Split (1)

train · 2.93k rows

shuffled_text stringlengths 267 3.81k	A stringclasses 6 values	B stringclasses 6 values	C stringclasses 6 values	D stringclasses 6 values	label stringclasses 4 values
A: Bruno Poizat fully developed the topology-free approach in [19]. In [20, 21] R. Pöschel characterised the Galois closed sets of relations with the help of infinitary operations.B: see [4]). The topology-free approach takes into account the cardinality of the basic set A𝐴Aitalic_A and the arity of operations...	CAB	CAB	BAC	CBA	Selection 4
A: In other words, given a k𝑘kitalic_k-tuple of s𝑠sitalic_s-t𝑡titalic_t mincuts, there always exists a k𝑘kitalic_k-tuple on the same set of edges that is in left-right order; each edge occurring with the same multiplicityB: Consider now the pairwise-sum and the coverage diversity measures first introduced ...	BCA	ACB	CAB	ABC	Selection 4
A: The advantage to the topological approach used in this paper is that a very general topology can be usedB: Typical requirements in computability theory such as compactness or metrizability are not needed. In addition this work deals with all measures, not just computable ones. This is analogous to how the mu...	CAB	ACB	BAC	CAB	Selection 2
A: Normalizing with CN-Channels takes the target task into accountB: The source domain (MNIST) is labeled as opposed to the target domain (SVHN), which could explain why using MNIST as the context identifier in AdaMatch+CN-Channels (ref. Tables IX and X) gives better results.C: In general, the clear improv...	BCA	CAB	ACB	ACB	Selection 1
A: 1 and 2.B: Enhancing Different OOD Detection Methods. Four different SotA methods – MSP, ODIN, Energy, and ViM – are used as foreground-based OOD detection baseline models and plugged into DFB to perform joint foreground and background OOD detectionC: Their results are shown at the bottom of Tabs	CAB	ACB	BCA	ACB	Selection 1
A: These denoising techniques range from low-pass filters and algorithms such as block matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) [11], to state-of-the-art DL denoisers [9, 12]B: Existing denoising techniques can be applied to denoise low-light images either before or after contrast enhancement [9, 10]C: Despite den...	ACB	BAC	BCA	CBA	Selection 2
A: Specifically, among participants who chose to play the games under time constraints, younger and left-handed participants (third principal component of reported spatial abilities) tend to navigate through more unique paths to reach the target (Table 1)B: Conversely, among participants who chose to play the g...	ACB	CBA	ACB	BCA	Selection 4
A: This means that the model’s output distribution should be invariant under any rotation or translation applied to the input coordinates H𝐻Hitalic_HB: Equivariant network models, such as geometric vector perceptron (GVP)-based models, are commonly employed in protein 3D structure modeling to meet this require...	ABC	CBA	BAC	BCA	Selection 4
A: The results in Fig. 4 show two different trendsB: We show the sensitivity of the performance of LiftNet-based methods regarding the output dimensions on WN18RR dataset. To do that, we vary the output dimensions from 128 to 1024 and adjust the setups of the two TC layers in LiftNet accordinglyC: First, LN...	BAC	ACB	CBA	CAB	Selection 1
A: Those authors proposed a multicommodity flow algorithm that can find the optimal flow for bipartite entanglement distribution between two sets of nodes in polynomial time. B: Here, we note that a flow model is one in which multiple ebits are attempted to be established simultaneouslyC: Chakraborty et al....	ABC	CBA	ACB	CAB	Selection 2
A: Thus, in this paper, we focus on the construction methods based on MWD to improve the performance of polar codes under SCL decoding. B: Meanwhile, the MWD is an effective metric to evaluate ML performanceC: The SCL decoding is widely used for polar codes and its performance can approach the ML performanc...	ABC	CBA	BCA	BAC	Selection 2
A: where the inequality follows from our assumption 1/2<p<112𝑝11/2<p<11 / 2 < italic_p < 1B: Thus we see that when there are signals the weights on leaf nodes are no longer proportional, but skewed further towards the longer branchesC: So for this tree we have that the mean depth is given by	CBA	BCA	BAC	ABC	Selection 4
A: Several other works studied text-to-image latent diffusion models for medical imaging Chambon et alB: (2022a); Akrout et alC: (2023). Closest to our work is Chambon et al. (2022b), where the authors explore various methods to adapt a pre-trained Stable Diffusion model to chest X-ray generation.	BCA	ABC	ACB	CBA	Selection 2
A: Our architecture advances scene reconstruction by providing an intuitive interface for layout manipulationB: This capability is crucial for the reconfiguration of scene elements into novel scenes, as depicted in Fig. 3C: Here, the input panel allows for adjustments in the attributes of bounding boxes, s...	CAB	ACB	ABC	ACB	Selection 3
A: Second, we draw i.i.d. samples from this mixture model to generate a data set. Figure 1 illustrates this flow.B: Once an archetype has been defined, sampling concrete data sets proceeds in two stepsC: First, the algorithm samples a new probabilistic mixture model whose geometric structure matches the ar...	CAB	CBA	ABC	CBA	Selection 1
A: † The trigger classification F1 of DEGREE is nearly zero because the model cannot exclude the negative samples constructed without a template.♮, ♢, and ♭ denote the model that requires a manually designed template, example keywords, and event description, respectivelyB: The highest results are in bold and th...	ACB	CBA	BCA	BAC	Selection 3
A: Specifically, Steinwart and Scovel (2012, Theorem 4.6) reveals that for 0<s<10𝑠10<s<10 < italic_s < 1,B: It is worth pointing out the relation between the definition (5) and the interpolation space defined through the real method (real interpolation)C: For details of interpolation of Banach spaces thro...	CAB	CBA	CBA	CBA	Selection 1
A: Second, in subsection 5.2 we extend the use-case of our algorithm as a time and memory efficient pre-processing step for the downstream task of point cloud registration. Moreover, we provide some experiments on scene level and self-acquired point clouds along with ablation studies in the supplementary material (...	BAC	BCA	CAB	BCA	Selection 3
A: FedAvg demonstrates commendable efficiency for IID datasets, but its performance degrades and is unstable under the Non-IID settings. To mitigate the negative effects of client heterogeneity, researchers have proposed the asynchronous FL approach [8, 9, 10] and adopted the client selection mechanism [11, 12, 13]...	ABC	BAC	ACB	ACB	Selection 2
A: In Table 2 for the ScienceQA performance, our single-modal ‘LLaMA-AdapterT’ attains 78.31% accuracy, surpassing several traditional VQA methods with large parametersB: By further injecting visual conditions with a 0.6M projection network, our multi-modal ‘LLaMA-Adapter’ improves +6.88% accuracy, attaining le...	BCA	BAC	ACB	ABC	Selection 4
A: It takes about one day for the whole pre-training stage.B: We implement S-ViLM in JAX and train all models on TPU acceleratorsC: During pre-training, SGD with momentum 0.9 and initial learning rate 0.1 is used for optimization. We train S-ViLM for 10 epochs with a batch size 1024 and adopt a cosine learn...	CAB	ABC	ACB	BAC	Selection 1
A: This holds for both language and vision cases. Even when trained on one dataset and evaluated over another dataset, ContraSim surpasses other similarity measures, showing the transferability of the learned encoder projection between datasets. This is true both when transferring across domains (in text, between n...	BAC	CBA	CAB	ACB	Selection 3
A: In keypoint metrics, the VP estimator trained using our loss function improved the average precision (AP), average recall (AR)50, and AR75 by 0.01 points, compared with the VP estimator trained using the HRNet loss function. The mean distance errors of all VP/ADPs in the VP estimator trained using our loss funct...	BAC	CBA	ABC	BCA	Selection 2
A: Then, we prove the following chain of implications: (iii) ⟹⟹\Longrightarrow⟹ (iv), followed by (iv) ⟹\implies⟹ (v), (v) ⟹\implies⟹ (vi), and finally (vi) ⟹\implies⟹ (ii). This ensures that all the six statements are equivalent.B: To show the equivalence of the six statements in Theorem 1, the proof is struct...	BCA	CAB	ABC	BAC	Selection 2
A: They created a fault localization and repair pipeline to localize and fix discrepancies (Louloudakis et al., 2023b).B: Louloudakis et alC: studied behavioral issues resulting from framework-to-framework conversion (Louloudakis et al., 2023a). They found failures in 10 out of 36 conversions	ABC	ACB	CAB	BCA	Selection 3
A: The modularity and hierarchy of behavior trees are useful not only during the mission plan design but also during mission execution thanks to graphical monitoringB: Finally one of the most used tools for describing plans in robotics is Behavior Trees [21]C: Aerostack2 robot behaviors are compatible with ...	ACB	BCA	BAC	BCA	Selection 3
A: It is also related to both the quality of the output, and its acceptance by societyB: Due to the large impact LLMs are already having (Bommasani et al., 2021) and the quality of outputs of the systems based on them (Stevenson et al., 2022b), it is possible to argue that the artifacts produced by them are ind...	BAC	CBA	CBA	BCA	Selection 4
A: First, to leverage the discrepancy between the feature representations of nodules and other entities in the computed tomography (CT) images, we employ instance-level contrastive learning (CL) for adapting the source model to the target domain. This strategy eliminates the requirement for annotations in the targe...	CAB	BAC	BCA	CAB	Selection 3
A: In fact, it may produce decisions that do not even satisfy the constraints in the two-stage optimization problem.B: Once the affine policy is determined, the decision-making in the real time is just simple function evaluations. This method has been observed to provide good performance when the net-load varia...	CAB	BAC	BCA	ABC	Selection 1
A: That is, we need to have a set of data augmentations for the contrastive tasks, for which we can be reasonably certain that the true labels in our downstream task will be invariant to themB: Note that this is of course only a reasonable assumption in cases where we believe to have sufficiently good knowledge...	ACB	BAC	ACB	CAB	Selection 2
A: Indeed, under more restrictive assumption on the measure, a mmpds can equivalently be completely characterized by the process of ball volumes of the finite-dimensional distributions (fidis), via Kolmogorov’s extension theoremB: For a corresponding mmpds of a stable shape descriptor, another equivalent charac...	ABC	BCA	BAC	ACB	Selection 3

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