robench-2024b
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48 items • Updated
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**A**: Whereas confidence bands in the low-dimensional case are mostly built using kernel methods, the estimators for high-dimensional sparse additive models typically rely on sieve estimators based on dictionaries. To derive their results, Lu et al. (2020) combine both kernel and sieve methods to draw upon the advanta... | CAB | BCA | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: For this paper we focus on \chCO2 emissions as the main output of an ensemble of coupled climate-economy-energy models. Each model-scenario produces a vector of \chCO2 emissions defined from the year 2010 to 2090 at 10-years time intervals**B**: This was one of the first paper to apply global sensitivity techniq... | CBA | CAB | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: The theorem is best understood as a corollary of a welfare bound regardless of whether there is learning**B**: We now return to the general characterization of adequate learning, Theorem 1, to explain how it is derived**C**: Stating that result requires some notation. Abusing notation, let
| CAB | CAB | ACB | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: Figure 3 illustrates these for experimental papers published in “top-5” economics journals, plotting the share that conduct at least one MHT adjustment (defined here as either control of a compound error rate or indexing) in the left-hand panel, and the distribution of adjustment types (not mutually exclusive) i... | BCA | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: The IA rule is exactly the so-called Boston mechanism. It is well-known that such mechanism is not strategy-proof.
**B**: Sönmez (2003)**C**: defined in Example 1 below satisfies truncation-invariance but violates strategy-proofness.111111From the procedure of the immediate acceptance algorithm, one can easily o... | CBA | BCA | CAB | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**:
More broadly, this paper contributes to the literature on fixed-T𝑇Titalic_T identification and estimation in nonlinear panel models with fixed effects (see Honoré 2002, Arellano 2003, and Arellano and Bonhomme 2011 for overviews)**B**: For example, the static panel ordered logit model with fixed effects was st... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: In words, after some pre-processing (Step 1 and 2), we propose estimating a nonlinear model in both directions, i.e**B**: Algorithm 1 shows detailed steps of the implementation of the test**C**: with Y𝑌Yitalic_Y and X𝑋Xitalic_X as dependent variables respectively (Step 3), calculating residuals for both models... | BCA | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: The dashed lines are those of the economy that does not experience the increase in land supply (Economy 2)**B**: One period is equivalent to 25 years; that is, four periods are equivalent to one century**C**: I normalize the initial values of per capita income, per capita intermediate inputs for agriculture, and... | BCA | CBA | ABC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: We incorporate this phenomenon into our structural model, by placing strategies on an evolutionary spectrum from reactionary to predictive. When playing a purely reactive strategy under bounded rationality, simultaneous play may not converge to a stage-game equilibrium (Alós-Ferrer and Netzer, 2010; Hommes and O... | ACB | BAC | BCA | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. After a brief introduction of the basic notations and preliminaries of tensor analysis in Section 1.1, we introduce a tensor factor model with CP low-rank structure in Section 2**B**: Section 5 develops some alternative algorithms to tensor factor models, which ext... | BAC | CBA | BCA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
In Section 4, we take the perspective of a privacy-conscious designer who wants to implement a choice rule through a maximally contextually private protocol**B**: First, maximally contextually private protocols involve a deliberate decision about the protection set, i.e. a set of agents whose privacy ought to b... | BCA | BCA | CAB | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: This is a feature of the present paper in this context. The quasi-linear condition is itself a primitive condition for the economy, and thus avoids the above criticisms**B**: On the other hand, this paper provides conditions for the uniqueness of the equilibrium price in an economy where there are L𝐿Litalic_L c... | CBA | BAC | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**: In the latter case, the sum of the even-numbered terms must diverge to −∞-\infty- ∞ (as the sum of all terms is convergent), and therefore cannot diverge to ∞\infty∞**B**: Thus player B is chosen on this step with probability 00, finishing the proof.
∎**C**: Almost surely either a player was chosen on Step 1 or ... | BCA | CAB | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Therefore, an additional assumption is needed for the continuity result we desire. Namely, the range of the function in the limit must also be sufficiently wide**B**:
For a unique derivation of the utility function, however, the range of the demand function must be sufficiently wide, as discussed above. We have... | ABC | BCA | BAC | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Hence, the Lorenz dominance order we propose is an implementable inequality dominance criterion. Using recent advances on the asymptotic properties of multivariate quantiles, surveyed in Hallin (2022), our Lorenz dominance criterion can be the basis for inequality dominance testing that accounts for sampling unc... | BAC | ACB | BAC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**:
This assumption essentially states that agents with the same raw covariates and cost function for covariate modification, on average, have the same potential outcomes upon being accepted or rejected**B**: This is plausible in the context of college admissions if space of raw features and cost functions is rich*... | BAC | CBA | BAC | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: These papers are designed as methods for inference for parameters defined via linear models or estimating equations rather than parameters like our equally-weighted or size-weighed cluster-level average treatment effects that are defined explicitly in terms of potential outcomes. Importantly, in almost all of th... | CAB | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Under the assumptions of the newsvendor model, the cost-optimal inventory level can be derived by the ratio between costs for excess inventory and costs for excess demand. In their review, Qin et al., (2011) give suggestions for future research based on the newsvendor model, such as the integration of stochastic... | CBA | BAC | ACB | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: We examine how well these tests are able to detect p𝑝pitalic_p-hacking in practice**B**: To do this, we examine four situations where we might expect researchers to p𝑝pitalic_p-hack: searching over control variables in linear regressions, searching over available instruments in IV regressions, selecting amongs... | CAB | ABC | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: Sarkodie et al., (2020) find that increasing human capital positively affects environmental degradation in China, whereas Pata and Caglar, (2021) find an opposite result. Hassan et al., (2019) find insignificant effects of human capital on the ecological footprint in Pakistan.**B**: (Pata and Caglar, , 2021).... | CAB | BAC | ACB | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**:
In our first exercise, we exclude California (the true treated state)**B**: Instead, we assume that one other state from the control group (the “pseudo-treated” state) has been treated with a cigarette sales tax in 1989**C**: We mask the post-1988 cigarette sales of the pseudo-treated state and apply each of th... | ABC | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: The green-shaded region indicates the treatment block in the switchback experiment, while the blue-shaded region indicates the control block in the switchback experiment.**B**:
Figure 4: A sample trajectory of aggregated profit from the ride-sharing simulator under a fixed environment**C**: The red solid curve ... | BCA | ACB | CAB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: During recessions with low unemployment, there is a negative impact response for both government spending and GDP, which becomes insignificant after a few periods. In the high unemployment state, in contrast, we see a large, positive, and persistent effect on both variables.**B**: The impulse responses out of re... | ABC | CBA | ABC | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**:
The anchoring effect refers to “a systematic influence of initially presented numerical values on subsequent judgments of uncertain quantities,” where the judgement is biased toward the anchor (Teovanović (2019))**B**: Given the prevalence of the anchoring effect, one would expect to find an anchoring bias gene... | BCA | BCA | CAB | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: For general extensive-form games, there is a further consideration about what trembles should be considered for future moves beyond the current path of play. Extensive-form trembling hand perfect equilibrium assumes that all players may tremble in future actions, while an alternative concept called quasi-perfect... | CAB | BAC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: As a result, the receiver learns their private information and makes fully informed decisions. No resources are wasted in the attempt to persuade the receiver. All players obtain the payoff they would get if there were no information asymmetries in the first place.
**B**: Importantly, it is the only minimal comm... | CAB | ACB | CBA | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: There are a total
of J=kz2kz−1𝐽subscript𝑘𝑧superscript2subscript𝑘𝑧1J=k_{z}2^{k_{z-1}}italic_J = italic_k start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_z end_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_k start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_z - 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT transformed instruments**B**: Let 𝒁~~𝒁\widetilde{\... | CAB | BCA | CAB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**:
We find that under homogeneous probabilities of success, the average expected market value of an approved drug is $1.62 billion**B**: We compare this estimate with discounted sales revenue to verify that it is sensible**C**: The Cortellis Competitive Intelligence database includes information on yearly drug-lev... | ABC | CBA | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: Assuming that the priorities are common knowledge is a natural stylized version of real markets such as school choice mechanisms, where the priorities are determined by pre-committed policies which are typically publicly available information for each school**B**: But the number one reason we make this modeling ... | BAC | BCA | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: There is**B**: i𝑖iitalic_i votes at all q′(i)>q(i)superscript𝑞′𝑖𝑞𝑖q^{\prime}(i)>q(i)italic_q start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ′ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ( italic_i ) > italic_q ( italic_i ))**C**: As we document in the Appendix,
individual behavior in the experiment is mostly monotonic | CAB | BCA | ACB | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Nonetheless, our modeling of the innovation sector renders the model scale-neutral. As such, its spatial outcomes are driven by the spatial nature of knowledge spillovers (and by its interplay with pecuniary externalities), rather than by implicit assumptions about scale returns in the innovation sector.555For a... | ACB | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**:
To better understand the intuition behind Proposition 3 and Proposition 4, recall that the optimality of standard debt contracts in Innes (1990) is due to (i) the risk-neutrality and the limited-liability structure of the problem, and (ii) the monotone likelihood ratio property of the profit distributions. Inde... | BAC | CAB | BCA | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: The left y-axis margin states the saved relative CO2 emissions by the cumulative removal of firms (brown)**B**: The x-axis of the different panels depicts the firm rank (firms are sorted) according to different criteria: (A) CO2 emissions in descending order, (B) number of employees in ascending order, (C) EW-ES... | CAB | BAC | BCA | CBA | Selection 2 |
**A**:
Next, the VRE generation-capacity subsidies are varied**B**: Similarly to the previous subsection, we consider the values of the remaining parameters to be fixed**C**: In particular, we assume the carbon tax to remain at 0 € / MWh, the TEB at €10M while considering the GEB values as defined in Table 2 but exclu... | ABC | ACB | BAC | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: We also find out that the characterized family can be easily implemented in two steps and with few information. Finally, we establish that all strategy-proof rules are also group strategy-proof and show that Pareto efficiency implies a strong restriction on the range of the strategy-proof rules.**B**: It is rele... | CBA | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: The remaining Gaussian shocks are only identified up to a rotation of the Gaussian shocks. Therefore, if there are more than two Gaussian shocks, the first-step estimator cannot provide evidence against restrictions on the impact of the Gaussian shocks**B**: In this case, the second term of the adaptive weights ... | BCA | ACB | BAC | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: The pricing
policy maps those same variables into an advertised price**B**: In the remainder of this section, we focus on a specific instance of a managed campaign and then show that these pricing and steering policies are revenue optimal for the platform.**C**: In other words, the steering policy steers each co... | ABC | ACB | CBA | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: and again label this set of countries as m𝑚mitalic_m**B**: We can calculate how much P can potentially flow through a country i𝑖iitalic_i as
**C**: We will now look at all the countries with PR mining101010Countries with less than 1% of global PR production have been excluded from this correction | ACB | BAC | BCA | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: For the one-to-one and many-to-one markets with responsive preferences, Kara and Sönmez (1996, 1997) show that the stable rules are Nash implementable.
Ehlers (2004) obtains positive implementation results in one-to-one markets when agents are allowed to have weak preferences**B**: All of the above articles demo... | ACB | CAB | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: This is a 50% drop in total credit limits over the 2010 average reported in Table 1.
Finally, in Panel (vii) of Figure 3 we show the impact of a soft default onto intensive margin of mortgages, or the balance on open mortgages, the profile closely mimics that of total credit limit, in fact mortgages are included... | BCA | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: (2021a) and Flanigan et al. (2021b) study the selection probabilities of optimal solutions for sortition, which is the problem of randomly selecting a panel of representatives from the population to decide on policy questions**B**: The constraints in their model are simply quota stating lower and upper bounds fo... | CBA | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: However, with the increase of n𝑛nitalic_n we observe the development of ”potential” DK with statistically significant deviations upward from the straight line. This trend terminates with the data points returning to the straight line and then abruptly plunging into nDK territory.
**B**: The main result of this ... | CAB | CBA | BAC | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: We consider the 10th, 25th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 75th and 90th percentiles of these distributions, all of which lie in the interval [0,3]03[0,3][ 0 , 3 ], and re-normalize the corresponding probabilities**B**: The resulting probability distributions are provided in Table 8 below.**C**:
For the present paper, we ge... | BAC | ACB | BCA | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Importantly, their Theorem 1 also shows that the broader strongly symmetric equilibrium concept does not remedy the inefficiency in a pure good-news environment; thus, in this paper, it is more striking that payoff externalities can restore efficiency within the stronger Markov solution concept. That is, Hörner ... | ACB | ABC | CAB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: 2008; Herrmann and Thöni 2009; Fischbacher and Gächter 2010; Teyssier 2012; Martinsson et al. 2013; Katuščák and Miklánek 2023), while previous studies found no statistical differences in subjects’ responses between the strategy and the direct response method (see Brandts and Charness 2000; Brandts and Charness ... | BAC | CBA | CAB | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Each investor is matched with an expert who is either a human with fixed or aligned incentives or a robo-advisor, i.e., an appropriately programmed algorithm.222Germann and Merkle (2023), Gaudeul and Giannetti (2023) and Lambrecht et al. (2023) also report experiments where investors can delegate to an algorithm... | BCA | ACB | ACB | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Our other two applications relate to existing work on sensitivity analysis. Our proposed sensitivity analysis for sharp regression discontinuity (RD) applies when data on the running variable fails tests for manipulation (McCrary, 2008; Otsu et al., 2013; Bugni and Canay, 2021)**B**: There is other work in the R... | BCA | BCA | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: Our main result (Theorem 2) shows that relaxing strategy-proofness to NOM generates an abundance of simple rules. This embarrassment of riches follows from the fact that for each conceivable claims rule, there is a corresponding simple allocation rule. Note, however, that such expansion can be performed without ... | CBA | ABC | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Let g𝑔gitalic_g be a continuous map of a closed interval I𝐼Iitalic_I into itself:**B**:
First, we clarify what we mean by a Li-Yorke chaos, a turbulence, and a topological chaos**C**: (There are several definitions of a chaos in the literature.) The following definitions are taken from [Ruette, 2017, Def. 5.1... | CAB | CBA | BAC | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: For example, as shown in the solid line of figure 1, the top 100 packages account for about 71 percent of all package downloads even though they correspond to about 3 percent of the SSC universe.
**B**: Their usage, however, is not uniform**C**: As of April 2024, there were roughly 3,500 packages available in th... | ABC | ACB | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: This result holds true in general for any possible non-cooperative game without making assumptions on cost functions or constraint sets. In order to use this result for numerical computations, one would need to compute the set of Pareto optimal points for multi-objective problems**B**:
It is well known that a N... | BCA | BCA | CAB | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: The key problem here is one of trust and transparency. Can we give users the tools such that they can perform analysis that reflects real-world data-generating processes? Can we also make sure they understand the model well enough to work well in collaboration with it, that is to weight its evidence correctly an... | CAB | BCA | CBA | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: In each metric, the first column represents the bias in comparison to the true global treatment effect (GTE)**B**: The second column displays the standard deviation calculated from the results of the 100 A/B tests. Lastly, the third column showcases the standard error estimates obtained through two-sample t-test... | BCA | ACB | ABC | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Probabilistic notions such as common p𝑝pitalic_p belief remain an important tool for analyzing these and other settings. As we have demonstrated, extending such concepts using similar ideas to those that we develop in this paper for common knowledge seems promising as well, and future work might look to explore... | ACB | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: The estimation step needs to account for two sources of errors, that is, the usaul estimation error in obtaining a consistent estimator that corresponds to the IVX instrumentation of the nearly integrated regressors, and the second source of error is the sampling error in generating the forecast for the VaR from... | CBA | ABC | BCA | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Before we describe FETWFE, we discuss sparse fusion penalties in linear regression, which play a key role in our estimator.
**B**: We propose the fused extended two-way fixed effects (FETWFE) estimator, a novel machine learning method for difference-in-differences estimation**C**: The first goal of this paper is... | ABC | BCA | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: These results are not obvious owing to the incidental parameters problem.**B**: Further, the system maximum likelihood estimator achieves the efficiency bound**C**: The preceding corollaries imply that, under normality, we are able to establish the asymptotic efficiency bound in the presence of increasing number... | ABC | ACB | CBA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: In Section 3 we fit HP and HPI with mGB and GB 2, as well as the fit tails directly using LF. For each test we conduct a U-test, for which a null hypothesis is formulated, and plot p-values which reflect on the goodness of fit, as well as whether DK or nDK behavior may be present. We conclude in Section 4 with d... | CAB | CAB | CBA | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: Finally, questions about temporal aggregation also arise in event study and other panel data models, suggesting further avenues for fruitful research.
**B**: We could also explore choosing an optimal level of temporal aggregation for a single SCM objective**C**: There are many directions for future work that inc... | BAC | BAC | CBA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: In particular, note that the inequality in the first line of (2.11) becomes an equality precisely in the ‘least favorable’ case discussed therein**B**: This paper further develops the minimax rearrangement displayed in (2.9) and provides asymptotic characterizations of a much broader class of test statistics, as... | CAB | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: vector of observations for the target variable**B**: Additionally, there is a vector of**C**: Suppose we have a vector of
pre-selected covariates denoted by 𝐳t=(z1t,z2t,⋯,zmt)′subscript𝐳𝑡superscriptsubscript𝑧1𝑡subscript𝑧2𝑡⋯subscript𝑧𝑚𝑡′\mathbf{z}_{t}=\left(z_{1t},z_{2t},\cdots,z_{mt}\right)^{\prime}... | ACB | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: However, even when there is a Condorcet winner in 𝐏𝐏\mathbf{P}bold_P and we are using a Condorcet voting method, a voter may still have an incentive to submit an insincere ranking in order to create a majority cycle, possibly resulting in a different winner**B**: On the other hand, such possibilities are evide... | CBA | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Round 11 introduces either skill investments or an algorithmic decision aid as an external technological shock. Each round, experts can increase their maximum diagnostic precision to 90% by paying 10 Coins, which also automatically increases their prices by 10 Coins**B**: Over all 15 rounds, experts invest 64% o... | CBA | BCA | ACB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: For simplicity, furthermore, prices are assumed identical.
**B**: And we defer the pricing decision to a further study, so that the service price is assumed to be set, and therefore a parameter**C**: We focus on the investment and procurement decisions to be taken by each SP in order to maximize its profits, tha... | ACB | BCA | CAB | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Many process do not satisfy them, either because the data exhibits long-range dependency or long-memory and this feature is modeled using slowly decaying dependence structure, e.g**B**: see [4] in the context of Markov processes; or the data is described by a so-called infinite memory chain (see [18]); or simply... | BCA | BAC | ABC | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: We also analyze the consequences of the resulting decision on the principal’s utility and on total welfare.**B**:
We now consider the agent’s decision of whether to conceal or reveal the existence X𝑋Xitalic_X at time t=1𝑡1t=1italic_t = 1 in the agency game with information transfer outlined in Figure 1**C**: ... | ABC | BAC | CBA | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
Li and Ding (2017) consider the case where q(⋅)𝑞⋅q(\cdot)italic_q ( ⋅ ) is an identity function and ρ(Z)𝜌𝑍\rho(Z)italic_ρ ( italic_Z ) is a vector of binary IVs, and derive the null asymptotic distribution of the statistic in (4.1)**B**: The general CLT provided in Theorem 2.1 allows us to derive the asymp... | ABC | CAB | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: In the first, Lemma 3.2, we discover that a finite collection of ranked experiments identifies the agent’s undominated actions (up to relabeling and duplication) as well as the regions of beliefs on which each such action is optimal**B**: The three main results of this paper are two positive ones, with a negativ... | ABC | BCA | ABC | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: Overall, our discussion in this section shows that edge decomposability is a weaker identifying restriction on supports than two recent identifying restrictions**B**: Further, edge decomposability is an easy to check and constructive criterion for identification.**C**:
We note that while edge decomposability is... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: For example, Inception Net’s architecture is designed to accommodate visual information that varies in scale and complexity, while VGG architecture is particularly well suited to detect differences in texture and detail (Szegedy et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2022)**B**: This means that by including multiple encode... | BAC | CBA | ABC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Reference (8) reported their results in terms of both health and economic outcomes. Reference (9) examined the nexus between job loss and mental health. They found that the effects of being unemployed are different for every individual. Some were more anxious and stressed than others (9).**B**:
There were two m... | ABC | CBA | CAB | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: In practice, this amounts to estimating a linear regression where, in addition to standard unit and period-specific fixed effects, the researcher includes unit and period-specific controls that enter the regression with unrestricted period and unit-specific coefficients, respectively. Versions of such regression... | BAC | ABC | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Our analysis yields a number of new and practical results. First, our extensive communications records allow us to assess the importance of a comprehensive set of work-related shocks on worker retention simultaneously**B**: By far the most common, and the most strongly related to retention are equipment-related ... | BCA | ACB | CAB | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: According to the estimated policy, teachers with less than or equal to 19 years of experience should be allocated to small-size classes in kindergarten.**B**:
Figure 2 exhibits the DTR estimated by the proposed approach**C**: The policy for the first stage utilizes teacher experience to allocate students to eit... | CAB | BCA | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: In particular, strongly shill-proof optimal auctions must be iterative (with a possibly large number of rounds) and cannot be strategy-proof**B**: The rough intuition for the proof of this result is that: (i) for any auction format other than a Dutch auction, there exists a history in which some bidder i𝑖iitali... | CBA | ACB | BCA | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: which is given by**B**: The exact values are 1/(32)≈0.2361320.2361/(3\sqrt{2})\approx 0.2361 / ( 3 square-root start_ARG 2 end_ARG ) ≈ 0.236,
1/2≈0.707120.7071/\sqrt{2}\approx 0.7071 / square-root start_ARG 2 end_ARG ≈ 0.707, and 22/3≈0.9432230.9432\sqrt{2}/3\approx 0.9432 square-root start_ARG 2 end_ARG / 3 ≈... | CAB | CBA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: An illustration as to why the value of information may not be concave in its “quantity,” and in particular why the marginal value of information at quantity 00 may be zero goes something as follows**B**: Take a decision problem with finitely many undominated actions**C**: This means that the set of beliefs at wh... | CAB | CAB | CBA | ABC | Selection 4 |
**A**: Since a resolute and symmetric mm can be seen as a resolute and symmetric refinement of TO𝑇𝑂TOitalic_T italic_O and since many properties of matching mechanisms can be described using the concept of refinement (e.g. stability, weak Pareto optimality, minimal optimality), the aforementioned existence problem c... | BAC | CAB | CBA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**:
In Example 2, Chetty and Hendren (2018a) and Chetty and Hendren (2018b) construct predictors of neighborhood-specific income effects**B**: A key input to answering these questions is the set of conditional means given by (7).**C**: Bergman, Chetty, DeLuca, Hendren, Katz, and Palmer (2019) use effect predictors ... | CBA | CAB | ACB | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Furthermore, both the wheat and maize markets are susceptible to geopolitical risks faced by various combinations of economies with global influence in production, import, and export. The composite geopolitical risks of major wheat exporters and major maize producers better explain volatility in the internationa... | CAB | BAC | CBA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Raghavan (1970) provides a necessary condition in terms of the rank of the payoff matrix, but the condition is not sufficient. Milchtaich (2006) and Milchtaich and
Ostrowski (2008) compute expected payoffs in completely mixed equilibria and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a unique completely-mix... | CBA | ABC | BCA | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Some but not all of the analyses presented here were indeed pre-registered, and there are also further analyses from the pre-registration that are not presented in this paper**B**: We stuck with the pre-registration as much as we could, but the unfortunate need to depart from the pre-registered plan of analysis ... | CBA | BCA | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: We can also reconstruct - for CRH notes - the exact minute at which the note reached its Helpful status and thus became visible by everyone on the platform.
**B**: We download the Community Notes dataset, made publicly available by X for research purposes, which contains Community Notes that have been proposed, ... | BAC | ABC | CAB | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: It is important to note that although the company’s optimal control problem for a fixed average production trajectory q𝑞qitalic_q is linear-quadratic, due to the nonlinear dependence of the net profit functional on q𝑞qitalic_q, the overall mean-field problem is not of linear-quadratic type**B**: [3], Delarue a... | ABC | ACB | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: Then D(z2)≥D(z1)𝐷subscript𝑧2𝐷subscript𝑧1D\left(z_{2}\right)\geq D\left(z_{1}\right)italic_D ( italic_z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ) ≥ italic_D ( italic_z start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT )
for all agents**B**: A marginal treatment effect is then defined as the average**C**: assumes Imbe... | ACB | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**:
According to a 2022 World Bank report, commodity market plays a pivotal role for this economy, for example, gold and cotton make up 30.8%percent30.830.8\%30.8 % and 11%percent1111\%11 % of the country’s export, respectively.333“Toward a Prosperous and Inclusive Future : The Second Systematic Country Diagnostic ... | ACB | BAC | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: However, these findings are explained by the fact that while the Eastern bloc countries had very limited overall trade relations with the non-Soviet world, Western countries were generally more open and became increasingly so during the period when European institutions were being established**B**: This view is ... | ACB | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**:
Our goal is also concerned with using other architectures than linear-quadratic ones for the return function, namely, neural networks**B**: The approximation of Bellman’s value and policy functions with neural networks was originally proposed by Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis [1996] with lately developments described... | BAC | CAB | ABC | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: This pattern hints at an early beneficial impact that seems to moderate with time. Conversely, the trajectory for women follows a different pattern, indicating initial adverse effects on employment and labor force participation rates. The pre-trends look fairly parallel, which, while not directly confirming the ... | CBA | CAB | ACB | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: For the short-term profit, we do not include strategic long-term considerations but only a revenue p𝑝pitalic_p per unit, i.e. the additional value of selling the SKU instead of returning or depreciating it after the demand period, and supply costs of c𝑐citalic_c per unit. We assume these values to be fixed in ... | BAC | CBA | ABC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: This implies according to Theorem 5 that one of the values applied by the social planner in this situation is that increases in lifetime among unproductive individuals following an intervention (axiom TIUP) will not increase the desirability of that intervention**B**: The social planner subscribes to two further... | BAC | ACB | BAC | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: in general because by (10) g∗(x)≠g(x)superscript𝑔∗𝑥𝑔𝑥g^{\ast}\left(x\right)\neq g\left(x\right)italic_g start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ∗ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ( italic_x ) ≠ italic_g ( italic_x )**B**: As before, this problem can be overcome if we know π𝜋\piitalic_π**C**: It is
because | ABC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**:
The claims in Theorem 1 are not new in the sense that they can easily be pieced together using existing results**B**: The equivalence between statements 2, 3, and 4 is found in Browning (1989) and the equivalence between statements 2, 5, and 6 is found in Brown and Calsamiglia (2007). To keep this article reaso... | BAC | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: This is complemented with another characterization based on easily verifiable properties of an associated directed graph, called the tight digraph (more details below).
**B**: We begin by providing axiomatic characterizations of these rules on the domain of many-to-one assignment markets, based on those for the... | CAB | CBA | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
**A**:
The obtained research results have important implications for the touristic affirmation of caves. The implementation of advanced forecasting modeling enables management structures to make various strategic moves such as sustainable management of resources and conservation efforts**B**: The use of such analytica... | BAC | ABC | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: For comparison, Figure 2 includes the cumulative frequency for Drupp’s 181 experts**B**: Geographically limiting the calibration sample makes the global distribution look much like Drupp’s sample. Population-weighting shifts the entire distribution to the left. The median person would prefer a carbon tax of $4/t... | ACB | CAB | BAC | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: For sake of generality, for each of these model specifications, we verify our model performance under different Neural network architectures, such that for each given architecture we generated 100100100100 data sets**B**: These data sets are used to calculate the means and the standard error of our estimates.**C... | CBA | CBA | CBA | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: To highlight such fragility, we establish a stronger result**B**: In particular, Proposition 2 shows that every menu profile that induces an equilibrium where the platform’s revenue is close to the maximum possible surplus extraction also induces an equilibrium where the revenue is close to 0.
**C**: Second, the... | ABC | CAB | ACB | BCA | Selection 4 |
**A**: In these two cases, disclosing the red flag together with the additional evidence induces a higher price volatility than disclosing a red flag alone. However, if the speculator’s additional evidence is inconclusive about the value implication of the high inventory level, its disclosure only offsets the initial n... | CAB | ACB | ABC | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: Employees’ explanations from the survey for why this is unappealing include “Admin and bureaucracy which leaves little time for operative tasks.” and “Having to spend all your time on HR tasks, which is a necessity if team sizes are very large.” Second, 28%**B**: First, 55% of respondents name the administrative... | CBA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
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