Split (1)

train · 2.93k rows

shuffled_text stringlengths 267 3.44k	A stringclasses 6 values	B stringclasses 6 values	C stringclasses 6 values	D stringclasses 6 values	label stringclasses 4 values
A: see [1, 2, 4, 8]). In a CSP, a specific structure is fixed (the template), and the problem involves deciding whether a given conjunction of atomic formulas over the signature of the template is satisfiable in the structure. Jeavons’ groundbreaking discovery [13] states that the complexity of a CSP for a finite s...	CAB	BAC	CBA	BCA	Selection 3
A: Throughout this paper, we restrict our discussion to directed graphsB: Likewise, we deal only with edge-cuts, although our approach can be adapted to vertex-cuts as well. C: All our results can be extended to undirected graphs by means of well-known transformations	CBA	CAB	CAB	ACB	Selection 4
A: The only assumption needed is that the topology needs to have the T0subscript𝑇0T_{0}italic_T start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 0 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT property and a computable countable basisB: Typical requirements in computability theory such as compactness or metrizability are not needed. In addition this work deals with ...	CBA	BCA	CBA	CBA	Selection 2
A: Different normalization techniques, including activation normalization, weight normalization, and gradient normalization, are employed to enhance the training performance of DNNs. To normalize activations, the most common technique is Batch Normalization (BN) [4]. BN has been proposed to solve the problem caused...	CBA	ABC	ACB	CBA	Selection 3
A: 4 that the background OOD scores in DFB enable a significantly better ID and OOD separation than the foreground OOD scores, indicating that the ID and OOD samples can be easier to be separated by looking from the background features than the semantic features since there can be more background differences than t...	ABC	CBA	BAC	BCA	Selection 2
A: Therefore, the residual blocks at the highest resolution output 128 channels, and the latent resolution residual blocks output 512 channels. The residual blocks in the middle block both output 512 channels. The decoder is a reflection of the encoder, where downsampling operations are replaced with upsampling ope...	BAC	ACB	BAC	CBA	Selection 4
A: Females, on the other hand, tend to rely more on landmarks for navigation [15]. Individuals with different ethnic and cultural backgrounds also manifest distinct approaches to online information-seeking. A survey investigating information-seeking patterns among international and American graduate students reveal...	CAB	BCA	CBA	CAB	Selection 2
A: The protein design model serves as a key component for downstream evaluationB: It directly leverages the pretrained structure model as the backbone, coupled with a non-autoregressive decoder featuring linear MLPs. The CATH testing set and Ts50/Ts500 are employed to evaluate the primary results.C: Comput...	BAC	BCA	ABC	CAB	Selection 2
A: The structure of LiftNet is shown in Fig. 2.B: Specifically, we adopt transposed convolution (TC) layer in LiftNetC: A TC layer broadcasts the input elements via kernels, thus increasing the dimension of the output. Different from traditional upsampling methods (e.g., nearest-neighbor, bilinear, and bicu...	ABC	BCA	CAB	BAC	Selection 3
A: This paper advances the research on quantum networks by introducing an highly versatile routing approach based on fidelity curves, which can be utilized in conjunction with purification protocols including capacity-achieving purification ones [11]. The fidelity of an ebit can be quantified as the distance betwee...	ACB	CAB	BAC	ABC	Selection 4
A: Thus, in this paper, we focus on the construction methods based on MWD to improve the performance of polar codes under SCL decoding. B: Meanwhile, the MWD is an effective metric to evaluate ML performanceC: The SCL decoding is widely used for polar codes and its performance can approach the ML performanc...	CBA	BCA	ACB	BCA	Selection 1
A: Thus we see that when there are signals the weights on leaf nodes are no longer proportional, but skewed further towards the longer branchesB: where the inequality follows from our assumption 1/2<p<112𝑝11/2<p<11 / 2 < italic_p < 1C: So for this tree we have that the mean depth is given by	CAB	BCA	CBA	BAC	Selection 4
A: (2023) and Pinaya et alB: (2022) have trained diffusion models from scratch on 3D data or even on 4D data Kim and Ye (2022), and Han et al. (2023) use diffusion models conditioned on anatomical masks to generate labeled images for segmentation.C: Pre-trained models are often trained on 2D RGB datasets, b...	CAB	BAC	ABC	BCA	Selection 4
A: Our method exhibits a remarkable ability to generate complex 3D models from a wide array of multi-object text prompts, demonstrating superior object identity accuracy and enhanced context relevance and richness compared to its counterparts. In simpler Case 1, our CompoNeRF method adeptly generates two distinct o...	CAB	ACB	ACB	BAC	Selection 4
A: The first method passes convex clusters through a randomly initialized neural network, making their shapes non-convex and irregularB: Although our data generator relies on creating a skeleton of convex, ellipsoidal clusters, we have implemented ways to make the cluster shapes more irregular and complexC...	BCA	BCA	BAC	ABC	Selection 3
A: In particular, only COFFEE successfully predicts all the events within the contextB: In Example 1, both TANL and COFFEE without ranking fail to extract E1, triggered by ‘pay’, suggesting that the baselines may have difficulty identifying complex event triggersC: In this case, there is not a specific amo...	BCA	ABC	BCA	ACB	Selection 2
A: It is worth pointing out the relation between the definition (5) and the interpolation space defined through the real method (real interpolation)B: Specifically, Steinwart and Scovel (2012, Theorem 4.6) reveals that for 0<s<10𝑠10<s<10 < italic_s < 1,C: For details of interpolation of Banach spaces thro...	ACB	CAB	CAB	ABC	Selection 1
A: Hence, to underline the efficiency of our method, we experiment on point clouds generated from complex-surfaced objects and provide the corresponding reconstruction results. Also, some of the datasets used by the mentioned techniques are synthetically generated and already have a higher concentration of points a...	CAB	CBA	ABC	BCA	Selection 1
A: To address the aforementioned challenges, substantial research endeavors have been dedicated. The seminal work in [3] introduces FedAvg, a foundational approach for federated optimization that highly depends on iterative model averaging and partial participation, thereby significantly decreasing the communicati...	ACB	CAB	CBA	ABC	Selection 4
A: Early works, such as FLAN (Wei et al., 2021), PromptSource (Bach et al., 2022), and SUP-NATINST (Wang et al., 2022b), introduce effective instruction tuning methods and establish comprehensive evaluation benchmarks. InstructGPT (Ouyang et al., 2022) demonstrates significant improvement in the instruction-followi...	ACB	CBA	ABC	BAC	Selection 4
A: During pre-training, SGD with momentum 0.9 and initial learning rate 0.1 is used for optimization. We train S-ViLM for 10 epochs with a batch size 1024 and adopt a cosine learning rate decay schedule with a warmup ratio 0.05B: We implement S-ViLM in JAX and train all models on TPU acceleratorsC: It takes...	BCA	BAC	ABC	ABC	Selection 2
A: We use a linear kernel for CKA evaluation, as the original paper reveals similar results for both linear and RBF kernels. CKA is our main point of comparison due to its success in prior work and wide applicability.B: Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA): Proposed by Kornblith et alC: (2019), CKA computes a k...	ABC	BAC	CAB	CBA	Selection 3
A: Finally, we calculate the pan, tilt, and roll angles by decomposing the rotation matrixB: To solve this problem, we determined the pan, tilt, and roll angles for which the mean absolute angle errors between the estimated and ground-truth (GT) angles are the smallest, for both our method and conventional meth...	BAC	CAB	ABC	ACB	Selection 4
A: Then, we prove the following chain of implications: (iii) ⟹⟹\Longrightarrow⟹ (iv), followed by (iv) ⟹\implies⟹ (v), (v) ⟹\implies⟹ (vi), and finally (vi) ⟹\implies⟹ (ii). This ensures that all the six statements are equivalent.B: We first prove the equivalence among statements (i), (ii) and (iii)C: To sh...	CBA	BCA	ACB	BCA	Selection 1
A: Qualitatively, in Figure 6 we see no discernible increase in the number of failures following larger ONNX updatesB: Similarly, Incompatibility and Type ProblemsC: Quantitatively (Spearman), results are similar. The test yields a weak positive correlation (ρ=0.34𝜌0.34\rho=0.34italic_ρ = 0.34)	ABC	ACB	ABC	ABC	Selection 2
A: For this mission, only basic behaviors are used: motion behaviors for taking off, following a path, and landingB: The location of drones and gates is provided by the ground truth of the simulator or the mocap system, and for control, a Differential Flatness (DF) based controller with trajectory references is...	BCA	ACB	CAB	BAC	Selection 1
A: Nonetheless, the outputs from such models are often considered creative by the person interacting with them or exposed to their best productions. Though this is apparently in contrast with what was discussed above, we can explain this phenomenon by considering the fact that our perception does not usually align...	BAC	ABC	BAC	CAB	Selection 2
A: Besides, some works are tailored for the natural and medical image segmentation [51, 52, 53, 54, 55]. Despite the impressive progress these approaches have made for the image classification and segmentation tasks, they are not applicable to the detection tasks. They only transfer the semantic information, and ar...	ABC	CAB	BAC	CBA	Selection 2
A: In practice, the probability distributions are rarely known and difficult to work with analyticallyB: Like other 2S-SLPR problems, the second stage of the two-stage DCOPF involves an expectation of the uncertain parameters ( i.e., the randomness in the net-load) over some probability distributionC: There...	ACB	BAC	ABC	ACB	Selection 2
A: However, in this case, the unlabelled data is only used for evaluating the KL divergence in function space, a practice which has theoretically been shown to be insufficient Burt et al. (2020). Conversely, our work uses semantic information from the unlabelled data to actually inform the function-space prior.*B...	CBA	BCA	CAB	ACB	Selection 3
A: To avoid some of the issues of dealing with Polish-valued data, there has been interest in techniques for embedding the shape descriptors into Banach spaces [19, 1].B: In particular, the lack of a vector space structure means that concise summaries of the distribution such as moments are not available, and g...	CBA	ABC	ACB	BAC	Selection 1

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