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in the 1950s , a group of ranchers in idaho were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity . mystified by these cyclops sheep , they called in scientists from the u.s. department of agriculture to investigate . the researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes had snacked on poisonous bir...
in the 1950s , a group of ranchers in idaho were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity . mystified by these cyclops sheep , they called in scientists from the u.s. department of agriculture to investigate . the researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes had snacked on poisonous bir...
if you were a scientist called in to investigate the cyclops sheep , what questions would you ask the ranchers ?
in this short video , we 're going to show you how we constructed and animated a pop-up book to explain earth 's tectonic plates . the supercontinent pangaea broke apart 200,000,000 years ago , but the pieces have n't stopped shifting . although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought...
although with animation we can show this movement easily with drawings , we thought it 'd be more interesting to depict gigantic sliding slabs of rock using a tangible object that also moves and shifts . and the pop-up book idea was born . ( music ) to make your own pop-up book , you 'll need some basic paper tools , s...
what artistic elements play key roles in creating a pop-up book ?
they say the pen is mightier than the sword , and authorities have often agreed . from outlawed religious tracts and revolutionary manifestos to censored and burned books , we know the potential power of words to overturn the social order . but as strange as it may seem , some numbers have also been considered dangerou...
these numbers , which we call irrational numbers , were perceived as a threat to the pythagorean 's notion of a perfect universe . they imagined a reality that could be described with rational , numerical patterns . historians write that hippasus was exhiled for publicizing his findings , while legends claim he was dro...
what is a rational number ?
humans know the surprising prick of a needle , the searing pain of a stubbed toe , and the throbbing of a toothache . we can identify many types of pain and have multiple ways of treating it . but what about other species ? how do the animals all around us experience pain ? it 's important that we find out . we keep an...
we 've reached the point that research has made us so sure that vertebrates recognize pain that it 's illegal in many countries to needlessly harm these animals . but what about other types of animals like invertebrates ? these animals are n't legally protected , partly because their behaviors are harder to read .
what behaviors have researchers measured in invertebrates after injury ? are these similar or different to those observed in vertebrate animals ?
would you believe that walruses , rattlesnakes , and parakeets all once lived in the same house ? let 's go back about 350 million years . look around . steamy swamps and rain forests of horsetails and ferns cover the region . amphibians are the dominant land vertebrates . they range in size from newts to crocodiles . ...
in fact , the amniotic egg brings the pond with them by enclosing the aquatic environment within its shell . this is achieved by four main upgrades that are unique to amniotic eggs . let 's take a closer look .
the chorion of amniotic eggs functions in :
in 1962 , a cave explorer named michel siffre started a series of experiments where he isolated himself underground for months without light or clocks . he attached himself to electrodes that monitored his vital signs and kept track of when he slept and ate . when siffre finally emerged , the results of his pioneering ...
so neurons in our cortex and other brain areas may communicate in scheduled , predictable loops that the cortex uses to judge with precision how much time has passed . that creates our perception of time . in his cave , siffre made a fascinating additional discovery about this .
how can light perception at night affect our neurotransmitters ?
tellurium is , is quite a nice element here . i shall pick it up carefully . tellurium . you ’ ve never had anything to do with this ? nothing to do with it in my life . so this is a new one for me . this is tellurium powder . so let ’ s see what ’ s inside the vial . so as we open it and tap out the glass vial . this ...
i shall pick it up carefully . tellurium . you ’ ve never had anything to do with this ?
tellurium was named after ...
what if you could only see one color ? imagine , for instance , that you could only see things that were red and that everything else was completely invisible to you . as it turns out , that 's how you live your life all the time because your eyes can only see a minuscule part of the full spectrum of light . different ...
when we see , it 's because the energy of light stimulates a receptor in our eye called the retina . our retina are only sensitive to light with a very small range in energy , and so we call that range of light visible light . inside our retina are special receptors called rods and cones .
which is not a form of light ?
there are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums . you ’ ll see a lot of nurse sharks , zebra sharks , some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks . but not the great white . for decades , aquariums have tried to contain the world ’ s largest predatory fish . institutions like marineland , seaworld and the ste...
there are some shark species that seem to do okay in aquariums . you ’ ll see a lot of nurse sharks , zebra sharks , some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks . but not the great white . for decades , aquariums have tried to contain the world ’ s largest predatory fish .
name at least two reasons why it is preferable for aquariums to try to capture and display young ( as opposed to adolescent or full-grown ) great white sharks .
yeah . hey it 's me destin , welcome back to smarter every day . so i 've seen enough videos on the internet of a mantis shrimp punching to have a good idea of what 's going on , but i do n't understand it , like at the mechanical level . so today on smarter every day my sister has volunteered to model three seemingly ...
( destin ) really ? so the mantis shrimp is.. it 's a peacock mantis shrimp . - yep .
how is the mantis shrimp able to to break strong shells and not damage itself ?
where the sidewalk ends , by shel silverstein . there is a place where the sidewalk ends and before the street begins , and there the grass grows soft and white , and there the sun burns crimson bright , and there the moon-bird rests from his flight to cool in the peppermint wind . let us leave this place where the smo...
where the sidewalk ends , by shel silverstein . there is a place where the sidewalk ends and before the street begins , and there the grass grows soft and white , and there the sun burns crimson bright , and there the moon-bird rests from his flight to cool in the peppermint wind .
do you think the lego sculptures adequately illustrated the poem ? why or why not ? if not , what do you think would have been a more fitting medium ?
light : it 's the fastest thing in the universe , but we can still measure its speed if we slow down the animation , we can analyze light 's motion using a space-time diagram , which takes a flipbook of animation panels , and turns them on their side . in this lesson , we 'll add the single experimental fact that whene...
so far , so good . but that space-time diagram represents andrew 's perspective . what does it look like to me ?
why does light have to appear at the same angle when drawn on a space-time diagram ?
hi , i 'm adam cole . this week we 've got a question from lulu miller , the host of npr 's invisibilia podcast : how old are our bodies actually ? because if you think about how we 're constantly being regenerated our physical matter is being shed and replenished ... what actually remains ? good question , lulu ! well...
good question , lulu ! well , your hair obviously does n't remain the same and i 'm not just talking about the style each hair on your head is replaced every 2 to 7 years a hundred hairs fall out every day and new ones grow back in their place and look at your fingernails - they 're completely new every six months or s...
what is a part of your body that has remained intact since before you were born ?
the dna in just one of your cells gets damaged tens of thousands of times per day . multiply that by your body 's hundred trillion or so cells , and you 've got a quintillion dna errors everyday . and because dna provides the blueprint for the proteins your cells need to function , damage causes serious problems , such...
different ones respond to different types of damage . one common error is base mismatches . each nucleotide contains a base , and during dna replication , the enzyme dna polymerase is supposed to bring in the right partner to pair with every base on each template strand .
base mismatches take place :
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar what does `` going viral '' on the internet really mean , and why does it happen so quickly ? why is a financial institution too big to fail ? how does a virus in africa end up in the united states in a matter of hours ? why are facebook and google such powerful c...
why are facebook and google such powerful companies at creating global connections ? well , in a word : networks . but what are networks ? everyone knows about their social network , but there are all different kinds of networks you probably have n't thought about .
have you experienced any benefits from networks first hand ? what sort of benefits ?
hi there , i ’ m john green , this is crash course : world history and today we ’ re going to talk about islam , which like christianity and judaism grew up on the east coast of the mediterranean but unlike christianity and judaism is not terribly well understood in the west . for instance , you probably know what this...
but muhammad did almost from the beginning . and in addition to being an important prophet , he was a good general and in 630 , the islamic community took back mecca . they destroyed the idols in the kabaa , and soon islam was as powerful a political force in the region as it was a religious one .
what did the islamic community do in 630 ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby in all times and places in our history , human beings have wondered , `` where did we come from ? what 's our place in the world ? what happens to us after we die ? '' religions are systems of belief that have developed and evolved over time in response to these and...
and in the year 70 , the romans destroyed the temple in their capital , jerusalem . so , the religion transformed itself from a temple religion with sacrifices and priests to a religion of the book . because of this , judaism is a faith of symbolism , reverence , and deep meanings tied to the literature of its history ...
which of the following pairs of founders is considered by `` their '' religion to be god in human form ?
which is correct : `` a dozen eggs is ? '' or `` a dozen eggs are ? '' i remember being in elementary school , and my teachers making a big deal about the unit . and i never really got that , until one day , i was in the grocery store , and i wanted to buy an apple , but i could n't buy one apple . i had to buy a whole...
we take 12 eggs , put them together to make a group , and we call that group a dozen . a dozen eggs is a composed unit . other examples of composed units include a deck of cards , a pair of shoes , a jazz quartet and of course , barbie and ken make a couple .
what is an example of a composed unit ?
the five fingers of evolution . a thorough understanding of biology requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution . most people are familiar with the process of natural selection . however , this is just one of five processes that can result in evolution . before we discuss all five of these processes ,...
even the thumb itself is an adaptation formed through the process of natural selection . the evolution that we have described is referred to as microevolution , because it refers to a small change . however , this form of evolution may eventually lead to macroevolution , or speciation . every organism on the planet sha...
compare and contrast microevolution and macroevolution .
our story is about a girl named iris . iris is very sensitive . ( bird cawing ) so much that she is always in tears . she cries when she 's sad , when she 's happy , ( godzilla roars ) and even tears up when things just get to her . she has special lacrimal glands to make new tears and special tubes , called lacrimal p...
and immediately starts again . only now , she 's not crying reflex tears but emotional tears . when someone is either too sad or too happy , it feels like a loss of control , which can be dangerous .
why are emotional tears triggered by happiness as well as sadness ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar mysteries of vernacular miniature , something distinctively smaller than other members of its type or class . miniature traces its roots to the latin , < i > minium < /i > , which meant , `` red lead '' . minium referred , in particular , to a compound of lead use...
because of the necessarily small size of the paintings , miniatura began to be associated with all things wee and spawned to other words with the same base , like the latin < i > minimum < /i > , for least . miniatura was transmuted into english in the 16th century as the word , < i > miniature < /i > , and since that ...
the word miniature has changed meanings several times in the past two centuries .
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar take a look outside a window . what is the season where you are ? how do you know ? most likely , you looked at a tree or plant and noticed details about its leaves and assessed the qualities of sunlight streaming outside . observing the timing of biological event...
so , the next time you look out your window and notice what season it is , you may be fooled by those blooming trees . think of phenology , then think of how you can play a part to slow climate change .
how deeply do you think your carbon footprint affects phenology ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar picture this : your friend and you are watching a sitcom and a sassy sidekick walks into a room , carrying a four-tiered wedding cake . he trips , falls , and face-plants into the cake . your friend doubles over with laughter and says , `` it 's so ridiculous ! so...
reasonable expectations of the situation are not met . that is irony . so while the cake dropper might not be ironic , there are all kinds of situations in life that are .
we often confuse irony with something _____________ .
imagine a group of people . how big do you think the group would have to be before there 's more than a 50 % chance that two people in the group have the same birthday ? assume for the sake of argument that there are no twins , that every birthday is equally likely , and ignore leap years . take a moment to think about...
so it seems improbable at first that 23 people could produce 253 possible pairs . once our brains accept that , the birthday problem makes more sense . every one of those 253 pairs is a chance for a birthday match .
which of the following best describes the approach taken to solve the birthday problem in this video ?
i was a blue-eyed , chubby-cheeked five-year-old when i joined my family on the picket line for the first time . my mom made me leave my dolls in the minivan . i 'd stand on a street corner in the heavy kansas humidity , surrounded by a few dozen relatives , with my tiny fists clutching a sign that i could n't read yet...
this was the beginning . our protests soon became a daily occurrence and an international phenomenon , and as a member of westboro baptist church , i became a fixture on picket lines across the country . the end of my antigay picketing career and life as i knew it , came 20 years later , triggered in part by strangers ...
briefly describe the agenda of the westboro baptist church .
technetium is the first element in the periodic table which is naturally radioactive , so it is the lightest radioactive element and so for a long time very little was known about it . now people are beginning to study it in suitably strong surroundings of Ε― to contain the radioactivity and they have discovered that th...
technetium is the first element in the periodic table which is naturally radioactive , so it is the lightest radioactive element and so for a long time very little was known about it . now people are beginning to study it in suitably strong surroundings of Ε― to contain the radioactivity and they have discovered that th...
mendeleev predicted the existence of an element with an atomic mass of 100. what was the name he gave to the undiscovered element that became technetium ?
thousands of years in the making , what began as part of a religious festival honoring the greek god zeus in the rural greek town of olympia has today become the greatest show of sporting excellence on earth . the inception date in 776 bc became the basis for the greek 's earliest calendar , where time was marked in fo...
citius , altius , fortius . three cheers for the olympics .
what was the date of the first olympics ?
water is virtually eveywhere , from soil moisture and ice caps , to the cells inside our own bodies . depending on factors like location , fat index , age , and sex , the average human is between 55-60 % water . at birth , human babies are even wetter . being 75 % water , they are swimmingly similar to fish . but their...
now , the consensus is that the amount of water we need to imbibe depends largely on our weight and environment . the recommended daily intake varies from between 2.5-3.7 liters of water for men , and about 2-2.7 liters for women , a range that is pushed up or down if we are healthy , active , old , or overheating . wh...
we lose 2 to 3 liters of water each day by doing which of the following ?
mendelevium , which is named after one of the most important people as far as the periodic table is concerned , which is dimitri mendeleev . mendelevium is named after mendeleev , in russia the periodic table is called the mendeleev table , and you can see here on my tie i ’ ve got a picture of mendeleev . it ’ s anoth...
mendelevium , which is named after one of the most important people as far as the periodic table is concerned , which is dimitri mendeleev . mendelevium is named after mendeleev , in russia the periodic table is called the mendeleev table , and you can see here on my tie i ’ ve got a picture of mendeleev . it ’ s anoth...
what is the periodic table called in russia ?
the sight of mistletoe may either send you scurrying , or if you have your eye on someone , awaiting an opportunity beneath its snow white berries , but how did the festive christmas tradition of kissing under mistletoe come about ? the long-lived custom intertwines the mythology and biology of this intriguing plant . ...
she mandated a one-day truce for all fights , and that everyone embrace beneath its branches when they passed to spread more love into the world . in the 17th century , british colonists arriving in the new world found a different , but very similar looking , species of mistletoe . they applied it to these tales of mag...
in the new world , the british colonists found :
the evolutionary tango of animal genitalia . can you guess what you 're looking at ? if you answered `` duck vagina , '' you 'd be right . although the bird 's outward appearance may not strike you as especially odd , it uses this strange , intricate , cork-screw shaped contraption to reproduce . we see similarly unbel...
black widow spiders have a disposable penis tip that breaks off inside the vagina blocking the attempts of his rivals , and bed bug males bypass a female 's genitalia altogether using a syringe-like penis to inject sperm cells directly into her belly . not to be outdone , females have evolved their own countermeasures ...
how do male bedbugs fertilize females ?
why do humans drink so much milk ? and given that all mammals lactate , why do we favor certain types of milk over others ? milk is the first thing we drink , and thanks to developments in the production and variety of dairy products , it can take on countless forms for our dietary and sensory well-being . milk 's prim...
or it can be later added back to the liquid in varying proportions to yield different fat content milks . full fat milk , sometimes referred to as whole milk , has 3.25 % butterfat added compared to 1-2 % for low and reduced fat milk , and less than half a percent for skim milk . to stop reseparation of the fat from th...
____ ’ s milk is the most widely drank milk throughout the world .
around the globe , there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes to escape war , violence , and persecution . the majority of them have become internally displaced persons , which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries . others have crossed a bord...
around the globe , there are approximately 60 million people who have been forced to leave their homes to escape war , violence , and persecution . the majority of them have become internally displaced persons , which means they have fled their homes but are still within their own countries . others have crossed a bord...
what is the difference between refugees and internally displaced persons ( idp ) ?
spray-painted subway cars , tagged bridges , mural-covered walls . graffiti pops up boldly throughout our cities . it can make statements about identity , art , empowerment , and politics , while simultaneously being associated with destruction . and , it turns out , it 's nothing new . graffiti , or the act of writing...
political movements , too , have used wall writing to visually spread their messages . during world war ii , both the nazi party and resistance groups covered walls with propaganda . and the berlin wall 's one-sided graffiti can be seen as a striking symbol of repression versus relatively unrestricted public access . a...
you are walking along a city street and notice an open wall covered with graffiti , or as you drive through a local town , you notice the railroad overpass has been β€œ tagged. ” what is your initial response ? has this lesson changed your thoughts about this ? describe some local graffiti you may have seen in your area ...
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar i got in my first car accident when i was sixteen . i had just gotten my license and i was driving home when a car pulled into the intersection and bang ! it hit me . it had happened that quick . bang ! but when i play that memory back , it does n't take two secon...
so , then , how do we slow down time in film ? how do we create slow motion ? maybe this is a surprise , but we do n't take less pictures , we take more pictures .
how do we make slow motion in film ?
interviewer : danica , how are you ? good , good . interviewer : nice to see you , what are you studying right now ? i 'm studying geometry . interviewer : holy cow , look at that . when i was in the ninth grade , i remember studying geometry theorems and saying , `` would n't it be cool to have a theorem named after m...
interviewer : danica , how are you ? good , good . interviewer : nice to see you , what are you studying right now ?
why does danica say she did n't expect that she would be good at math ?
just a minute ago , this oil helped make a delicious meal possible . but now , it 's just some nasty goop . what should we do with it ? well , the easiest thing would be to pour it down the drain ; that makes it seem like it 's gone , but it 's not really gone . instead , it 's collecting bits of food and other random ...
et voila ! biodiesel . now , you might be wondering whether all this hassle over recycling used cooking oil is even worth it .
it seems a relatively easy task to collect used oil to produce biodiesel , yet most people find it really difficult to take the first step and stop throwing it down the drain . why do you think it is so difficult to change a behavior , and what strategies would you use to help someone to make that change ?
consider throwing a ball straight into the air . can you predict the motion of the ball after it leaves your hand ? sure , that 's easy . the ball will move upward until it gets to some highest point , then it will come back down and land in your hand again . of course , that 's what happens , and you know this because...
everyday physics may start to look a bit more like the strange quantum world . quantum teleportation may even progress so far , that one day your cat will escape to a safer galaxy , where there are no physicists and no boxes .
systems can be entangled even if they are too far apart from each other for communication to explain the effect . in light of this , think of an underlying mechanism that could explain entanglement .
how fast are you moving right now ? that seems like an easy question . the first tempting answer is , `` i 'm not moving . '' upon further reflection , you realize that maybe the earth 's motion counts . so , a second tempting answer is , `` 19 miles/second around the sun . '' but then you recall learning that the sun ...
no ! some motions have only relative meaning , but some motions have absolute meaning , are absolutely real . for example , constant speed is relative , but change in speed is absolute .
which of these has no hint of absolute meaning , only relative meaning ?
each time you take a step , 200 muscles work in unison to lift your foot , propel it forward , and set it down . it 's just one of the many thousands of tasks performed by the muscular system . this network of over 650 muscles covers the body and is the reason we can blink , smile , run , jump , and stand upright . it ...
muscle contraction can be split into three main types . the first two , shortening muscle fibers and lengthening them , generate opposing forces . so the biceps will shorten while the triceps will lengthen or relax , pulling up the arm and making it bend at the elbow .
if our muscles didn ’ t generate opposing forces , in what specific ways would that limit us ?
the first standardized tests that we know of were administered in china over 2,000 years ago during the han dynasty . chinese officials used them to determine aptitude for various government posts . the subject matter included philosophy , farming , and even military tactics . standardized tests continued to be used ar...
the subject matter included philosophy , farming , and even military tactics . standardized tests continued to be used around the world for the next two millennia , and today , they 're used for everything from evaluating stair climbs for firefighters in france to language examinations for diplomats in canada to studen...
standardized tests are used to measure learning in many countries around the world . what are some other methods that schools might use ? what are the advantages and disadvantages of these other methods ?
`` all men are created equal and they are endowed with the rights to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . '' not so fast , mr. jefferson ! these words from the declaration of independence , and the facts behind them , are well known . in june of 1776 , a little more than a year after the war against england be...
then , franklin and adams offered a few suggestions . but the most important change came after the declaration was turned over to the full congress . for two days , a very unhappy thomas jefferson sat and fumed while his words were picked over .
according to the narrator , congress eliminated from the declaration a reference to :
translator : marcia de brito reviewer : ariana bleau lugo ( guitar music throughout ) music is a language . both music and verbal languages serve the same purpose . they are both forms of expression . they can be used as a way to communicate with others . they can be read and written . they can make you laugh or cry , ...
like a child playing air guitar , there are no wrong notes . allow young musicians to play and perform with accomplished musicians on a daily basis . encourage young musicians to play more than they practice . the more they play the more they will practice on their own .
wooten says that beginning musicians should play more than they practice . do you agree ? why or why not ?
you 're facing a giant bowl of energy packed carbon crunchies . one spoonful . two . three . soon , you 're powered up by the energy surge that comes from your meal . but how did that energy get into your bowl ? energy exists in the form of sugars made by the plant your cereal came from , like wheat or corn . as you ca...
you 're facing a giant bowl of energy packed carbon crunchies . one spoonful . two .
how many repeats of the calvin cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule ?
[ go project films ] i think that facing death changes people ... which is what happened with me . before this experience , i was a completely different person with a completely different dream . my last dream which was to treat cancer and right now my dream of changing the world in another way . [ welcome to canada ] ...
my last dream which was to treat cancer and right now my dream of changing the world in another way . [ welcome to canada ] [ over 4.8 million syrians are refugees living in neighboring countries . ] [ 6.5 million more are displaced within syria . ]
according to the film , approximately how many syrians are refugees living in neighboring countries ?
energy is not easy to define . things have energy , but you ca n't hold a bushel of energy in your hands . you can see what it does , but you ca n't see it directly . there are different types of energy , but the differences between them are manifested only in how they make stuff behave . we do know that the total amou...
energy is not easy to define . things have energy , but you ca n't hold a bushel of energy in your hands .
if a piece of metal at 70 degrees touches a piece of metal at 40 degrees , ________ .
hi i ’ m john green , this is crash course us history , and today we 're going to tell the story of how a group of plucky english people struck a blow for religious freedom , and founded the greatest , freest and fattest nation the world has ever seen . [ libertage ] these brits entered a barren land containing no peop...
and by the way , that feast was on the fourth thursday in november , not mid-october as is celebrated in some of these green areas we call not america . anyway squanto was a pretty amazing character and not only because he helped save the pilgrims . he found that almost all of his tribe , the patuxet had been wiped out...
who helped the pilgrims that landed in plymouth , massachusetts ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby mysteries of vernacular : bewilder , to confuse or puzzle completely . the root of the word bewilder can be traced back to the old english word wilde , which was used to refer to something that was in a natural state , uncultivated , or undomesticated . over time , ...
the two old english words , when mashed together , became wilderness , meaning a tract of uncultivated land , primarily inhabited by undomesticated beasts . from the word wilderness , the word wilder was born . to wilder someone was to lead him astray or lure him into the woods . in the 1600 's , the prefix be , meanin...
what does it mean to wilder someone ?
when i was in fourth grade , my teacher said to us one day : `` there are as many even numbers as there are numbers . '' `` really ? `` , i thought . well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbe...
well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbers are left over , so there 's got to be more whole numbers than even numbers , right ? to see what my teacher was getting at , let 's first think abo...
in the lesson we showed how to match the set of positive whole numbers to the set of positive even numbers . show how to match the set of positive whole numbers to the set of all even numbers ( positive , negative and zero ) .
imagine you 're asked to invent something new . it could be whatever you want made from anything you choose in any shape or size . that kind of creative freedom sounds so liberating , does n't it ? or does it ? if you 're like most people , you 'd probably be paralyzed by this task . without more guidance , where would...
the next pathfinder mission used an airbag system to allow the rover to bounce and roll to a halt without burning contaminating fuel . years later , we wanted to send a much larger rover : curiosity . however , it was too large for the airbag design , so another constraint was defined .
what was the device used to lower the curiosity rover ?
hey , congratulations ! you 've just won the lottery , only the prize is n't cash or a luxury cruise . it 's a position in your country 's national legislature . and you are n't the only lucky winner . all of your fellow lawmakers were chosen in the same way . this might strike you as a strange way to run a government ...
could reviving election by lottery lead to more effective government through a more diverse and representative group of legislatures ? or does modern political office , like athenian military command , require specialized knowledge and skills ? you probably should n't hold your breath to win a spot in your country 's g...
are there any features of athenian political practice that disturb you ? why ?
it may sound like a paradox , or some cruel joke , but whatever it is , it 's true . beethoven , the composer of some of the most celebrated music in history , spent most of his career going deaf . so how was he still able to create such intricate and moving compositions ? the answer lies in the patterns hidden beneath...
but perhaps equally captivating is beethoven 's use of dissonance . take a look at measures 52 through 54 , which feature triplets containing the notes b and c. as their sine graphs show , the waves are largely out of sync , matching up rarely , if at all . and it is by contrasting this dissonance with the consonance o...
the notes c , e , g form a c major chord . their frequencies are : c β‰ˆ 261.6 hz e β‰ˆ 329.6 hz g β‰ˆ 392.0 hz what is the approximate ratio of c : e : g ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar you look down and see a yellow pencil lying on your desk . your eyes , and then your brain , are collecting all sorts of information about the pencil : its size , color , shape , distance , and more . but , how exactly does this happen ? the ancient greeks were th...
well , light is n't really like anything we 're used to dealing with in our everyday lives . sometimes it behaves like a particle and other times it behaves like a wave , but it is n't exactly like either .
explain why light is both a wave and a particle . give one example why is behaves like a wave and then why it behaves like a particle .
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar this might seem like a far-away place in a far-away land . my house is right there in the middle . this was 1992 l.a . riots . and i remember being 8 years old and looking out there and thinking to myself , `` this is it , this is game over . i 'm done . '' the mi...
and the ghetto bird , you wo n't find in the audobon book , it 's a police helicopter in case you do n't know . and i went back home and i found mentors and friends and family and people who supported me in this , and in 2005 , this guy named richard louv wrote a book called < i > last child in the woods < /i > , and h...
what phrase did richard louv coin in his book , last child in the woods ?
some superheroes can grow to the size of a building at will . that 's very intimidating ! but a scientist must ask where the extra material is coming from . the law of conservation of mass implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed , which means that our hero 's mass will not change just because his size ch...
and what defines each element is the number of protons in the nucleus . that is how our periodic table is organized . hydrogen has one proton , helium , two protons , lithium , three protons , and so on .
the periodic table is organized by the number of
yeah . hey it 's me destin , welcome back to smarter every day . so i 've seen enough videos on the internet of a mantis shrimp punching to have a good idea of what 's going on , but i do n't understand it , like at the mechanical level . so today on smarter every day my sister has volunteered to model three seemingly ...
( destin ) really ? so the mantis shrimp is.. it 's a peacock mantis shrimp . - yep .
how does the hyperbolic parabaloid , located on the top of the mantis shrimp 's arm , help create its strong punches ?
dear mr. president , do you know much about physics ? i mean , you 're the president of the united states : a country with five thousand nuclear weapons , birthplace of the world 's computing and telecommunications industry , home of the first atomic clock and creator of the global positioning system . but chances are ...
so why , mr. president , am i addressing this letter to you ? well , you appoint the secretary of education , for one - and i do believe that high school physics is somewhat related to education . now , maybe your education secretary says , `` ancient physics is already hard to teach to high schoolers .
excluding the `` correct '' answer in the last question , are any of the other three options mentioned valid reasons for `` post-1865 '' topics not to be included in high school physics curricula ? pick one of the other three options and explain why it is valid or why it is not . or , if you can think of your own reaso...
they 're everywhere , but you will never see one . trillions of them are flying through you right this second , but you ca n't feel them . these ghost particles are called neutrinos and if we can catch them , they can tell us about the furthest reaches and most extreme environments of the universe . neutrinos are eleme...
these super energetic collisions are so rare that icecube 's scientists give each neutrino nicknames , like big bird and dr. strangepork . icecube has already observed the highest energy cosmic neutrinos ever seen . the neutrinos it detects should finally tell us where cosmic rays come from and how they reached such ex...
cosmic rays are thought to be produced in the same environments as cosmic neutrinos . why ca n't cosmic rays tell us about their origin ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar `` i need a hero ! '' so many people in distress have said this , but why ? what kind of hero do we need and do we even really even need a hero at all ? well , if you look at any piece of literature written for page , script , or stage , the answer is yes ! but , ...
at other times , we need a common person who becomes great so that they can inspire us all to be better . so do we need heroes ? absolutely !
according to the end of the video , what is the reason that we need heroes ?
the area surrounding the north pole may seem like a frozen and desolate environment where nothing ever changes . but it is actually a complex and finely balanced natural system , and its extreme location makes it vulnerable to feedback processes that can magnify even tiny changes in the atmosphere . in fact , scientist...
its feedback loops can affect us in much more direct and immediate ways . as climate scientists often warn , what happens in the arctic does n't always stay in the arctic .
what physical characteristics of the arctic make climate feedbacks possible ?
in 1997 , a french woman named jeanne calment passed away after 122 years and 164 days on this earth , making her the oldest known person in history . her age was so astounding that a millionaire pledged $ 1 million to anyone who could break her record . but in reality , living to this age or beyond is a feat that very...
but recently , scientists have identified nine physiological traits , ranging from genetic changes to alterations in a cell 's regenerative ability that play a central role . firstly , as the years pass , our bodies accumulate genetic damage in the form of dna lesions . these occur naturally when the body 's dna replic...
dna lesions involved in aging :
where does all this stuff come from ? this rock ? that cow ? your heart ? not the things themselves , mind you , but what they 're made of : the atoms that are the fabric of all things . to answer that question , we look to the law of conservation of mass . this law says take an isolated system defined by a boundary th...
not the things themselves , mind you , but what they 're made of : the atoms that are the fabric of all things . to answer that question , we look to the law of conservation of mass . this law says take an isolated system defined by a boundary that matter and energy can not cross .
the law of conservation of mass says that mass can neither be _____ nor _____
there 's a prevailing attitude that art does n't matter in the real world . but the study of art can enhance our perception and our ability to translate to others what we see . those skills are useful . those skills can save lives . doctors , nurses , and law enforcement agents can use painting , sculpture , and photog...
here , imagine you 're a seasoned cop or a dedicated doctor , but also imagine you are at a museum and let 's look at a painting . rene magritte 's `` time transfixed '' of 1938 depicts a mysterious and complex interior that invites analysis not unlike that required of a patient 's symptoms or the scene of a crime . a ...
which of these illustrates an inconsistency in time transfixed ?
there 's a concept that 's crucial to chemistry and physics . it helps explain why physical processes go one way and not the other : why ice melts , why cream spreads in coffee , why air leaks out of a punctured tire . it 's entropy , and it 's notoriously difficult to wrap our heads around . entropy is often described...
it continuously moves between neighboring bonds . as the energy moves , the energy configuration can change . because of the distribution of microstates , there 's a 21 % chance that the system will later be in the configuration in which the energy is maximally spread out , there 's a 13 % chance that it will return to...
given that energy configuration a has 11,460 microstates and energy configuration has 3,820 microstates , how does the probability of energy configuration a occurring compare to the probability of b occurring ?
welcome to the ted-ed beta website tour . i 'm logan smalley , i 'm bedirhan cinar , i 'm jordan reeves , and i 'm stephanie lo . we represent the ted-ed team . we 're going to tell you about how the website is organized , about the lessons that surround each video , how you can customize or flip your own lesson , and ...
welcome to the ted-ed beta website tour . i 'm logan smalley , i 'm bedirhan cinar , i 'm jordan reeves , and i 'm stephanie lo .
which feature of the ted-ed website excites you the most ?
cadmium ? yes ok oh yeah , that ’ s some ! that is cool man ! so cadmium is an element which is really quite similar to mercury and the way that most people have seen cadmium is that cadmium sulphide has a very strong orange colour and it is therefore used for dying things yellow or orange . if you look round your hous...
cadmium ? yes ok oh yeah , that ’ s some !
because cadmium is toxic , we should dispose of used batteries in the correct way . like mercury and lead , why is cadmium especially dangerous , ?
in well-meaning attempts to boost our confidence ahead of challenging moments , people often try to draw our attention to our strengths : our intelligence , our competence , our experience . but this can – curiously – have some awkward consequences . there ’ s a type of under-confidence that arises specifically when we...
we trust that it 's an option to lead a good life without regularly making a complete idiot of ourselves . one of the most charming books ever written in early modern europe is called 'in praise of folly ' by the dutch scholar and philosopher , erasmus . in its pages , erasmus advances a hugely liberating argument . in...
what was the central argument of erasmus ' in praise of folly ?
the five fingers of evolution . a thorough understanding of biology requires a thorough understanding of the process of evolution . most people are familiar with the process of natural selection . however , this is just one of five processes that can result in evolution . before we discuss all five of these processes ,...
the initial frequency of the red-hair gene is therefore 50 percent , or 10 of 20 total genes . these genes are the gene pool . the 20 different genes are like cards in a deck that keep getting reshuffled with each new generation .
microevolution is changes in the frequency of genes in a gene pool . according to this definition what is the smallest biological unit that can evolve ?
one of the great things about science is that when scientists make a discovery , it 's not always in a prescribed manner , as in , only in a laboratory under strict settings , with white lab coats and all sorts of neat science gizmos that go , `` beep ! '' in reality , the events and people involved in some of the majo...
in reality , the events and people involved in some of the major scientific discoveries are as weird and varied as they get . my case in point : the weird history of the cell theory . there are three parts to the cell theory . one : all organisms are composed of one or more cells .
why do you think there were so many heated debates around the development of the cell theory ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : jessica ruby in the 11th and 12th centuries , most english commoners were illiterate . since they had no way to learn the bible , the clergy came up with an inventive solution : they 'd create plays out of certain bible stories so even people who could n't read could learn them ...
these were called mystery plays because they revealed the mystery of god 's word . at about the same time , the clergy also developed plays about the saints of the church , called miracle plays . in the beginning , the clergy members acted out bible stories on the steps outside the cathedral .
in what order were the plays developed ?
everyone knows that stories are made up of words , from short poems to epic novels . but did you know that a single word itself can tell an entire story ? you see , just as we can look at a story 's plot , setting , and characters , we can also study the history of an individual word , where it developed , and the cult...
the celtic peoples who first inhabited the british isles believed that trees housed deities . and , in fact , the ancient druids take their name from the same ancient root as tree . planting a tree is itself an act of faith and commitment .
which ancient celtic group takes its name from a root meaning 'tree ' ?
death and taxes are famously inevitable , but what about decomposition ? as anyone who 's seen a mummy knows , ancient egyptians went to a lot of trouble to evade decomposition . so , how successful were they ? living cells constantly renew themselves . specialized enzymes decompose old structures , and the raw materia...
like any salt , natron can prevent decay by killing bacteria and preventing the body 's natural digestive enzymes from working . but natron is n't just any salt . it 's mainly a mixture of two alkaline salts , soda ash and baking soda .
natron is :
many of the inanimate objects around you probably seem perfectly still . but look deep into the atomic structure of any of them , and you 'll see a world in constant flux . stretching , contracting , springing , jittering , drifting atoms everywhere . and though that movement may seem chaotic , it 's not random . atoms...
that 's three degrees of freedom . it can also rotate around any of these three axes . that 's three more , unless it 's a linear molecule , like carbon dioxide .
the movement of any given molecule around its axes is known as :
today we 're talking about weird materials that we use in space , in robots and in your mouth . i 'm talking about shape memory alloys . like the name says , these are metals that remember different shapes . to understand how these metals work , we 've got to talk about atoms and organizing . let 's talk about atoms fi...
today we 're talking about weird materials that we use in space , in robots and in your mouth . i 'm talking about shape memory alloys . like the name says , these are metals that remember different shapes .
the shape memory wire changes shape mostly by
( music ) esteemed members of the jury , i submit the following words for immediate and violent execution and extraction from our vocabularies , to be locked away forever , if you would prefer . these words i present to you are `` good '' and `` bad . '' these words have served as treacherous liars for eternity . these...
we have to do whatever we can and should to make our real sentiments known . `` good '' and `` bad '' will no longer be our go-to words that we rely on when we are too afraid or too languid to express our real thoughts . ladies and gentlemen of the jury , i implore you to deliver a verdict of guilty and send these word...
why does neel suppose we rely on good and bad as go to words to express our thoughts ?
if insects suddenly morphed into large beings , and decided to wage war on us , there 's no doubt that humans would lose . we 'd simply be crushed by their sheer numbers . there are an estimated 10 quintillion individual insects on earth . that 's a one followed by 19 zeroes . so , compared with our population of about...
we 'd simply be crushed by their sheer numbers . there are an estimated 10 quintillion individual insects on earth . that 's a one followed by 19 zeroes .
how many insects are there on earth ?
when i was in fourth grade , my teacher said to us one day : `` there are as many even numbers as there are numbers . '' `` really ? `` , i thought . well , yeah , there are infinitely many of both , so i suppose there are the same number of them . but even numbers are only part of the whole numbers , all the odd numbe...
so we 're faced with this astounding conclusion : the decimal numbers can not be put on a list . they represent a bigger infinity that the infinity of whole numbers . so , even though we 're familiar with only a few irrationals , like square root of two and pi , the infinity of irrationals is actually greater than the ...
which infinity is bigger , the whole numbers or the decimals ?
how do you imagine the life of a scientist ? boring and monotonous , spending endless hours in the lab with no social interaction ? maybe for some but not tycho brahe . the 16th century scholar who accurately predicted planetary motion and cataloged hundreds of stars before the telescope had been invented also had a co...
it was n't long before his own measurements were more accurate than those in his books . while in germany , tycho got into a bit of an argument with another student at a party over a mathematical formula , resulting in a sword duel and tycho losing a good-sized chunk of his nose . after that , he was said to have worn ...
what was the subject of the argument that eventually ended in a sword duel and the loss of part of brahe ’ s nose ?
some are longer than a blue whale . others are barely larger than a grain of sand . one species unleashes one of the most deadly venoms on earth . another holds a secret that 's behind some of the greatest breakthroughs in biology . they 've inhabited the ocean for at least half a billion years , and they 're still flo...
when they 're triggered by contact , they shoot with an explosive force . it exerts over 550 times the pressure of mike tyson 's strongest punch to inject venom into the victim . some jellyfish stings barely tingle , but others cause severe skin damage .
the explosive sting of some jellyfish exerts ____ times the pressure of mike tyson 's strongest punch .
most of us think of the sun as our friend . it helps plants grow , keeps us warm , and who does n't love to lie on the beach on a sunny day ? but for all of it 's good qualities , the sun can also be harmful in large amounts . that 's why we invented sunscreen . the purpose of sunscreen is to shield the body from the s...
children under the age of six months , on the other hand , should have almost no sun exposure as their protective mechanisms are not fully functioning , and their skin is more likely to absorb any sunscreen that is applied . wearing sunscreen helps protect against the development of all three types of skin cancer : bas...
australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world . why might this population be particularly susceptible ?
fish are in trouble . the cod population off canada 's east coast collapsed in the 1990s , intense recreational and commercial fishing has decimated goliath grouper populations in south florida , and most populations of tuna have plummeted by over 50 % , with the southern atlantic bluefin on the verge of extinction . t...
in national waters , governments can set limits about how , when , where , and how much fishing occurs , with restrictions on certain boats and equipment . harmful practices , such as bottom trawling , can be banned altogether , and we can establish marine reserves closed to all fishing to help ecosystems restore thems...
bottom-trawling is a type of net fishing that has been compared to what ?
imagine something small enough to float on a particle of dust that holds the keys to understanding cancer , virology , and genetics . luckily for us , such a thing exists in the form of trillions upon trillions of human lab-grown cells called hela . let 's take a step back for a second . scientists grow human cells in ...
they 've traveled to outer space . telomerase , an enzyme that helps cancer cells evade destruction by repairing their dna , was discovered first in hela cells . in an interesting turn of fate , thanks to hela , we know that cervical cancer can be caused by a virus called hpv and now there 's a vaccine . hela-fueled di...
research with hela cells lead to a vaccine for _____ , which likely caused henrietta ’ s cancer .
we 've decided to make a new video about aluminium because it 's a long time over five years since we made the first one and ... we did n't say very much . aluminium is a surprisingly abundand element . if you look at this periodic table here , where the area of the different elements gives you a rough idea of the abun...
we 've decided to make a new video about aluminium because it 's a long time over five years since we made the first one and ... we did n't say very much . aluminium is a surprisingly abundand element . if you look at this periodic table here , where the area of the different elements gives you a rough idea of the abun...
if you reverse the letters in the symbol al , you get the symbol of another element , la . interestingly , the symbols of the elements immediately below al in group 13 can also be reversed to give another element , for example ga/ag . how many similar pairs of elements can you find in the periodic table ?
how does the difference between point 0000000398 and point 00000000398 cause one to have red eyes after swimming ? to answer this , we first need a way of dealing with rather small numbers , or in some cases extremely large numbers . this leads us to the concept of logarithms . well , what are logarithms ? let 's take ...
to answer this , we first need a way of dealing with rather small numbers , or in some cases extremely large numbers . this leads us to the concept of logarithms . well , what are logarithms ? let 's take the base number , b , and raise it to a power , p , like 2 to the 3rd power , and have it equal a number n. we get ...
what can you repeat to help you remember the formula for logarithms ?
lovely ! i ’ ve just realised that erbium is the most crucial element for the internet of all the elements on the periodic table , and so i want to take you across to materials engineering where we can see a demonstration which will explain to you why it ’ s so important , and why without erbium many of you couldn ’ t ...
and the fibre is very strong , neither brady nor i have managed to break it , and the problem is that even with this fibre , with the light beam going down it , eventually the light gets weaker and weaker and you lose the signal . so every 50km , every 30 miles or so , down the fibre when it ’ s under the sea you have ...
as the professor explained in the final minute of the video , who are the big enemies of the internet fibers under the sea ?
so californium is another element which was first prepared at the berkeley labs in california . it ’ s got quite a few military applications , usually involving the word β€˜ nuclear ’ . but what most people don ’ t realise is it ’ s actually used in various types of machines for detecting metal fatigue and stress in airp...
so californium is another element which was first prepared at the berkeley labs in california . it ’ s got quite a few military applications , usually involving the word β€˜ nuclear ’ .
in which us city was californium first made ?
what do silk , dna , wood , balloons , and silly putty all have in common ? they 're polymers . polymers are such a big part of our lives that it 's virtually impossible to imagine a world without them , but what the heck are they ? polymers are large molecules made of small units called monomers linked together like t...
what do silk , dna , wood , balloons , and silly putty all have in common ? they 're polymers . polymers are such a big part of our lives that it 's virtually impossible to imagine a world without them , but what the heck are they ?
why do different polymers have different properties ?
in 1985 , 16-year-old douglas casa , ran the championship 10,000 meter track race at the empire state games . suddenly , with just 200 meters to go , he collapsed , got back up and then collapsed again on the final straightaway , with his body temperature at dangerous levels . he had suffered an exertional heat stroke ...
suddenly , with just 200 meters to go , he collapsed , got back up and then collapsed again on the final straightaway , with his body temperature at dangerous levels . he had suffered an exertional heat stroke . fortunately , with immediate and proper treatment , he survived the potentially fatal episode and has since ...
what are some common situations where exertional heat stroke might occur ?
many people in the united states and latin america have grown up celebrating the anniversary of christopher columbus 's voyage , but was he an intrepid explorer who brought two worlds together or a ruthless exploiter who brought colonialism and slavery ? and did he even discover america at all ? it 's time to put colum...
`` say , are n't there other ways the holiday is celebrated ? '' `` in some latin american countries , they celebrate the same date under different names , such as dΓ­a de la raza . in these places , it 's more a celebration of the native and mixed cultures that survived through the colonial period .
what do some latin american countries celebrate on holidays like dΓ­a de la raza ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar fourth and nineteen , folks , they 've got ta have a play as time 's ticking away because they 've got to stay in this ball game , they 've got to win . they come out lined up in the empty set , three receivers to the right , two to the left . defense looks like t...
at first the linebacker can keep up with that receiver , but eventually the faster receiver pulls away . that 's acceleration , the change in speed over time . acceleration is a vector quantity .
what type of line is always found on a graph of accelerating speed ?
some people ca n't see the forest for the trees , but before stephen sillett , no one could see or even imagine the forest in the trees . stephen was an explorer of new worlds from the start . he spent his boyhood in harrisburg , pennsylvania reading tolkien and playing dungeons and dragons with his brother scott . but...
his climb led to more excursions , with safety equipment , thank goodness , up other ancient redwoods as he mapped and measured the architecture of branches and additional trunks in the canopy of an entire grove . stephen became an expert in the ecology of the tallest trees on earth and the rich diversity of life in th...
the rich diversity of life found in the redwood crowns included :
this just in : `` thief robs town with world 's largest chocolate bunny . '' wait , so are we talking about this , or this ? that 's a classic case of a misplaced modifier , a common grammatical mistake that can dramatically change the meaning of a sentence . and lest you think this is a bit far-fetched , confusing hea...
giving the modifier something to modify will solve the problem . then there 's another group called the squinting modifiers because they 're stuck between two things and could feasibly refer to either . often , these modifiers are adverbs , like the one in this sentence : `` robbers who steal chocolate bunnies rapidly ...
'squinting ' modifiers most often take the form of :
let 's say you 're on a game show . you 've already earned $ 1000 in the first round when you land on the bonus space . now , you have a choice . you can either take a $ 500 bonus guaranteed or you can flip a coin . if it 's heads , you win $ 1000 bonus . if it 's tails , you get no bonus at all . in the second round ,...
let 's say you 're on a game show . you 've already earned $ 1000 in the first round when you land on the bonus space .
what is a heuristic ?
your favorite band is great at playing music , but not so great at being organized . they keep misplacing their instruments on tour , and it 's driving their manager mad . on the day of the big concert , the band wakes up to find themselves tied up in a windowless , soundproof practice room . their manager explains wha...
your favorite band is great at playing music , but not so great at being organized . they keep misplacing their instruments on tour , and it 's driving their manager mad .
can you suggest your own modification of the problem ?
translator : jennifer cody reviewer : jessica ruby when faced with a big challenge where potential failure seems to lurk at every corner , maybe you 've heard this advice before : `` be more confident . '' and most likely , this is what you think when you hear it : `` if only it were that simple . '' but what is confid...
translator : jennifer cody reviewer : jessica ruby when faced with a big challenge where potential failure seems to lurk at every corner , maybe you 've heard this advice before : `` be more confident . '' and most likely , this is what you think when you hear it : `` if only it were that simple . ''
in what ways does feeling confident help a person succeed in their every day life ?
there 's a job out there with a great deal of power , pay , prestige , and near-perfect job security . and there 's only one way to be hired : get appointed to the us supreme court . if you want to become a justice on the supreme court , the highest federal court in the united states , three things have to happen . you...
and there 's only one way to be hired : get appointed to the us supreme court . if you want to become a justice on the supreme court , the highest federal court in the united states , three things have to happen . you have to be nominated by the president of the united states , your nomination needs to be approved by t...
if you want to become a justice on the united states supreme court , you have to be :
in mythological ancient greece , soaring above crete on wings made from wax and feathers , icarus , the son of daedalus , defied the laws of both man and nature . ignoring the warnings of his father , he rose higher and higher . to witnesses on the ground , he looked like a god , and as he peered down from above , he f...
just as daedalus had many times ignored the consequences of defying the natural laws of mortal men in the service of his ego , icarus was also carried away by his own hubris . in the end , both men paid for their departure from the path of moderation dearly , icarus with his life and daedalus with his regret .
veering from the β€œ path of moderation ” can be both good and bad . reflect on this thought and respond .
in 1796 , the scientist edward jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus . it was a success . the eight-year-old was inoculated against the disease and this became ...
in 1796 , the scientist edward jenner injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus . it was a success .
why does inoculating with cowpox protect against smallpox but a standard flu vaccine can not protect against every flu strain ?
a lone priestess walks towards an underground chamber . people line the streets to watch as she proclaims her innocence . it does n't matter . she 's already been judged and found guilty . the sentence ? live burial . the underground chamber contains a portion of bread , water , milk , and oil . she will have a lamp , ...
for the first ten years of licinia 's service , she 's considered in training , learning how to be a vestal virgin . her most important duty is keeping vigil over the flame of vesta , the virgin goddess of the hearth . vesta does n't have a statue like other roman gods and goddesses .
the flame of vesta was very important to the ancient romans . so much so that the most important duty of the vestals was to take turns keeping vigil over the flame to make sure that it continued to burn . what other reasons can you come up with for why fire was important in the ancient world ?
translator : andrea mcdonough reviewer : bedirhan cinar nearly every one of your science classes starts off with the scientific method . you recognize this ? ask a question , form a hypothesis , perform an experiment , collect data , draw conclusions , and then memorize a bunch of facts . this is really boring ! scienc...
and i 'd like to illustrate this by telling you the real story about how we discovered how geckos stick . first you need to get involved . you need to do curiosity-driven research yourself .
what did tanya , a student in robert full 's lab , need to figure out before she could answer her question ?