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To evaluate the effectiveness of our MDP model in optimizing energy distribution under real-world constraints, we design a set of numerical experiments using synthetic but realistic data. <|MaskedSetence|> We consider various cost components for electricity provision for both renewable and non-renewable energy sources... | **A**: The simulated characteristics of the cities (not real values) that we consider are summarized in Table III.
.
**B**: The complete implementation, including all algorithms, policies, and evaluation frameworks, is available as open-source software at https://github.com/mansurarief/EnergyProjectMDP.
**C**: To acc... | BCA | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
The analysis in this paper is based on a reference system comprising a 10 MW wind plant and a proton exchange membrane electrolyser (PEMEL) illustrated in Fig. 1. PEMEL was selected because of its advantages compared to other technologies (alkaline and solid oxide), including high current density, fast response, and hi... | **A**: In this study, we exclude any transport and distribution costs and focus solely on the local compression and storage requirements at the production site.
Moreover, we consider wind-electrolyser systems of different forms, with wind turbines either co-located with the electrolyser or connected via the grid.
**... | CAB | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Each panel of the figure shows four (sometimes overlapping) damage paths under an RCP8.5-consistent scenario, plotted with time on the x-axis. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The solid light grey line displays the same GDP loss projections as the summary Figure E.2 above (the raw replication co... | **A**: An initial comparison between the paper replication outputs and the MimiGIVE implementation is represented by the lighter-colored lines.
**B**: Figure E.3 below illustrates these steps.
**C**: The two solid lines are outputs produced with paper replication codes, and the two dashed lines display outputs from d... | BCA | BCA | BCA | CBA | Selection 1 |
Posterior-separable cost functions, and their special case of the Shannon entropy cost (Sims, 2003), are frequently used in applications, partly due to their tractability (see, e.g., Maćkowiak, Matějka, and Wiederholt, 2023, for a survey). <|MaskedSetence|> One notable issue is that these cost functions depend on DM’... | **A**: He provides a revealed-preference characterization of posterior-separable costs, which is shown to be inconsistent with the dataset in Dean and Neligh (2023).
As a solution, he suggests using convex transformations of posterior-separable costs.
**B**: At the same time, several papers point to certain limitation... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Recent literature endogenizes the total factor productivity by making it a function of managerial ability (Guner et al., (2018)) or the number of managers (Chen et al., (2023)). <|MaskedSetence|> The difference is that in our model, the total factor productivity has two components, Hicks-neutral tec... | **A**: Our production function, taking into account the optimal matching, can be considered to endogenize the total factor productivity.
**B**: In their production function, the worker quality in firm, measured as the geometric average of fixed effects of managers and non-managers, is a component of total factor produ... | ACB | ACB | BAC | ACB | Selection 4 |
The trend derivatives – see Table 1 – are a qualitative analogue of numerical first derivatives. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> trends of trends, are used as an analogue of second derivatives. Let XX and YY be studied variables, and let their values be assumed positive. <|MaskedSetence|> These shapes are repr... | **A**: Then, based on the first and second trend derivatives, denoted by DD and DDDD respectively, there are six possible shapes σ\sigma illustrating the qualitative relationship between XX and YY.
**B**: However, some information or knowledge can be formalised with higher precision.
**C**: In such cases, second-ord... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
Debreu (1954). The celebrated welfare theorems guarantee competitive equilibria are Pareto efficient (first), and that all Pareto efficient equilibria are implementable via a suitable reallocation of initial endowments (second). <|MaskedSetence|> Yet, the difficulties of perfectly specifying human preferences introduc... | **A**: This results in a stark failure of the first welfare theorem: mutant machine invade the population and proliferate across every stable equilibria—all economic activity is driven by AI producing AI and human consumption is driven down to zero..
**B**: (2018) who study the implications of stochastic choice for de... | ACB | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
We first describe the datasets used in this section. We construct our datasets on corporate default and credit rating leveraging Moody’s Default and Recovery Database (DRD), which provides a detailed history of firm defaults and ratings across a broad collection of industries. To construct the default outcome variable,... | **A**: A large outlier of 35 events is recorded for February 2023 in the banking industry.
**B**: We then normalize the counts by their standard deviations in each month.
**C**: The majority of industry-year/month pairs have zero defaults, as expected.
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Together with Proposition 4, these curvature effects map directly into asymmetric peak vs. <|MaskedSetence|> This reveals a key insight: lower consumer flexibility in the peak period decreases curvature of the operator’s problem and increases price changes. <|MaskedSetence|> This creates complex interactions where d... | **A**: Policymakers should note when peak demand reflects essential needs (e.g., temperature control for health), since large peak price increases then have large welfare impacts and may warrant protections.
To summarize, this section established the equilibrium conditions under both pricing regimes and demonstrated ... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ACB | Selection 1 |
To apply Φ\Phi in the context of this study, we give a precise definition of what is and is not an appropriate interpretation for ΨLATE\Psi_{LATE}. <|MaskedSetence|> Suppose authors use an IV to target ΨLATE\Psi_{LATE} and estimate an effect of magnitude M>0M>0. Suppose that in a supplementary analysis, the auth... | **A**: These claim types were developed during a pilot analysis and specified prior to the construction of the final sample.
**B**: To illustrate, consider the canonical IV setting with an instrument ZZ, a treatment AA and an outcome YY.
**C**: We distinguish between six types of claims.
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<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Thus, if we hope to have a charaterisation of probabilistically stable revision for other thresholds, we will have to abandon the (Scott) axiom. Moreover, our observation above means that, whenever q≠tq\neq t, the axioms for qq-representable operators will have to differ from the a... | **A**:
This observation also illustrates that the transitivity of the ⪯σ\preceq_{\sigma} relation, entailed by the (Scott) axiom, is sound only for t=1/2t=1/2.
**B**: So the (Scott) axiom is not sound for any threshold t>1/2t>1/2.
**C**: In order to have a satisfactory characterization of probabilistically stable re... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 4 |
This paper seeks to bridge the gap between the rich insights afforded by detailed network data and the practical advantages of ARD. Drawing on the theoretical foundation laid by Mele (2017), it extends their inferential framework to incorporate ARD, thereby tackling the dual challenges of computational complexity and d... | **A**: This simulation not only tests the robustness of the proposed estimation method but also provides empirical evidence on the trade-offs involved in adopting ARD over traditional network data.
**B**: By employing a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method in tandem with the variational approximation techniques by M... | BAC | BAC | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Calvano et al. (2020) show that reinforcement-learning agents converge to collusive strategies with punishment phases. <|MaskedSetence|> (2021) demonstrate that misspecified learners, by correlating pricing experiments, drift toward monopoly outcomes, consistent with evidence from Amazon sellers. <... | **A**:
We situate our work in two strands of research: (i) evidence that algorithms can autonomously sustain collusion, and (ii) policy approaches to regulating it.
Evidence of algorithmic collusion: A growing body of work demonstrates that algorithms can sustain supracompetitive prices without explicit communicatio... | CAB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
2 Related Literature
The closest paper is Ide and Talamas (2025), which studies how AI impacts labor markets. In their model, worker ability is exogenously fixed over [0,1][0,1] (which corresponds to a set of problem difficulties) and AI can solve problems up to some threshold. <|MaskedSetence|> With the introduction... | **A**: When a worker is faced with a problem they cannot solve, they can pass the problem onto a (human or AI) solver who has a higher ability.
**B**: In Ide and Talamas (2025), workers with knowledge further awy from AI’s knowledge (in either direction) are benefited more, suggesting pooling towards either extreme (l... | ACB | ACB | ACB | CBA | Selection 2 |
To address this methodological gap, this paper introduces a distribution-valued causal inference framework for settings where the outcome of interest is a distribution rather than a scalar. Specifically, unlike scalar-based causal inference that operates in Euclidean space, we estimate the distributional average trea... | **A**: Within this framework, we define two causal quantities: the Distributional Average Potential Outcome (Dist-APO) and the Distributional Average Treatment Effect (Dist-ATE), which serve as distributional analogs of the classical potential outcome and the average treatment effect.
**B**: To estimate the Dist-APO, ... | ABC | ABC | ABC | BCA | Selection 2 |
From the heat map, two main conclusions can be drawn: (1) moving from the left to right or bottom to top cell within the same subplots—i.e., increasing problem size while keeping computational resources constant—the solution time for both co-optimization and price-response increase rapidly, as indicated by the sharp ch... | **A**: This is because of two main reasons.
**B**: In contrast, both the market auction and price-response methods benefit significantly from parallelism, as their solution times decrease with more CPU cores.
Most importantly, the market auction approach scales more efficiently than price-response.
**C**: Also, bec... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
As a concrete non-Gaussian example, we mention the dd-dimensional Hermite process, a non-Gaussian generalization of the fBm. <|MaskedSetence|> Finally, we mention suitable Levy processes (such as Poisson processes or α\alpha-stable processes) as an example of non-continuous drivers XX. In this case, due to the indepe... | **A**: In this case, the behavior of all of the terms is similar to the case of the fBm, and hence all the assumptions are valid.
**B**: This provides (iii).
**C**: Finally, the independence of the increments gives (iv) under suitable assumptions on the Levy measure.
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6 Conclusion
This paper investigates how inaccurate certification, as a noisy quality signal, affects competition, pricing, and welfare. <|MaskedSetence|> These are markets where objective quality differences are small (e.g., bottled water, generic drugs, Bluetooth speakers, and other common electronics accessories),... | **A**: Our experiments confirm that when offerings are close substitutes, profits are higher under noisy certification than under accurate certification.
**B**: In terms of welfare, accurate disclosure improves allocation and gross welfare, though certification fees can offset these gains.
**C**: Our model and experi... | ABC | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
The welfare accounting isolates the information externality. Prices are transfers; the real losses come from two sources: buying the inferior product before beliefs correct and spending on search that is privately but not fully socially internalized. <|MaskedSetence|> This closes the welfare gap into two transparent c... | **A**: We prove existence of a stationary equilibrium in Markov reset policies.
**B**: A planner who values the information each purchase generates for future consumers sets a lower buy-threshold than individuals do and can implement it with a simple search subsidy.
**C**: As the reset hazard rises, disadvantaged fir... | BCA | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
Our main result (Proposition 3.2) characterizes how the effect of raising rr on the policymaker’s welfare depends on the precision of the agents’ signals. <|MaskedSetence|> By contrast, if the private signals are very noisy, then increasing rr hurts the policymaker when the fundamental θ\theta is low (weak regime) bu... | **A**: A discussion of related literature is deferred to Section 4, and Section 5 concludes..
**B**: We show that: if the private signals are very precise (low noise), then higher rr uniformly reduces the policymaker’s welfare for *all* values of the fundamental.
**C**: Section 3 provides the equilibrium characteriza... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 4 |
First, there is a possibility that the risk of human extinction—despite being very real—will be entirely dismissed on the basis of lack of historical precedents. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Internalizing an additional source of mortality risk means that, other things equal, one’s expected lifespan goes down, ... | **A**: Worryingly, this logic is applicable regardless of the severity of the true underlying extinction risk, and despite that, by definition, if that risk materializes, there will be no more humans to observe it.
The second mechanism arises once the extinction risk is acknowledged.
**B**: Indeed, this seems to be ... | BAC | CAB | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
Based on our characterization of position-threshold rules, we further aim to extend the median rule to the interval domain. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> We show that there is only a single position-threshold rule that satisfies the majority criterion and the natural condition of strong unanimity (if the inter... | **A**: In the context of intervals, we call this condition the majority criterion and formalize it by requiring that an alternative is chosen if it is uniquely reported by more than half of the voters.
**B**: Intuitively, this rule replaces the interval of each voter with two singleton ballots corresponding to the lef... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
Gaussian processes have gained significant attention due to their broad applicability across various scientific and applied disciplines. To obtain the MLE, two common approaches are typically employed. <|MaskedSetence|> The second approach uses the sample mean as an estimator for μ\mu, leading to a plug-in MLE. <|Ma... | **A**: We prove that the exact MLE exhibits the properties of consistency and asymptotic normality.
**B**: However, both methods fail to address the inefficiency of the estimator for μ\mu, and concerns have been raised about the finite sample performance of the plug-in MLE.
**C**: The first approach maximizes the lik... | CBA | CBA | CBA | BCA | Selection 2 |
This assumption is similar to the monotone treatment response assumption in Manski (1997).
Intuitively, Assumption 9 means that, conditional on the unobserved heterogeneity, higher treatment levels are expected to generate better outcomes.
This assumption is particularly plausible in applications where the treatment v... | **A**: Moreover, even in cases where treatments are not ordinal in a global sense, such as when individuals are assigned to different physical training programs based on multidimensional characteristics like height, endurance, or strength, it may still be reasonable to assume a personalized ranking of treatment effects... | CBA | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
Outline–Section 2 reviews Sims’ impulse response functions and Granger causality. <|MaskedSetence|> Section 4 introduces our impulse response decomposition methodology. Section 5 provides a theoretical foundation for the decomposition from the perspective of causal mediation analysis and establishes a connection betw... | **A**: Finally, Section 8 concludes.
.
**B**: Section 6 develops a dynamic mediation index to assess the evolving importance of different causal channels over time.
**C**: Section 3 outlines the motivation for our study, highlighting the limitations of Sims’ impulse response analysis in identifying the transmission... | CBA | CBA | CBA | ACB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The bounded assumption can be relaxed, provided that one restricts the behavior of the tails of π\pi, as we show in the Online Appendix OA.1. As discussed there, an unbouded state space implies that
some optimal paths can drift to plus or minus infinity, however our results are not affected. Finally,... | **A**:
The convexity assumption is technical and for convenience as it allow us to perform differentiation of the various functions.
**B**: We believe that extending our framework to the multidimensional case is a fruitful open question for future research as it will greatly extend the scope of the current theory.
... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
Conversely, several studies suggest that overall platinum demand may continue to rise due to its broad range of applications, including jewelry, glass manufacturing, electrolysis, and fuel cells [21, 36]. In particular, the latter is expected to play a critical role in sustaining PGM production, highlighting the inte... | **A**: Under such conditions, the IEA-NZE targets could remain achievable, provided iridium-specific power densities improve optimistically.
**B**: This is further illustrated in Figure 6b, which shows maximum achievable capacity expansion under both conservative and optimistic assumptions for iridium-specific power d... | CBA | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
Confounding variables provide a natural and important application. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> While simplifying analysis, this assumption restricts attention to models without hidden confounding and can yield posterior distributions that overstate certainty. Unobserved confounding remains a major obstacle in... | **A**: Many widely used “causal” methods proceed under strong, untestable assumptions—most notably the absence of unmeasured confounders (the ignorability assumption; 13).
**B**: They remain a central challenge for statistical inference, as they can amplify, reverse, or obscure associations between treatment and outco... | BAC | ABC | BAC | BAC | Selection 1 |
7.4.1 Hypotheses Discarded: the VIX Trend Example
The formal DML and sensitivity analysis allows us to formally discard plausible but non-robust causal hypotheses. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> However, the nuisance model R2R^{2} is greater than 0.7, meaning that much of its variation is already explained by ... | **A**: In the initial DML procedure, \seqsplitvix_roc63_scaled_trend produced a statistically significant coefficient.
**B**: The formal sensitivity analysis shows that the finding is highly sensitive to unobserved confounding.
**C**: A prime example is the trend of VIX.
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Two-sided market
The agent and the outsider are two sides of a market (such as producers and consumers) who interact via a platform (principal). Pointed out by, for instance, Rochet and Tirole (2003) and Armstrong (2006), such markets usually manifest network externalities between the two sides. <|MaskedSetence|> ... | **A**: .
**B**: However, it is sometimes nonpractical for the platform to provide incentives to one side of the market.
**C**: One salient example is that while e-commerce marketplaces and social media provide extensive monetization plans to sellers and content creators, these platforms usually refrain from contracti... | BCA | BCA | CAB | BCA | Selection 1 |
Specify the significance level at which the decision about the H0H_{0} should be made. <|MaskedSetence|> The default value is significance_level = 0.05.
The function largevar() operates according to the steps laid in out in Section 2.2. <|MaskedSetence|> Any value of rr can be used to reject the hypothesis H0H_{0}... | **A**: We recommend small values such as r=1,2,3r=1,2,3, see Bykhovskaya and Gorin (2022, Section 3.2) for the detailed discussion..
**B**: The test statistic is formed based on the rr largest eigenvalues.
**C**: This is denoted (1−α)(1-\alpha) in Section 2.2.
| CBA | ACB | CBA | CBA | Selection 1 |
Among the economic drivers, we consider four widely used news-based uncertainty measures333The historical dataset for all uncertainty indicators is obtained from https://www.policyuncertainty.com/., namely GEPU, US EMV, US MPU, and GPR. An overview of their definitions and construction is provided in the Appendix 9.1... | **A**: We consider the global price of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil (USD per barrel) and stabilize its variability by computing the oil price growth rates.
**B**: We also consider CPI (Consumer Price Index) inflation rates for both the US and the BRIC economies, which measure price changes for a fixed baske... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
The paper is organized as follows. <|MaskedSetence|> Section 2 introduces the theoretical framework, defining the value function and the structure of the optimal policy, with particular attention to the role played by counterfactual outcomes. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Sections 5.1 and 5.2 provide implement... | **A**: This section (section 1), outlines the motivation, objectives, and a general overview of the proposed methodology for optimal policy learning under risk preferences.
**B**: In Section 3, we describe the estimation strategies for the value function and highlight the methodological challenges associated with coun... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Bernoulli, and independent from XX. On the other hand, (9) fails in some other special cases.
One example is the linear-in-means social interactions model where all members in a group are linked so that GG is the product of 1/n and a square matrix of ones and G2=GG^{2}=G. Note such a social interacti... | **A**: See, e.g., Bramoullé et al.
**B**: (2009), who require that II, GG, and G2G^{2} be linearly independent.
.
**C**: These primitive conditions serve to rule out “knife-edge” cases where the link formation process is aligned with the regressor distribution in such a pathological way that the rank of moments abov... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In the A-share market, its profitability for the SSE 50 and CSI 300 is weaker compared to that for the CSI 500. This is because the primary components of the SSE 50 and CSI 300 are large-cap blue-chip stocks with lower volatility. In contrast, the CSI 500 primarily consists of mid- and small-cap stoc... | **A**: Crude oil, however, as a basic energy commodity, has relatively stable demand, and many market participants engage in hedging transactions, which dampens price fluctuations to some extent, thus resulting in less favorable profitability.
**B**: Conversely, in the cryptocurrency market where market participants a... | BCA | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In this equation, xtx_{t} is the load in kWh, βt\beta_{t} is the volumetric price in $/kWh, and CtC_{t} is the volumetric cost of energy in dollars at time tt, and where tt is the interval used for the day-ahead price. The most common time interval duration is hourly. Less common time intervals inclu... | **A**:
We assume a DSO provides hourly or sub-hourly volumetric prices for energy in a 24-hour day-ahead schedule, shown in (1).
**B**: We make no assumptions on the source of the βt\beta_{t} prices; these prices can be calculated through DLMPs, scaled wholesale prices, or any other means.
**C**: Customers may also... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
The specific setting we model is summarized in the timeline of Figure 3. In the first period, the principal offers a contract. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> After that, the agent chooses their effort level, and first-period payoffs are realized.
In the second period, the principal, taking into account the tr... | **A**: If the contract is accepted, the agent chooses an effort level, and payoffs are realized.
**B**: After this contract is offered, the principal can offer the AI twin to the agent, but cannot change the contract.
**C**: The agent then chooses their training investment level vv.
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<|MaskedSetence|> So far we did not specify receivers’ out-equilibrium-beliefs that should be imposed to support our equilibrium in Theorem 3.4. Notice that, since p<1p<1, there is always a strictly positive probability that the Sender does not get any informative signal. <|MaskedSetence|> some news she was not suppo... | **A**: Before we move on to discussing welfare implications and the effect of the Sender’s preference bias, we make one comment regarding our equilibrium construction.
**B**: Hence, the only out-of-equilibrium play one can conceive is when the receivers observe that the Sender reports y∈𝒴Ny\in\mathcal{Y}^{\text{N}}, ... | ABC | ABC | ABC | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In particular, the players’ strategies (as described by their threshold functions) are strategic substitutes: a reduction in the threshold of my partner raises the chance that he will cooperate, which in turn makes me less eager to cooperate. On the other hand, for higher levels of beliefs, the game ... | **A**: From the viewpoint of someone who can observe the players’ beliefs, we claim that belief diversity raises the likelihood of cooperation whenever those beliefs are higher than a certain value (Proposition 4.2).
**B**: Intuitively, this happens for the following reason: For low beliefs, both players are almost ce... | BCA | BCA | BCA | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Sample
In this paper, we investigate patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) to study their ambulatory care utilization. The most common CVDs include coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke. We do so for two reasons. First, timely ambulatory care on CVDs can effective... | **A**: 3.1.
**B**: In comparison to other chronic diseases, CVDs have become the largest economic burden to healthcare systems in many nations around the globe.
.
**C**: Second, these patient cases not only occur with high frequency in the general population, but also account for most deaths universally.
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Despite these caveats, it is useful to assess how our model fares against alternative approaches. For simplicity, we impose a ‘business-as-usual’ (i.e., adverse) scenario for our conditioning variables from 2016–2023 and compare the resulting one-year-ahead forecasts against simple reduced-form alternatives (i.e., AR(... | **A**: By adopting this scenario, our conditional forecasts remain comparable to those benchmarks while also allowing us to highlight the additional advantage of our approach—namely, the ability to incorporate uncertainty in future emissions trajectories.
The full set of forecast performance measures is reported in T... | CAB | CAB | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
The growth trend, however, came to a halt in 2018, when the number of Green AI patents fell by nearly 20%. While a decline is also observed in overall U.S. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> This decline, followed by a recovery beginning in 2019, aligns with empirical findings showing that trade... | **A**: and China, which escalated during the first Trump administration.
**B**: patenting activity, it was far less pronounced.
**C**: We may hypothesize that this sector-specific downturn was influenced by trade tensions between the U.S.
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A well-known Russian-language OSINT aggregator, Kavkazfighter specializes in geolocation and front-line visual verification. Despite being unofficial, the account is widely followed across both pro-Ukrainian and neutral OSINT circles due to its consistent accuracy. Its operator often cross-posts public videos, annotate... | **A**: Interestingly, Kavkazfighter rarely posts raw frontline footage.
**B**: This fits a dynamic utility function with reputation compounding returns over time [32].
.
**C**: In our economic model, this role corresponds to lower direct risk R(E)R(E) but significant time cost T(E)T(E).
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The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Section 4 applies this framework to pick-side matching. <|MaskedSetence|> Section 6 provides an application to membership competitions. All proofs are relegated to the Appendix.
2 Preliminaries. | **A**: Section 5 presents the TU model and our existence result.
**B**: Section 2 introduces the market structure and notation.
**C**: Section 3 presents the NTU model, its corresponding algorithm that finds a stable outcome, and a result on setwise stability.
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The left panel of Figure 6 replicates the calibration results in Thiele et al. <|MaskedSetence|> There are some small differences due to different random seeds, but the overall patterns are very similar. <|MaskedSetence|> We see that there are some small differences, for instance green crosses appear for 8 paramete... | **A**: (2014).
**B**: The right panel shows the calibration results when MultiVeStA automatically determines the number of independent replications.
**C**: Similarly, focusing on 98% survival probability, under 10 replications there are four values of scouting probability for which variation lies between 10 and 15, w... | ABC | ABC | ABC | BCA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Second, differences in FEMA aid disbursement timing and magnitude could alter the resources available for rebuilding, potentially amplifying or dampening wage and employment responses. Third, private sector investment patterns, such as the rapidity of contractor engagement or infra... | **A**: First, variation in insurance payouts across counties may have affected both the speed and scale of reconstruction activity, thereby influencing local labor demand.
**B**:
7.3 Potential Unobserved Confounders
My empirical estimates could be influenced by several factors not directly observed in the QCEW data... | BAC | BAC | CBA | BAC | Selection 4 |
We collect package-level data from these 32 campus stations between January and November 2024. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Among delivered packages, 57% were handled by robots and 43% by human couriers, covering 61,630 unique users.
To test our hypotheses, we operationalize three key variables. First, sensi... | **A**: Out of 7,453,438 total package records, 241,517 involved either robot or human delivery, with the rest self-picked by users.
**B**: The dataset includes (i) delivery details (delivery type, fee, lead time), (ii) package attributes (product name, price, inbound time), and (iii) user demographics (gender, birthpl... | ABC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
Relation to existing work.
The paper intersects three literatures. First, in the claims/rationing tradition (bankruptcy and uniform rationing), proportional rules are classically justified by axioms such as anonymity, consistency, and resource monotonicity [see, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Our mechanism is noncooperative, b... | **A**: Our rule is price-free, direct, and dominance-implementable under bounds.
**B**: [1] framework and show the DS outcome is Strong Nash under TU because coalition surplus “leaks” to nonmembers via proportional coverage.
.
**C**: Third, on coalition-proofness, we work within the Bernheim et al.
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Under our relatively mild identifying assumptions, the parameters of interest are partially identified. We construct bounds by relying on the irrelevance assumption introduced above together with generalizations of the monotone treatment response and monotone treatment selection assumptions of Manski (1997) and Mansk... | **A**: (2025) bound an interaction effect in a more general setting, which has an interpretation of a spillover effect in the context of interference, by assuming that and individual’s outcome does not decrease when peers are treated.
.
**B**: These assumptions place no restrictions on the type or direction of interf... | BAC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
The group matches were organised in a double round-robin format, namely, each team played against all the others once at home and once away. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The next tie-breaking criteria were overall goal difference and goals scored. Remaining ties are decided randomly in our simulations.
The t... | **A**: The clubs were ranked based on their number of points, followed by head-to-head results (points collected in matches among the tied teams, goal difference in matches among the tied teams, goals scored in matches among the tied teams).
**B**: The third-placed teams transferred to the second most prestigious Euro... | ABC | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> We first examine heterogeneity across components of Canadian GDP to assess whether the aggregate responses are driven by specific sectors. <|MaskedSetence|> Next, we consider alternative identification strategies and estimation methods, including variations of the rotation procedure. Finally, we tes... | **A**:
This section presents a range of additional results and robustness exercises to verify the validity and generality of our main findings in Section 3.
**B**: We then evaluate the role of information effects in monetary policy surprises, highlighting the importance of controlling for information effects around c... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
Related literature.
Since the pioneering work by Ashenfelter (1978) on estimating the effects of training programs on earnings using a two-way fixed-effects model, empirical researchers have widely adopted panel data event study designs to quantify causal effects in economics. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Se... | **A**: Finally, Arkhangelsky, Imbens, Lei, and Luo (2024) consider individual-level treatment effects via finite-mixture and latent-type models.
**B**: However, a growing literature recognizes that homogeneous effect assumptions can yield misleading estimates in staggered adoption settings, and recent work has fallen ... | BCA | BCA | CAB | BCA | Selection 4 |
A second strand relevant to our question is the economics and marketing of digital platforms, media, and advertising. The auction and ranking mechanisms that intermediate content and attention have been characterized in models of sponsored search, position auctions, and two-sided competition, with a particular emphasis... | **A**: Complementary work in marketing has documented how privacy, creative, and targeting choices affect the reach and persuasiveness of digital advertising, and how product and content ranking decisions shape discovery and conversion (Goldfarb and Tucker, 2011; Ghose and Yang, 2009; Ren, 2024).
**B**: .
**C**: Thes... | ACB | ACB | BAC | ACB | Selection 2 |
Finally, the combination of substitution effects and competition effects explains the changes observed in the contribution of each alcohol category to total household purchase volumes (in g of ethanol), displayed in the lower panel of Table 9. Unsurprisingly, the share of spirits increases sharply in the first three sc... | **A**: In the last three scenarios, the most interesting from a public health point of view, there are limited substitution effects from still wines to spirits and, to a lesser extent, to beers, aperitifs and sparkling wines.
**B**: In the Minimum Unit Price scenario, the average alcohol content drops by 3.0% for beer... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
The intermediate points on the frontier can be implemented by attributes that isolate rare segments of the population. Intuitively, because the designer does not know how attributes relate to treatment outcomes, they cannot ensure that the AI will use them correctly. The designer’s only instrument for controlling mistr... | **A**: For example, if 50% of a population needs treatment the AI can induce treatment on either the 1% or 99% subpopulations.
**B**: When a subgroup is neither low risk nor high risk, the designer faces a worse tradeoff, because the AI has more flexibility over how to lie.
**C**: Expanding the share of the populatio... | ABC | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Such assumption is merely required to simplify the lower bound, as in multiple stable matching the lower bound involves outer maximization over all stable matchings, which is a combinatorial hard discrete problem and additionally depends on the objective of finding stable matching or a specific match... | **A**:
Note that we assume unique stable matching as compared to several works which assume stronger properties such as serial dictatorship sankararaman2021dominate , α\alpha-condition pmlr-v139-basu21a , α\alpha-reducibility maheshwari2022decentralized .
**B**: market with unequal number of players and arms yield un... | BCA | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Machine learning, in contrast, learns these rules implicitly by analyzing historical data Red Hat (2024); IBM (2024b). <|MaskedSetence|> Consequently, the most valuable asset for an SME in the AI era is not its software code but its unique, proprietary data. A local retailer’s sal... | **A**:
The fundamental shift for business leaders to grasp is the move from a world of explicit programming to one of probabilistic training.
**B**: Traditional software required developers to write precise ‘if-then‘ rules to cover every conceivable situation, a process that is rigid and cannot scale to handle the co... | ABC | ABC | BCA | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> More specifically, we analyze the entire evolution of odds throughout the betting period to assess whether outcomes depend not only on final odds but also on the trajectory by which those odds are reached. <|MaskedSetence|> Any systematic deviation from this benchmark would indicate that odds dynami... | **A**: These interim observations allow us to trace the real-time evolution of market expectations and to examine whether, and in what ways, the trajectory of odds—particularly in the final stages of betting—affects subsequent realized returns.
.
**B**: If final odds are truly sufficient statistics, then horses with i... | CAB | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
At medium horizons the edge narrows. By six months, FAVAR still leads in calmer regimes-RMSE of 1.169 before 2019 (gain 33%) but during 2022-24 its margin shrinks (2.810; gain only 11.4%), with horseshoe and DFM often close behind. <|MaskedSetence|> To begin with CRPS for FAVAR is 0.652 pre-2019 but drifts toward 1.70... | **A**: Similarly density scores represent the same point.
**B**: DFM, also, often climbs into second place by this horizon, consistent with its ability to let compact latent factors propagate shocks once the near-term indicators lose traction.
At the one-year horizon the picture flips.
**C**: Horseshoe takes over. ... | ABC | BAC | ABC | ABC | Selection 1 |
For other (non-BEV) electricity consumers in Germany, we do not show electricity bills, but weighted average wholesale electricity prices (Figure 7, panel D). We find that these other consumers, which are assumed to have an inflexible demand, also benefit from increasing shares of V2G, indicated by lower average pric... | **A**: To some extent, this also applies to non-BEV electricity consumption in other countries (Figure SI.5).
.
**B**: While the effect on average prices might appear small, it applies to a very large demand of 583 TWh.
**C**: This implies that V2G benefits also spill over to other consumers.
| BCA | CAB | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
A key feature of the model is that voters receive payoffs from their actions, and not from the outcome of the vote. Hence, individuals are concerned about making a choice that ex post turns out to be right, as in models of expressive voting.333See Hillman (2010). For experimental evidence on expressive voting, see Fed... | **A**: Second, they may know the structure of the network, but a given connection may, with some probability, fail to transmit information.
**B**: In networks based on real-world interactions, two individuals may fail to encounter each other within the relevant timeframe.
**C**: (2009); Shayo and Harel (2012); Ginzbu... | CAB | CAB | BAC | CAB | Selection 4 |
LLMs, earnings and Unemployment
In our empirical analysis, we show that occupations more exposed to LLMs have experienced an increase in earnings, with little to no discernible effect on unemployment in these occupations. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> They also find that declines occur wher... | **A**: Humlum and Vestergaard (2025), using survey data from Danish workers across 11 occupations, find no significant effects on earnings or hours, although he did find an increase productivty.
**B**: In contrast, (Brynjolfsson et al., 2025) exploit high-frequency payroll records from ADP and show that employment dec... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CBA | Selection 2 |
Our main result removes this restriction. <|MaskedSetence|> The extension is achieved at essentially no additional cost: the only difference from [6] is that, for simplicity, we work with
the closed graph property rather than upper semicontinuity. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Many economic environments exhibi... | **A**: Moreover, the cardinality condition on the Polish range space is weakened from uncountable to infinite.
**B**: While the equivalence between nowhere equivalence and the regularity properties cannot be obtained for distributions without assuming countable generation, we show that for regular conditional distribu... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> However, this is not a given, as we have not imposed the continuity and integrability conditions necessary to ensure existence and the well-definedness of expected utilities, KL divergences, and best responses. These issues are familiar from past work, so we do not belabor them in the main text. Appe... | **A**: This latter result is particularly useful for moving between the ϵ>0\epsilon>0 case and the limit as ϵ→0\epsilon\rightarrow 0 in the definition of stability.
**B**: Throughout, we focus on the case where expected utilities, KL divergences, and best responses are well defined and EZs exist, and refer interested ... | CAB | CAB | ACB | CAB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Quasi-monopoly of producers. <|MaskedSetence|> Indeed, most cancers are not curable, and treatments may work only for a limited time. When one treatment fails, the patient is treated with subsequent drugs until all options are exhausted. In fact, each drug is expected to be used i... | **A**: These aspects are incorporated to some degree into our model.
1.
**B**: Below, we detail some particularities of these markets (quasi-monopoly and high willingness to pay of patients) as well as their implications on the resulting prices, focusing more specifically on cancer treatments.
**C**: Cancer treatme... | BAC | BAC | BAC | ACB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> To examine this, I follow Qu and Tkachenko (2017) and Qu and Tkachenko (2023) and conduct an exercise based on an unconstrained minimization problem. <|MaskedSetence|> In doing so, I impose θ=0\theta=0 for the RE model while allowing all other parameters to vary freely to minimize KL distance. <|Ma... | **A**:
In this subsection, I address the second research question of this paper: whether DE generate dynamics that are truly distinct from those under RE.
**B**: Specifically, I fix the parameters of the benchmark DE model at their posterior means and then search for the parameter values of an alternative RE model to... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The agent’s net utility from the data exchange is defined as the payoff minus the cost. In our model, shared data cannot be redistributed by other agents. <|MaskedSetence|> However, this does not entail direct data sharing between ii and jj. Instead, we adopt a framework similar t... | **A**:
We introduce a collaborative data exchange economy, where a group of agents, each having an endowment of data, aim to engage in mutually beneficial data exchanges.
**B**: Specifically, when we say that agent ii shares its data with agent jj, we mean that agent ii allows agent jj to refine its machine learning ... | ACB | ACB | ACB | CBA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The high merit submissions are of particular interest because these often indicate not only a report of exceptional quality, but also novelty. Reports of exceptional quality can have a higher security impact since they’re often easier for internal security engineers to turn into actionable changes. ... | **A**: Interestingly, elasticity estimates show that the response to the reward change was significantly higher for high-value bugs.
**B**: These findings lay the groundwork for developing a further optimized reward scheme in the future to elicit a more beneficial set of bugs.
From a labor standpoint, the analysis o... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 3 |
It will be of interest to extend the two-ant interaction games to more elaborately model entire multi-stage process through which rest relocation is effected by tandem-runs without any centralized command. <|MaskedSetence|> We conclude by highlighting that our study focused on tandem-running ants (D. <|MaskedSetenc... | **A**: Such an endeavour may lead to incorporation of game-theoretic ideas into stochastic drift-diffusion models [58].
**B**: indicum), that do not rely on pheromone trails during relocation.
**C**: Whether pheromone-laying ants can also be modelled effectively within a game-theoretic framework—perhaps under a coope... | ABC | ABC | CAB | ABC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> securities market. Fitting the empirical data to the generalized Pareto distribution reveals tail index estimates consistent with infinite-variance behavior in cryptocurrency returns. Our findings indicate that, when short selling is allowed, the MTG framework outperforms the MV approach by achieving... | **A**: Conversely, in the absence of short selling, MV portfolios tend to include more assets than those prudence-based measures.
**B**:
In the second part, we empirically investigate the MTG efficient frontier using daily returns from six indices representing stocks, bonds, and cryptocurrencies obtained from the U.... | BAC | CBA | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Section 2 defines the normalized Walrasian demand and the flatenning diffeomorphism. Section 3 defines the canonical manifolds and characterizes their counterparts in the normalized and flat domains. Section 3 also defines the manifold of Pareto optimal allocations and discusses its relations to equi... | **A**: All proofs are stated in the Appendix.
.
**B**: Finally, Section 6 gathers all previous results and argues that STNP are a natural outcome of General Equilibrium Theory.
**C**:
After this Introduction, the outline of the paper is as follows.
| CBA | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
5.3 Real data analysis: Application to NHEFS data
In this section, we apply the proposed BDMI approach to a subset of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS), a longitudinal study jointly initiated by the National Center for Health Statistics and the Nation... | **A**: A detailed description of the dataset is available at https://hsph.harvard.edu/miguel-hernan/causal-inference-book.
**B**: The NHEFS was designed to investigate the effects of clinical, nutritional, demographic, and behavioral factors on various health outcomes, including morbidity and mortality.
**C**: Data w... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
On the LPMC dataset, FI-RUMBoost performs best. On this dataset, FS-DNN and FIS-DNN perform better than their GBDT counterpart, whereas the baseline models perform the least well. We deduce from these results that non-linear coefficients and inter-individual heterogeneity are of greater importance in this dataset. Fina... | **A**: Best results are highlighted in bold.
**B**: Baseline models are trained without socio-demographic characteristics.
.
**C**: The models are evaluated on the negative cross-entropy loss (lower the better).
| CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 2 |
However, several empirical analyses on this relationship provide mixed results, hinting at a nonlinear link between complexity and environmental performance [Caldarola et al., 2024]. <|MaskedSetence|> This apparent nonlinearity is reminiscent of the dynamics described by the environmental Kuznets curve, which postul... | **A**: This aligns with the findings of Doğan et al.
**B**: For instance, some studies find that complexity is related to increased ecological footprint [Rafique et al., 2022], and worse air quality [Boleti et al., 2021].
**C**: [2022], who observe that complexity appears to drive energy-based demand in the short ter... | BAC | BAC | BAC | BCA | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The 2024 estimated costs of dementia-related healthcare and long-term care amount to $360 billion, a figure expected to triple to $1 trillion by 2050 (Alzheimer’s Association,, 2024). Informal caregivers play an indispensable role in sustaining dementia patients in home-based settings, with only 8% o... | **A**:
In the United States, where 6.9 million older adults aged 65 and above currently live with Alzheimer’s disease, the economic impact is particularly acute.
**B**: Cognitive behavioral therapy was found to reduce dysfunctional thoughts among caregivers, while occupational therapy helped mitigate behavioral probl... | ACB | ABC | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
To complement this, we also applied the Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test Kwiatkowski et al. (1992), which uses stationarity as the null hypothesis and tests for trend-stationarity. <|MaskedSetence|> When a shock occurs, a trend-stationary process reverts to its trend, whereas a unit-root process experie... | **A**: Thus, the ADF and KPSS tests yield contradictory conclusions.
.
**B**: Using both the constant-only and trend-stationary versions of the KPSS test, we rejected the null of stationarity for all delivery periods.
**C**: This distinction is crucial: a process can have no unit root and still be non-stationary but... | CBA | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 3 |
It is well known that in overlapping generations economies equilibrium may be inefficient (e.g., [38, 20, 39]) and that indeterminacy is a common feature of the model (e.g., [39, 17, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 33, 15]). <|MaskedSetence|> However, in general, exactly solving an infinite number of equilibrium equations and the... | **A**: Traditionally, one way to “cut the Gorgian knot” ([38, p.
**B**: Therefore, assuring the existence and identifying Pareto optimal equilibria is a fundamental milestone to properly deploy these models to design, for instance, social security systems.
One possible path in this direction would be to calculate al... | BAC | BAC | ACB | BAC | Selection 1 |
A large body of work has extended or critiqued CAPM by introducing time variation, conditioning information, or alternative mechanisms. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> These approaches establish that betas can be state-dependent, incomplete, or shaped by frictions, and they remain central tools in empirical asse... | **A**: Conditional CAPM models [9, 11] and dynamic conditional beta models [2] explicitly allow betas to vary with state variables, while multi-factor and intertemporal extensions [13, 4] recognize that the market factor is incomplete.
**B**: Yet none of them resolve the logical simultaneity created by defining the ma... | ACB | ACB | ACB | ACB | Selection 4 |
The analysis of self-consumption offers a plausible mechanism for the observed gender gaps in commercialization. In Ethiopia and Nigeria, self-consumption is strongly and negatively associated with market participation, and the gap is significantly larger for women-headed households. This pattern is also evident when g... | **A**: The pooled analysis indicates that, on average, the challenges faced by women farmers in the process of commercialization are a significant regional phenomenon.
**B**: While the paper’s main finding is that the magnitudes of these gaps are highly context-specific, the pooled results suggest that the underlying ... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
6 Application I: [60]
The dataset used for this application comes from [60], and is commonly used as an empirical application in the weak instrument literature [50, 32]. <|MaskedSetence|> The stock market data come from Morgan Stanley Capital International, and the consumption and interest rate data come from the I... | **A**: Due to data constraints, the time periods vary across countries, with most time series beginning in 1970, although the data for the USA stretches back to 1947.
**B**: This dataset consists of quarterly data on stock markets at the aggregate level, as well as macroeconomic variables from 11 countries: Australia ... | BAC | BAC | CAB | BAC | Selection 2 |
We follow the convention in the literature of working with global temperature anomalies relative to the 1986-2005 base period, which casts into sharp relief ongoing increases in temperatures in recent decades. <|MaskedSetence|> Results are qualitatively similar, here we report estimates based on the former. In terms ... | **A**: Data for global temperatures (anomalies relative to the 1986-2005 base period) comes from Berkeley Earth, which averages raw gridded temperatures and bias-corrected station data.111We experimented with both land-only temperatures (which runs from 1750 to present), as well as averaged land and HadSST (Hadley Cent... | ABC | BCA | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
Whereas much of the theory around risk-sharing developed around these paradigms, risk-sharing in practice rarely occurs in anonymous pools. On the contrary, modern risk-sharing arrangements often involve heterogeneous structures such as peer-to-peer insurance, reciprocal contracts, mutual aid platforms, or reinsurance ... | **A**: A second key insight is that matrix representations provide clarity over the underlying mechanisms.
**B**: As we will show, many decentralized schemes can be expressed as linear operators acting on the loss vector, with nonnegativity and stochasticity constraints encoding budget balance, fairness, and convexity... | CAB | CAB | CAB | CAB | Selection 1 |
Next, we show that the English (ascending) auction can still be used to credibly implement the optimal mechanism (Theorem˜4). This result does not require the English auction to be run in an open-cry manner but only through bilateral communications. The intuition for this result is as follows. Consider our deviation fo... | **A**: That is, if the seller could not go back to bidder 11 (like in the first-price auction), then she would inflate the winning bid.
**B**: Note that this downward deviation of the reserve becomes profitable precisely when the seller cannot use the upward deviation of the reserve (i.e., no previous bidders bid abov... | ACB | CBA | ACB | ACB | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> In the context of Brussels and Belgium, several studies have mapped and analyzed baseline accessibility patterns. For example, Vandenbulcke et al. <|MaskedSetence|> Focusing on the capital, Lebrun [9] measured public transport travel times to key activity centers in Brussels and revealed pronounced ... | **A**: [8] compared accessibility structures across Belgium and found significant regional disparities.
**B**:
Following this paradigm, many scholars have called for major projects like new transit lines to be judged by their contributions to accessibility and spatial equity rather than just travel time savings or r... | BAC | BAC | BAC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Relative measures, including the IGE, the rank-rank slope, and the proposed unconditional upward rank mobility curve, compare children’s income levels or ranks directly with those of their parents. <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Indeed, Deutscher and
Mazumder (2023) show that correlations betw... | **A**: Our proposed conditional upward rank mobility curve falls into this category and is particularly well suited for the latter application.
Because relative and absolute mobility need not coincide, it is important to consider both perspectives.
**B**: Another key distinction concerns whether mobility is measured... | CBA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 3 |
For investors and ESG rating agencies, CSR topic diversity offers a complementary signal. A marked post-loss contraction in topic breadth need not be inherently negative, but it reveals the firm’s resource-allocation preferences and shifting strategic priorities under stress. <|MaskedSetence|> LDA is well suited to c... | **A**: Future research might examine whether disclosures on social media and in news outlets substitute for or complement CSR reports and incorporate the upfront decision of whether to issue a report, providing a more complete view of how financial distress shapes overall transparency..
**B**: Tracking this shift can ... | BCA | BCA | ACB | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Greater willingness to protest is associated with lower government trust (path b>0b>0 but operating through reduced trust levels). <|MaskedSetence|> Rather than strengthening confidence in institutions, this heightened protest orientation reflects discontent, thereby slightly ampl... | **A**: As a result, the indirect pathway reinforces the negative main effect, yielding a small but statistically significant mediation share of −2.02%-2.02\%.
In substantive terms, this mechanism can be summarized as follows: when sunlight efficiency decreases, citizens become more inclined to consider collective pro... | CBA | CBA | BCA | CBA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The early improvement in all–cause mortality is almost entirely a vehicle story. The latter deterioration is almost entirely a drug and mental health story. In other words, the figure documents a handoff in what drives adolescent mortality. <|MaskedSetence|> After 2014, the expansion of lethal subst... | **A**: Second, the green and red lines moved together after 2014.
**B**: The key contribution of this figure is compositional.
**C**: Before 2010, safer roads dominate the aggregate.
| BCA | BCA | BCA | BAC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> The inability to design adequate incentives stems from the impossibility for the agent to express his belief rather than the imperfect knowledge of the principal. <|MaskedSetence|> (2005). The object of interest is a random signal privately observed by each member. Incentives are provided by exploit... | **A**: However, they continue to assume that the full state is observed.
**B**: Notably, the concept of elicitation in these works differ from ours because we do not constrain the agent’s communication.
Other works deal with groups of individuals, as in Miller
et al.
**C**: Once the correlation structure becomes know... | ABC | ABC | ABC | CAB | Selection 3 |
Over the past two decades, parametric quasi-Bayes procedures have found a variety of applications in econometrics, from models with nonsmooth objectives (Chernozhukov and Hansen, 2005) to settings with nonstandard identification (Chen, Christensen, and Tamer, 2018; Andrews and Mikusheva, 2022). <|MaskedSetence|> By co... | **A**: Most of the literature has focused on the properties of quasi-posteriors in parametric models.
**B**: Third, we establish conditions under which a nonparametric Bernstein–von Mises (BvM) theorem holds for the quasi-Bayes posterior.
**C**: We use this to provide frequentist guarantees for certain optimally weig... | BCA | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 3 |
<|MaskedSetence|> Kartik and Zhong (2025), in particular, analyze an adverse selection setting where the seller makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the buyer and characterize all possible outcomes as the information available to each side varies. We also study the effect of information in lemons markets. Our focus, h... | **A**: Section 3 shows how the problem can be reduced to an optimal transport problem.
**B**: Finally, our paper is related to the literature studying how different market segmentations or information structures affect prices and output (Bergemann et al., 2015; Kartik and Zhong, 2025).
**C**: Section 5 discusses some... | ACB | BAC | BAC | BAC | Selection 3 |
We find that GenAI adoption is associated with a significant increase in publication output, particularly among early career researchers and those from non-English speaking countries. At the same time, we observe a small but statistically significant increase in the average impact factor of publications by authors who ... | **A**: They also point to important policy implications, including the need to promote equitable access to GenAI tools, especially in non-English speaking environments where the potential benefits appear strongest.
Our study contributes to a small but growing literature that examines how GenAI adoption affects scient... | ABC | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> While such uniformity results have been established in Markovic et al., (2017); Tian and Taylor, (2017); Andrews et al., (2024); and McCloskey, (2024) for the case of one polyhedra, our results establish uniformity for the general case of multiple polyhedra.111Tibshirani et al., (2... | **A**:
As a second contribution, we relax the assumptions of normality and known covariance to show that feasible analogues of the proposed procedures—where one plugs in asymptotically normal estimates and consistent covariance matrix estimators—are asymptotically valid in large samples, uniformly over a broad class ... | ACB | ABC | ABC | ABC | Selection 4 |
Here, nn is the number of intraday returns observed on day tt (which may vary due to holidays), and NN is the standard number of returns in a full trading day (lasting from 09:30 EST until 16:00 EST)—78 for intraday data only, or 79 including overnight returns. This scaling ensures comparability of RV across days w... | **A**: Feature values were included only if they corresponded to these days.
**B**: The square root of realized variance was taken to obtain realized volatility, aligning the scale with standard deviation and improving interpretability in forecasting models.
**C**: To ensure alignment across all variables, only days ... | BAC | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 2 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> However, for the majority of observable characteristics students are relatively similar across the cutoff. <|MaskedSetence|> Knowing that students are relatively homogenous across summary statistics through the threshold will allow the search for significant difference in outcome ... | **A**: This high level of cohesion across variables evidences sound internal validity for an RD design as far as threshold variation is concerned.
**B**: The summary statistics in table 5 show some differences in students on either side of the threshold.
**C**: Students placed into FYW are from families whose estimat... | BCA | BCA | BCA | BCA | Selection 1 |
In this work, we proposed DRAE, a risk-aware game-theoretic equilibrium concept that utilises LPMs as a risk measure that remedies the negative properties of existing reward-variance approaches. DRAE improves over existing variance-aware RAE on multiple fronts: 1) by accounting for exclusively downside risk created by... | **A**: DRAE is fundamentally designed to be an equilibrium tool for risky environments, where there exists stochasticity in the environment and little incentive to constrain potential upside in the face of this stochasticity (e.g., in finance).
**B**: Game-theoretic solution frameworks, such as policy-space response o... | CAB | CAB | CAB | BCA | Selection 1 |
Regarding the manufacturer’s profits, blockchain technology contributes to stabilizing long-term profits, with the growth rate accelerating as θ2\theta_{2} increases. Policy (T) further incentivizes the manufacturer to invest in blockchain technology, leading to the highest growth rate in profits. <|MaskedSetence|> In... | **A**: As shown in Figure 9, an increase in market capacity improves both the quality and goodwill levels of vaccines, resulting in higher vaccine prices in the absence of subsidies.
**B**: Ultimately, while the manufacturer’s initial profits may decline significantly at high levels of θ2\theta_{2}, profit growth in t... | BAC | BCA | BAC | BAC | Selection 4 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> Additionally, the preference update becomes more powerful by incorporating prior knowledge through parameters such as the number and partition of nests, nest parameters, and more. Lastly, the Gradient Bandit Algorithm (Barto, 2021) is an instance of Algorithm 3 b... | **A**: Furthermore, the choice probabilities, as gradients of a GNL surplus function, are Lipschitz continuous (Müller et al., 2021b).
**B**: Firstly, the sampling procedure can be computed efficiently, as the choice probabilities of any GNL model are expressed in a closed form through a multiplicative two-stage proce... | ACB | CBA | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
Although contemporary economic research investigators utilize a vast amount of data and sophisticated research methods, this study restricted itself to only seven macroeconomic factors of economic growth, as described in the previous section, and eleven countries from Central and Eastern Europe. <|MaskedSetence|> Inde... | **A**: 4.
**B**: Such conscious restriction may be helpful for the reasonable interpretation of results.
**C**: For the other CEE countries, the time series behave similarly; we will provide more information in the following table.
.
| BAC | BAC | CAB | BAC | Selection 1 |
<|MaskedSetence|> <|MaskedSetence|> The Lucas [1976] critique remains pertinent: models that ignore structural relationships risk failure under regime change, particularly when agents adapt strategically. Black-box algorithms also raise ethical and epistemological concerns, especially in domains such as justice, heal... | **A**: It introduces a pragmatic, data-driven lens focused on accuracy and actionable insight.
**B**: Sceptics argue that forecasting accuracy may be insufficient for sound policy design.
**C**:
Nonetheless, the predictive turn warrants caution.
| CBA | ABC | CBA | CBA | Selection 4 |
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