materials that we use in space , in robots and in your mouth . i 'm talking about shape memory alloys . like the name says , these are metals that remember different shapes .
| the shape memory wire changes shape mostly by
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( music ) esteemed members of the jury , i submit the following words for immediate and violent execution and extraction from our vocabularies , to be locked away forever , if you would prefer . these words i present to you are `` good '' and `` bad . '' these words have served as treacherous liars for eternity . these... | we have to do whatever we can and should to make our real sentiments known . `` good '' and `` bad '' will no longer be our go-to words that we rely on when we are too afraid or too languid to express our real thoughts . ladies and gentlemen of the jury , i implore you to deliver a verdict of guilty and send these word... | why does neel suppose we rely on good and bad as go to words to express our thoughts ?
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if insects suddenly morphed into large beings , and decided to wage war on us , there 's no doubt that humans would lose . we 'd simply be crushed by their sheer numbers . there are an estimated 10 quintillion individual insects on earth . that 's a one followed by 19 zeroes . so , compared with our population of about... | we 'd simply be crushed by their sheer numbers . there are an estimated 10 quintillion individual insects on earth . that 's a one followed by 19 zeroes .
| how many insects are there on earth ?
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when i was in fourth grade , my teacher said to us one day : `` there are as many even numbers as there are numbers . '' `` really ? `` , i thought . well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbe... | so we 're faced with this astounding conclusion : the decimal numbers can not be put on a list . they represent a bigger infinity that the infinity of whole numbers . so , even though we 're familiar with only a few irrationals , like square root of two and pi , the infinity of irrationals is actually greater than the ... | which infinity is bigger , the whole numbers or the decimals ?
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how do you imagine the life of a scientist ? boring and monotonous , spending endless hours in the lab with no social interaction ? maybe for some but not tycho brahe . the 16th century scholar who accurately predicted planetary motion and cataloged hundreds of stars before the telescope had been invented also had a co... | it was n't long before his own measurements were more accurate than those in his books . while in germany , tycho got into a bit of an argument with another student at a party over a mathematical formula , resulting in a sword duel and tycho losing a good-sized chunk of his nose . after that , he was said to have worn ... | what was the subject of the argument that eventually ended in a sword duel and the loss of part of brahe β s nose ?
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some are longer than a blue whale . others are barely larger than a grain of sand . one species unleashes one of the most deadly venoms on earth . another holds a secret that 's behind some of the greatest breakthroughs in biology . they 've inhabited the ocean for at least half a billion years , and they 're still flo... | when they 're triggered by contact , they shoot with an explosive force . it exerts over 550 times the pressure of mike tyson 's strongest punch to inject venom into the victim . some jellyfish stings barely tingle , but others cause severe skin damage .
| the explosive sting of some jellyfish exerts ____ times the pressure of mike tyson 's strongest punch .
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most of us think of the sun as our friend . it helps plants grow , keeps us warm , and who does n't love to lie on the beach on a sunny day ? but for all of it 's good qualities , the sun can also be harmful in large amounts . that 's why we invented sunscreen . the purpose of sunscreen is to shield the body from the s... | children under the age of six months , on the other hand , should have almost no sun exposure as their protective mechanisms are not fully functioning , and their skin is more likely to absorb any sunscreen that is applied . wearing sunscreen helps protect against the development of all three types of skin cancer : bas... | australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world . why might this population be particularly susceptible ?
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fish are in trouble . the cod population off canada 's east coast collapsed in the 1990s , intense recreational and commercial fishing has decimated goliath grouper populations in south florida , and most populations of tuna have plummeted by over 50 % , with the southern atlantic bluefin on the verge of extinction . t... | in national waters , governments can set limits about how , when , where , and how much fishing occurs , with restrictions on certain boats and equipment . harmful practices , such as bottom trawling , can be banned altogether , and we can establish marine reserves closed to all fishing to help ecosystems restore thems... | bottom-trawling is a type of net fishing that has been compared to what ?
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imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer , virology , and genetics . luckily for us , such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions of human lab-grown cells called hela . let 's take a step back for a second . scientists grow human cells in ... | they 've traveled to outer space . telomerase , an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their dna , was discovered first in hela cells . in an interesting turn of fate , thanks to hela , we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called hpv and now there 's a vaccine . hela-fueled di... | research with hela cells lead to a vaccine for _____ , which likely caused henrietta β s cancer .
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we 've decided to make a new video about aluminium because it 's a long time over five years since we made the first one and ... we did n't say very much . aluminium is a surprisingly abundand element . if you look at this periodic table here , where the area of the different elements gives you a rough idea of the abun... | we 've decided to make a new video about aluminium because it 's a long time over five years since we made the first one and ... we did n't say very much . aluminium is a surprisingly abundand element . if you look at this periodic table here , where the area of the different elements gives you a rough idea of the abun... | if you reverse the letters in the symbol al , you get the symbol of another element , la . interestingly , the symbols of the elements immediately below al in group 13 can also be reversed to give another element , for example ga/ag . how many similar pairs of elements can you find in the periodic table ?
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how does the difference between point 0000000398 and point 00000000398 cause one to have red eyes after swimming ? to answer this , we first need a way of dealing with rather small numbers , or in some cases extremely large numbers . this leads us to the concept of logarithms . well , what are logarithms ? let 's take ... | to answer this , we first need a way of dealing with rather small numbers , or in some cases extremely large numbers . this leads us to the concept of logarithms . well , what are logarithms ? let 's take the base number , b , and raise it to a power , p , like 2 to the 3rd power , and have it equal a number n. we get ... | what can you repeat to help you remember the formula for logarithms ?
|
lovely ! i β ve just realised that erbium is the most crucial element for the internet of all the elements on the periodic table , and so i want to take you across to materials engineering where we can see a demonstration which will explain to you why it β s so important , and why without erbium many of you couldn β t ... | and the fibre is very strong , neither brady nor i have managed to break it , and the problem is that even with this fibre , with the light beam going down it , eventually the light gets weaker and weaker and you lose the signal . so every 50km , every 30 miles or so , down the fibre when it β s under the sea you have ... | as the professor explained in the final minute of the video , who are the big enemies of the internet fibers under the sea ?
|
so californium is another element which was first prepared at the berkeley labs in california . it β s got quite a few military applications , usually involving the word β nuclear β . but what most people don β t realise is it β s actually used in various types of machines for detecting metal fatigue and stress in airp... | so californium is another element which was first prepared at the berkeley labs in california . it β s got quite a few military applications , usually involving the word β nuclear β .
| in which us city was californium first made ?
|
what do silk , dna , wood , balloons , and silly putty all have in common ? they 're polymers . polymers are such a big part of our lives that it 's virtually impossible to imagine a world without them , but what the heck are they ? polymers are large molecules made of small units called monomers linked together like t... | what do silk , dna , wood , balloons , and silly putty all have in common ? they 're polymers . polymers are such a big part of our lives that it 's virtually impossible to imagine a world without them , but what the heck are they ?
| why do different polymers have different properties ?
|
in 1985 , 16-year-old douglas casa , ran the championship 10,000 meter track race at the empire state games . suddenly , with just 200 meters to go , he collapsed , got back up and then collapsed again on the final straightaway , with his body temperature at dangerous levels . he had suffered an exertional heat stroke ... | suddenly , with just 200 meters to go , he collapsed , got back up and then collapsed again on the final straightaway , with his body temperature at dangerous levels . he had suffered an exertional heat stroke . fortunately , with immediate and proper treatment , he survived the potentially fatal episode and has since ... | what are some common situations where exertional heat stroke might occur ?
|
many people in the united states and latin america have grown up celebrating the anniversary of christopher columbus 's voyage , but was he an intrepid explorer who brought two worlds together or a ruthless exploiter who brought colonialism and slavery ? and did he even discover america at all ? it 's time to put colum... | `` say , are n't there other ways the holiday is celebrated ? '' `` in some latin american countries , they celebrate the same date under different names , such as dΓa de la raza . in these places , it 's more a celebration of the native and mixed cultures that survived through the colonial period .
| what do some latin american countries celebrate on holidays like dΓa de la raza ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar fourth and nineteen , folks , they 've got ta have a play as time 's ticking away because they 've got to stay in this ball game , they 've got to win . they come out lined up in the empty set , three receivers to the right , two to the left . defense looks like t... | at first the linebacker can keep up with that receiver , but eventually the faster receiver pulls away . that 's acceleration , the change in speed over time . acceleration is a vector quantity .
| what type of line is always found on a graph of accelerating speed ?
|
some people ca n't see the forest for the trees , but before stephen sillett , no one could see or even imagine the forest in the trees . stephen was an explorer of new worlds from the start . he spent his boyhood in harrisburg , pennsylvania reading tolkien and playing dungeons and dragons with his brother scott . but... | his climb led to more excursions , with safety equipment , thank goodness , up other ancient redwoods as he mapped and measured the architecture of branches and additional trunks in the canopy of an entire grove . stephen became an expert in the ecology of the tallest trees on earth and the rich diversity of life in th... | the rich diversity of life found in the redwood crowns included :
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this just in : `` thief robs town with world 's largest chocolate bunny . '' wait , so are we talking about this , or this ? that 's a classic case of a misplaced modifier , a common grammatical mistake that can dramatically change the meaning of a sentence . and lest you think this is a bit far-fetched , confusing hea... | giving the modifier something to modify will solve the problem . then there 's another group called the squinting modifiers because they 're stuck between two things and could feasibly refer to either . often , these modifiers are adverbs , like the one in this sentence : `` robbers who steal chocolate bunnies rapidly ... | 'squinting ' modifiers most often take the form of :
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let 's say you 're on a game show . you 've already earned $ 1000 in the first round when you land on the bonus space . now , you have a choice . you can either take a $ 500 bonus guaranteed or you can flip a coin . if it 's heads , you win $ 1000 bonus . if it 's tails , you get no bonus at all . in the second round ,... | let 's say you 're on a game show . you 've already earned $ 1000 in the first round when you land on the bonus space .
| what is a heuristic ?
|
your favorite band is great at playing music , but not so great at being organized . they keep misplacing their instruments on tour , and it 's driving their manager mad . on the day of the big concert , the band wakes up to find themselves tied up in a windowless , soundproof practice room . their manager explains wha... | your favorite band is great at playing music , but not so great at being organized . they keep misplacing their instruments on tour , and it 's driving their manager mad .
| can you suggest your own modification of the problem ?
|
translator : jennifer cody reviewer : jessica ruby when faced with a big challenge where potential failure seems to lurk at every corner , maybe you 've heard this advice before : `` be more confident . '' and most likely , this is what you think when you hear it : `` if only it were that simple . '' but what is confid... | translator : jennifer cody reviewer : jessica ruby when faced with a big challenge where potential failure seems to lurk at every corner , maybe you 've heard this advice before : `` be more confident . '' and most likely , this is what you think when you hear it : `` if only it were that simple . ''
| in what ways does feeling confident help a person succeed in their every day life ?
|
there 's a job out there with a great deal of power , pay , prestige , and near-perfect job security . and there 's only one way to be hired : get appointed to the us supreme court . if you want to become a justice on the supreme court , the highest federal court in the united states , three things have to happen . you... | and there 's only one way to be hired : get appointed to the us supreme court . if you want to become a justice on the supreme court , the highest federal court in the united states , three things have to happen . you have to be nominated by the president of the united states , your nomination needs to be approved by t... | if you want to become a justice on the united states supreme court , you have to be :
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in mythological ancient greece , soaring above crete on wings made from wax and feathers , icarus , the son of daedalus , defied the laws of both man and nature . ignoring the warnings of his father , he rose higher and higher . to witnesses on the ground , he looked like a god , and as he peered down from above , he f... | just as daedalus had many times ignored the consequences of defying the natural laws of mortal men in the service of his ego , icarus was also carried away by his own hubris . in the end , both men paid for their departure from the path of moderation dearly , icarus with his life and daedalus with his regret .
| veering from the β path of moderation β can be both good and bad . reflect on this thought and respond .
|
in 1796 , the scientist edward jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus . it was a success . the eight-year-old was inoculated against the disease and this became ... | in 1796 , the scientist edward jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus . it was a success .
| why does inoculating with cowpox protect against smallpox but a standard flu vaccine can not protect against every flu strain ?
|
a lone priestess walks towards an underground chamber . people line the streets to watch as she proclaims her innocence . it does n't matter . she 's already been judged and found guilty . the sentence ? live burial . the underground chamber contains a portion of bread , water , milk , and oil . she will have a lamp , ... | for the first ten years of licinia 's service , she 's considered in training , learning how to be a vestal virgin . her most important duty is keeping vigil over the flame of vesta , the virgin goddess of the hearth . vesta does n't have a statue like other roman gods and goddesses .
| the flame of vesta was very important to the ancient romans . so much so that the most important duty of the vestals was to take turns keeping vigil over the flame to make sure that it continued to burn . what other reasons can you come up with for why fire was important in the ancient world ?
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translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar nearly every one of your science classes starts off with the scientific method . you recognize this ? ask a question , form a hypothesis , perform an experiment , collect data , draw conclusions , and then memorize a bunch of facts . this is really boring ! scienc... | and i 'd like to illustrate this by telling you the real story about how we discovered how geckos stick . first you need to get involved . you need to do curiosity-driven research yourself .
| what did tanya , a student in robert full 's lab , need to figure out before she could answer her question ?
|
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