robench-2024b
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48 items • Updated
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<|MaskedSetence|> The commutation relations established in Eqs. <|MaskedSetence|> The internal time and energy do not form a conjugate pair. <|MaskedSetence|> The internal time and temporal oscillation can be treated as self-adjoint operators without contradicting Pauli’s theorem.
. | **A**: Therefore, there is no restriction on the internal time spectrum, albeit the system’s Hamiltonian is bounded from below.
**B**: The introduction of the internal time and temporal oscillation operators in Section 3.4 have no conflict with Pauli’s theorem.
**C**: (39) and (42) do not involve energy.
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In view of recent experimental progress with ultra-cold atoms forming a Bose-Einstein condensate, double-well systems are one of the most commonly exploited schemes studied Andrews ; Smerzi ; Milburn ; Menotti ; Meier ; Shin ; Albiez ; Levy ; Salgueiro ; Simon ; Liu . Typically, in this context one assumes that weakl... | **A**: in situations when the local interaction energy is much larger than the single-particle tunneling energy.
**B**: Unfortunately, the validity of the model used was not discussed and its predictions were not compared with the exact dynamics governed by a general model.
.
**C**: Generalized two-mode models, taki... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
7. Realizing Harmonic Oscillators With Coupled Supersymmetry
As previously noted, the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator is a specific instance of a coupled supersymmetry, albeit a somewhat trivial case in which the two coupled SUSY equations are identical. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> they satisfy the s... | **A**: If one takes γ=−δ𝛾𝛿\gamma=-\deltaitalic_γ = - italic_δ, then the coupled SUSY equations become
.
**B**: This is not the only manner in which the two are connected.
**C**: Indeed, a special class of coupled SUSYs may be realized as harmonic oscillator-like systems, i.e.
| BCA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
(7). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Then by (7) it is
unstable again but, quite surprisingly R→−Gm2/E→𝑅𝐺superscript𝑚2𝐸R\rightarrow-Gm^{2}/Eitalic_R → - italic_G italic_m start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT / italic_E i.e. it
would undergo a finite expansion such that the ball reac... | **A**: The fourth possibility is that the ball
is gravitationally bounded i.e.
**B**: −Gm2/2E<Rinitial<−Gm2/E𝐺superscript𝑚22𝐸subscript𝑅initial𝐺superscript𝑚2𝐸-Gm^{2}/2E<R_{\rm initial}<-Gm^{2}/E- italic_G italic_m start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT / 2 italic_E < italic_R start_POSTSUBSCRIPT roman_in... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, it is still possible to reconstruct a boundary theory by carefully restricting the doubled coordinates in the bulk region close to the boundary. There are several options by which such a restriction can be performed [43], [44], [45], each coming with advantages and disadvantages. The most im... | **A**: Also, effects associated to the extended nature of the strings, from where double field theory extracts its stranger features, seem to be related to mixing of operators in the boundary and to a left-right symmetry which should not otherwise be present [46].
.
**B**: Heuristically speaking, it is possible to i... | CBA | BAC | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We construct the exterior spacetime in a way that allows for the treatment of the phenomenon in a clear conceptual and technical setting. As explained in Section III (see also Appendix B) the new construction of the exterior spacetime given here is adapted to the... | **A**: In Section III we review and improve the setup for the exterior spacetime, which describes the part of the spacetime well approximated by classical general relativity.
**B**:
The paper is organized as follows.
**C**: Before discussing the black hole case, in Section II we review the case of a particle tunnel... | BCA | BCA | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Another important ingredient is the Uniformization Theorem for the stack of 𝒢𝒢\mathscr{G}script_G-torsors on the parahoric Bruhat-Tits group scheme 𝒢𝒢\mathscr{G}script_G due to Heinloth [He]; in fact, its parabolic analogue (cf. <|MaskedSetence|> Finally, yet another ingredient is the splitting ... | **A**: Theorem 10.7 and Corollary 11.5), where q𝑞qitalic_q is a point in ΣΣ\Sigmaroman_Σ and 𝔻q×superscriptsubscript𝔻𝑞\mathbb{D}_{q}^{\times}blackboard_D start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_q end_POSTSUBSCRIPT start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT × end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT (resp.
**B**: Theorem 11.3).
**C**:
One of the main ingredients in... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
The second question regards how a subsystem of anyons in a many-anyon system may be characterized by certain good quantum numbers. This is an important question because often (e.g., in topological quantum computing) we may be concerned about only the entanglement between such subsystems and ignore what is inside each ... | **A**: We shall dub this kind of exclusion statistics by extended anyonic exclusion statistics..
**B**: To study the Hilbert space structure of a system of non-Abelian anyons, however, there demands a new formulation of the basis, as many-anyon states do not have an obvious Fock space analogy formed by the tensor prod... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BAC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The paper is organized as follows. <|MaskedSetence|> In Section 3, we give a concise example for the MSR of the mixed-spin (1/2,1/2)1212(1/2,1/2)( 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 ) systems. <|MaskedSetence|> A brief discussion and summary are given in Section 5.
. | **A**:
Our study provides an intuitive perspective of a two-spin (s𝑠sitalic_s and 1/2121/21 / 2) system and unveils the intrinsic property of the two-spin system on a Bloch sphere, which shall deepen our comprehension of the spin-(s,1/2)𝑠12(s,1/2)( italic_s , 1 / 2 ) system.
**B**: In Section 2, we study the fundam... | ABC | ABC | ACB | ABC | Selection 1 |
point in the domain (i.e.,formulae-sequence𝑖𝑒i.e.,italic_i . italic_e . <|MaskedSetence|> This property also hold for the
pyramid side functions, i.e.,formulae-sequence𝑖𝑒i.e.,italic_i . <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> | **A**: italic_e .
**B**: , Σn=1Nnϕn(𝐫)=Σn=1Nnψn(𝐫)=1subscript𝑁𝑛𝑛1Σsubscriptitalic-ϕ𝑛𝐫subscript𝑁𝑛𝑛1Σsubscript𝜓𝑛𝐫1\overset{N_{n}}{\underset{n=1}{\Sigma}}\phi_{n}(\textbf{$\mathbf{r}$})=%
\overset{N_{n}}{\underset{n=1}{\Sigma}}\psi_{n}(\textbf{$\mathbf{r}$})=1start_OVERACCENT italic_N start_POSTSUBSCRIPT... | CAB | CAB | CBA | CAB | Selection 4 |
Since our identification will use a certain set of (framed) wild harmonic bundles, we remark that this set does not match any of the usual wild moduli spaces ℳHitsubscriptℳHit\mathcal{M}_{\text{Hit}}caligraphic_M start_POSTSUBSCRIPT Hit end_POSTSUBSCRIPT. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Furth... | **A**: In the usual story of moduli spaces of wild harmonic bundles over a punctured compact Riemann surface, one fixes the singular part of the Higgs field and the parabolic structure at the punctures.
**B**: On the other hand, in our set of wild harmonic bundles we will allow the simple pole of the Higgs field and t... | ACB | ACB | ACB | BCA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Next, all peaks in each power spectra were identified using first and second derivatives (in the frequency dimension) of the power spectral data. Power spectra where the largest peak was less than 8 dB above the noise were excluded from consideration. Power spectra where the larges... | **A**: The sense of the radial field (sunward or anti-sunward) was not retained, such that the range of θBrsubscript𝜃𝐵𝑟\theta_{Br}italic_θ start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_B italic_r end_POSTSUBSCRIPT is 0∘<θBr<90∘superscript0subscript𝜃𝐵𝑟superscript900^{\circ}<\theta_{Br}<90^{\circ}0 start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ∘ end_POSTS... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> only zero in this case) for a single choice of
parameters. <|MaskedSetence|> Alternatively, in the case s2=−12subscript𝑠212s_{2}=-\tfrac{1}{2}italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 2 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT = - divide start_ARG 1 end_ARG start_ARG 2 end_ARG from
equation −4V22−(1−2V3)≥04superscriptsubscript𝑉221... | **A**: made non-negative (i.e.
**B**: In particular, in the case s1=12subscript𝑠112s_{1}=\tfrac{1}{2}italic_s start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT = divide start_ARG 1 end_ARG start_ARG 2 end_ARG, the requirement −4V22−(1+2V3)2≥04superscriptsubscript𝑉22superscript12subscript𝑉320-4V_{2}^{2}-(1+2V_{3})^{2}\geq 0... | ABC | CBA | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> For each batch 1111 through 10101010, a feedforward model was trained on that batch. Training of a new model was repeated 30 times on each batch. <|MaskedSetence|> Networks trained on batches 2, 4, 6, and 8 were plotted (Fig. 1B). The accuracy data was reformulated as a function of the distance betw... | **A**: 1C).
**B**: The accuracy of all classifiers were evaluated on every batch.
**C**:
IV-A Drift demonstration
First, the effect of sensor drift on classification accuracy is demonstrated using classifiers trained on a single batch.
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It is well known that there are close relations between entanglement and spin squeezing, and a lot of effort has been devoted to unveiling it Ulam-Orgikh and Kitagawa (2001); Jin and Kim (2007); Jafarpour and Akhound (2008); Messikh et al. (2003); Wang (2004); Yin et al. (2010).
Because spin squeezing is relatively eas... | **A**: (2009); Bollinger et al.
**B**: (2009), spin-squeezing parameters are promising candidates as measures of many-body correlations.
Improving the precision of measurements is another important application of spin squeezing.
For example, spin squeezing plays an important role in Ramsey spectroscopy Wineland et al.... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Acknowledgements
During the writing of the paper, I was supported by the starter grant “Categorified Donaldson–Thomas theory” No. <|MaskedSetence|> I was also supported by a Royal Society university research fellowship. <|MaskedSetence|> Finally, I offer my heartfelt gratitude to Paul, Sophia, Sac... | **A**: 759967 of the European Research Council.
**B**: I would like to thank Andrei Okounkov and Olivier Schiffmann for helpful conversations, Tristan Bozec for patiently explaining his work on crystals to me, Lucien Hennecart and Shivang Jindal for helpful comments regarding an earlier version of the paper, and an an... | CAB | CAB | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> (2010); Bolognesi et al. <|MaskedSetence|> (2016); Berge et al. (2015).
We use this decay to validate the methodology and as an example of application of statistical methods to distinguish between different spin-parity hypotheses.
. | **A**: The third study-case is the decay of Higgs to two Z𝑍Zitalic_Z bosons and their subsequent
decay into four leptons.
This final state has been extensively studied in the past as the golden decay mode of the Higgs boson and in searches for physics beyond the Standard Model Keung et al.
**B**: (2008); Gao et al.
... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CBA | Selection 1 |
To our knowledge, Temperley-Lieb algebras have not been studied in the representation stability literature, or within the broader context of representation stability and FIFI\operatorname{FI}roman_FI-modules. It appears that much of the work in representation stability has focussed on algebraic objects which are eith... | **A**: Diagrammatically defined chains of algebras appear to have not been considered as objects whose representation category can be studied through the lens of representation stability.
**B**: The chain with respect to which one is considering representation stability there is of course still the chain of symmetric ... | ACB | ACB | BCA | ACB | Selection 1 |
Lemaître redshift formula, viz. <|MaskedSetence|> We believe that
this is an oversight, however. <|MaskedSetence|> One such type of VSL exists in the form of
the velocity of light being dependent on the scale factor, e.g. <|MaskedSetence|> | **A**: 1+z=a−11𝑧superscript𝑎11+z=a^{-1}1 + italic_z = italic_a start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT - 1 end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT.
**B**: There are certain types of VSL in which
the classic Lemaître redshift formula is no longer applicable,
warranting a revision.
**C**: c∝a−ζproportional-to𝑐superscript𝑎𝜁c\propto a^{-\zeta}italic_c ∝... | ABC | ABC | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
For N𝑁Nitalic_N particles in each shot, the SQL, also known as the shot-noise limit, can be surpassed by using quantum effects such as entanglement Bollinger et al. (1996); Monz et al. (2011) and squeezing Muessel et al. (2015), reaching the so-called Heisenberg limit (HL), in which the sensitivity exceeds the SQL by ... | **A**: (1998); Louchet-Chauvet et al.
**B**: (2018).
Furthermore, the concept of interaction-based readout resolves the dilemma that the states prepared via these schemes require the low-noise detection in order to see significant quantum enhancement Haine (2018); Demkowicz-Dobrzański et al.
**C**: (2016), and adiaba... | ACB | BAC | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
Here we develop a unified formalism for quantum computation with unitary oracles, which captures all of the above generalizations simultaneously. Thus, we are able to derive the strongest-yet no-go theorem for the if-clause task [36]; the task to implement controlled U𝑈Uitalic_U given an oracle U𝑈Uitalic_U, the qua... | **A**: Our method exploits features unique to unitary oracles; its novel topological approach adds to the few previously known lower-bound methods.
**B**: This, for example, limits the flexibility of phase estimation, which assumes the controlled U𝑈Uitalic_U building blocks.
**C**: This motivates developing implemen... | BAC | BAC | ACB | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The custom featurization procedure is laid out in the results and discussion section. Surfaces that had identical features to any other surface in the dataset (and a difference in work function between the two surfaces of <0.1absent0.1<0.1< 0.1 eV) were removed as duplicates from t... | **A**: As a baseline model we predict the work function to be the average work function regardless of the surface.
.
**B**: II.3 Machine Learning Model Training
The dataset is randomly split into training and test sets (90/10 split) and the hyperparameters are optimized with a grid-search implementing 10-fold cross-... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ACB | Selection 1 |
We measured the magnetic response of a small piece of the as-grown sample using an AC Magnetic Susceptometer set-up and found a diamagnetic signal below ∼6similar-toabsent6\sim 6∼ 6 K, as shown with red dots in Fig. 6. This value of the critical temperature is consistent with other Sr doped samples with x∼0.06similar-... | **A**: (2003).
The sample was oxygenated at the University of Connecticut through a wet-chemical technique for several months Mohottala et al.
**B**: The rod was cut into pieces to fit it in the cryo-magnets used in the neutron experiments.
**C**: It reveals a single transition for our La1.94Sr0.06CuO4+y sample, show... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In a companion analysis [16], some of the present authors examined several algorithmic improvements, showing that we can in fact construct analysis-length time-domain EMRI waveforms in the Schwarzschild limit in under a second. There are two ways that the results of the present work can be incorporat... | **A**:
The framework and techniques we describe here have not been optimized, so there is much scope for efficiency gains.
**B**: Its neural network interpolation is a promising technique for dealing with the increased dimensionality, and its use of GPU-based hardware acceleration alleviates the computational burden... | CAB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
Another technical route is to reform the laser-electron interaction mechanism to relax the power requirement of a high-repetition-rate seeded FEL. Several methods have been developed, such as the optical resonator [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48], angular dispersion enabled microbunching (ADM) [49, 50], self-modulation [51, ... | **A**: Self modulation or optical-klystron HGHG is based on pre-density modulation method.
**B**: However, the repetition rate of the radiator is non-adjustable at most time.
**C**: 1 MHz repetition rate indicates 300 m long resonator, and 0.5 MHz means 600 m long resonator.
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A little bit more than twenty years after such studies in Refs. <|MaskedSetence|> Witten:1998zw , by using the new-found AdS/CFT correspondence, as proposed in Ref. <|MaskedSetence|> Soon after Witten’s work the authors in Refs. <|MaskedSetence|> It is worthwhile to mention that within holography the thermodynamic... | **A**: Bekenstein:1973ur ; Hawking:1974sw the iconic work done by Witten, in Ref.
**B**: Chamblin:1999tk ; Chamblin:1999hg studied the thermodynamic associated to a charged AdS black holes in the holographic context, and then opening up a multitude of possibilities to connect string and gauge theories through variou... | ACB | CAB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
V Discussion and Conclusion
Quantum non-locality demonstrated in EPR steering is strictly weaker than that in the Bell test. We may wonder if the above discussion of Maxwell demon applies to the case of the Bell test. The answer, unfortunately, is negative. To make it explicit, let’s consider a Bell game in which a th... | **A**: This is not possible in the Bell test, in which classical communication is prohibited.
**B**: One may also imagine that the random generators of two demons are entangled, such that their operations are correlated.
**C**: We thus conclude that there is no Maxwell demon loophole in the Bell test.
.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Andreas Osterloh, Karol Życzkowski, Rui Perdigão and Yasser Omar for fruitful discussions and correspondence. The authors are especially grateful to Jens Siewert, Andreas Osterloh, Barbara Kraus, and Karol Życzkowski for stimulating conversations which led to formal proof of Propos... | **A**: acknowledges support from the Doctoral Programme in the Physics and Mathematics of Information (DP-PMI) and the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through Grant No. PD/BD/135011/2017..
**B**: G.Q.
**C**: VI.Vidi.192.109).
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<|MaskedSetence|> It is an open theoretical question whether the same phenomenology applies and what quantitative changes are necessary in the absence of this fixed initial state, e.g., for an infection spreading into a population which itself is growing. This question also has practical relevance. In human diseases t... | **A**: Similarly, no separation of time scales applies to the inter-microbe interactions that play an essential role in our global biochemical and geochemical cycles [25], e.g., bacteria and the viruses that infect them (bacteriophages, also known as phages) typically have similar growth rates [20].
Extensive experim... | CAB | CAB | CAB | BCA | Selection 3 |
In our work, we showed that even though all non-Gaussian states can furnish a low enough Chernoff bound, only the photon-subtracted state and the idler-photon-added state can outperform the coherent state having the same signal strength. We believe that since the performance of the coherent state heavily depends on the... | **A**: The non-Gaussian probes cannot provide an advantage over the Gaussian TMSV state, even though they can easily outperform the coherent state probe having the same signal strength.
**B**: Thus, we have focused only on the performance of non-Gaussian states and compared their performance with respect to the cohere... | CAB | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
It is important to note that the DM capture process in NSs differs significantly from that in the Sun, because of the extreme conditions present. Therefore, Gould’s original formalism requires substantial modification to properly account for the physics of this extreme environment. <|MaskedSetence|> Ref. [53] presente... | **A**: These include: the NS internal structure [49, 53, 54], through solving the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) equations [69, 70] coupled to an appropriate equation of state,
correct treatment of Pauli blocking for degenerate targets [49, 53, 54], relativistic kinematics [51, 52, 53, 54], gravitational focusing [39... | CAB | CAB | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Bradley et al., however, showed that this obstruction is removed for a limiting form of the Wahlquist solution [16], and also for every D-type metric [17], if the requirement of an asymptotically flatness is removed.
More recent work in this field exists, ”where the existence of ... | **A**: Thus, ” the Wahlquist metric can not describe an isolated rotating body”.
**B**:
A negative point about this metric is the paper, [15], where it was shown that ”the Wahlquist perfect fluid space-time can not be smoothly joined to an exterior asymptotically flat vacuum region since the conditions for matching t... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> By initializing the learning process with a uniform random expander we bias the optimized solution towards expanders that distribute energy throughout the eyebox, in contrast to a quadratic phase profiles[28] that concentrate the energy at fixed points. <|MaskedSetence|> We incorporate pupil-aware o... | **A**:
In addition to field-of-view, we also investigate the eyebox that is produced with neural étendue expansion.
**B**: Thus, the viewer’s eye pupil can freely move within the eyebox and observe the wide field-of-view hologram at any location.
**C**: We find that neural étendue expansion also enables higher fide... | ABC | CAB | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
In this tutorial review, we presented theory for reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED), explaining how both technologies are based on the same fundamental transport theory. This is the solution-friction (SF) theory, and for ED we solved it in the absence of convection, thus we did not discuss pressures. We use... | **A**: At high concentrations, ions also associate in ion pairs.
**B**: For very tiny pores, a related topic is the effective size of ions, that has an impact on their partitioning and their mobility within the membranes.
**C**: State-of-the-art theory for simultaneous transport and reaction of ions (such as acid-bas... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
Visualization of QNN extracted features. MNIST-2 classification result is determined by which feature is larger between the two: feature one is the sum of measurement outcomes of qubit 0 and 1; feature 2 is that of qubit 2 and 3. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The circles/stars are samples of digit ‘3’ and ‘6’. ... | **A**: We visualize the two features obtained from experiments on Belem in a 2-D plane as in Figure 8 right.
**B**: The blue dash line is the classification boundary.
**C**: This indicates the benefits of synergistically applying three techniques in QuantumNAT..
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Figure 2: Parameters inferred from a Gaussian rise plus exponential decay model applied to the ZTF light curves. The flux increase is measured relative to the ZTF reference image. <|MaskedSetence|> This requirement selects nuclear supernovae plus all spectroscopically-confirmed ZTF TDEs. <|MaskedSetence|> <|Mask... | **A**: The label ‘TDE?’ indicates accretion flares that occurred in active galaxies (i.e., sources with evidence for accretion prior to the main flare).
**B**: The dashed lines indicates the box that is used to separate accretion flares from regular AGN variability.
**C**: The three events coincident with a high-ener... | BAC | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
Acknowledgements.
L. L., L. S., and R. F. <|MaskedSetence|> L. P., T. P., A. L., and O. C., acknowledge the
support by Grant No. GA19-14988S from the Czech Science Foundation and the project CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16 026/0008460 of MEYS CR. T. <|MaskedSetence|> L. <|MaskedSetence|> C. acknowledge the project EMPIR 20FU... | **A**: P., A.
**B**: and O.
**C**: are grateful to the support from the Czech Science Foundation under the project GA21-13265X.
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(b) To fit DCDFM, an efficient spectral clustering algorithm called nDFA is designed. <|MaskedSetence|> Benefited from the distribution-free property of DCDFM, our theoretical results under DCDFM are general. Especially, when DCDFM reduces to DFM, our theoretical results are consistent with those under DFM. When DCDFM... | **A**: We build theoretical framework on consistent estimation for the proposed algorithm under DCDFM.
**B**: Numerical results on simulated network generated under DCDFM for different distributions, and empirical un-weighted and weighted networks with known ground-truth nodes labels support the effectiveness of the g... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
At the heart of every quantum resource theory is the definition of free states and operations, corresponding to quantum states and quantum transformations which are easy to establish or implement. One of the basic questions in every quantum resource theory concerns quantum state conversion: is it possible to transfor... | **A**: It is thus crucial to develop optimal methods to convert a less useful state into another state which is potentially more useful for the specific task.
**B**: A complete solution to this problem has been given in terms of the Schmidt coefficients of the corresponding quantum states [27].
**C**: First results a... | ACB | ABC | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (5).
The closer the final state is to the initial state, the weaker the perturbation of the electron cloud, which results in a lower probability of shaking.
The physical process at the origin of the vacancy has thus a major impact on the shaking probabilities. They are related to the capture probab... | **A**: It is clear that the BetaShape model fails to provide accurate shaking probabilities, especially for the innermost subshells..
**B**: (1).
**C**: This difference is due to the overlap between the initial and final atomic states involved, as can be seen from Eq.
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However, the above models are built for unweighted networks and they can not model weighted networks, where an edge weight can represent the strength of the connection between nodes. Weighted networks are ubiquitous in our daily life. For example, in the neural network of the Caenorhabditis elegans worm [23], a link ... | **A**: In this paper, we aim at closing this gap by building a general model for overlapping weighted networks..
**B**: For the Wikipedia conflict network, edge weights are real values.
**C**: However, these models can not model overlapping weighted networks in which nodes may belong to multiple communities.
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Acknowledgements
We extend our deepest appreciation to the innumerable colleagues, staff, and loved ones at each of our institutes and in each others’ lives, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic for their continued encouragement and necessary assistance in the research and writing of this paper.
We thank the anonym... | **A**: This work made use of infrastructure services provided by S33{}^{3}start_FLOATSUPERSCRIPT 3 end_FLOATSUPERSCRIPTIT (www.s3it.uzh.ch), the Service and Support for Science IT team at the University of Zürich..
**B**: This work was supported in part by a grant from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) u... | CBA | CBA | ACB | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> On a more theoretical side, because of a wide range of scales and physical processes involved, beta transitions are a perfect laboratory to research and develop the concepts of Effective Field Theory (EFT).
The main ingredients of the theory of beta transitions were worked out by the end of 1950s, ... | **A**: On the other hand, they yield important constraints on physics beyond the SM (BSM), such as leptoquarks and other hypothetical particles contributing to scalar and tensor currents in weak interactions Herczeg:2001vk ; Gonzalez-Alonso:2018omy ; Falkowski:2020pma .
**B**: One of the goals of this paper is to refo... | ABC | ABC | BAC | ABC | Selection 4 |
IV.1.4 Extrapolation of Chain Energies to the Thermodynamic Limit
Given the sub-milliHartree accuracy of these predictions, we now turn to analyzing the performance of our GPR predictions for extrapolating the energies of very long, yet finite chains that approach the thermodynamic limit. In previous studies,Motta e... | **A**: We contrasted the extrapolations produced by this polynomial fit with GPR results trained once across different bond lengths on chains of 10, 20, and 30 atoms..
**B**: (2017) To make use of such scaling laws, a polynomial must be fit to a large enough number of different chain sizes to capture the correct scali... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Many notions of network community structure arise from the analysis of random walks [12, 25], and we expect different types of random walks to yield different community structures [17, 18]. A “community” in a network is a tightly knit set of nodes that is connected sparsely to other tightly knit sets... | **A**: These absorption-scaled graphs are related to their associated absorbing random walks by a generalized inverse (the so-called “absorption inverse”) and a fundamental matrix [16].
**B**: For example, community structure can affect the size and duration of a disease outbreak [38].
**C**:
In the present paper, w... | CBA | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Moreover, existing methods for nonstationary processes rely only on nonstationary measurements, thus imposing a relatively high demand for nonstationary data. <|MaskedSetence|> Our approach combines the nonstationary measurement of a few observables with the tilted equilibrium measurement of the sam... | **A**: However, most of these studies are concerned with steady states, and only a few of them develop thermodynamic inference methods for nonstationary processes [24, 39, 40, 41].
**B**: From these data, our method allows us to compute the exact value of the minimum EP compatible with the nonstationary data, which co... | CAB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Consequently, it becomes crucial to investigate the impact of random disturbances on epidemic models. Disease spread is inherently stochastic, and the introduction of stochastic noise can notably influence the likelihood of disease extinction during the early stages of an outbreak. While ordinary dif... | **A**:
Environmental fluctuations have emerged as a significant factor in the study of diseases, particularly in the context of the coronavirus.
**B**: If the reproduction number exceeds 1, it indicates that each existing infection leads to more than one new infection, resulting in exponential growth of the disease w... | CBA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> As a consequence, a minimal model to describe these compounds must include strong (long-range) Coulomb interactions [2, 3, *ips-rahul, *ips-rahul-errata].
It is by now well-established that the interactions mediated by the Coulomb forces in Luttinger semimetals stabilize a new non-Fermi liquid (NFL) ... | **A**: This NFL phase was later revisited and further reformulated using dimensional regularization and renormalization group (RG) techniques by Moon et al.
**B**:
Since the Luttinger semimetal harbors an isolated Fermi node at the Brillouin zone center, the electron-electron interactions are not effectively screene... | BAC | CBA | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> It has low-weight stabilizer checks that can be read out using a nearest-neighbour qubit layout Chamberland et al. (2020); Beverland et al. (2021) and it has a fault-tolerant implementation of logical Clifford gates by transversal rotations on its physical qubits. In addition to these inherently faul... | **A**: (2018).
In spite of its practicality, and its favourable properties for performing logical operations, little work has been conducted to determine the resource cost of performing large quantum algorithms with the color code realised on a two-dimensional qubit array.
.
**B**: (2017).
**C**: The color code Bom... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ACB | Selection 2 |
The science driver for massive galaxy spectroscopic surveys is to extract cosmological information from the clustering of galaxies in the past lightcone. <|MaskedSetence|> The increasing size of galaxy redshift surveys over the decade 2000200020002000-2010201020102010 led ultimately to a 5σ5𝜎5\sigma5 italic_σ detect... | **A**: A compilation of results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxy survey recently demonstrated the power of this technique[5].
The BAO feature is generally blurred by the nonlinear evolution of the Universe reducing its strength as a standard ruler, and various reconstruction methods have been developed... | ACB | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
At c=1/2𝑐12c=1/2italic_c = 1 / 2, all configurations occur with equal probability, cf. Eq. (7). In terms of the RW representation of configurations this corresponds to the set of RW excursions. <|MaskedSetence|> In turn, the average height field takes a semi-circular form, Fig. 2(d) (blue squares). <|MaskedSetence|... | **A**: Note that this a phase of large fluctuations and this average height field is not representative of typical sample profiles.
**B**: The average occupation, Fig. 2(c) (blue squares) interpolates between 1 and 0,
and in the thermodynamic limit, N→∞→𝑁N\to\inftyitalic_N → ∞, the average occupation density in the b... | BAC | BAC | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> It would also be beneficial to test the methods as they would be used, i.e. <|MaskedSetence|> Matérn) and combinations,
such as more complex compositional kernels to model correlations at different scales. The benefits of modelling seasonal and weekly patterns should also be explo... | **A**: In particular, due to data constraints, London was used both for developing the prior and for evaluation.
To test whether the prior can be constructed from other cities additional data needs to be used.
**B**: While the results show that the approach has promise, more evaluation is needed.
**C**: iteratively p... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> By comparing simulations with observations of surface radio arrays, we know that the in-air radio emission of air showers is well understood [10, 11, 12]. It is however a non-trivial task to extend these simulations to include in-ice radio arrays, a process where both the signals as well as the casca... | **A**: Finally, we briefly discuss the application of our simulations to radio neutrino observatories located at high-altitude ice-sheets.
**B**: In this work we show that indeed the cosmic-ray shower core propagating from air into ice should be detectable by currently existing and future Askaryan radio detectors [20,... | CAB | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
IV.2 Propagation of non-analyticities
Figure 4: Propagation of non-analyticities in the coupled Yang-Mills system with bare vertices. <|MaskedSetence|> Complex poles in the gluon propagator cause additional branch cuts off the real axis in the ghost propagator, as shown in the plot on the right (see Figure 11 for f... | **A**: The displayed calculation is fully analytic.
**B**: This violates the initial assumption of just a single pair of complex poles in the gluon propagator.
**C**: Hence, the Källén-Lehmann representation of the ghost is violated.
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Machine learning tools for classification and regression are entering in the literature of fluid flows. <|MaskedSetence|> Regression problem are arguably more common, encompassing surrogate model-based optimization (Kim and Boukouvala,, 2019), turbulence modeling (Duraisamy et al.,, 2019), non-intrusive Reduced Order ... | **A**: Examples of automatic data-driven classification of flow regimes are provided in Majors, (2018); Hobold and da Silva, (2018); Kang et al., (2020).
**B**: This enables meshless integration of Partial Differential Equations, discussed in Section 3.
.
**C**: The main challenge in setting these problems is the cho... | BAC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
In conclusion, this work proposes using a topological fluid dynamics action as an alternative method for studying Laughlin states. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The no-slip boundary condition is excluded due to the absence of chiral dynamics along the edge caused by the anomaly. In contrast, the no-stress boun... | **A**: This no-stress boundary condition can be derived from an edge action involving an additional auxiliary chiral boson field coupled with the matter density at the boundary..
**B**: Additionally, we demonstrate that the topological fluid action can be mapped onto a Chern-Simons-Ginzburg-Landau theory through a dua... | BCA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
Figure 5: Sketch of the E-336 experimental setup at FACET-II. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> It is thereafter imaged with a quadrupole triplet onto a scintillating screen. <|MaskedSetence|> The X-rays produced in the beam-target interaction are measured with profile monitors and spectrometers (not shown).
. | **A**: The electron bunch is focused on a target with a hole array.
**B**: A dispersive dipole magnet allows the reconstruction of the energy spectrum.
**C**: The beam after the interaction passes through an optional profile monitor which allows to measure the transverse momentum spread and deflection.
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<|MaskedSetence|> Trace element partitioning during calcite growth has been studied extensively in both natural and laboratory settings (e.g., Lorens, 1981; Carpenter and Lohmann, 1992; Paquette and Reeder, 1995; Nehrke et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2008b; Gabitov and Watson, 2006; Gabitov et al., 2014), and several theo... | **A**:
The partitioning of trace elements and the fractionation of stable isotopes during calcite precipitation are strongly affected by crystallization kinetics (e.g., Watkins et al., 2017).
**B**: Applying this new framework, we quantify the roles of classical and non-classical crystallization mechanisms at differ... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
This provides a strong step forward towards correctly identifying the imprint of IDE. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Although a lot of work has already been done, more needs to be done. <|MaskedSetence|> Moreover, current literature show that an in-depth qualitative analysis of the redshift space distortions ... | **A**: Several other analyses have used various observations to test IDE models, in most of which cases the IDE models turn out to be compatible with the observations.
**B**: The observational analyses need to go beyond background observables, to the perturbations.
**C**: Despite all these efforts, there is still no ... | ACB | ACB | BCA | ACB | Selection 2 |
With ZTF, we aim to observe all accessible high-quality neutrino alerts from IceCube. We define high-quality alerts as those with a high probability to be of astrophysical origin (‘signalness’ > 50%), or those which are well-localised (a 90% localisation area <<< 10 sq. deg.). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> IC2... | **A**: IC211208A) and Gold alerts have been reported with signalness values less than 15% (e.g.
**B**: Though IceCube labels alerts as Gold or Bronze based on average quality, individual Bronze alerts have been reported with signalness values greater than 50% (e.g.
**C**: From 2019 June 17, IceCube published neutrino... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> For example, one may “compatify” some (even all) spatial directions, i.e. replace ΛΛ\Lambdaroman_Λ by a quotient group. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In this section we discuss stacking and coarse-graining (in particular how they affect invariants of a code), but compactifications are postpon... | **A**: 4 Operations on Pauli stabilizer codes
One Pauli stabilizer code may give rise to various other codes.
**B**: Another possibility is stacking of infinitely many copies of a certain code to create a code with higher dimension.
**C**: Finally, one has coarse-graining, which does not change the code, but forgets... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Except for the success in the industrial applications, such as the image and speech recognitions [8], the autonomous driving, and the game of Go [9], neural networks have been widely adopted to study a broad spectrum of areas in physics, ranging from statistical and quantum physics to high energy and... | **A**: Number density of topological defects was found to satisfy a universal power-law with respect to the quench rate..
**B**: The recent state-of-the-art neural networks have been shown to provide high efficient representations of such complex states, making the overwhelming complexity computationally tractable [6,... | BCA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
The goal of this paper is to construct the neural network model that can preserve the fluids helicity. Unlike the standard finite element methods based on the weak formulation of the PDE models, Physics-informed neural networks (PINN) model [27] is based on the strong PDE and thus, conservation can be shown to be mad... | **A**: This is really the case for conserving the incompressibility.
**B**: However, helicity-preservation was not addressed there.
.
**C**: Recently, helicity has been discussed for the magnetic hydrodynamics equation.
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This approach, whilst providing information on smaller vesicles compared to holography, requires that all parameters other than the refractive index of the vesicle’s contents n𝑛nitalic_n be known and constrained. The most typical method to control for vesicle size involves extruding vesicles through pores, and generat... | **A**: At these smaller length scales, the exact refractive index and thickness of the membrane all play a large role in the vesicle’s scattering, relative to the aqueous core [21].
**B**: Vesicles prepared via slightly different methods have slightly different distributions in lamellarity, leading to different amount... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> From one perspective, there are essentially no such solutions, because pure gravity in 2+1212+12 + 1 dimensions has no local propagating gravitational degrees of freedom Deser:1983nh . However, the theory can contain matter concentrated on scales much smaller than the AdSAdS\mathrm{AdS}roman_AdS radi... | **A**:
Gravity with defects.
Without knowing the details, we can ask to what extent purely gravitational solutions might give us a guide to that physics.
**B**: Such solutions can be purely gravitational away from the matter: this is allowed in 3 dimensions, where gravitational fields are essentially localized at t... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> This framework draws upon recent advancements in two key quantum information science areas. First, it utilizes high-dimensional quantum information and to extract underlying structures of classical data, capitalizing on its efficiency in identifying atypical data patterns and surpassing classical ma... | **A**: Figure 1 illustrates the proposed QSC framework, which starts at the transmitter, where raw data is embedded into qudits in high-dimensional Hilbert spaces.
**B**:
Towards this goal, the main contribution of this letter is a novel resource-efficient QCN framework, dubbed the framework.
**C**: Second, the QSC... | ABC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, the remaining deviation from ideal behavior is caused by the equivalent series inductance that typically produces self-resonance frequencies above 100100100100 MHz. solutions (2019) The non ideal behavior illustrated here occurs at frequencies smaller than this by at least two and at most ei... | **A**: However, only a handful of solutions that involve steady state behavior have been addressed analytically.
**B**: Muller (2012) These require a surface charge on the circuit wires to maintain the current as described theoretically Sommerfeld (1952); Heald (1984); Chabay and Sherwood (2019) and utilized experimen... | CAB | CAB | ABC | CAB | Selection 2 |
The structure of the paper is as follows. <|MaskedSetence|> In Section 3 we show how the Euclidean space emerges out of 𝔻𝔻\mathbb{D}blackboard_D-module geometry, in particular, Theorem 3 is proved. In Section 4 we obtain several results of screw theory by using the formalism of 𝔻𝔻\mathbb{D}blackboard_D-module geo... | **A**: We end the paper with some conclusions.
As for notation and terminologies, throughout the work we use, unless otherwise stated, the Einstein summation convention.
**B**: In Section 2 we recall some basic definitions about rings and modules, and prove that the notion of rank is well defined.
**C**: Vectors.
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This nascent appreciation that environments and their (possibly non-Markovian) dynamics could be active and potentially programmable components of future quantum devices raises exciting possibilities that could be accessible with current nanofabrication techniques and experimental probes [26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. In this w... | **A**: The resulting complex, multiscale decoherence phenomena present a new challenge for controlling or mitigating the effects of quantum noise, however such spatiotemporal effects may also present a mechanism for collective, co-operative and non-linear feedforward/feedback responses to external perturbations, and th... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Thus, one ends up with even loops and isolated vertices. What makes the monopole-dimer model less physical is that configurations have a signed weight and they cannot be interpreted as energies anymore. <|MaskedSetence|> Moreover, it is a perfect square for a 2m×2n2𝑚2𝑛2m\times... | **A**:
In another direction, a signed version of the monomer-dimer model called the monopole-dimer model has been
introduced [Ayy15] for planar graphs.
**B**: On the other hand, the partition function here can be expressed as a determinant.
**C**: Configurations of the monopole-dimer model can be thought of as supe... | ACB | ABC | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
Author Biography
{biography}
Massimiliano Lupo Pasini. <|MaskedSetence|> The focus of his undergraduate and master studies was statistics and discretization techniques and reduction order models for partial differential equations. He obtained his PhD in Applied Mathematics at Emory University in Atlanta (GA) in May ... | **A**: Massimiliano (Max) Lupo Pasini obtained his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science in Mathematical Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano in Milan, Italy.
**B**: The main topic of his doctorate work was the development of efficient and resilient linear solvers for upcoming computing architectures moving to... | ABC | ABC | BAC | ABC | Selection 2 |
Certain evolution or dynamical maps which although are non-Markovian, do not attribute information backflow. <|MaskedSetence|> We investigate that information backflow can never be activated for those channels even when many copies of such channels are used in series or in parallel combination. However, exploiting tw... | **A**: Therefore, further study regarding the activation of information backflow using causally ordered quantum comb Chiribella et al.
**B**: For such dynamics, the non-Markovian feature is not captured by the usual measure of non-Markovianity based on information backflow.
**C**: Since both indefinite causal order a... | BAC | BAC | BAC | ACB | Selection 3 |
Our standard cell approach is useful for reducing the computational complexity related to the placement and routing of quantum circuits. The latter problem is related to quantum circuit design automation, and heuristics have been investigated for the past decades [11, 12] and more recently, for example, by [13, 1]. <... | **A**: Exact methods for qubit placement and routing have also been investigated, e.g. [14].
**B**: We do not have a cell for routing, like in [19], because we are extracting SWAP schedules after the circuit has been tiled.
Our approach is the opposite of the one presented in [20], in which gates are scheduled negle... | ACB | ACB | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (2015). <|MaskedSetence|> (2015), in this work, we will just point out some of the main steps to get the observed DM abundance and the maximum size of these DN. In the SM, the main bottleneck that prohibits the synthesis of nuclei is the substantial binding energy per nucleon of helium-4, ∼7similar-... | **A**: As the detailed mechanism is explained in Hardy et al.
**B**:
In this section, we argue that composite DM, made of stable dark nuclei (DN) of large dark nucleon number, can evade the constraints from the Bullet Cluster on the DM self-interactions and provide a viable DM candidate Krnjaic and Sigurdson (2015); ... | BAC | CAB | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> cel, in accordance with the Terms of Service of the respective web resources. <|MaskedSetence|> IV.2 and the trajectory is available at figshare.com/articles/dataset/Black-box_models_for_TERP_interpretation/2... | **A**: The AG’s news corpus dataset was obtained from Ref.
**B**: AGw, , and CelebA dataset from Ref.
**C**: Data generation details for the molecular dynamics of alanine dipeptide are provided in Sec.
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<|MaskedSetence|> Hence, the logic behind the index is that its value increases monotonically with the extent to which the feature is expressed. For entities that do not hold the feature at all, they should have the same and the lowest value. If an entity that does not hold the feature has a higher index value than th... | **A**: Likewise, if two entities that do not hold the feature have different index values, the index is also incorrectly designed.
Currently, there is no unified rule on what value should be the lowest.
**B**:
An index for a topological feature is designed to quantify the expression of this feature.
**C**: However... | BAC | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> 5 of the main text. Here, κ𝜅\kappaitalic_κ is the decay rate of the resonator, consisting of the intrinsic part κinsubscript𝜅𝑖𝑛\kappa_{in}italic_κ start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i italic_n end_POSTSUBSCRIPT and variable coupling part κcsubscript𝜅𝑐\kappa_{c}italic_κ start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_c end... | **A**: Initially, the dissipation rate is very small, so that |W3⟩=1/14(|100⟩+2|010⟩+3|001⟩)ketsubscript𝑊3114ket1002ket0103ket001|W_{3}\rangle=1/\sqrt{14}(|100\rangle+2|010\rangle+3|001\rangle)| italic_W start_POSTSUBSCRIPT 3 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ⟩ = 1 / square-root start_ARG 14 end_ARG ( | 100 ⟩ + 2 | 010 ⟩ + 3 | 001... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the next section discusses thermoelectric transport in mesoscopic systems with two terminals. We use the Onsager matrix that relates heat and charge current to the thermodynamic forces (voltage and temperature bias) and derive the expressions for different thermoelectric c... | **A**: When MBS are absent, there is no violation of WF law.
**B**: In the absence of MBS, the Seebeck and Peltier coefficients vanish, while the thermal conductance remains constant.
**C**: We end with a conclusion, summarizing our results.
2 Theory of Thermoelectric transport in mesoscopic systems.
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Right: Mass vs. coupling relationship that matches the observed abundance. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> However, when the exponential suppression is weaker (b<1𝑏1{b<1}italic_b < 1), instantaneous freezeout may no longer be a good approximation for estimating the relic abundance, as shown in Ref. Kim:2019udq ;... | **A**: The definitions of ΔΔ\Deltaroman_Δ for co-scattering, zombie, and forbidden annihilations are given in Table 1.
Instantaneous freezeout is a good approximation in many scenarios, because the annihilation rate is dropping exponentially with time (or temperature).
**B**: The solid line shows the results from th... | BAC | ABC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
We have previously reported the growth of high quality optimally doped a𝑎aitalic_a-axis oriented YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin films [48].
In this work we present the properties of a𝑎aitalic_a-axis oriented YBCO thin films, at various doping levels from the optimally doped down to the insulating state, obtained by a care... | **A**: By varying the film thickness up to 800 nm, we have verified the dominant role of strain in this peculiar system.
**B**: The resistance vs temperature measurements are characterized by sharp superconducting transitions, showing that the superconducting properties of the films are rather homogeneous.
**C**: X-r... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We do expect that any measurement induced two-qubit error will result in a faster decay of the control qubit for mcm-rb compared to delay-rb. <|MaskedSetence|> However, from the simultaneous RB protocol [26] we know that in the limit of small two-qubit error the decay of a single-subsystem Clifford ... | **A**: For example, if the error is a coherent excitation exchange between control and ancilla, then we would expect to see decay of the ancilla ground state probability only for the mcm-rb protocol but not the mcm-rep protocol, since the ancilla and control are both initialized in the ground state.
**B**: Unfortunate... | CAB | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
Applications of catalysis in quantum thermodynamics have also been reported by Lipka-Bartosik et al. <|MaskedSetence|> They showed that for every quantum state there exist two effective temperatures – hot and cold temperatures – quantifying the ability of a quantum system to cool down or heat up via thermal operati... | **A**: Precisely, Lipka-Bartosik et al.
**B**: [136], who proposed a notion of temperature of a non-equilibrium state, inspired by the “zeroth law of thermodynamics”.
**C**: Interestingly, Lipka-Bartosik et al.
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In this work, we presented a (magneto)hydrodynamical model for laminar, inviscid flow ahead of and around a solid obstacle of paraboloid form whose axis of symmetry coincides with that of the incident flow. For the case of the fluid being both incompressible and irrotational, we derived compact formulas for the scalar ... | **A**: When interpreting the obstacle’s surface as the magnetopause of a planet in a subsonic stellar wind, typical astrophysical applications include the modeling of transients, such as magnetic clouds or local density enhancements, embedded in the flow that is incident on the magnetosphere.
.
**B**: This model const... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
We employ the PRFT to analyze multimode driving, and discover that this leads to macroscopic light-matter entanglement at long times due to the matter-system-controlled transport of photon between distinct modes. This light-matter entanglement causes a complete decoherence of the matter system in the basis of the Floqu... | **A**: This effect is depicted for a pardigmatic two-mode Rabi model in Fig. 1(b).
**B**: However, this shot-noise induced entanglement has a much smaller impact on the photonic dynamics compared to the transport-related entanglement revealed by the PRFT.
**C**: In particular, we demonstrate that using coherent light... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> There are well-motivated reasons to consider modifications to GR, from anomaly cancellation to explaining observations such as leptogenesis and parity violation. <|MaskedSetence|> In particular, dynamical Chern-Simons gravity (dCS) is a strong candidate to provide a modification to GR, a theory whic... | **A**: Chiral gravitational waves could be a way to resolve the argument that the Kodama state is unphysical due to negative helicity states in the expansion of the Kodama state that result in negative energies; a state with negative energy could be recast as a positive-energy state with opposite helicity [6, 7].
In ... | BCA | ABC | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> It is also known that RBCs travel in the body as an oxygen carrier, and easily alter their shapes to pass through 3333-to-4444 μ𝜇\muitalic_μm capillaries [13], where the upper limit of shear stress in the human circulatory system has been estimated to be 15151515 Pa [14]. <|MaskedSetence|> <|Maske... | **A**: The rheological description of blood under oscillatory flow is thus of fundamental importance not only for a physiological understanding but also in the design of novel artificial blood pumps that minimize mechanical stimuli that may cause the rupture of RBCs, the so-called hemolysis.
**B**:
In real human blo... | BAC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
II.1 Theoretical model
Quark recombination or coalescence models were first proposed to explain the baryon-over-meson enhancement and valence quark number scaling in RHIC Au+Au collisions Greco et al. <|MaskedSetence|> (2003a, b). In these models, valence quarks are assumed to be abundant in the phase space and recom... | **A**: (2003a, b); Fries et al.
**B**: The hadron formation process is usually assumed to be instantaneous and takes a very thin hypersurface (Δτ≈0Δ𝜏0\Delta\tau\approx 0roman_Δ italic_τ ≈ 0).
**C**: Following Refs. Fries et al.
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On the other hand, the multi-shell model in Ref.[25] (and Appendix A) considers both the time evolution of continuously many null shells and the backreaction of the evaporation in a common time coordinate and examines whether an apparent horizon is formed, without assuming anything about the magnitude of the energy-mom... | **A**: It would be interesting to use an idea of quantum-gravity dynamics as in Ref.[44] to describe the regions beyond the semi-classical approximation (see also below).
.
**B**: Note here that the 4D dynamics of quantum matter fields is not considered in the analysis.
**C**: Solving (1.1) self-consistently, each sh... | CBA | CBA | BAC | CBA | Selection 2 |
where we omit the normalization constant for brevity. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> As this procedure is mostly technical, for details about estimating bandwidths and constructing the Gaussian mixture, we refer to Appendix C.
Second, let us consider stke. Suppose high-dimensional samples are resampled so tha... | **A**: Note that many methods can be used for this purpose; however, to facilitate analysis, we use a method from Ref. 24.
**B**: The sum in Eq. (30) is over bandwidths that are automatically estimated and selected to fit that data.
**C**: In that case, the distribution of samples can be viewed as approximately unifo... | BAC | BCA | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
In any theory of quantum gravity, which could break isotropy, the leading order term has to be the Einstein–Hilbert action. <|MaskedSetence|> Motivated by the extra dimensions that arise in string theory, brane world models that produce either a Yukawa [10] or power-law [11] correction to Newtonian gravity have been... | **A**: Because the short-distance approximation to the Einstein–Hilbert action leads to Newtonian gravity, which preserves isotropy, we expect any anisotropic terms to emerge from corrections to Newtonian gravity.
**B**: Even though most brane world models are isotropic, it has also been possible to construct anisotro... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Extended periods of idle thrusters are observed during the orbital phase of the mission. The ΔVΔ𝑉\Delta Vroman_Δ italic_V budget is 76.77 m/s, with the Monte Carlo-Lambert guidance accounting for most of it. Despite operating with significant uncertainties about the spacecraft’s state and environme... | **A**: The 25.69 m/s ΔVΔ𝑉\Delta Vroman_Δ italic_V in orbital insertion and maintenance is noteworthy.
**B**:
Figure 3f illustrates the control commands during the 10-day operation in close-proximity to Eros.
**C**: To provide context, NEAR-Shoemaker spent 50.38 m/s in the one year after the rendezvous burn (TCM-1... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ACB | Selection 2 |
5.3 Metals are masked by unknown stellar opacity
This hypothesis states that the heavy element pollution in DQ white dwarfs is present, and similar to that observed e.g. in DZ stars, but is masked by an unknown stellar opacity source. <|MaskedSetence|> The derived masses of metals in the fully mixed outer layers of... | **A**: This hypothesis fails to address most of the other outstanding characteristics of the DQ stars, and would not, for example, prevent the detection of circumstellar material in the infrared, nor account for their distinctive stellar properties..
**B**: This possibility can in principle account for the fact that D... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
A particularly interesting facet of active suspensions is the so-called active or swim pressure produced by the constituent self-propelled particles [35, 39, 40, 37, 38, 18, 36, 42, 34, 41]. In equilibrium systems, pressure can be calculated using thermodynamic, mechanical, and hydrodynamical approaches, leading to t... | **A**: Active elongated particles and rods present a different situation where the pressure becomes dependent on particle-wall interactions [40].
**B**: More specifically, in the case of self-propelled spheres next to flat walls, the pressure can be described as a state function using activity-dependent effective temp... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> One can use any standard method for numerically solving ODEs to approximate ϕAB(xi),subscriptitalic-ϕ𝐴𝐵subscript𝑥𝑖\phi_{AB}(x_{i}),italic_ϕ start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_A italic_B end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ( italic_x start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i end_POSTSUBSCRIPT ) , i=1,…,N.𝑖1…𝑁i=1,\ldots,N.italic_i =... | **A**: Consider the algebraic curve 𝒞={(x,y)∈(ℂ*)2|yk−f(x)ksxkν=0}𝒞conditional-set𝑥𝑦superscriptsuperscriptℂ2superscript𝑦𝑘𝑓superscript𝑥𝑘𝑠superscript𝑥𝑘𝜈0{\cal C}=\{(x,y)\in(\operatorname{\mathbb{C}}^{*})^{2}\,|\,y^{k}-f(x)^{ks}x^{k%
\nu}=0\}caligraphic_C = { ( italic_x , italic_y ) ∈ ( blackboard_C start... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ACB | Selection 2 |
The reaction participates in the oxidation, i.e., combustion pathway of propane, as the reactant forms through the free radical addition reaction between triplet oxygen and the 1-propyl radical. <|MaskedSetence|> For the simplicity of this tutorial, all the quantum calculations are done using Gaussian09 at the DFT/B3L... | **A**: It should be noted that this reaction has been comprehensively researched in a multitude of papers21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and the goal of this tutorial is to provide a simple yet effective approach to building a Master Equation model to study it.
The barrier height E0subscript𝐸0E_{0}italic_E start_POSTSUBSCRI... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
2 Evidence the source crystal is Bernal trilayer graphene
Prior to device fabrication, the thickness of the source graphene crystal was determined using its optical contrast against the SiO2 exfoliation substrate in the standard way (Supplementary Fig. <|MaskedSetence|> We checked that the source crystal was Bernal ... | **A**: In our Raman measurements we observe no features indicative of rhombohedral graphene, confirming that our source crystal was stacked in the Bernal configuration (Supplementary Fig.
**B**: 1a, inset).
**C**: 1a).
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<|MaskedSetence|> Ref. [7] discusses exponential concentration in the context of a projected quantum kernel for a specific example embedding.
On the other hand, Refs. [16, 8] provide a rigorous study of the number of measurement shots required to successfully train the fidelity kernel but do not address the issue of e... | **A**: Moreover, our results on noise-induced kernel concentration serve as a warning against using deep encoding schemes in the near-term.
**B**: Here we provide a systematic treatment of the causes and effects of exponential concentration in the presence of shot noise.
**C**: The problem of exponential concentrati... | CBA | CBA | BAC | CBA | Selection 2 |
MPS obtained in [36] is integrable in the sense of [60]. <|MaskedSetence|> In section 2, we first review some results in [36], including the algebraic Bethe ansatz method and the selection rules. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In section 5, we prove the giant graviton [36] is integrable for the cases where ω=0�... | **A**: The root pairing proposed in [36] can be derived from the integrable condition and we generalize the result to a more general matrix product state.
**B**: In section 3, we give the integrable condition for SU(4)𝑆𝑈4SU(4)italic_S italic_U ( 4 ) alternating spin chain and propose a method to prove it.
**C**: ... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We use a hybrid trap Lin et al. (2009), combining a magnetic quadrupole field and a red-detuned ‘dimple’ laser beam, focused below the zero of the quadrupole, approximately at the position where the atoms will be finally confined in the shell trap, see Fig. 1. <|MaskedSetence|> We show that the prep... | **A**: After describing in some detail the production of the BEC in a hybrid trap in Sec. II, we will describe the loading process to the shell trap in Sec. III.3 and give its performances.
**B**:
In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a new approach to prepare a quantum gas in a shell trap.
**C**: This strategy ... | BAC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
As an application for these general results we apply our findings on two holographic models of interest. <|MaskedSetence|> This background was studied as a holographic dual for a series of condensed matter systems and it was used in the holographic study of Fermi surfaces [12]. <|MaskedSetence|> [13], as another app... | **A**: This is a top-down model with finite chemical potential which describes dual Fermi liquids with massless charged fermionic modes.
**B**: First, we consider the hyperscaling-Lifshitz model at finite temperature and zero chemical potential for bosons and fermions.
**C**: Second, we discuss a charged dilatonic Ad... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
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