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A procedure explicitly addressing the construction of uniformly valid confidence bands for the components in high-dimensional additive models has been developed by Lu et al. (2020). <|MaskedSetence|> Whereas confidence bands in the low-dimensional case are mostly built using kernel methods, the estimators for high-dim... | **A**: To derive their results, Lu et al.
**B**: (2020) combine both kernel and sieve methods to draw upon the advantages of each, resulting in a kernel-sieve hybrid estimator.
**C**: The authors emphasize that achieving uniformly valid inference in these models is challenging due to the difficulty of directly genera... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 3 |
A very natural framework to tackle this specific issue is Functional Data Analysis (FDA) [29], the branch of statistics that deals with studying data points that come in the shape of continuous functions over some kind of domain. <|MaskedSetence|> This approach is thus not capable of detecting the presence of time va... | **A**: FDA is a niche yet established area in the statistical literature, with many applied and methodological publications in all domains of knowledge, including spatial and space-time FDA [7, 16, 13, 19, 19, 12], coastal engineering [21], environmental studies [3, 18], transportation science [27] and epidemiology [32... | ACB | ACB | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> By contrast, DUB appears to be a new condition on information structures, although Milgrom (1979) utilizes a related property in the context of auction theory. Like SCD, DUB is formulated for a (totally) ordered state space. It requires that for any state ω𝜔\ome... | **A**: SCD is a familiar property (Milgrom and
Shannon, 1994) that is widely assumed in economics: it captures settings in which there are no preference reversals as the state increases.
**B**:
Our leading application of excludability is to preferences with single-crossing differences (SCD).
**C**: Here we show that... | BCA | CBA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The model encompasses two asymmetries that are essential for justifying standard hypothesis testing (e.g., Tetenov, 2016). First, there is asymmetric information: the parameter θ𝜃\thetaitalic_θ is known to the researcher but unknown to the planner. Second, there are asymmetric incentives: while the ... | **A**:
Asymmetric information and incentives.
**B**: Both can also be relaxed somewhat, however: the main results continue to hold when the researcher is imperfectly informed (see Appendix B.1, where we exploit duality properties of the optimization problem) and if only some (but not all) researchers have misaligned ... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
As shown above, almost all characterization results heavily rely on strategy-proofness. The primary question that we in this paper try to clarify is what is the Machiavellian frontier of the TTC rule under the constraint of axioms combinations such as individual rationality and Pareto efficiency. In other words, we wou... | **A**: (2023) probed the Machiavellian frontier between impossibility results and uniqueness of the TTC rule while the current paper goes from uniqueness of the TTC rule to non-uniqueness of it.
**B**: Third, Altuntaş et al.
**C**: (2023) is closely related to our work.
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For other types of outcome variables (continuous outcomes in linear models, binary and multinomial outcomes), results for regression models with fixed effects and lagged dependent variables are already available. Such results are of great importance for applied practice, as they allow researchers to distinguish unobser... | **A**: For example, while recent developments (Kitazawa 2021 and Honoré and Weidner 2020) relax these requirements, early work on the dynamic binary logit model with fixed effects either assumed no regressors, or restricted their joint distribution (cf.
**B**: The challenge of accommodating unobserved heterogeneity in... | CAB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
3.1 Testing for Reverse Causality
We implement the test as described in Algorithm 1 for the nominal level α=0.05𝛼0.05\alpha=0.05italic_α = 0.05. Figure 2 reports the empirical rejection probabilities of testing conditional independence of covariates and estimated residuals under the reverse model (2). Overall, the em... | **A**: This is remarkable as the testing problem is complex and builds on nonparametric procedures.
**B**: As such, we cannot expect exact control over the significance level; see also the discussion in Section 2.6.
**C**: The test shows some degree of oversizing under super-Gaussian error distributions, indicating t... | ABC | ABC | ACB | ABC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> It also surpasses Anthony Wrigley’s estimate that matching the annual energy output of Britain’s coal industry circa 1815 would have required that the country magically receive 15,000,000 additional acres of forest. <|MaskedSetence|> (p. 276)
Based on this calculation, I set the ... | **A**:
…[R]aising enough sheep to replace the yarn made with Britain’s New World cotton imports by would have required staggering quantities of land: almost 9,000,000 acres in 1815, using ratios from model farms, and over 23,000,000 acres in 1830.
**B**: This final figure surpasses Britain’s total crop and pasture la... | ABC | ABC | BAC | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> This includes both questions about positive reciprocity (e.g. <|MaskedSetence|> Estimates of the interaction between this characteristic and the behavioral utility terms suggest that these individuals are more altruistic in the baseline and behave more in line with generalized reciprocity. At the on... | **A**: “If someone does me a favor, I am prepared to return it”), as well as negative reciprocity (“If someone puts me in a difficult position, I will do the same to them”).
**B**:
The characteristic that we describe as overall reciprocity consists of positive weights on the answers to all of the questions in the re... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
Non-Business day. Values are in percentage.
We remark that this example is just for illustration and showcasing the interpretation of the proposed tensor factor model. Again we note that for the TFM-tucker model, one needs to identify a proper representation of the loading space in order to interpret the model. <|Ma... | **A**: For TFM-cp, the model is unique hence interpretation can be made directly.
**B**: In Chen et al., (2022), varimax rotation was used to find the most sparse loading matrix representation to model interpretation.
**C**: Interpretation is impossible for the vector factor model in such a high dimensional case.
.
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In Section 3, we study how specific properties of choice rules tend to lead to contextual privacy violations. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> This result has been used to show that the second-price auction does not permit a decentralized computation protocol (Brandt and Sandholm, 2005) that satisfies unconditiona... | **A**: a set of agents whose privacy ought to be protected if possible.
**B**: In our first results, Proposition 1 and Proposition 2, we provide characterizations of choice rules that fully avoid contextual privacy violations under an arbitrary fixed elicitation technology, and under individual elicitation technologie... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
Gerard Debreu took the latter position. He said that all known conditions for guaranteeing the uniqueness of equilibrium prices are “exceedingly strong” (Debreu, 1972). <|MaskedSetence|> This theorem implies that any compact set in the positive orthant can be included in the set of equilibrium prices when we prohibi... | **A**: To solve this problem, Debreu (1970) treated perturbations of the economy by initial endowment vectors, and showed that in “almost all” economies, the number of equilibria is at least not infinite.
**B**: On the other hand, he proved the Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem (Debreu, 1974).
**C**: Later, this res... | BCA | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
For a unique derivation of the utility function, however, the range of the demand function must be sufficiently wide, as discussed above. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Namely, the range of the function in the limit must also be sufficiently wide. In addition, when all functions satisfy the “C axiom” introduce... | **A**: Therefore, an additional assumption is needed for the continuity result we desire.
**B**: We have found an example of a sequence of demand functions that satisfy all the assumptions of Corollary 3 and have a sufficiently wide range, yet the range in the limit is very small (Example 2).
**C**: That is, when a s... | BCA | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
In this section, we apply our methodology to the analysis of income-wealth inequality in the United States between 1989 and 2022, based on the public version of the triennial Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We refer to inequality displayed by our measure as ov... | **A**: Wealth refers to all assets, financial and otherwise.
**B**: A guide for practical implementation of the computational procedure outlined in section 1.2 is given in appendix A.
**C**: Details of the sampling technique and a discussion of specific features and issues with the data set are given in appendix B.
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Although many recent works focus on learning in the presence of strategic behavior, learning in the presence of capacity constraints and strategic behavior has not previously been studied in depth. <|MaskedSetence|> Competition for the treatment arises when agents are strategic and the decision maker is capacity-cons... | **A**: cheating on exams in the context of college admissions, and the decision maker may not want to assign treatment to agents who have high ability to modify their covariates.
**B**: Our model permits all of these interpretations because we allow for potential outcomes to be flexibly related to the agent’s type..
... | CAB | CAB | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
The field experiment in Celhay et al. (2019) took place in Misiones, Argentina, one of the poorest provinces in the country, and with relatively high rate of maternal and child mortality. <|MaskedSetence|> The study selected 37 public primary care facilities (accounting for 70% of the prenatal care visits in the benef... | **A**: In contrast, clinics in the treatment group received a three-fold increase in payments for any first prenatal visit that occurred before week 13 of pregnancy.
**B**: To the best of our understanding, the treatment assignment was balanced across the 37 clinics and was not stratified.
**C**: As part of the natio... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
When determining order quantities for the replenishment of a local fulfilment centre, the retailer needs to take into account several costs. <|MaskedSetence|> In case of perishable SKUs, units may deteriorate beyond an acceptable level of quality at the end of a period. This is associated with a spoilage cost of hℎhit... | **A**: If the number of units in the inventory exceeds customer demand, this generates costs for inventory holding denoted by v𝑣vitalic_v per unit.
**B**: Therefore, e-grocery retailers operate with very high service-level targets of 97-99%.
**C**: Ulrich et al.,, 2021).
A particular advantage of the e-grocery ret... | ABC | ABC | CBA | ABC | Selection 1 |
For analytical tractability, we focus on the case where researchers use one-sided tests in this section, for a limited number of options for p𝑝pitalic_p-hacking. Appendix C provides analogous numerical results for two-sided tests. The analytical results provide a clear understanding of the opportunities for tests to ... | **A**: Appendix B presents derivations underlying all analytical results..
**B**: We present these results in Appendix A.
**C**: In the simulation study in Section 5, we consider generalizations of these analytical examples for two-sided tests, and we also show results for one-sided tests.
In addition to analyzing ... | CBA | CBA | ACB | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The autoregressive parameter shows a high persistence. We find positive and negative coefficients for the linear and quadratic term of the GDP per capita, which is consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. The agriculture share in the value added is negatively correlated with GHG em... | **A**: The credit to private sector, trade and financial globalization are negatively related with emissions.
**B**:
The control variables mostly exhibit the expected signs.
**C**: Finally, in relation to the additional controls included in the IV estimates, net capital inflows and GDP growth are positively associa... | BAC | CBA | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
Among the different deep architectures for forecasting models, we focus on the neural basis expansion analysis for time series (N-BEATS) algorithm Oreshkin et al. (2019). N-BEATS is a deep neural architecture designed to predict future values in a time series on the basis of past values. The algorithm has been shown to... | **A**: With limited data, simpler methods like synthetic controls (SC) or two-way fixed effects (TWFE) may yield more reliable causal estimates.
**B**: (2010) and the German reunification on the West Germany economy Abadie et al.
**C**: Specifically, we contrast performance in data that has been used to estimate the ... | ACB | ACB | CBA | ACB | Selection 4 |
Regular estimation approaches, however, become infeasible for high-dimensional settings. <|MaskedSetence|> Recently, sparse shrinkage methods such as the lasso have gained considerable popularity in econometrics for policy evaluation (Belloni et al., 2014) and (macroeconomic) time series analysis (Kock et al., 2020). ... | **A**: Traditional approaches to high-dimensionality include modelling commonalities between variables, such as through factor-augmented VARs (FAVAR) (Bernanke et al., 2005), dynamic factor models (DFM) (Forni et al., 2009; Stock and Watson, 2016) or – for panel structures – global VARs (Chudik and Pesaran, 2016); as w... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Generating distributional responses from a bot is replete with caveats since LLMs are deterministic functions, meaning that randomization occurs in post-processing by sampling responses according to the softmax probability. Deep Neural Networks are known for yielding poor estimates of the distributio... | **A**: In addition, I use an AI Bot based on a language model as an aggregator for large-scale web data.
**B**: (2015)).
**C**: Thus, current beliefs regarding the minimum wage may be biased upward compared to archival knowledge in the wider web used for training GPT-3.
.
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<|MaskedSetence|> We believe that this is more compelling than other solution concepts that assume that one or all players make certain types of mistakes for all other actions including those that have not been observed. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We showed that an OPE can be computed in polynomial time in ... | **A**:
We presented a new solution concept for sequential imperfect-information games called observable perfect equilibrium that captures the assumption that all players are playing as rationally as possible given the fact that some players have taken observable suboptimal actions.
**B**: We also showed that observab... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ABC | Selection 3 |
This paper shows that there exists a simple institution and a signaling structure that can solve information asymmetries at no cost. <|MaskedSetence|> Subsequent work by Spence (\APACyear1973) shows that signaling can resolve information asymmetries but does not eliminate inefficiencies, as signals are wasteful and u... | **A**: Yet, in this setting, it is possible to structure communication in a way that fully restores efficiency without using wasteful signaling expenditures or commitment power.
**B**: This protocol prescribes the sequential and public consultation of two informed agents with conflicting interests.
**C**: At least si... | BAC | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> With the cost information, the government could design an incentive (research) contract (e.g., Laffont and Tirole, 1986), that balances R&D costs and (unobserved) research effort. The second approach involves using advanced market commitment (Kremer and Glennerst... | **A**: The first approach involves all interested firms reporting their R&D costs as the drug progresses through the development process.
**B**: While this solution is straightforward, it is potentially subject to moral hazard because firms’ research efforts are non-contractible.
**C**: After receiving the payment, t... | CAB | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We will now look at some bifurcation diagrams using the freeness of trade, ϕitalic-ϕ\phiitalic_ϕ, as the bifurcation parameter. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The illustrations, 8 in total, exhaust all mathematical/numerical possibilities.888This can be shown through the combination of the ana... | **A**: Two additional illustrations for different parameter values are provided in Appendix B.
**B**: To provide a complete gallery, we depict 6 qualitatively different scenarios, keeping most parameter values constant (except for the sixth scenario) and varying b𝑏bitalic_b, thus placing emphasis on changes in the va... | CBA | BCA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
In economics, Kleiner, Moldovanu and Strack (2021) characterize the extreme points of monotone functions on [0,1]01[0,1][ 0 , 1 ] that majorize (or are majorized by) some given monotone function, which is equivalent to the set of probability measures that dominate (or are dominated by) a given probability measure in th... | **A**: and applies the characterization to voting, quantile-based persuasion, self ranking, and security design.
.
**B**: They then apply this characterization to various economic settings, including mechanism design, two-sided matching, mean-based persuasion, and delegation.222See also Arieli, Babichenko, Smorodinsk... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ACB | Selection 1 |
Emissions of firms in the EU Emission Trading System (ETS).
The Emission Trading System (ETS) is one of the cornerstones of the European Union’s industrial climate policy. It requires industrial firms to acquire emission permits for their plants and installations either through free allocation or through trading extra... | **A**:
.
**B**: This dataset was matched to the Hungarian firm-level production network dataset via the unique value-added tax (VAT) number of Hungarian firms.
**C**: Three firms could not be matched which resulted in a final dataset of 119 firms for which both direct CO2 emissions and other firm characteristics su... | BCA | BCA | CBA | BCA | Selection 4 |
Regarding the representation of deregulation in the power sector, i.e., decoupling transmission and generation expansion decisions, one can pinpoint two generalised strategies in the literature. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> For example, this coordinated modelling approach has been considere... | **A**: Nonetheless, while the burden to formulate exhaustive uncertainty sets appears to be challenging on its own, this modelling strategy prevents generation companies (GenCos) from being dynamic market players capable of making reactive decisions regarding generation levels and capacity expansion.
Another strategy... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The strategy-proof rules on the domain of Alcalde-Unzu and
Vorsatz (2018) also follow a two-step procedure. In their model, the location of the peak/dip of each agent is known, so the first step of their rules asks which agents have single-peaked preferences. <|MaskedSetence|> In the domain analyzed... | **A**: Note that even though the social planner in our domain has less information after the first step (since she does not know the location of the dips), at most two alternatives are preselected in both settings.
**B**:
The family of strategy-proof rules characterized here shows some similarities with and differen... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
The application analyzes the interaction of the oil and stock market.
Kilian and Park, (2009) propose recursive restrictions to identify and estimate the effects of different oil and stock market shocks. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The application in this study fills this gap. I present evidence that oil an... | **A**: By allowing both variables to interact simultaneously, the study reveals that information shocks originating from the stock market contain crucial information on oil prices, which explains approximately 25252525 % of the fluctuations in oil prices.
.
**B**: The proposed restrictions are widely used to analyze t... | CAB | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Specifically, we consider cohort-based privacy, which is a restriction in line with the recent Google Privacy Sandbox proposals to replace
third-party cookies. Under this policy, the platform in our model informs the firms about the consumer’s ranking of their products, without disclosing the consume... | **A**: In this Section, we focus on exogenous restrictions on information disclosure.
**B**: 5.2 Privacy and Data
We now assess the impact of privacy regulation by considering policies that limit the firms’ access to the consumers’
information.
**C**: Voluntary information disclosure by the consumer is another impor... | BAC | ABC | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> How can a country like China, which once was the largest importer of P, be such a relevant exporter of P? Classical analyses fail to answer such questions. In fact, phosphate is a raw material that is essential for all nations. The situation is different for other commodities such ... | **A**: In today’s world of unprecedented geopolitical power shifts and increasingly monopolistic commodity supply structures, it is in the vital interest of any country or economy to understand commodity flows on a global scale.
**B**: The novelty of our approach is that we transform and connect these data to other so... | CAB | CAB | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
A stable rule is a function that associates each stated strategy profile to a stable matching under this stated profile. To evaluate such matchings workers, and firms use their true preferences and their true choice functions, respectively. <|MaskedSetence|> In this game, the set of strategies for each worker is the s... | **A**: A market and a stable rule induce a matching game.
**B**: Similarly, the set of strategies for each firm is the set of all possible choice functions that it could state.
In this paper, the equilibrium concept we focus on is Nash equilibrium.
**C**: In a Nash equilibrium, no agent improves by deviating from i... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CBA | Selection 3 |
In the analysis, we use the following two definitions of homeownership. <|MaskedSetence|> With this comprehensive homeownership definition, about 70% of individuals in our sample are homeowners (vs 40% if we consider only individuals with a positive open mortgage amount). Second, in an alternative definition of homeo... | **A**: .
**B**: First, we consider an individual as a homeowner if either she ever had a mortgage or she is recorded as a homeowner according to Experian’s imputation.
**C**: Clearly, this definition would only capture the flow, and perhaps more importantly would miss cash purchases and wouldn’t distinguish between a... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
By Carathéodory’s theorem, for any distribution there exists a decomposition in which at most n+1𝑛1n+1italic_n + 1 optimal solutions have a strictly positive weight. Such a decomposition can be found by applying the algorithm described in Theorem 6.5.11 by Grötschel et al. <|MaskedSetence|> Clearly, a decomposition o... | **A**: We will therefore pay special attention to cases in which we can find an implementation of a distribution without first generating its decomposition (see Section 5.4)..
**B**: Given the computational complexity of generating optimal solutions in integer programming, as discussed in Section 3, obtaining a decomp... | CBA | CBA | ACB | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> As explained in the paragraph that follows (7), the central feature of mGB is that, after exhibiting a long power-law dependence, it eventually terminates at a finite value of the variable. GB2, on the other hand, has a power-law tail that extends mGB’s power-law dependence to infinity.
The key to ... | **A**: 4 is the analysis of the structure of RV used by the markets – a square root of realized variance (1).
**B**:
While the standard search for Dragon Kings involves performing a linear fit of the tails of the distribution pisarenko2012robust ; janczura2012black , here we tried to broaden our analysis by also fitt... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
Finally, we mention equilibrium analyses of bidding and ad exchanges that provide results related to our simulation findings. Choi and Sayedi (2019) analyze auctions in which a new entrant’s click-through rate is not known to the publisher. Despotakis et al. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Nabi et al. <|MaskedS... | **A**: When multiple slots are offered, Rafieian and Yoganarasimhan (2021) shows that, when advertisers can target their bids to specific placements in second-price auctions, total surplus increases, but the effect on publisher revenues is ambiguous, the key difference being that we consider a single slot with randomly... | ABC | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
Having shown that the identity of the winner is sufficient for restoring efficiency (even without observing effort), it might seem that this information is also necessary for implementing an efficient outcome. <|MaskedSetence|> That is, if the identity of the winner is not contractible, then the effort profile at time... | **A**: Importantly for fairness considerations, contracting on the effort profile at time of breakthrough results in outcomes which are ex-post symmetric on the equilibrium path, unlike the asymmetry necessary for efficient behavior when contracting on the winner’s identity.
Methodologically, I build off of the canon... | BCA | ACB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
. In terms of gender, the sample comprised 48% female and 52% male participants. <|MaskedSetence|> Recruitment took place via the ORSEE system (Greiner, 2015), and the experiment was computerised using the oTree platform (Chen et al., 2016). None of the subjects had previously participated in a public goods experiment... | **A**: Participants could retake the questionnaire until they passed.
**B**: We follow the common practice that the literature in public goods adopts and we use both.
.
**C**: The average age was 20.7 for those who provided details (4 subjects did not reply this question).
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Our work is closely related to recent work on delegation in financial decision making. Apesteguia et al. (2020), like the present paper, report an experiment where investors may decide to delegate financial decisions to their peers. They show that a substantial fraction of investors does so by either directly copying ... | **A**: (2002), Apesteguia et al.
**B**: (1999), Offerman et al.
**C**: Since success is mainly driven by luck and since investors who previously took on a lot of risk appear on top of the earning rankings, Apesteguia et al.
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In this paper, we propose a framework for the sensitivity analysis of identification failures for linear estimators. The framework proceeds as follows. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Third, we leverage work from the literature in statistics and distributionally robust optimization to estimate bounds implied by... | **A**: The framework is especially powerful when the implied restrictions correspond to a family of restrictions on the Radon-Nikodym derivative (the generalization of likelihood ratio to allow point masses) between the distribution of observables under the target distribution and under the distribution the observed da... | BCA | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
When considering the single-peaked domain of preferences, if equal division is taken as a benchmark of fairness, we can single out agents that play a prominent role in the allocation process. <|MaskedSetence|> Similarly, in economies with excess supply, these agents demand more than or equal to equal division and thus... | **A**: We propose the class of “simple” rules that reward simple agents by fully satiating them and give each remaining agent an amount between his peak and equal division.555Several rules in the literature behave in this way.
**B**: In the second step, the amounts assigned to non-simple agents are.
**C**: In economi... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> If the reader is familiar with ergodic theory, skip Subsection 5.1. <|MaskedSetence|> Note that our strategy (philosophy) in this and the next sections stems from [Lyubich, 2012] and [Shen and van Strien, 2014] (these are quite readable expository articles on recent developments o... | **A**:
Our (numerical/theoretical) argument in this and the next sections use ergodic theory.
**B**: Our basic references for ergodic theory are classical [Collet and Eckmann, 1980], [Day, 1998], and [W. de Melo, 1993].
**C**: Here, we give a quick review of ergodic theory.
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<|MaskedSetence|> Major updates (e.g. <|MaskedSetence|> Minor updates (from 1.1 to 1.2) correspond to new features. <|MaskedSetence|> For additional information, see https://semver.org/.
. | **A**: Further, to simplify usage, require standardizes version numbers and also extracts version release dates whenever available.333Standardized version numbers are based on semantic versioning, which defines software versions using the major.minor.patch format.
**B**: Patch updates (from 1.1 to 1.1.1) indicate bug ... | ABC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
This paper draws on the Mittelstadt et al. <|MaskedSetence|> Particularly important for the public are what that paper calls unfair outcomes, transformative effects and traceability. The former two (the “normative concerns”) have a direct effect on outcomes for members of the public whether through algorithms that di... | **A**: (2016) survey of the ethical issues with algorithmic decision-making to map out these transparency issues.
**B**: It also means that causal machine learning systems and the chains of responsibility for these systems need to be clear enough that responsibility can be traced from a mistake inside the model, to a ... | ABC | ABC | ACB | ABC | Selection 1 |
Indeed, many economic and game theoretic analyses make use of the idea that once the rules of some mechanism (or game, or contract) have been announced, they are common knowledge. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Under our new definition, common knowledge becomes non-vacuous in many of these settings. <|MaskedSet... | **A**: Under our new definition, common knowledge in such circumstances is regained, resolving a paradox that has baffled economists and computer scientists for four decades, and rendering Wilson’s “presumption” (to use his own word) of common knowledge of the rules—and with it, all of the consequences that it entails—... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BCA | Selection 2 |
Inferential procedures based on generated regressors are studied in linear and conditional quantile models as in Chen et al., (2021) (see, Pagan, (1984), Doran and Griffiths, (1983), Hoffman, (1987), Oxley and McAleer, (1993), Dufour and Jasiak, (2001) and Chen et al., (2023)), although in the case of risk measures su... | **A**: Thus, a suitable estimation approach under.
**B**: Several studies in the literature consider the estimation of risk measures using stationary time series environments either with parametric (e.g., see He et al., (2020)) or semiparametric approaches (e.g., see, Wang and Zhao, (2016)).
**C**: However, both of t... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
Gavrilova et al. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Further, their method requires splitting the data and estimating completely separate models to estimate the treatment effect of the treated cohort at each time 2,3,…,T23…𝑇2,3,\ldots,T2 , 3 , … , italic_T, while FETWFE allows for the full sample to be used to joint... | **A**: Their approach allows for arbitrary T𝑇Titalic_T, though they focus on the case with only one treated cohort that starts an absorbing treatment at time t=2𝑡2t=2italic_t = 2, providing a brief sketch as to how their method might be extended to allow for staggered adoptions.
**B**: Indeed, a central idea of our ... | CAB | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 1 |
As was discussed in Sec. <|MaskedSetence|> However, there is also an obvious trend towards moving down from the straight line at tails ends. Since single-year HPI also have an oder of magnitude fewer points than HP, we wanted to ascertain whether this trend was significant.
Towards this end we studied a combined mu... | **A**: The main result, as seen in Figs.
**B**: Of course, such upper limit of the variable does not have to be fixed – it may change as HPI is updated annually..
**C**: 3.2.1, tails of single-year HPI align better with power law than those of HP.
| CAB | CAB | CAB | ACB | Selection 3 |
The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 formalizes our model and provides a method for obtaining the asymptotic distribution, or upper bounds thereof, of minimax test statistics. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Proofs are relegated to Section B in the appendix.
2. <|MaskedSetence|> | **A**: The main focus of the paper is on single hypothesis tests, but Section A of the appendix extends our distributional results uniformly over a class of parameter spaces and underlying probability distributions.
**B**: Section 3 shows that, under general conditions, critical values can be obtained for those distri... | BAC | BAC | BAC | ACB | Selection 2 |
𝒙t,subscript𝒙𝑡\boldsymbol{x}_{t},bold_italic_x start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_t end_POSTSUBSCRIPT , and not to the pre-selected variables, 𝒛tsubscript𝒛𝑡\boldsymbol{z}_{t}bold_italic_z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_t end_POSTSUBSCRIPT. <|MaskedSetence|> In the
first stage the common effects of 𝒛tsubscript𝒛𝑡\boldsymbo... | **A**: A proof.
**B**: , italic_K.
**C**: The above optimization problem can be solved in two stages.
| CBA | BAC | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
5. Conclusion
In committee-sized elections (5-21 voters), MLPs can learn to vote strategically on the basis of limited information, though the profitability of doing so varies significantly between different voting methods. <|MaskedSetence|> There are a number of natural extensions for future work, including manipu... | **A**: This serves as a proof of concept for the study of machine learnability of manipulation under limited information.
**B**: However, further research is needed on other questions: What if all agents in the election strategize? And what is the social cost or benefit of the learned manipulations? Finally, one limit... | BAC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
After 10 rounds, all subjects are informed that experts now have the opportunity to invest into their diagnostic precision (Figure 1). There are two treatments. <|MaskedSetence|> In Algorithm, experts can pay 10 Coins each round to rent an algorithmic decision aid that increases the expert’s maximum diagnostic preci... | **A**: Consumers observe each expert’s investment decision.
**B**: In Skill, subjects learn that experts can pay 10 Coins each round to increase their diagnostic precision to 90%.
**C**: Then, subjects complete another 15 rounds.
| ABC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
The present work provides an economic rationale for the support of data-based services where timeliness is a relevant quality requirement by means of 5G networks. More specifically, we focus on data-based services the quality of which is related to the Age of Information, and we assess two alternatives for the support... | **A**: These assessment is conducted in a duopoly scenario.
Fig. 1 depicts the scenario under study.
**B**: The users obtain a utility which depends on the timeliness of the data used by the service.
**C**: We assume that there are two Service Providers (SPs) that provide a service to users, e.g., by means of an ap... | ACB | CBA | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> One of the cornerstones of this approach relies on insights that can be traced back to Dudley in the 1960s ([19]) for Gaussian processes. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Unfortunately, without restrictions on the mixing coefficients, this approach is not feasible, as this norm may not even be w... | **A**:
Unfortunately, the approach utilized in [17] and related papers cannot be applied to establish maximal inequalities when the aforementioned restrictions on the mixing coefficients do not hold.
**B**: In [17], the authors use this insight to construct a “natural” norm, which turns out to depend on the β𝛽\betai... | BCA | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Even as data and computational methods become increasingly sophisticated and widely available, this problem of discovery of which metrics or variables to analyze continues to permeate the natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. In this work, we’ve explored one avenue for discovery of metr... | **A**: More broadly, this work was motivated by analyzing a mechanism by which one might discover unknown unknowns.
**B**: Finally, a particularly interesting avenue for future work would be to consider the possibility of cooperation and competition between multiple agents in this agency game with information transfer... | BCA | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
The three main results of this paper are two positive ones, with a negative one sandwiched in between. In the first, Lemma 3.2, we discover that a finite collection of ranked experiments identifies the agent’s undominated actions (up to relabeling and duplication) as well as the regions of beliefs on which each such ac... | **A**: The rationale behind these results is that expected utility maximization imposes a significant amount of structure on how an agent values information.
.
**B**: An additional finite number of utility differences yields the agent’s exact value for information, for any comparison of information structures.
**C**:... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ABC | Selection 3 |
The rest of this paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2 we introduce our setup and some preliminary constructions. In Section 3 we provide our main result and discuss its proof. <|MaskedSetence|> (2017) and Turansick (2022). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> | **A**: In Section 4 we introduce our identifying restriction and compare it to the restrictions of Apesteguia
et al.
**B**: Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the related literature in Section 6.
.
**C**: Section 5 provides a complete classification of all maximal identified models for the case of n=4𝑛4n=4it... | ACB | ACB | ACB | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> MSE predictions from 1,843 observations using 5-fold cross validation.
The second column of the table considers neural network models, as depicted in Figure 3.2. On their own, the neural networks have quite high mean squared error rates. <|MaskedSetence|> The neural network with only MLS attribute... | **A**: The best MSE from an image-only neural network
comes from the “tout ensemble”.
**B**: The worst convoluted (with or without attributes) model has a better MSE than the best neural network.
**C**: Notes: Bolded numbers represent the MSE associated with the “tout ensemble” model.
| CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, many scholars have studied the phenomenon from various aspects to restore the world’s economic status and the health status of people. <|MaskedSetence|> As a result, the economic and health consequences of COVID-19 were more damaging and ubiquitous than those of the other two outbreaks. Ref... | **A**: This section summarizes such studies.
There were two more main coronaviruses (SARS-CoV in 2002 and MARS-CoV in 2012) before COVID-19, but they could not spread as much as the COVID-19 pandemic did.
**B**:
Given the recent emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the body of literature related to this topic is rel... | BAC | BAC | BCA | BAC | Selection 1 |
Our method proceeds in several steps. <|MaskedSetence|> We fix a particular adoption time and use the average pretreatment outcomes for units with this adoption time, along with average outcomes for units with later adoption times, to estimate the contemporaneous treatment effect with the SDiD estimator. <|MaskedSet... | **A**: As a preliminary step, we average all outcomes in a given period for units that share the same adoption date.
**B**: We proceed sequentially, using the estimates to impute the missing average counterfactuals.
**C**: We then use the resulting estimate to impute the missing average counterfactual outcome for the... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
There are shocks in trucking where drivers and employer interests are aligned. Equipment maintenance is one example. Long-haul truck drivers live out of their vehicles so that keeping vehicles in good condition contributes substantially to driver welfare. <|MaskedSetence|> Additionally, because drivers are often paid... | **A**: First, equipment-related problems that prevent a vehicle from operating hurt firms through reduced operational efficiency and potential late-delivery penalties from shippers.
**B**: Drivers therefore have the incentive to immediately address and report equipment-related problems.
Correspondingly, employers ha... | CBA | CBA | ABC | CBA | Selection 2 |
6 Empirical Application
We apply the proposed approach to the data from Project STAR (e.g., Krueger (1999); Gerber et al. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We use data of 1,877 students who were not assigned to regular-size classes without a full-time teacher aide in kindergarten.101010We do not consider allocatio... | **A**: (2001); Krueger and
Whitmore (2001); Ding and
Lehrer (2010); Chetty et al.
**B**: Among these students, 702 were randomly assigned to regular-size classes with a teacher aide, while the others were randomly assigned to small-size classes without a teacher aide in kindergarten (labeled by grade K).
**C**: (2011... | ACB | BCA | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
In their seminal paper, Gale and Shapley (1962) proved that every marriage model admits a stable matching and also described an algorithm that finds such a matching. <|MaskedSetence|> In the first round, every woman makes a proposal to the man she prefers most; every man who receives proposals from different women ch... | **A**: See, also, Roth and Sotomayor (1990), Theorem 2.13 and Corollary 2.14.
**B**: This process is repeated until all women have been matched to a partner.
**C**: The algorithm involves more rounds.
| CBA | BCA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The “random coefficients” refer to the heterogeneous effects that are the focus of the analysis, such as the effects of neighborhoods, or the worker and firm effects. <|MaskedSetence|> In both cases, the model involves a very large number of such covariates (e.g., many thousands of firm and worker i... | **A**: The model that underlies most applications to these settings is a linear normal random coefficients (RC) model.
**B**: Those coefficients are associated with specific covariates: in Chetty and Hendren (2018b) the effect of a neighborhood is simply the coefficient of the exposure to that neighborhood (i.e., of h... | ABC | BAC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
The world is currently undergoing unprecedented changes, with increasingly complex domestic and international environments marked by heightened levels of instability and uncertainty. The research on low-frequency factors in GARCH-MIDAS is no longer limited to macroeconomic variables, but extends to diverse uncertainti... | **A**: Liu et al.
**B**: (2023a) pay attention to economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and emphasize its effectiveness as a predictor of stock market volatility, which is consistent with the findings of Salisu et al.
**C**: Wei et al.
| BCA | BAC | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Let’s start with the encounter in the top center. The high-urgency lila car has a current karma account of 9 and bids 4, thus outbidding the low-urgency blue car whose karma account is also 9 but bids 2. <|MaskedSetence|> Let’s move along clockwise. <|MaskedSetence|> Now the orange karma goes up by... | **A**:
Figure 1 illustrates how karma works out to the benefit of everyone at hand of an example involving three intersection encounters.
**B**: Blue now happens to have high urgency and bids 4, thus outbidding and getting priority over orange whose karma account is nine and bids 3.
**C**: As a result, the blue car... | ACB | ACB | CAB | ACB | Selection 4 |
The X Community Notes system is innovative due to its open-source and crowdsourced design. <|MaskedSetence|> Our findings align with existing experimental research on warning labels and fact-checking, demonstrating that adding context to social media posts collaboratively can reduce the spread of misinformation by alm... | **A**: The availability of high-frequency tweet sharing combined with information about the exact timing of a tweet publication, and the time at which a Note is made visible on the platform allows us - to the best of our knowledge - to conduct the first causal estimates of a content moderation system on real data from ... | ABC | CAB | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
Games of optimal investment in both stochastic and deterministic settings are extensively covered in the Economics literature, and a comprehensive overview of models and results can be found in Vives [20]. Specifically, mean-field problems with Cournot competition have garnered interest in recent literature; see Chan a... | **A**: An optimal transport perspective on Cournot-Nash equilibria is explored in Acciaio et al.
**B**: In Graber and Sircar [13], existence and uniqueness of the master equation associated with a mean-field game of controls with absorption are proven, while Chan and Sircar [9] delve into dynamic mean-field games with... | BAC | BCA | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
The use of these methodologies in economic applications and, in particular, for emerging markets has been lagging. In econometrics, most of what is known as structural breaks methodology has been “offline,” that is, it uses historical time series to find regime shifts (see, e.g., Hamilton, 2016; Bai and Perron, 1998, 2... | **A**: Comparisons of performance between online and offline methods requires re-designing the offline methods to make them applicable in an online environment for which they were not designed.
**B**: Therefore, there is little guidance in the literature on choosing between these methods.
**C**: Moreover, traditional... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 1 |
Choice of elasticities. We take the trade elasticity from the value reported in the handbook chapter by Head and
Mayer (2014) and set it to 5.03. This is also the trade elasticity we used to express the effect of the Iron Curtain in tariff equivalent terms. The supply elasticity depends on the importance of intermediat... | **A**: For this country, we also completed the bilateral data after 1974 with imputed trade flows.
**B**: Appendix A explains how data are imputed for this country..
**C**: Since the model is static, we solve the model for a counterfactual equilibrium in each year starting in 1950.111111East Germany is missing domest... | CAB | BAC | CAB | CAB | Selection 4 |
Dynamic programming has a wide range of applications in economics including the savings problem, economic growth, job search, business cycles, olipoly equilibrium or recursive contracts [Ljungqvist and Sargent, 2018]. Particularly important for the present research is the problem of a competitive firm that maximises t... | **A**: Here, our goal is to estimate those parameters directly from data following the temporal difference (TD) method proposed by Sutton [1988].
**B**: The trade-off between immediate costs and future returns gives the firm the incentive to forecast the output market price as far as the investment (or change of outpu... | BCA | BCA | CBA | BCA | Selection 2 |
We use the 2005-2019 American Community Survey (ACS) and household composition to infer sexual orientation and create a unique and novel panel dataset on the passage of local and state anti-discrimination laws. We collected information on local laws from a host of sources including media reports, FOIA requests, and an ... | **A**: We also replicate findings that lesbian/bisexual women have a higher labor force participation and employment rate and earn 5-15% more than their employed straight counterparts.
We explore theories for the differing effects of anti-discrimination laws on gay men and lesbian women in the Discussion section, usi... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Thus, we propose a three-step approach for retailers: in the first step, our objective is to assess the costs of planning uncertainty and their impact on the retailer’s profit for specific SKUs. To achieve this, the retailer must analyse historical data to gain insights into customers’ purchasing pro... | **A**: Our analysis primarily focuses on the retailer’s overall profit, particularly in the context of short-term inventory planning solutions.
**B**: For certain SKUs, obtaining information from a limited number of customers may suffice, while for others, persuading a larger proportion of customers to share their pur... | CBA | CBA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> This might render QALYs more appropriate for the evaluation of these treatments. <|MaskedSetence|> This is a possible motivation for age weights (another motivation is the fair innings argument mentioned above). Our hybrid evaluation functions, such as PQALYs, QALYs-PALYs, QALYs-P... | **A**:
As we mentioned in the introduction, there is a pressing need to protect the health and productivity of the economically active population.
**B**: But using the same evaluation function for younger patients misses productivity effects.
**C**: Treatments for the elderly (retired people) have no effects on (lab... | ACB | ACB | CBA | ACB | Selection 4 |
We can consider two types of many-to-one assignment markets, depending on which side of the market has unitary capacity. This does not affect the core, but makes a big difference when competitive equilibria are considered. If the unitary capacity is on the side that posts prices, that is sellers or workers, then we are... | **A**: The loss of this coincidence means that the core is somehow a less robust solution in these markets, since those allocations that do not have a justified objection could be taken into account when looking for a distribution of the worth of the grand coalition.
.
**B**: When the unitary capacity is on the agents... | BCA | ABC | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
The obtained research results have important implications for the touristic affirmation of caves. The implementation of advanced forecasting modeling enables management structures to make various strategic moves such as sustainable management of resources and conservation efforts. <|MaskedSetence|> Observed trends i... | **A**: The use of such analytical techniques indicates effective modeling approaches that are crucial for the sustainability and protection of subterranean karst environments.
**B**: Establishing monitoring programs and tracking visitor trends are crucial for tourism authorities so they can assess the effectiveness of... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ABC | Selection 1 |
2.2 Model
We use fund4.0m-g, one of a stable of integrated assessment models collectively known as fund. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Emissions are input into a Maier-Reimer and Hasselmann (1987) carbon cycle model which is coupled to a Schneider and Thompson (1981) climate model. Climate change feeds back ... | **A**: This version of the model has been used previously (Tol, 2020, 2024b); earlier versions date back to Tol (1997)..
**B**: The model consists of a Solow (1956) growth model with energy (and associated emissions of carbon dioxide) as a derived demand rather than a factor of production, as in dice (Nordhaus, 1993).... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ACB | Selection 2 |
The aforementioned may give rise to the following query: can a monotone data generation process produce an equivalent distribution to the one propagated by a non-monotonic data generation process? The answer to such query is definitely negative (as is proven here in lemma .4, Appendix E). <|MaskedSetence|> <|Masked... | **A**: Building on the above identifiability result of the counterfactual distribution, we next develop the synthetic counterfactual machinery.
**B**:
So far we have established identifiability for the interventional distribution.
**C**: This is so because any monotonic data generation process lacks sufficient varia... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Such a monotonic rent structure comes from the optimality condition: Many suboptimal menu profiles induce non-monotonic rents. This contrasts with a setting where adverse selection is the main driving force and monotonic rents result from incentive compatibility.
Third, the strictly convex price func... | **A**: In both cases, the producer extracts full surplus, albeit distributed differently among types.
**B**: In comparison, the platform in our model is able to extract high surplus despite adversarial equilibrium selection, and every producer type is strictly worse off than in both benchmarks..
**C**: Second, under ... | CAB | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Proposition 3 show that an increased likelihood of disclosure by other sources may have the side effect of discouraging speculators from publishing reports with richer content. <|MaskedSetence|> First, we assume the speculator has a short horizon and closes his position after disclosure. If the spec... | **A**: For instance, the speculator can first disclose the high inventory alone, buy at depressed prices, and then resell after disclosing the high inventory is actually good news.
**B**: One cost that speculators face when issuing misleading reports is the potential disclosure by other sources, including firms, analy... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
For my main analysis sample, I combine the personnel records and the internal application histories into an employee-by-quarter dataset spanning 2015 to 2019. <|MaskedSetence|> I restrict my sample to only white-collar and management employees who are regular employees at the firm (e.g., excluding marginal employment... | **A**: I choose to collapse the data to a quarterly level because the median applicant applies only to one internal position in a given quarter.
**B**: I refine these choices based on observed application patterns, dropping combinations that never occur in the data.999For instance, I drop combinations between employee... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CBA | Selection 2 |
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The introduction (Section 1) ends with a review of the related literature. Section 2 introduces our model and solves for the equilibrium of Istanbul Flower Auctions. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We provide all proofs in the Appendix.
1.1 Brie... | **A**: Section 4 provides our numerical results.
**B**: Section 5 concludes.
**C**: Section 3 provides theoretical results on the payoff comparison of Istanbul Flower Auctions against the backdrop of Dutch and English Auctions.
| CAB | CAB | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
There are also less technical applications, such as producing university rankings. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Similarly, one could produce rankings of cities by livability or suitability for remote work.
In all previous examples, the input rankings are criteria (which tend to be objective) and the whole se... | **A**: These rankings are usually a result of aggregating rankings for several criteria (such as student satisfaction, % of students employed after graduating, research output).
**B**: In such a scenario, each committee member can provide their personal ranking.
**C**: These rankings could be weighted and then be use... | BAC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
For the Mineral section, China’s dominance is unmistakable. The United States places second, even though its relative centrality to China decreased significantly from 80% in 2010 to 45% in 2022. This underscores China’s consolidating dominance. Australia, the Republic of Korea, France, and the Netherlands see notewort... | **A**: Thailand, previously ranked fourth in 2010, vanishes from the 2022 ranking.
**B**: We highlight the fall in the rank position of the following three countries: Great Britain descends from the fifth to the tenth position, Singapore from the ninth to the twelfth, and Japan from the twelfth to the fifteenth.
**C*... | BAC | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> This stems from the uniformed traders’ optimal demand. Although they are price takers, when determining their optimal demand, they do recognize that the insider internalizes her price impact. <|MaskedSetence|> The lower sensitivity on the public signal alters the intercept point o... | **A**: As long as the insider internalizes her price impact, equilibrium prices cannot be driven to the corresponding price-taking equilibrium ones.
**B**:
The above results underscore an important (and clarifying) fact.
**C**: As mentioned above, price impact reduces public signal’s precision, and hence uniformed ... | BAC | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In many fields, knowledge is obtained after carefully weighing all the positive and negative evidences provided by many papers. If both sides p-hack at roughly the same intensity, will the effect of p-hacking cancel out? In occasional cases, p-hacking might even be a good thing, as... | **A**: .
**B**: A paper p-hacks doesn’t mean the theory of that paper is wrong.
**C**: A famous example is that Gregor Mendel might p-hack in his peas experiments.
We propose to study the consequence of p-hacking under the framework of mis-specified Bayesian learning.
| ABC | CAB | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
It is worth noting that the counterfactual density distribution to the left of the policy threshold is not an upward parallel shifting of the observed density distribution. <|MaskedSetence|> These are in contract with the assumption under the estimation framework by Chetty et al. (2013). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedS... | **A**: This is because patients with different counterfactual expenses shift leftwards with different magnitudes in response to the kinked policy as elaborated in Section 2, resulting in the counterfactual and observed density distribution having different shapes in the region to the left of the threshold.
**B**: Spec... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
The normalization in Property 6 determines the scale of nominal quantities in all universal gravity models. Since the prototypical trade model determines only real variables, we said earlier that Property 6 does not conflict with the model. <|MaskedSetence|> The use of normalization in Property 6 is harmless for equil... | **A**: However, there is a subtle point that needs to be clarified.
**B**: For this reason, the default results table generated by the command shows growth rates only for real variables.
The default calculation reports the vector relative changes of real (non-domestic) exports for all locations, which is calculated ... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
First, there has been quite some recent work trying to trace links between different updating biases. For example, Heger and Papageorge, (2018) and Gneezy et al., (2023) study how wishful thinking (optimism) can affect overconfidence; while Charness and Dave, (2017) and Zhenxun, 2023b ; Zhenxun, 2023a try to separate ... | **A**: As previously mentioned, utilizing an approach that is able to tell conflicting biases apart has the advantage to better pinpoint what biases are precisely underpinning certain behavioural regularities; or even let us know if some biases are simply an artifact of using a less complete model.
.
**B**: In the fin... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
First we note that due to the different types of deliberation involved we would expect to see different types of learning profiles in committee work and larger elections and referenda. In a well functioning committee the deliberation is typically quite organised and the members are chosen so that they complement each o... | **A**: There are several distinct factors which appear in this description.
First, we can ask more generally how the group size affect the learning profile.
**B**: So, unless adequate organisation and infrastructure are present we would expect each added member to contribute less and less to the learning rate, when ... | CAB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
that these preferences are described by a parameter x,𝑥x,italic_x , uniformly
distributed along the interval [0,1]01[0,1][ 0 , 1 ]. <|MaskedSetence|> x=1𝑥1x=1italic_x = 1) has the highest preference for
residing in region L𝐿Litalic_L (resp. region R𝑅Ritalic_R). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> | **A**: The consumer with preference
described by x=0𝑥0x=0italic_x = 0 (resp.
**B**: An agent whose preference
corresponds to x=1/2𝑥12x=1/2italic_x = 1 / 2 is indifferent between either region.
**C**: We can.
| ABC | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Our examination primarily focuses on the harmonic centrality distributions observed in the first quarter of each of these six years. As illustrated in Figure 3, it is evident that the harmonic centrality distributions exhibit a consistent pattern across the different years. To gain deeper insights in... | **A**: The Calinski-Harabasz index (calinski1974dendrite) assesses the ratio of within-cluster dispersion to between-cluster dispersion for all clusters, whereas the Davies-Bouldin index (davies1979cluster) quantifies the similarity between clusters, thereby allowing us to evaluate the separability of categories.
**B*... | CBA | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (2019); Pion-Tonachini et al. <|MaskedSetence|> (2022); Wang et al. <|MaskedSetence|> (2022) develops conformal inference procedures to measure the out-of-distribution predictive performance of economic theories.. | **A**: (2023) provide recent reviews on the use of machine learning across the physical sciences, such as biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics.
Substantial progress has already been made in exploring how machine learning interacts with economic theories.
Recent work compares the out-of-sample predictive perform... | BCA | BAC | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
As an illustration, we discuss two interesting and practically relevant examples of robust allocation mechanisms: the Mean-Deviation allocation mechanism and the Expected-Shortfall allocation mechanism, based on the theory of risk/deviation measures; see Rockafellar et al. [42] and McNeil et al. [37]. In each example, ... | **A**: We discuss the relevant mathematical literature and our contribution to it in Section 6.
.
**B**: From this perspective, the closest work to ours are the studies on conditional risk measures.
**C**: These results are then applied in the context of finite Cartesian products of L1superscript𝐿1L^{1}italic_L star... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Antonelli (1886) was the first monograph to tackle this problem, and in this paper, there is a reference to condition (B). Pareto (1906) also addressed this problem, but Volterra was critical of Pareto’s discussion of integrability in his review (Volterra, 1906). Hence, Pareto tried to develop a cons... | **A**: Suda (2007) surveyed these arguments in detail..
**B**: This idea is later implicitly criticized by Samuelson (1950).
**C**:
4 Comparison with Related Literature
The research topic of this paper was already known as the integrability problem at the end of the 19th century.
| CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We show that the marginal prior for conditional variances is centred around the hypothesis of homoskedasticity and exhibits strong shrinkage towards it while maintaining heavy tails. These features are essential for SVAR models with identification via heteroskedasticity to be verified for two reasons... | **A**:
A third contribution of this paper is the provision of a detailed analysis of the marginal prior distribution of the conditional variances implied by the normality of the SV process innovations, our new prior for the volatility of the log-volatility parameter, and the non-centred SV process parameterisation pro... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ABC | Selection 2 |
At the time of writing, the asymptotic distribution of the WALS estimator for GLMs is still an open research topic and its variance estimator has been a subject of debate. Recent work by De Luca et al. (2022) proposes a new estimator for the variance of WALS in the linear regression model instead of the Bayesian post... | **A**: Finally, the method is also compared to the lasso estimator (Wang et al., 2016) in an empirical application on modeling doctor visits.
**B**: In this paper, I compare the proposed WALS NB method to traditional maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the NB2 regression model in a simulation experiment using the cl... | CBA | CBA | CBA | BAC | Selection 2 |
percent of “never-takers” who would not be signed up for the job-search service under either treatment are nevertheless affected by the treatment. <|MaskedSetence|> For comparison, our estimate of the overall average treatment effect is 0.120.120.120.12
. The effect for never-takers is thus of a fairly similar magnit... | **A**: (We obtain a trivial lower-bound of 0 for the “always-takers”.) Applying the results in Proposition 3.3, we also estimate lower and upper bounds on the average effect for these never-takers of 0.110.110.110.11
to 0.180.180.180.18
.212121Because the outcome is binary, the lower bound for the average effect corre... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
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