Split (1)

train · 2.93k rows

shuffled_text stringlengths 267 2.9k	A stringclasses 6 values	B stringclasses 6 values	C stringclasses 6 values	D stringclasses 6 values	label stringclasses 4 values
A: see [1, 2, 4, 8]). In a CSP, a specific structure is fixed (the template), and the problem involves deciding whether a given conjunction of atomic formulas over the signature of the template is satisfiable in the structure. Jeavons’ groundbreaking discovery [13] states that the complexity of a CSP for a finite s...	ABC	BCA	CBA	BAC	Selection 3
A: Along the same line, Hanaka et al. [HKK+22] and Gao et alB: [GGK+22] recently developed frameworks to design approximation algorithms for diverse variants of combinatorial problemsC: On the positive side, diverse variants of other classic problems are known to be polynomially solvable when considering c...	CBA	BAC	ABC	CBA	Selection 3
A: This section shows the limitations of the algorithmic content of [ure states and their measurementsB: Given a measurement apparatus E𝐸Eitalic_E, there is only a tiny fraction of quantum pure states on which E𝐸Eitalic_E’s application produces coherent information. This is independent of the number of measur...	BCA	ACB	CBA	ACB	Selection 1
A: Our short-term perspective consists in merging seamlessly a gradient free optimization algorithm with a gradient-based error optimizer in order to reach global convergenceB: This precision margin gained allows gaining insight into the neuron activation level sensitivity. C: We believe that this objective...	ACB	BCA	CAB	ABC	Selection 1
A: Our background-based OOD score is based on an unbounded logit value, which can dominant the overall OOD score when combining with the foreground-based OOD score using the softmax output (its value is within [0,1]01[0,1][ 0 , 1 ])B: To avoid this situation, we take a different approach to combine the foregrou...	BCA	ABC	CBA	CBA	Selection 1
A: Blind denoisers do not require the user to specify the level of noise in the input image, whereas non-blind denoisers require the user to specify the noise levelB: Denoising techniques may be classified as being either blind or non-blindC: The popular BM3D algorithm is a non-blind approach. Similarly, ou...	ABC	BAC	BCA	BCA	Selection 2
A: They are also more likely to speak a foreign language and have prior experience with the Wikipedia navigation game. Female participants prefer to play the navigation game without time constraints (Least-clicks game), whereas males tend to race for speed (Speed-race game). Regarding the Big Five personality score...	CBA	CAB	ABC	CAB	Selection 1
A: These findings, detailed in Table 1, highlight the effectiveness of our cross-modal contrastive learning approach. B: Our method shows superior performance in gene ontology (GO) term prediction and enzyme commission (EC) number prediction tasks, surpassing existing 1D-only, 3D-only, and (3+1)D approaches*C...	CBA	CAB	BAC	BAC	Selection 2
A: We see that the results of LN-TransE and LN-TransH are relatively stable, introducing more TC layers only slightly increases model performance. While LN-DistMult and LN-ComplEx are more sensitive to different layer numbers, their performance collapses with 4 TC layers partly due to training difficulties and over...	CAB	ABC	CBA	ACB	Selection 3
A: Let us look in more detail at the entanglement generation scheme presented by Childress [12], in which two NV centers are inside a photonic cavity, one at each end of a photonic fiber. Laser pulses are used to create entangled NV center excited state pairs with a fidelity.B: Numerical simulations were perfo...	CAB	ACB	ACB	BAC	Selection 1
A: However, the PW sequence has performance loss for polar codes with the code length N≥1024𝑁1024N\geq 1024italic_N ≥ 1024. In 5G, polar codes are constructed by a fixed universal polar sequence [13] for all the code configurations by computer searching with the maximum polar sequence length 1024102410241024.B...	BAC	CAB	CBA	ACB	Selection 2
A: where the inequality follows from our assumption 1/2<p<112𝑝11/2<p<11 / 2 < italic_p < 1B: Thus we see that when there are signals the weights on leaf nodes are no longer proportional, but skewed further towards the longer branchesC: So for this tree we have that the mean depth is given by	ABC	BCA	ACB	CBA	Selection 1
A: To allow a fair comparison, we fine-tune a pre-trained StyleGAN3 on the same hardware for the same number of steps. A blind comparison between Stable Diffusion and StyleGAN3 was made by an expert prostate radiologist, who compared 50 pairs of images generated by the two methods, shown side-to-side and randomized...	ABC	BAC	CBA	CAB	Selection 3
A: Participants were then asked to identify the objects depicted in these assets. To evaluate the multi-object generation and combination capabilities of our approach, we calculated the accuracy of the participants’ object recognition. B: Object IdentificationC: For this task, we selected four samples of 3D...	CAB	ACB	BCA	CBA	Selection 1
A: The full simulation is based on 900 pairs generated from a variety of data set archetypes with different cluster shapes and numbers of dimensions. The dashed lines estimate the conditional meansB: The C2C and LDA approximations are both highly correlated with exact cluster overlap, with Pearson correlations ...	BCA	CBA	ACB	CBA	Selection 1
A: Event Argument: Event arguments identify the entities involved in events and their roles based on their relationships with the event triggersB: An entity can be an object, place or person that participates in the eventC: For example, ‘home’ is an entity that serves as both the ‘Place’ argument of the ‘Tr...	CBA	ABC	CBA	ACB	Selection 2
A: Specifically, Steinwart and Scovel (2012, Theorem 4.6) reveals that for 0<s<10𝑠10<s<10 < italic_s < 1,B: It is worth pointing out the relation between the definition (5) and the interpolation space defined through the real method (real interpolation)C: For details of interpolation of Banach spaces thro...	ACB	CBA	CAB	CBA	Selection 3
A: We firstly translate and rotate the original, HC and GP-simplified clouds in the same fashion, before performing global and ICP point-to-point registration [3] with the Open3D package [36]; visualisations are available in the supplementary material (Figure 4). Our GP-simplified cloud allows for quicker registrat...	BAC	CAB	BAC	CBA	Selection 4
A: Federated learning serves as a promising paradigm to tackle distributed machine learning tasks and achieves multi-fold performance benefits including personal data privacy preservation and training efficiency improvement[3]B: Specifically, in the FL model training process, each participating client undertake...	BAC	BCA	BCA	ABC	Selection 4
A: Then, we present the details of zero-initialized attention mechanisms with zero gating in Section 3.2, and generalize LLaMA-Adapter for multi-modal reasoning in Section 3.3B: In Section 3.1, we first introduce to insert learnable adaption prompts into LLaMA’s (Touvron et al., 2023) transformerC: Finally,...	CAB	BAC	ACB	ACB	Selection 2
A: TAL aims at predicting the temporal extent and the labels of action instancesB: We evaluate the performance on ActivityNet (Heilbron et al., 2015), an action understanding dataset of 19,994 temporally annotated untrimmed videos with 200 action categories.C: Temporal action localization (TAL)	BCA	CAB	ABC	ABC	Selection 1
A: (2019) showed that adding too many layers to a convolutional neural network, trained for image classification, hurts its performanceB: Using CKA, they found that more than half of the network’s layers are very similar to the last.C: Many studies have used similarity measures for the interpretability of N...	CBA	CBA	ACB	BCA	Selection 4
A: The diagonal red lines represent perfect estimation without angle errors. Each estimation result for the test images is depicted as a translucent blue point.B: Figure 13: Error distribution of angles in our method using HRNet-W32 on the test sets of (a) SL-MH, (b) SL-PB, (c) SP360, and (d) HoliCityC: Gr...	CBA	CAB	BCA	BAC	Selection 2
A: Moreover, the proposed conditions also apply to systems where a direct input-to-output channel is present.B: We have provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the synchronization of identical linear SISO systems, with a guaranteed convergence rate, both in the continuous-time and in the discrete-time ...	CAB	BCA	ACB	ACB	Selection 1
A: studied behavioral issues resulting from framework-to-framework conversion (Louloudakis et al., 2023a). They found failures in 10 out of 36 conversionsB: They created a fault localization and repair pipeline to localize and fix discrepancies (Louloudakis et al., 2023b).C: Louloudakis et al	BCA	CAB	ACB	ACB	Selection 1
A: In this scenario, a swarm of two drones is used to perform a back-and-forth aerial inspectionB: As in the previous experiment, we tested the mission in a simulated environment before testing it in the real world, and a comparison was made between the two. C: In this experiment, two high-end industrial dr...	ABC	BCA	ACB	ACB	Selection 2
A: Then, they can try to correct, modify, or rephrase the outputs if asked to do so (i.e., through an external intervention)B: However, they would do it only by guessing what is the most likely re-casting of such responses or through the application of a set of given rules. It is worth noting that this is somet...	ACB	ABC	BAC	BCA	Selection 4
A: In [25], the authors incorporate a deconvolutional structure in Faster RCNN for detecting the nodules on axial slices. In [26], the multi-view ConvNets is proposed for pulmonary nodule detection, which take a set of 2D patches from differently oriented planes as input. The final results are obtained by delicatel...	CBA	BCA	CAB	BAC	Selection 1
A: stochastic programming methods are a type of common tools used to reformulate the OPF as a multi-stage problem [5, 6, 7]B: In these problems, decisions are made sequentially at each stage, based on the forecast of the net-load and the fact that additional adjustments can be made in future stages when the unc...	BCA	ACB	BAC	BAC	Selection 1
A: (2022)). This is why our results are empirically on par with many recent papers in Bayesian deep learning (e.g., Immer et al., 2021b; Ober & Aitchison, 2021; Izmailov et al., 2021b). However, it should be noted that some recent attempts have been made to reconcile BNNs with common practical deep learning tricks ...	BAC	CAB	BCA	CBA	Selection 2
A: For example, note that the ball volume corresponding to the fidi on the time set J𝐽Jitalic_J is given by B: A consequence of the preceding theorems is that one can often characterize the geometric features as captured by shape descriptors of a Polish-valued process X𝑋Xitalic_X via the ball volume processes...	CAB	ACB	BCA	BCA	Selection 1

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