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(3)
The eigenvalues decay at least polynomially. <|MaskedSetence|> A higher value of b𝑏bitalic_b corresponds to a lower effective dimension, better control of the variance of our estimator, and hence a faster rate. <|MaskedSetence|> The empirical eigenvalues are simple to compute, so it is simple to validate this ... | **A**: The limit b→∞→𝑏b\rightarrow\inftyitalic_b → ∞ gives an RKHS with finite dimension [Caponnetto and De Vito, 2007].
**B**: Any bounded kernel satisfies (3) [Fischer and Steinwart, 2020, Lemma 10].
**C**: Figure 2 verifies polynomial decay of the empirical eigenvalues in the real world application of Section 6; ... | CBA | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> This result follows from an equal profit condition between firms that must be satisfied in equilibrium. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Moreover, we also show that firm profit and the magnitude of increase in the wage gap co-move, implying that firms would benefit from selecting equilibria with... | **A**:
We then show that EPSW moves the wage gap in favor of the majority group of workers.
**B**: Notably, the directional effect of EPSW on the wage gap follows simply because the majority group has a larger population and, in particular, this conclusion holds regardless of the distributions of productivities of th... | ABC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
Game Theory and ML. <|MaskedSetence|> Donahue and Kleinberg (2021) explore a game-theoretic setting where agents may voluntarily take part in a federated learning arrangement. Their setting is a coalitional game among parties that all move simultaneously, whereas ours is a sequential game that involves parties with ... | **A**: (2023) describe interactions between a firm implementing an ML algorithm and collectives of users who manipulate their data to influence the algorithm.
.
**B**: Focusing on digital platforms, Hardt et al.
**C**: Our paper contributes to a line of work using game-theoretic methods to describe the development o... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
Involving only a single patient-donor pair, list exchange is much easier to organize than paired kidney exchange. However, a major ethical concern, as highlighted by Ross and Woodle (2000), is its potential detrimental impact on blood-type O patients without living donors, whose options are limited to kidneys from the ... | **A**: In the absence of other complications, most notably tissue-type incompatibility, a blood-type O kidney can be transplanted to any patient.
**B**: A blood-type B kidney can be transplanted to patients with blood type B or AB.
**C**: A blood-type A kidney can be transplanted to patients with blood type A or AB. ... | ACB | ACB | ACB | BCA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Low cost is mentioned as one of the most interesting features that would push the replacement of traditional active radars by passive radars (Judice
et al., 2023). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> (2015); Xu
et al. (2019), where the optimal placement of passive radars to achieve belt barrier cov... | **A**: (2016); Wang
et al.
**B**: Examples of economics-aware approaches to the design of passive radar systems are shown in Chang
et al.
**C**: Griffiths, 2007).
| CBA | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
2.2.3 Price responses
If we ignore a few price peaks, historically in the ERCOT market—as shown in Fig. <|MaskedSetence|> This implies that day-ahead prices remain elevated for longer periods. Therefore, cryptocurrency miners’ response to day-ahead prices will be stronger than their response to real-time prices, espe... | **A**: Prices tend to be statistically lower at night, suggesting that cryptocurrency miners may not be incentivized to respond to either day-ahead or real-time prices during both summer and non-summer months during late-night hours.
**B**: The correlation coefficient for day-ahead prices during non-summer times incre... | CAB | CAB | CAB | BAC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Empirically, as shown in section 5.1, decision times add little value but do not degrade performance.
As the barrier a𝑎aitalic_a increases, the choice-decision-time weight rises. <|MaskedSetence|> Intuitively, a higher barrier reflects greater conservativeness in human decision... | **A**:
When queries have weak preferences, the choice-decision-time weight may be lower than the choice-only weight.
**B**: In contrast, the choice-only weight increases for queries with weak preferences, but this increase is concentrated in a narrower region, with weights decreasing elsewhere.
**C**: However, since... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In Ambuehl \BBA Bernheim (\APACyear2024), group members have to work on a task. Each member possesses an individual preference rankings about the available tasks; an experimental social planner is informed about these rankings to assign tasks to each member of the group. Separately, these authors stu... | **A**: A related literature on positive welfare economics has investigated how CAs can work to aggregate the preferences of a group’s members.
**B**: We conduct trials to explain interventions for this scenario using previous interventions in which the amount of information provided to the Chooser was known to CAs in ... | ACB | ABC | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> As we demonstrate in Appendix B, a complete collaboration failure could occur where all parties contribute nothing to the scheme. <|MaskedSetence|> Designing a contract helps address these issues but solving the problem defined by (3) and (7) directly is difficult due to the non-convexity of the con... | **A**:
5 Contracting with Private Costs
When data costs are private information of the parties, it could have serious implications on the CML scheme without contract.
**B**: In other cases, equilibrium does not exist, making the learning outcome unpredictable.
**C**: Firstly, we transform the original problem into ... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
There are a number of papers that study interval aggregation from an axiomatic perspective. <|MaskedSetence|> As mentioned above, Block (2010) and Farfel and
Conitzer (2011) introduce the class of generalized single-peaked preferences over intervals121212For the concept of generalized single-peakedness, see Nehring a... | **A**: Miller (2009) introduces a model of interval aggregation, along with the median rule and the maximal rule, and shows that these two rules are, respectively, the least most permissive rules that satisfy responsiveness, anonymity, strong neutrality, and “homogeneity,” an axiom that requires the aggregation rule to... | ABC | ABC | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The PSID is a longitudinal survey that began in 1968 and follows a representative sample of U.S. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Households from the Survey of Economic Opportunity subsample were excluded due to their non-random selection. Additional exclusions removed households with multiple h... | **A**:
The data used in this study come from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), covering the years between 1977 and 1997.
**B**: individuals and their households.
**C**: To ensure consistency across time, we used the version of the PSID data provided by the Cross-National Equivalent File (PSID-CNEF), which h... | ABC | CBA | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Each box contains $20 to be collected by the Chooser. <|MaskedSetence|> The Cambridge Dictionary lists the metaphorical use of the word “curveball” as implying, in American English, “something such as a question or event that is surprising or unexpected, and therefore difficult to... | **A**:
Choosers participate in a two-day survey.
**B**: They can open whichever and as many boxes as they like, but one randomly selected box contains a “bomb.”444In our experiment, the word “curveball” was used instead of “bomb,” because the word “bomb” can carry negative associations.
**C**: At some point during t... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
(Matutes and
Regibeau, 1988, 1992). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> There is a straightforward economic intuition for why such complementarities more readily produce recoverable structure: when one good’s price decreases, all its complements can experience comparable nonvanishing increases in demand. This creates... | **A**: Our illustrative Example 2 in Section 5 shows how Slutsky matrices with large eigenvalues arise naturally in such settings.333333The complementarities there happen to be within-category, but that is not important for our point here.
**B**: We hope these observations will motivate further empirical research on t... | ACB | ACB | ABC | ACB | Selection 4 |
Participants assigned to the invasive arm enjoyed a somewhat higher quality of life as a result. ITT effects, reported in columns 5 and 7 of Table 1, show modest treatment-induced gains in SAQ summary scores ranging from 1.61.61.61.6 to just under 3333 (these are estimated by differences in raw means, without adjustme... | **A**: Yet, as explained above, high rates of nonadherence and crossover likely dilute the ITT estimand relative to the effect of revascularization itself.
The theoretical results in the previous section allow us to obtain average causal effects of revascularization exposure measured in years and ranging from 1-5.
*... | BCA | BCA | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
We illustrate the ITM in the context of a dynamic analytical integrated assessment model. Following the general approach in Nordhaus and Boyer, (2003) and Nordhaus, (2018), the model accounts for climate damages created by economic activity.444See, for example, Weyant, (2017) and the references therein for a review ... | **A**: Our numerical example points to some interesting implications of heterogeneous climate vulnerability.
**B**: We then use a numerical example to illustrate the role of heterogeneity in time-discounting and climate vulnerability between the two countries, as well as the role of the intertemporal elasticity of sub... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, the number of slots “deserved” by each continental zone is an important element of fairness as the beginning quote shows. Our results certainly provide useful information for the decision-makers when debating about the allocation of FIFA World Cup slots.
The paper is structured as follows.... | **A**: Section 5 presents the results, and Section 6 offers some concluding remarks.
.
**B**: The underlying data are described in Section 3, while the methodology is detailed in Section 4.
**C**: Therefore, some other criteria of justice could explain the allocation policy of FIFA, and we do not intend to state that... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 2 |
Although not directly utilized in the structural estimation, I incorporate data on daycare center characteristics from various sources. First, I collect information from the municipality, including exact addresses, total capacity, whether the center is publicly operated, and whether it qualifies as a certified center t... | **A**: Centers for early childhood education and care, which refers to centers combining daycare and educational functions, recognized under Japanese law..
Next, I gather data on each daycare’s nearest train station and its walking distance using https://www.benricho.org/, reflecting the popularity of train commuting i... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
In summary, the proposed model provides an accurate replication of the observed wealth distribution in Germany given the distribution of wages, widely independently of the presumed initial wealth distribution. <|MaskedSetence|> There is only some discrepancy concerning the wealth of the richest agent in our model, wh... | **A**: The return rates on capital are also accurately modeled by the Pólya urn mechanism, implying that increasing returns do basically only affect the richest percentile (which eventually leads to the two-tailed structure of wealth distribution).
In order to understand the generic nature of wealth dynamics and avoi... | CAB | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
With the rise in deep learning, the authors explore various architectures and determine which models are preferred and successful in economics. <|MaskedSetence|> Hence, LSTM plays an important role in many fields of economic research” (Zhang et al., 2022). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Some of the drawbacks th... | **A**: specifically LSTMs, they noticed that the LSTM model outperformed traditional econometric approaches such as ARIMA, MA, vanilla neural networks, etc.
**B**: Since RNNs only consider the most recent state, “the cellular state of LSTM determines which states should be left behind and which states should be forgot... | ABC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
The estimation results for the preference parameters (β𝛽\betaitalic_β and ΣΣ\Sigmaroman_Σ) are presented in Table 7. For the mean random coefficients, our Bayesian shrinkage approach yields estimates with reasonable signs and magnitudes, closely aligning with those of the standard BLP estimates. <|MaskedSetence|>... | **A**: These near-zero estimates may be attributed to the weak IV problem, as highlighted by Reynaert \BBA Verboven (\APACyear2014).
**B**: Regarding the standard deviations (SDs) of random coefficients, the Bayesian shrinkage approach indicates considerable dispersion for all random coefficients, suggesting rich hete... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
On the other hand, tax penalties act as a deterrent against environmentally harmful practices. <|MaskedSetence|> This approach compels businesses to internalize the environmental costs of their actions, thereby encouraging them to seek out more sustainable alternatives. <|MaskedSetence|> Firstly, fostering a transiti... | **A**: For instance, a carbon tax that increases with the level of emissions will drive companies to innovate and invest in cleaner technologies to minimize their tax liabilities.
Governments have a vested interest in incentivizing companies to undertake low-carbon transitions for several important reasons.
**B**: B... | BAC | BAC | BAC | CAB | Selection 3 |
Illustration: Taking the logical-and of the binarized inference from both unconditional and conditional dependence test satisfactorily enforced all Reichenbach’s principles. BVGC, on its own, will infer more connections as we do not condition on possible confounders, which leads to inferring spurious links. On the othe... | **A**: Dependency is bi-directional.
**B**: However, MVGC would also infer spurious connections when colliders are conditioned on; in turn, BVGC would have detected and failed to infer.
**C**: The green statements are the wrongly inferred dependency (false positives color coded as green).
| BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> sansserif_crs over$ start_ARG ← end_ARG sansserif_VC . <|MaskedSetence|> sansserif_crs over$ start_ARG ← end_ARG sansserif_AoK . sansserif_Gen ( 1 start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT italic_λ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ).
Publish 𝖭𝖨𝖳𝖢.𝖼𝗋𝗌formulae-sequence𝖭𝖨𝖳𝖢𝖼𝗋𝗌{\sf NITC}.{{\sf crs}}sansserif_NITC . sansse... | **A**: sansserif_crs, and 𝖠𝗈𝖪.𝖼𝗋𝗌formulae-sequence𝖠𝗈𝖪𝖼𝗋𝗌{\sf AoK}.{{\sf crs}}sansserif_AoK .
**B**: 𝖵𝖢.𝖼𝗋𝗌←$𝖵𝖢.𝖦𝖾𝗇(1λ)formulae-sequence𝖵𝖢𝖼𝗋𝗌currency-dollar←𝖵𝖢𝖦𝖾𝗇superscript1𝜆{\sf VC}.{{\sf crs}}{\overset{\$}{\leftarrow}}{\sf VC}.{\sf Gen}(1^{\lambda})sansserif_VC .
**C**: sansserif... | BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
As we have seen in the previous section, with respect to the four conditions stated by Landemore and Page, those are not the only conditions required for the theorem to apply. <|MaskedSetence|> If these conditions do not hold, the theorem doesn’t hold (see the counterexamples). <|MaskedSetence|> Therefore, her statem... | **A**: Among others, she doesn’t mention the hypotheses from Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4.
**B**: We are going to use Theorem 3.1 for this task.
.
**C**: And, as we’ve seen, these conditions can be rather restrictive, such as assuming that a billion Einsteins will not outperform a single Einstein.
| CAB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
We want to understand if the clustering algorithms compute the same clusters when nodal prices of different time periods are considered. How different are clusters resulting from different clustering algorithms? Also, how similar are the clusters of a particular configuration with respect to prices, and how large are t... | **A**: However, the resulting clusters are not of equal size and are not geographically coherent.
**B**: If we recompute the clusters and take only prices into account666This means that we do not include constraints in the clustering computation such that we obtain balanced clusters in terms of either the number of no... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (2017) in two ways. Specifically, the framework we consider is mainly based on de Chaisemartin (2010) and Hudson et al. (2017). <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The discussion organizes the relationship between the two designs, which essentially treat the same setting, in the previous literature... | **A**: We also investigate the treatment adoption behavior across units, and clarify the interpretation of the parallel trends assumption in the outcome in DID-IV designs.
Given the identification results and the terminology developed in this paper, we then compare DID-IV to Fuzzy DID, and point out the issues inhere... | BCA | ACB | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
AI technologies also play a crucial role in public transportation by optimizing routes and schedules and enhancing the passenger experience. [18] highlight how AI algorithms analyze extensive datasets, including traffic patterns and passenger demand, to create demand-responsive transit systems that adapt to real-time ... | **A**: For instance, most studies emphasize either technical feasibility or policy frameworks in isolation, rarely integrating both to provide a holistic view of how regulatory conditions influence AI adoption and its subsequent impact on congestion reduction..
**B**: These advancements contribute to a more efficient,... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Starting in 1987, the WECI is derived from a mixed-frequency dynamic factor model that integrates a wide set of weekly, monthly, and quarterly economic variables. It encompasses a comprehensive range of economic dimensions, including labor market indicators, hous... | **A**: (2024).
**B**:
Both variables, PI and ELEC, are employed as predictors in the analysis of Fosten and Nandi (2023b).
**C**: We extend the scope of the analysis by including the weekly economic conditions index (WECI) developed by Baumeister et al.
| BAC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
[3] proposed one of the first clusterwise regression algorithms, alternating parameter estimation step and residuals-based clustering, which has been adopted in many other studies (e.g. see, [5, 6, 7, 8]) and extended to fuzzy clustering setting by [4] and [9], among the others. [2] proposed a Gaussian mixture-based cl... | **A**: In the framework of clusterwise regression, the spatial dimension has recently been introduced in [15], extending the mixture regression approach to incorporate spatial clustering by the use of a [16]-type spatial penalty term.
**B**: Differently, [15] carried out regression and clustering simultaneously.
**C*... | ABC | ABC | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
Several works consider an extension of bilateral trade that is typically referred to as two-sided markets or double auctions.
In this setting, there are multiple sellers and buyers, each of which is interested in selling his own items and buying some items of interest.
The seminal result by McAfee (1992) presents a dou... | **A**: (2020) and Cai et al.
**B**: (2024) study the Bulow-Klemperer (Bulow and Klemperer, 1994) result for gains-from-trade in double-auction settings, analyzing the power of recruiting more buyers and sellers for prior-independent mechanisms, and
Brustle et al.
**C**: (2017) and Cai et al.
| ABC | ABC | BAC | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Under the revealing policy, we also calculate the frequency for each lottery category separately. When the ROL length is one, students tend to report better schools more frequently under the covering policy; in contrast, under the revealing policy, the frequency of reporting each s... | **A**: Table 4 presents the frequency of each possible strategy under each condition.
**B**: Following our review of the aggregate-level results, we turn to individual ROL strategies.
**C**: Similarly, when the ROL length is two, under the covering policy, students tend to report a pair of schools that more frequentl... | BAC | BAC | BAC | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> These state-level indicators, chosen as discussed below to help track intra-year and intra-quarter movements in state GDP, are included as exogenous monthly variables in the MF-VAR. As a result, for notational ease, we do not explicitly distinguish them in the equations below. <|MaskedSetence|> <|M... | **A**: That is, an exogenous variable for state i𝑖iitalic_i only appears in the equation for state i𝑖iitalic_i.666A minority of these exogenous state-level variables are in fact observed only at the quarterly frequency.
**B**: Given that they should help inform the path of (latent) monthly state-level GDP, we also c... | BCA | BCA | CAB | BCA | Selection 2 |
The 2020 San Francisco, CA Board of Supervisors District 7 Election was one of the two occurrences of a downward monotonicity paradox within the IRV election (Graham-Squire and McCune 2022). Our five BC methods agree with the IRV (and Condorcet) winner Melgar, and while they automatically avoid the monotonicity parad... | **A**: While the more than 15000 point difference seems large, these are quite close as 17.99%percent\%% and 17.36%percent\%% of the total points.
**B**: For example, the points given out by QBC for Melgar and second-place Engardio are 445737 and 430048.
**C**: Particularly, EBC and MBC exhibit spoiler effects, all f... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Although there are various composite indices to measure SDG attainment worldwide, there is a lack of state-level analysis in India, necessitating a complex approach to evaluate each state’s progress. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Achieving this goal significantly benefits the national economy... | **A**: Concrete plans have been outlined globally to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set under Agenda 2030, and India is following suit.
**B**: Using NITI Aayog’s rankings as a benchmark, the study provides a basis for comparison and highlights that while there is a positive correlation between this s... | CBA | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Standard errors for the linear SRA estimator are between 0.3%-3% smaller than those for linear PRA estimates. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In this application, using pooled logistic regression produces the most efficiency gains over the usual SM estimator, also known as ABERS estimator intro... | **A**: Finally, nonlinear PRA standard errors are between 0%-5% smaller than those for the nonlinear SRA estimates.
**B**: Except in one case, nonlinear SRA standard errors are between 0.5%-1.5% smaller than for the linear SRA ones.
**C**: In terms of the standard errors, we see a ranking among the linear RA estimato... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In particular, once the fairness-accuracy frontier has been characterized, testing for the fairness-improvability of a status-quo algorithm amounts to testing whether or not the algorithm belongs to the frontier. While our approach focuses on the narrower questio... | **A**: A full characterization of the frontier allows the analyst to answer a broad range of questions related to algorithmic fairness.
**B**: (2022).
**C**:
Finally, a closely related paper is the work of Liu and Molinari (2024), which directly estimates the fairness-accuracy frontier developed by Liang et al.
| CBA | CBA | ACB | CBA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Our main result is that its (relative) bite is increased as monitoring “worsens,” so to speak. Loosely speaking, this is because robustness to discounting makes it difficult to enforce mixed actions. Yet, the role of mixed strategies becomes progressively more important as the information structure s... | **A**: As a result, a new notion of minmax payoff must be introduced, capturing the fact that punishing players must be myopically indifferent across all actions within the support of their mixed action (but not necessarily over all actions available to them).
.
**B**: Our goal is to understand how this more restricti... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BAC | Selection 2 |
Our study is motivated by the premise that the choice of auction format can significantly affect market outcomes, especially in sectors where time is of the essence. By examining the Istanbul Flower Auction, we seek to contribute to the broader discourse on auction theory and practice, offering insights that could inf... | **A**: Used car auctions, which are used by dealerships or leasing companies, can sell hundreds to thousands of vehicles in a single event.
**B**: The findings of this research may have implications for auctioneers and market organizers worldwide, suggesting that flexibility in auction design could be key to optimizin... | BAC | BAC | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
More generally, when the joint acceptable domain does not tend to a single point, we propose another axiom that allows the players to reach a preliminary compromise and share the bargaining resource accordingly. <|MaskedSetence|> This asymmetric (i.e. the players have different roles) game emerged as a basic challeng... | **A**: Now the bargaining can be continued over the remaining resource, and if it follows the same strategy as above then after sufficiently many steps of repeating the above process the players can asymptotically reach a final agreement.
We applied Weber’s law to the ultimatum game [34, 35, 36].
**B**: We show that... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
Finally, we also present the autocorrelation structure and the ADF tests for the forecast errors (we estimated the model with the intercept, with lags selected by means of the BIC). <|MaskedSetence|> Despite this fact, the ADF test fails to reject the null hypothesis in all the cases, except for the one period horizon... | **A**: The average realised losses associated to the AR(1) forecast are lower, at least for forecasts up to six quarters, and less dispersed than the ones of the two benchmarks, so they are, in this sense, more precise.
**B**: We further investigate the dependence in the realised losses using the ADF test: the differe... | CBA | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
This study demonstrates the potential of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in addressing critical challenges in supply chain analytics, particularly in demand forecasting for individual nodes. By employing a model based on fully connected layers and leveraging temporal features, the GNN effectively captures meaningful patt... | **A**: This approach provides a robust framework for handling datasets with fixed node counts and time-dependent characteristics.
The findings highlight the scalability and flexibility of the proposed GNN architecture.
**B**: These results establish a strong foundation for exploring more advanced GNN methodologies t... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
In principle, ICA identification results translate into viable estimators. One prominent example is the Fast-ICA algorithm introduced by Hyvarinen (1999), which has been widely applied in fields ranging from telecommunications to medical imaging (Hyvärinen (2013)). <|MaskedSetence|> One reason is that the statistical... | **A**: Subsequently, Lanne and Luoto (2021) and Guay (2021) showed that requiring only the second and fourth (or second and third) cumulant tensors to be diagonal still suffices for identification.
**B**: Mesters and Zwiernik (2024) extended these results further by allowing richer dependence structures that go beyond... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 1 |
Search + RAG combines web scraping, information retrieval models, and large language models to create accurate and up-to-date cultural profiles. This approach addresses limitations of previous methods by enhancing transparency, reducing hallucinations, and allowing for the incorporation of more current information. Th... | **A**: The retrieved indexed chunks are injected into the profile-building prompt as context for building the cultural profile..
**B**: The retrieval task is achieved by splitting the scraped documents into chunks of a fixed length, indexing them in a vector store, and instantiating a retrieval model that ranks chunks... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, scholars like Deaton and Cartwright (2018) and Cartwright (2007) argue that RCTs may suffer from limited external validity and may not capture complex economic phenomena, and can further be subject to inducing demand effects (de Quidt et al., 2018). Generalizing findings from specific experi... | **A**: This expansion reflects the need to address methodological rigor and to include detailed explanations of causal mechanisms, robustness checks, and theoretical integration.
**B**: Without pre-specification, this can increase the likelihood of finding a significant result by chance.
**C**:
RCTs have gained prom... | CAB | BCA | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, the conditions under which asymmetric firms may be expected to find these optimal solutions to the bargaining problem, or to reach any alternative bargaining outcome, remain largely unexplored. The empirical literature on how firms maintain collusion in asymmetric industries, and in particul... | **A**: Assessing the extent of tacit collusion is difficult without robust counterfactuals, and cartel studies may be biased because they are based on detected antitrust cases.
**B**: A key finding of these experiments is that tacit collusion fails in asymmetric settings, but they cannot explain what successful collus... | CAB | ACB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Our model is a duopsony, where there is a market which is used by two data aggregators in order to procure themselves with data.
The structure of the report is the following. <|MaskedSetence|> Section 3 describes model of the different agents in the market. Section 4 describes the strategic game t... | **A**: Section 5 discusses the numerical results obtained in a comparative statics analysis.
**B**: Next section presents the related work.
**C**:
This work analyses how an incumbent leverages the economies of scope in aggregating the data used as an input factor of its service provision, and when this leverage can ... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> This implies that the central bank’s loss function has a crucial role in the forecast evaluation process. <|MaskedSetence|> More recently, due to the large forecast error due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent spike in inflation, the absolute error loss has gained popularity [alessi2014cent... | **A**: Most of the literature has focussed on squared error loss, partly because traditional tests for rationality and encompassing rely on this assumption.
**B**: However, there is growing evidence that central banks exhibit asymmetric preferences [robert2003optimal, ruge2003inflation, capistran2008bias].
**C**: Fin... | CAB | ABC | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Moreover, we found that the system-optimal forecast features vary among wind power producers, depending on their location in the grid.
This work points to the new research direction, where ML models are reconsidered in terms of their market impacts and the abil... | **A**:
In this paper, we established the concept of regression equilibrium, where wind power producers optimize their forecast models against prices in day-ahead and real-time markets.
**B**: This not only maximizes their profits but also implicitly improves the coordination between these markets, ensuring the least-... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In 2008, the state of Oregon offered insurance coverage to a group of uninsured low-income adults through a lottery. <|MaskedSetence|> The treatment in this experiment was randomly assigned based on the number of people in the household. Therefore, we focus on individuals who reported being in singl... | **A**:
In this subsection, we investigate the impact of insurance coverage on healthcare utilization using data from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment.131313The dataset is publicly available at https://www.nber.org/research/data/oregon-health-insurance-experiment-data.
**B**: (2012) for more details about the ex... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Generative AI models, such as Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), have shown promise in capturing complex data distributions and generating synthetic data reflective of rare and catastrophic events that are underrepresented in historical datasets [42, 30]. Concurrently, reinforcement learning (RL) techn... | **A**: By leveraging VAEs to model claim distributions and generate synthetic scenarios, the framework overcomes challenges associated with data scarcity and variability.
**B**: In recent years, advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have demonstrated transformative potential in addressing chall... | ACB | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
Future investigations should identify root causes of media bias in disaster coverage and its direct effects on public perceptions, empathy, and policy preferences. <|MaskedSetence|> Additionally, examining the influence of social media and other information channels could yield a more comprehensive understanding of h... | **A**: By promoting accurate, inclusive coverage, it may be possible to deepen global solidarity and inspire the collective action required to mitigate the escalating risks of climate change..
**B**: For instance, the observed gradient in reporting tied to social connections may be driven by the ease of information fl... | CBA | CBA | BAC | CBA | Selection 1 |
3.1 Trying on the test
When the principal gives the agent a test, the agent privately chooses whether to try or intentionally fail. If the agent fails, the principal cannot observe whether the failure was intentional. This assumption is reasonable in our motivating applications.555In their model of adaptive testing, ... | **A**: In our model, by contrast, the principal chooses from a richer space of decisions, and different agent types have different preferences over those decisions.
If the test asks the agent a question and the agent leaves the question blank, then the principal cannot tell whether the agent knows the answer.
**B**: I... | ABC | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, it seems that export-based complexity measures are inadequate in comprehensively capturing knowledge and productive capabilities in all economic activities, such as non-tradeable services [6], and present significant biases when studying regional dynamics in continental-sized countries such ... | **A**:
Economic complexity literature has traditionally used international trade data at the country level to estimate country and product-level complexity indicators [5, 2, 1].
**B**: In recent years, researchers have turned their focus to patents [8, 9, 10, 11], academic output [12, 13, 14], and industry [15, 16, 1... | ABC | ABC | CAB | ABC | Selection 4 |
The characterization of directly- and indirectly-affected outcomes is distinct from whether an outcome is or could be observed by the analyst. <|MaskedSetence|> In principle, directly-affected and indirectly-affected variables could both be latent and/or observed. We illustrate these possibilities concretely in App... | **A**: Consequently, our definition is distinct from the concepts of latent and observed outcomes (e.g., Fariss, Kenwick, and Reuning, 2020).
**B**: Rather than measuring only vote choice, a researcher could invest in eliciting willingness-to-pay for the incumbent in an endline survey.
**C**: In empirical studies aki... | BCA | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> However, this approach faces several challenges. The relative importance of different dimensions often involves subjective judgment, and outcomes can vary depending on individual executives’ perspectives and personalities. <|MaskedSetence|> This approach requires that any innovati... | **A**: Moreover, when companies carry out thousands of A/B tests, the sheer volume of experiments and the difficulty in measuring secondary dimension effects make coordination costs prohibitively high.
Below, we propose a coordination-free solution: the implementation of a positive hurdle rate z𝑧zitalic_z.
**B**:
... | BCA | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
We rely on two empirical observations to quantify our model. First, the average import distance of U.S. imports has started declining after decades of steady increase. The decline in distance is driven by the decrease in imports from China, due to the rise in tariffs applied in 2018. <|MaskedSetence|> manufacturing fi... | **A**: manufacturing sector in 2018.
**B**: Second, the inventory-to-sales ratio of U.S.
**C**: We argue that a rise in delivery risk, driven by longer and more frequent delays and supply disruptions, can reconcile these trends.
| BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Accordingly, the significant practical relevance of the notion of obvious manipulation provides support for our criterion within uncertain strategic environments. <|MaskedSetence|> (2018).
The scope for applications of our criterion goes beyond strategic interactions. The idea that both worst-case... | **A**:
The conjunction of a best-case evaluation and of a worst-case evaluation at play in our criterion is akin to the one at play in the notion of obvious manipulation (Troyan and Morrill (2020)), defined for revelation games in which the uncertainty faced by an agent concerns others’ messages.
**B**: This notion g... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 1 |
Restricting attention to patent records from East Germany during 1989 and 1990 provides us with more detailed information about assignees and addresses, which helps us with disambiguation. However, a disadvantage of this focus is that we cannot accurately measure the productivity of inventors before 1989, or the le... | **A**: For this purpose, we repeat the disambiguation process of the GDR data, this time including patents up until 1980.
**B**: Instead of relying on inventor addresses and assignees as disambiguation criteria, we use patent abstracts as a substitute.
**C**: For common names, we multiply the cosine similarity score ... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
Table 6 reports the results for a single draw of the sub-samples using a random forest to predict the nuisance functions. The table reports for each calibration method the ATE, its standard error and the Brier score. <|MaskedSetence|> The result confirms our previous finding, that for large sample sizes the calibratio... | **A**: Thus, when working with a small sub-sample, calibrating propensity scores may yield an estimate closer to that of the full sample.
**B**: On the full sample, the ATE is approximately -0.59 across all calibration methods, indicating that visiting a language course leads to a decrease in employment duration of sl... | CBA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
This paper leverages on two complementary approaches – Input-Output Analysis and Economic Fitness and Complexity – to analyse the vulnerability and the competitiveness of the European automotive industry. <|MaskedSetence|> The main methodological contribution of our paper is the identification of the 6-digit products ... | **A**: We applied these methods using two key data sources and providing insights at the sector- and product-level: OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables, focusing on 2-digit sectoral linkages, and UN-COMTRADE data, focusing on the 6-digit product level to provide a granular examination of automotive supply chains.
*... | ABC | ABC | BAC | ABC | Selection 4 |
Finally, we go back to the relationship between complexity and induced effort, where effort is seen as a proxy for the cost that the agent optimally incurs when handling the task. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Thus, we naturally ask whether it is robust across different rewards.
Our second main result shows t... | **A**: As a result, the role of increased difficulty is relatively small.
.
**B**: However, this argument is typically obtained for fixed rewards.
**C**: As it has been already pointed out in the literature, we should not expect effort to be monotonic with respect to complexity, i.e., it might be the case that simple... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (2022b) for adaptive agent-based modelling, unifying several previously distinct ABM tasks, something yet to be considered. For example, in addition to the policy design task of Zheng et al. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> (2022b); Gerstgrasser and Parkes (2023). This formulation has been succe... | **A**: This generic expansion is based on formulating these two-layer frameworks as Stackelberg games, which are asymmetric Markov games between a leader and one or more followers Brero et al.
**B**:
In this work, we develop a generic expansion based on the ideas of Zheng et al.
**C**: (2022b), we show how other co... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Compared to this broad literature however, the goal of the present paper is much more specific. We aim to find conditions under which we can transfer the classical efficiency results of maximum likelihood estimators of a Euclidean parameter in well-behaved parametric models to the semiparametric case... | **A**:
The idea of approximating semiparametric models with growing parametric models is, of course, not new, as there is a well developed literature on sieve estimation.
**B**: Whilst similar conclusions are reached in the sieve literature (see, e.g., Theorem 4 in Shen, (1997)), these results typically follow as sp... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
Further analysis reveals that the diminished R&D spillovers following the financial crisis can be partly attributed to reduced R&D expenditures in key European countries that had previously served as major spillover generators. This finding aligns with evidence from OECD reports (OECD, 2012) and other studies using dif... | **A**: Notably, these studies typically assume that the adjacency matrix remains constant over time..
**B**: This suggests that the spillover structure is complex, driven by a combination of both observable and unobservable factors.
In addition to its empirical contribution, our work also enriches multiple strands o... | BCA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> At its core, they propose using calibrated regret as a quantitative measure for how far from non-collusion a seller running pricing algorithms is. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> To empirically audit non-collusion of a seller from the collected data, they develop a statistically efficient test ... | **A**: Low calibrated regret indicates that the seller is already close to best responding to the market environment she faces, which implies that she is not colluding since best responding corresponds to competitive behavior.
**B**: Informally, given a sequence of market conditions and pricing decisions made by a sel... | CBA | ACB | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The first is to provide sharp testable equalities that can detect all possible observable violations of the Tobit model. Second, we propose a test for the validity of the Tobit model’s identifying assumptions using the sharp equalities that characterize the model to check its falsifiability. Followin... | **A**:
In this paper, we develop a test for the validity of the Tobit model’s structure and assumptions, providing three main contributions to the literature.
**B**: We propose a discretization of the space of the treatment and the outcome that balances the computational requirements and data availability for differ... | ABC | CAB | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Addressing the issue of non-random sorting is crucial, as intentional positioning above or below the cutoff could bias results. In this study, we investigate whether students may have manipulated their GPA to meet the Dean’s List criteria. Several factors mitigate this concern. <|MaskedSetence|> <|... | **A**:
Before applying the Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) method, it is essential to ensure its validity.
**B**: First, first-year students are often less familiar with university policies and may not know the GPA required to be on the Dean’s List.
**C**: Second, final grades are based on end-of-semester exa... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
The systematic approach is keen to assess probabilities; therefore, it ultimately reduces scenarios evaluation to computing expected values. By contrast, the intuitive approach refrains from using probabilities in order not to dilute idiosyncratic intuitions [33] [18] [34] [29]. One point of view that reconciles these ... | **A**: By contrast, intuitive approaches typically select two critical dimensions along which four scenarios are identified.
**B**: However, the systematic approach has developed formal techniques (morphological analysis) that condense scenarios to manageable numbers by evaluating their diversity and their vulnerabili... | CBA | ACB | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
Moreover, a type space admits a money pump if every probability distribution over the state space involves arbitrage. Then, a type space admits a money pump if and only if the players’ beliefs are not consistent.
At a middle level, we work with universal consistency of beliefs, which holds if the consistency of the ... | **A**: Then, a type admits a universal money pump if and only if the players’ beliefs are not universally consistent in the type space..
**B**: Moreover, a type space admits a universal money pump if there exists a common certainty component that induces a type space admitting a money pump.
**C**: Along with this we ... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Section 2 describes our baseline assumptions used to identify and estimate the returns to skill over time using panel data on wages, contrasting these assumptions with those used in prior work (e.g. Juhn, Murphy, and Pierce, 1993; Lemieux, 2006; Castex and Dechter, 2014). <|MaskedSetence|> <|Masked... | **A**: We also test our main assumption on unobserved skill dynamics using cognitive test scores in the HRS.
Section 3 describes the PSID data used for most of our empirical analysis and reports estimated returns to unobserved skill in the U.S.
**B**: This paper proceeds as follows.
**C**: since the late-1970s.
Secti... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> As it is the norm, we take the average absolute SHAP values for each feature to assess the feature contribution at the model level. As before, we divide each feature contribution by the sum of all features contributions to express them in percentages. <|MaskedSetence|> For instanc... | **A**: In our context, the SHAP values assess the impact of the different features on the probabilities of default of each borrower.
**B**:
Third, we compare in Figure 3(b) the XPER decomposition of the AUC with the SHAP values introduced by Lundberg and Lee, (2017).
**C**: In Figure 3(b), we see that SHAP and XPER ... | BAC | ACB | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Chen et al. <|MaskedSetence|> A 2017 OECD report titled “Algorithms and Collusion” found that “Two-thirds of them [ecommerce firms] use automatic software programs that adjust their own prices based on the observed prices of competitors”. <|MaskedSetence|> Brogaard et al., (2014) find that algorith... | **A**: A 2023 eMarketer report shows that algorithms are dominating bidding in display and sponsored search auctions across the globe.
**B**: (2016) studied 1,641 best-seller products on Amazon and detected that about 543 had adopted some form of algorithmic pricing.
**C**:
The third thread looks at the pervasive a... | CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
To illustrate the empirical relevance of omitted event bias, I revisit the effect of minimum wage on teen employment with the DiD design using staggered timing of minimum wage increases across the states in the U.S. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> I define treatment cohorts by the period when a state first increa... | **A**: (Neumark and Wascher, 2006; Dube, Lester and Reich, 2016; Cengiz et al., 2019; Callaway and Sant’Anna, 2021).
**B**: My specification largely follows Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021).
**C**: (2023).
.
| ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> (2023). Creating and comparing dictionary, word embedding, and transformer-based models to measure discrete emotions in German political text. Political Analysis, 31(4), 626–641.
Yang, F., Wang, W., Wang, F., Fang, Y., Tang, D., Huang, J., … & Yao, J. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Nature Ma... | **A**: Widmann, T., & Wich, M.
**B**: scBERT as a large-scale pretrained deep language model for cell type annotation of single-cell RNA-seq data.
**C**: (2022).
| ACB | BCA | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Such a ledger would record the unique identification numbers or codes of all previously used digital coins. When a payee receives a digital coin, they can efficiently verify its history by checking the ledger. <|MaskedSetence|> Conversely, if the coin is verified as unused, the payee can accept it f... | **A**: Importantly, this process is timestamped, ensuring the chronological integrity of all transactions.
.
**B**: If the coin has already been used, it would no longer carry the indicated value, and the payee could reject the transaction.
**C**:
This verification process can be implemented by creating an immutab... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> While our setting also exhibits a two-sided nature—product side and temporal side—it differs fundamentally from the demand and supply sides typically analyzed in two-sided marketplaces. Specifically, our two-sided structure is “asymmetric,” whereas the demand and supply sides in tr... | **A**: Han et al., (2023) and Boyarsky et al., (2023) developed statistical tests for interference in A/B testing with increasing allocation, while Xiong et al., (2024) analyzed this design and established optimality conditions for both non-adaptive and adaptive settings.
.
**B**: There is extensive research on experi... | CBA | CBA | CBA | BCA | Selection 3 |
In this section, we use the same US data as in the previous section; however, instead of aggregating the data up to the country level, we use data for all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, New York City, overseas territories and three countries in free association with the US.161616The overseas territories and th... | **A**: We begin with the automatic xtbreak command that tests hypothesis (3) sequentially.
**B**: These are the results:
.
**C**: The availability of rich datasets allows the use of thinner trimming, which permits more breaks and also allows breaks to be closer to each other.
| ACB | CAB | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Here we discuss several possible simulation designs that leverage unblinding.
One approach maintains the between-prompt structure where each prompt simulates one experimental condition, but explicitly reveals the full experimental design in each prompt. This allows generating multiple responses to ... | **A**:
Our theoretical framework points toward a promising direction: designing unambiguous prompts by explicitly communicating the experimental design in the prompt, which by definition entails unblinding.
**B**: Another possibility is to use a within-prompt design where multiple experimental conditions are presente... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> This matrix simplifies the analysis by working with groups instead of individuals. In this paper we propose a similar approach, since Graphons could be seen as a stochastic network formation model, as established in Parise and Ozdaglar, (2023). Nevertheless, our ... | **A**: The authors achieve the reduction of dimensionality by studying the matrix of expected fractions of links between the different groups.
**B**: In Golub and Jackson, 2012a ; Golub and Jackson, 2012b the authors propose the Multi-type Random Networks model where society is represented by a symmetric adjacency ma... | CBA | CAB | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
These studies, however, have notable limitations. <|MaskedSetence|> Kato (2024b) avoid such approximations but focus on the small-gap regime, which may not align well with economic theory.
In this study, we establish minimax optimality for the simple regret without resorting to local asymptotic normality, diffusion... | **A**: Adusumilli (2022) rely on local asymptotic normality and diffusion processes, which are approximations that restrict the underlying distributions.
**B**: We can estimate the variance, and our algorithms are asymptotically optimal for non-Gaussian distributions.
**C**: Instead, we adopt the natural and widely-u... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
Along these lines, Herskovic and Ramos (2020) study information externalities in endogenously formed networks, showing that equilibrium networks exhibit hierarchical structures. Calvó-Armengol and de Martí (2009) investigate the impact of exogenous communication networks within a beauty-contest model. Galeotti et al. ... | **A**: Note that Calvó-Armengol et al.
**B**: (2015) also introduce (weighted and directed) networks describing agents’ coordination incentives to examine the interplay between the coordination payoff structure and the equilibrium information flows.111With a similar specification, Hagenbach and Koessler (2016) examine... | ABC | ABC | CBA | ABC | Selection 2 |
Online Appendix B.III studies the effect of correlation neglect on public policy-making. <|MaskedSetence|> We find that a social planner who wishes to improve social welfare by taxing an action could be misled by correlation neglect to implement an incorrect tax policy. <|MaskedSetence|> If a social planner wishes to... | **A**: We show that the effectiveness of public policies depends crucially on the perception of correlations.
**B**: For example, suppose agents are deciding whether to smoke a cigarette and observe the decisions of their peers to determine the value of smoking.
**C**: However, we show that a social planner who negle... | BAC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> CCA vs. sparse and regularized CCA
While the precise measure of CCA inconsistency was not available before, researchers were aware that the quality of the estimates delivered through sample canonical correlations and variables deteriorates when the ratios between the number of samples and dimension ... | **A**: (2015, 2017) analyze CCA under sparsity assumptions, while Tuzhilina et al.
**B**: Drawing intuition from many other high-dimensional problems, it is common to impose additional restrictions on canonical variables (or other model parameters) to address this issue.
**C**: 1.3.1.
| CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> In the early and mid 19th century Edward G. Wakefield’s ‘systematic colonization’ theory provided a framework for approaching frontier land policy that also proved influential in shaping classical political economy.
Wakefield developed an influential theory of colonial settlement... | **A**: Colonial governments and their agents, in particular, frequently controlled enclosure policy to advance specific objectives or group interests.
**B**: Karl Marx later seized on Wakefield’s colonial analysis, arguing in the final chapter of Capital that it had inadvertently revealed a broader truth about capital... | CAB | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
Finally, we turn to the policies evaluated using randomized trials, the setting of interest in Section 3.2. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Leveraging the additional sign restrictions, we compute the confidence intervals for the Paycheck Plus MVPF by solving SDP.2. Figure 2 shows the confidence intervals for the... | **A**: In the case of Paycheck Plus, for instance, it seems plausible to assume that individuals with higher after-tax income are also more likely to have higher earnings and are more likely to participate in the labor force.
**B**: A key takeaway is that including the additional sign constraints motivated by Proposit... | CAB | BCA | CAB | CAB | Selection 4 |
Additionally, previous research presents some conventions in zero-shot prompt design that lack careful documentation. For example, researchers from different countries use various languages as prompts, and some include additional ‘statements’ in the prompts like ‘supposing you are a human/rational player’. Considering... | **A**: Additionally, assigning different roles causes substantial behavior changes in GPT-3.5, reducing output diversity and focusing on the reasoning depth rarely observed in human samples.
**B**: This raises the concern that researchers may opt for certain LLM roles or input languages without being fully aware of th... | CAB | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> It works by fitting a polynomial to a small subset of neighboring data points, allowing the filter to adapt locally to variations in the data. <|MaskedSetence|> This filter is particularly valued in fields like chemistry and engineering, where preserving the signal’s shape and derivative information... | **A**: The Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter is a more sophisticated, adaptive approach for smoothing noisy data (savitzky1964smoothing).
**B**: Smooth estimates are obtained by minimizing the sum of squared distances between the polynomial and the original points—yielding a least squares polynomial fit with closed-form line... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Our findings reveal daily bidding patterns that suggest economic withholding, a strategy often used by storage participants since they are prohibited from physical withholding. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Our analysis also shows that storage participants are highly responsive to price spike... | **A**: In real-time markets, storage bids reflect selective availability, typically charging during mid-day and discharging in the late evening when price spikes are most probable.
**B**: We conduct an in-depth analysis of historical energy storage bids in CAISO from July 1, 2023, to October 1, 2024.
**C**: Specifica... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The choice of the grouping can be arbitrary, as long as it lies in a pre-specified set 𝒢𝒢\mathcal{G}caligraphic_G satisfying conditions (A)-(C). <|MaskedSetence|> Condition (B)
requires that the complexity of possible partitions, measured through its VC-dimension, is finite. This is attained by ma... | **A**: Condition (A) states that there are at most G𝐺Gitalic_G groups.
**B**: For example, it is attained for trees, maximum score functions (Zhou
et al., 2023; Kitagawa and.
**C**:
Assumption 3.2 considers settings where individuals are partitioned into (at most) G𝐺Gitalic_G groups.
| ABC | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
Stoye (2018). There have also been a series of papers using and extending the techniques proposed in Kitamura and
Stoye (2018) in order to study other related models. <|MaskedSetence|> (2023) extend the techniques of Kitamura and
Stoye (2018) in order to test a general model of preferences over prices as well as do we... | **A**: Deb
et al.
**B**: Kashaev et al.
**C**: Finally, Dean.
| ABC | ABC | ABC | BAC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We show refined bounds that link the pseudo-dimension (and consequently sample complexity) of optimal contracts in that model to the number of critical values. <|MaskedSetence|> Our work establishes a formal link between this concept and pseudo-dimension. <|MaskedSetence|> This shows a very benign ... | **A**: Prior work had linked the number of critical values to the computational complexity of finding (near-)optimal contracts.
**B**: As another extension we consider menus of contracts, and show that the pseudo-dimension scales linearly with menu size.
**C**: We also extend our results to the combinatorial actions ... | CAB | ABC | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
Our model can be applied to a variety of real-world sequence data, providing better representations of the structure and dynamics in the data. This is, for example, useful to detect and understand the structural properties of a network, such as the clusters of states present in the data. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSe... | **A**: For example, if we find that passengers from the United States flying to the United Kingdom will more likely fly afterward to Italy (i.e., there are higher order dependencies), the mixed-order model would indicate that it would be beneficial to organize the timing of flight transfers accordingly or to increase t... | BAC | BAC | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
Our model offers a novel testable prediction: miscoordination can persist when agents have varying levels of information about opponents’ aggregate behavior. <|MaskedSetence|> (2011) compared learning models’ predictive power using data from McKelvey
et al. <|MaskedSetence|> (2003), and Selten and
Chmura (2008), wher... | **A**: (2000), Goeree
et al.
**B**: They show that sampling dynamics predict behavior as well as quantal response equilibrium in all games, outperform Nash equilibrium, and improve further in less noisy second halves of the experiments (Brunner.
**C**: Brunner
et al.
| CAB | CAB | CBA | CAB | Selection 1 |
The objective in Kemeny’s model appears to be diametrically opposed to the objective of the strong maximum circulation model. Kemeny’s method removes as few votes as possible. A strong maximum circulation removes as many votes as possible. <|MaskedSetence|> Specifically, Kemeny’s model can be transformed into a spec... | **A**: If this objective is approximated by a convex hinge loss function, the resulting optimization problem is the dual of the maximum circulation problem.
**B**: As such, the maximum circulation model can be viewed as the dual of the “convexification” of Kemeny’s model.
.
**C**: However, there appears to be an int... | CAB | BCA | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> While the existing literature provides the 0. <|MaskedSetence|> Subsampling and 2. <|MaskedSetence|> This adaptability is established through uniform size control across a wide range of models, including data-generating processes with ignorable and notably large clusters. To ensure this uniform val... | **A**: Conventional approach, we propose the 1.
**B**: SACR approaches in this paper.
We demonstrate that the proposed inference procedures adapt seamlessly to both normal and non-normal limiting distributions.
**C**:
Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages of alternative approaches to cluster-robust inference.
| CAB | CAB | CAB | ACB | Selection 2 |
In this paper, following the modeling by Picard et al. (2004), we devise a multi-regional model incorporating “dual migration process” of profit-driven gradual migration of firms and real wage-driven gradual migration of workers. First, a discrete regional model with two or more regions is derived and then extended to ... | **A**: The behavior of solutions of the continuous space model is then investigated in detail.
**B**: In their model, when two different types of populations are introduced, it is shown that there are spatial patterns in which they do not cluster in the same area.
**C**: (2019) construct an abstract model of spatial ... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The intensity of the orange (purple) directly correlates with the speed at which the strategy succeeds (fails). The colorbar is measured in quarters. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> 3.
. | **A**: The markers follow the same legend described in Fig.
**B**: Lime lines are contour lines, and the markers on the plot represent the values of the eigenvalues of the process at that point, with the white lines marking the transition between one area and another.
**C**:
Figure 7: Phase diagrams for different in... | BAC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
What are the different dimensions of usefulness of an index? One is ease of calculation (usability). <|MaskedSetence|> Perhaps axioms for a usefulness measure such as described by Cholvy and da Costa Pereira, (2019) will be useful here. Under such a multi-dimensional perspective it seems important to understand (in a ... | **A**: Another is appropriateness for aiding in making the kinds of decisions that need to be made.
**B**: This amounts to using any among the many problem structuring methods available in the literature (for an example see Belton and Stewart,, 2010).
**C**: As an example, non-compensatory aggregation procedures will... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 1 |
As can be seen in Table 2, each short-term component has an average period ceiling of about five working days, meaning that the timescale for short-term components falls within one week. Short-term components relate to short-run market fluctuations and are often driven by factors with short-term impacts, which tend to... | **A**: Besides, maize return components experienced violent swings in 2013 due to global grain glut, while the Sino-US soybean trade dispute, along with changes in market supply and demand, led to spikes and drops of soybean return components in 2004 and 2013–2014..
**B**: This finding aligns with the run-length numbe... | CAB | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> While they consider a two-step plug-in estimation procedure (see equation (3.2) in their work), which bears similarities to our setup, a key distinction lies in the derivation of the influence function. <|MaskedSetence|> As well-documented in the literature, the various widely-used strategies lead t... | **A**: Specifically, their approach requires solving a least squares projection problem (as outlined in Proposition 1), whereas our method relies solely on taking derivatives of composite functions.
Below, we demonstrate how our method works in practice using different identification strategies for the ATE, making it... | BCA | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 4 |
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