robench-2024b
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48 items • Updated
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**A**: In total in this dataset there are 220,177 images of 50 x 50 pixels in three colors**B**: The ratio between the two classes is 70 % normal and 30 % tumor for this dataset (Figure 2).
**C**: Images classified as tumor by a pathologist are labelled as 1 while normal tissue images are labelled 0 | ACB | CAB | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: We could however allow for more general initial conditions, as long as they lead to an asymptotic ESC within finitely many steps of the lnK𝐾\ln Kroman_ln italic_K-algorithm.
**B**: Both results assume that the system starts out in an asymptotic ESC**C**: These are the natural initial conditions, particularly w... | CBA | BCA | BAC | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**:
To date, a multitude of mathematical models describing infectious diseases through differential equations have been formulated and scrutinized to understand the dynamics of infection spread, exemplified by research on [1, 2, 3, 4]**B**: Recently, the mathematical modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic has captivated... | CBA | ABC | ACB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: (2010) reported a heritability of 0.42 for default-mode network (DMN) in an extended**B**: Glahn et al**C**:
One of the earliest papers on functional brain activation in twins is based on the resting-state EEG (Lykken et al., 1982), where they observed high twin correlation in MZ-twins on EEG spectra | BCA | ABC | CBA | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: Therefore, in this note we do not differentiate between the two cell phenotypes and focus instead on therapy effects. We consider tumor cells interacting with their environment, whose main physical components are the anisotropic brain tissue as well as brain-own and tumor-generated vasculature. We also modeled e... | ABC | CBA | BCA | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: The reduction in the number of sulci in the brains of manatees suggests evolutionary trade-offs in brain gyrification**B**: For species with low risks of head impact—such as manatees—a lissencephalic structure, devoid of sulci, might facilitate more direct and efficient neural pathways. Conversely, species like ... | ACB | CBA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
**A**: Subsequently, synergistic and antagonistic classes (i.e. labels) were defined for each synergy score using thresholding based on the SynergyFinder software’s documentation333https://synergyfinder.fimm.fi/synergy/synfin_docs/#datanal, applying recommended thresholds (≥10absent10\geq 10≥ 10 for synergy and ≤−10abs... | BCA | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
**A**: 2B).**B**: 2F), there is an optimal number of chromosomes for evolving novel traits (Fig**C**: We found that the skewness of the distribution of genotypes coded in each chromosome is essential to determining the probability of evolving new traits.
Because skewness peaked with a finite number of chromosomes (Fig | BAC | CBA | BAC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: The curl components are zero for edges that are not a 2-simplex boundary and the entries sum to zero around each node. The harmonic component sums to zero around each node, and it also sums to zero along each 2-simplex. We tested the topological equivalence of female brain networks and male brain networks using ... | CAB | BCA | CBA | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: in the case of populations suffering recurrent bottlenecks [CasanovaMiroJegousse2020] or overlapping generations (Casanova et al**B**: Others are modifications, such as models with varying population sizes [Mohle2002, KajKrone2003, Freund2020] or diploid reproduction [MohleSagitov2003, BirknerLiuSturm2018], usin... | BCA | ACB | BAC | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: To assess the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the morphological features of prostate cancer, a random subset of the WSIs was selected from the test set. Heatmaps, as shown in Fig**B**: RGB color maps were used to enhance the clarity, with red representing high attention and blue indicating low a... | BCA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: The dataset was generated by filtering examples from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) corresponding to the same protein but bound to different biomolecules, with additional quality control criteria. For the scope of this work, we only focus on protein pairs where the provided Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of the ... | CAB | ABC | BCA | CBA | Selection 4 |
**A**: A characteristic equation was also deduced for the special case when neither the growth rate g𝑔gitalic_g nor the mortality rate μ𝜇\muitalic_μ depend on the interaction variable E𝐸Eitalic_E (β𝛽\betaitalic_β on the other hand does). Note however that the linearisation and stability results established in [15] ... | ACB | CBA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: The classical representation of coloured graphs is through their colour classes**B**: In this section we introduce a different representation of pdCGs that will allow us to deal more efficiently with these objects**C**: A detailed example that may help to follow the steps required for the construction of the nov... | CAB | BCA | ABC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: We standardize cardiac MRI intensity levels using Z-score normalization [7] to eliminate inter-subject variations**B**: Furthermore, we detect automatic landmarks which is explained in the next paragraph. We perform affine registration to align the heart regions of different subjects to a target image space. We ... | CAB | ACB | BCA | CBA | Selection 3 |
**A**: This paper addresses two challenges posed by the multimodal fusion of transcriptomics and histology: (1) we address the challenge of transcriptomics tokenization by defining biological pathway tokens that encode semantically meaningful and interpretable functions, and (2) we overcome the computational challenge ... | BCA | CAB | ABC | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**:
where we have applied Stirling’s approximation [30] to derive an asymptotic expression for the large compartment number, ν≫1much-greater-than𝜈1\nu\gg 1italic_ν ≫ 1, limit**B**: Even for ν=1𝜈1\nu=1italic_ν = 1, the asymptotic expression produces excellent agreement with simulation results.**C**: In fig. 2a, we... | ABC | ACB | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: For each dataset, it establishes the preferred metric for evaluation to enable consistent comparison across models. We describe each dataset selected to evaluate our model.**B**:
MoleculeNet is a benchmark set used to evaluate machine learning techniques [9]**C**: It curate’s quantum mechanics, physical chemist... | CAB | ACB | ABC | ACB | Selection 1 |
**A**: In the quenched regime, the network changes very slowly compared to the evolution of the epidemic**B**: Indeed, as we will show in Section I.3, the quenched regime assumes that, before each topology update, the epidemic has almost reached its equilibrium.
**C**: Quenched processes are well approximated with proc... | ABC | ABC | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
**A**: We allow degenerate vertices with in-degree 2222 as well as out-degree 2**B**: The cover 𝒞𝒞\mathcal{C}caligraphic_C for N𝑁Nitalic_N then consists of sets of size 1 or 2, and each integer appearing in 𝒞𝒞\mathcal{C}caligraphic_C appears either once, if it is a tree vertex (in-degree 1), or twice if it is a re... | ABC | BCA | ABC | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: As pointed out by Barton et al. (2004), the Moran model with finite N𝑁Nitalic_N is reversible, meaning that at stationarity the time-reversed process is the same (in distribution) as the forward-time Moran process**B**: This is not a property of the Wright-Fisher model with finite N𝑁Nitalic_N but does hold for... | CBA | BAC | BCA | ACB | Selection 3 |
**A**: We tackle this problem by assuming that each read is coming from the one (e.g**B**: ’maternal’) chromosome with probability w𝑤witalic_w and from the other chromosome (e.g**C**: paternal) with probability 1−w1𝑤1-w1 - italic_w, where the balance between w𝑤witalic_w and 1−w1𝑤1-w1 - italic_w reflects BAD. This i... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
**A**: We set Ci,k+1=Isubscript𝐶𝑖𝑘1𝐼C_{i,k+1}=Iitalic_C start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i , italic_k + 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT = italic_I and τi,k+1=τi,k+Zi,ksubscript𝜏𝑖𝑘1subscript𝜏𝑖𝑘subscript𝑍𝑖𝑘\tau_{i,k+1}=\tau_{i,k}+Z_{i,k}italic_τ start_POSTSUBSCRIPT italic_i , italic_k + 1 end_POSTSUBSCRIPT = italic_τ start_PO... | CAB | BCA | CBA | BAC | Selection 4 |
**A**: acknowledges Iniziativa PNC0000002-DARE - Digital Lifelong Prevention. S.A., F.F., and A.M. also acknowledge the support by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (project funded by the European Union - Next Generation EU: “PNRR Missione 4 Componente 2, “Dalla ricerca all’impresa”, Investimento 1.4, Pro... | CBA | CAB | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: In the non-stationary case, the results are possible, but more involving**B**: The above results pertain to the stationary case**C**: The non-stationary queue length distribution can be computed using renewal theory provided one can compute the distribution of the forward recurrence time (the time until the next... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
**A**: The remainder of this paper consists of two sections**B**: The next section contains the proofs of our theoretical results from Section 2**C**: In Section 4 we provide a numerical example of an MTBDP where the rates depend on the number of particles of each type that are present in the system.
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**A**: As a result, the RGCN encoder might struggle to capture complex patterns and may not fully leverage the underlying protein data, potentially leading to suboptimal performance.**B**:
One limitation of our proposed Prot2Text model is that the RGCN encoder is not pretrained**C**: Unlike the ESM encoder, which bene... | ABC | CAB | CBA | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: measured spectral
radius rsimsubscript𝑟simr_{\mathrm{sim}}italic_r start_POSTSUBSCRIPT roman_sim end_POSTSUBSCRIPT. Same excitatory-inhibitory network model**B**: (c) Set spectral radius rsetsubscript𝑟setr_{\mathrm{set}}italic_r start_POSTSUBSCRIPT roman_set end_POSTSUBSCRIPT vs**C**: radii | BAC | BAC | CBA | BCA | Selection 3 |
**A**: The size of batches was set to 24 and 48 respectively for the two datasets.**B**: The size of batches is set to 128 and 512 respectively for the two datasets.
cryoDRGN2 [33] was trained with its default parameters**C**: The ADAM optimizer with learning rate of 1.5×10−41.5superscript1041.5\times 10^{-4}1.5 × 10 s... | ABC | CBA | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: For example, the segmentation models have struggled to perform effectively on RGB images, such as bone marrow aspirate slides stained with Jenner-Giemsa. Furthermore, these models often require manual selection of both the model type and the specific image channel to be segmented, posing challenges for biologist... | ACB | CBA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Again, for concreteness, we examine the first few terms of the right-hand side**B**: We now use averaging theory to transform this non-autonomous system (25) into an autonomous system**C**: The averaged order O(ε)𝑂𝜀O(\varepsilon)italic_O ( italic_ε ) dynamics satisfy
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**A**: Recently, the cases of non-Gaussian stable noises acting on QIFs started to attract the attention in mathematical neuroscience**B**: In this paper, we explore the possibility of the implementation/generalization of the pseudocumulant approach for/to the populations of QIFs subject to δ𝛿\deltaitalic_δ-correlated... | CBA | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
**A**: The repository contains the Malmo environment code, training scripts for both the predictive coding and autoencoding neural networks, as well as code for the analysis of predictive coding and autoencoding results**B**: The code supporting the conclusions of this study is available on GitHub at https://github.com... | ABC | CBA | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
**A**: (2018), to supplement the EEG encoder as "spatial filters" to encapsulate electrode correlations and reflect the spatial dynamics of brain activity.**B**:
We utilize two approaches, self-attention (SA) Vaswani et al**C**: (2017), and graph attention (GA) Veličković et al | CBA | CAB | BAC | BCA | Selection 2 |
**A**: Such rooted trees exist when the number of species is as few as four. Similarly, the democratic vote estimate can be positively misleading for some unrooted trees with as few as five species. Species trees are in the anomaly zone if the gene tree with maximum probability is discordant from the species tree (Degn... | BAC | ABC | CBA | ABC | Selection 1 |
**A**: We also note the work of Weiss [42], who determined first-hitting-time estimates when the walkers are initially uniformly distributed throughout the domain.**B**: Relevant to our paper, they argue that the relative benefit of increased numbers of walkers is relatively weak (scaling as 1/log(N)1𝑁1/\log(N)1 / ro... | CBA | BAC | BCA | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Furthermore, the relationship between linear transformers allowing for faster autoregressive learning and RNNs was established in a recent work [47]. Taken together, our current work would be a starting point to establish the bridge between the biological learning (towards the science of specialized brain circui... | CBA | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
**A**: Furthermore, our results are in agreement with the manually annotated results, highlighting the capability of our proposed toolbox in facilitating biological studies. The consistency between our automated analysis and the manually derived findings demonstrates the reliability and effectiveness of our approach in... | BCA | BAC | CBA | ABC | Selection 3 |
**A**: Such a mechanism does not seem to be biologically plausible for BNNs, as many authors have pointed out. Parameter update in BNNs occurs only locally, and distant neurons are only indirectly connected through the endogenous reward system. This observation is closely related to the weight transportation problem [6... | CBA | CAB | ACB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: During training, we repeated this process 100 times for each of the numbers 0-9, achieving perfect classification of all 10 digits with noise-free inference measurements. If we also take the noise into account during inference, we still achieve an overall accuracy of 95%, highlighting the system’s robustness aga... | CAB | CBA | ACB | ABC | Selection 2 |
**A**: In endemic zones, the sexual transmission route can substantially worsen the vulnerability of both mother and fetus to other sexually transmitted infections, particularly HIV rothan2018 .**B**: Both viruses can be transmitted through sexual contact and vertically from mother to fetus**C**:
Although HIV is not a... | BCA | CBA | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
**A**: All the other synaptic currents into the STN cells and the GP cells become downscaled due to DA effects. More details on the DA effects on the SPNs and synaptic currents are given in Appendices A and B, respectively.**B**: Such changes occur due to different DA effects, depending on the D1 and D2 SPNs. D1 recept... | ACB | ACB | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
**A**: A limitation is that currently, there are relatively few model classes for which the Rashomon set can be computed**B**: Therefore, future work should aim to compute and store the Rashomon set of a wider variety of model classes. Future work may investigate incorporating Rashomon sets that may be well-approximate... | CAB | BCA | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
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