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The dataset generation failed

Error code:   DatasetGenerationError
Exception:    CastError
Message:      Couldn't cast
id: string
question: string
context: string
answer: string
disease: string
advice: string
instruction: string
input: string
output: string
to
{'instruction': Value('string'), 'input': Value('string'), 'output': Value('string'), 'context': Value('string')}
because column names don't match
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1872, in _prepare_split_single
                  for key, table in generator:
                                    ^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 260, in _generate_tables
                  self._cast_table(pa_table, json_field_paths=json_field_paths),
                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 120, in _cast_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self.info.features.arrow_schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              id: string
              question: string
              context: string
              answer: string
              disease: string
              advice: string
              instruction: string
              input: string
              output: string
              to
              {'instruction': Value('string'), 'input': Value('string'), 'output': Value('string'), 'context': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1347, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 980, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 884, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 947, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1739, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1922, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the dataset

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Answer the question based on the following context: Although the use of alternative medicine in the United States is increasing, no published studies have documented the effectiveness of naturopathy for treatment of menopausal symptoms compared to women receiving conventional therapy in the clinical setting. To compare...	Question: Is naturopathy as effective as conventional therapy for treatment of menopausal symptoms?	Naturopathy appears to be an effective alternative for relief of specific menopausal symptoms compared to conventional therapy.	Doc[0]: [0] Although the use of alternative medicine in the United States is increasing, no published studies have documented the effectiveness of naturopathy for treatment of menopausal symptoms compared to women receiving conventional therapy in the clinical setting. [1] To compare naturopathic therapy with conventi...
Answer the question based on the following context: To estimate the feasibility, utility and resource implications of electronically captured routine data for health technology assessment by randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and to recommend how routinely collected data could be made more effective for this purpose....	Question: Can randomised trials rely on existing electronic data?	Routine data have the potential to support health technology assessment by RCTs. The cost of data collection and analysis is likely to fall, although further work is required to improve the validity of routine data, particularly in central returns. Better knowledge of the capability of local systems and access to the d...	Doc[0]: [0] To estimate the feasibility, utility and resource implications of electronically captured routine data for health technology assessment by randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and to recommend how routinely collected data could be made more effective for this purpose. [1] Four health technology assessments...
Answer the question based on the following context: To compare morbidity in two groups of patients who underwent retropubic or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the same period. The clinical and pathological data obtained in 50 consecutive patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) from January 2...	Question: Is laparoscopic radical prostatectomy better than traditional retropubic radical prostatectomy?	The results of our non-randomized study show that up to now laparoscopic radical prostatectomy does not provide significant advantages in terms of peri-operative morbidity compared with the traditional retropubic approach.	Doc[0]: [0] To compare morbidity in two groups of patients who underwent retropubic or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the same period. [1] The clinical and pathological data obtained in 50 consecutive patients who underwent retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) from January 2001 to December 2001 were compared ...
Answer the question based on the following context: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) might develop after gastroenteritis. Most previous studies of this relationship have been uncontrolled, and little is known regarding other functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) after gastroenteritis. The primary aim of this stud...	Question: Does bacterial gastroenteritis predispose people to functional gastrointestinal disorders?	Symptoms consistent with IBS and functional diarrhea occur more frequently in people after bacterial gastroenteritis compared with controls, even after careful exclusion of people with pre-existing FGIDs. The frequency is similar at 3 and 6 months. Our findings support the existence of postinfectious IBS and give an ac...	Doc[0]: [0] Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) might develop after gastroenteritis. [1] Most previous studies of this relationship have been uncontrolled, and little is known regarding other functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) after gastroenteritis. [2] The primary aim of this study was to determine the frequenc...
Answer the question based on the following context: Urgent colonoscopy has been proposed for the diagnosis and management of acute colonic diverticular bleeding. Identification of active bleeding and nonbleeding stigmata facilitates diagnosis and endoscopic therapy, but it is unclear whether urgent colonoscopy after pr...	Question: Is early colonoscopy after admission for acute diverticular bleeding needed?	No significant association is apparent between the timing of colonoscopy after admission and encountering active bleeding or nonbleeding stigmata. Based on these observations, urgent colonoscopy for these patients does not seem advantageous.	Doc[0]: [0] Urgent colonoscopy has been proposed for the diagnosis and management of acute colonic diverticular bleeding. [1] Identification of active bleeding and nonbleeding stigmata facilitates diagnosis and endoscopic therapy, but it is unclear whether urgent colonoscopy after presentation increases the diagnostic...
Answer the question based on the following context: To compare the proportion of airway and vascular access procedures performed by referring hospital staff on critically ill children in two discrete time periods, before and after widespread use of a specialised paediatric retrieval service. Transport data were obtaine...	Question: Does the use of a specialised paediatric retrieval service result in the loss of vital stabilisation skills among referring hospital staff?	Referring hospital staff are performing a greater proportion of initial airway and vascular access procedures undertaken in the stabilisation of sick children retrieved by a specialised paediatric retrieval team. The provision of this service has not resulted in the loss of vital skills at the local hospital.	Doc[0]: [0] To compare the proportion of airway and vascular access procedures performed by referring hospital staff on critically ill children in two discrete time periods, before and after widespread use of a specialised paediatric retrieval service. [1] Transport data were obtained from retrieval logs of all childr...
Answer the question based on the following context: To determine the clinical course and long term outcome of empyema treated without decortication. Fourteen consecutive admissions to one hospital were studied; radiological resolution and lung function were subsequently followed. The children were aged 2-14 years. All ...	Question: Management of thoracic empyema in childhood: does the pleural thickening matter?	Results suggest that decortication is not necessary in children to prevent long term problems with pleural thickening, and should be undertaken on the basis of the clinical picture (failure of fever resolution), rather than radiological appearance.	Doc[0]: [0] To determine the clinical course and long term outcome of empyema treated without decortication. [1] Fourteen consecutive admissions to one hospital were studied; radiological resolution and lung function were subsequently followed. [2] The children were aged 2-14 years. [3] All were treated with intraveno...
Answer the question based on the following context: Direct pressure applied on the inner ear cannot induce hearing loss. Three possible causes have been described in the literature for inner ear permanent lesions during scuba diving: pressure imbalance between the middle ear and the external ear, appearance of microbub...	Question: Does repeated hyperbaric exposure to 4 atmosphere absolute cause hearing impairment?	Pressure applied directly on the inner ear during diving does not disturb cochlear activity.	Doc[0]: [0] Direct pressure applied on the inner ear cannot induce hearing loss. [1] Three possible causes have been described in the literature for inner ear permanent lesions during scuba diving: pressure imbalance between the middle ear and the external ear, appearance of microbubbles in the internal ear, and direc...
Answer the question based on the following context: Current practice in reconstruction of the lower urinary tract for duplicated renal systems with an associated ureterocele is excision of the ureterocele with reconstruction of the bladder and a common sheath ureteroneocystostomy. For a nonfunctioning upper pole treatm...	Question: Lower urinary tract reconstruction for duplicated renal units with ureterocele. Is excision of the ureterocele with reconstruction of the bladder base necessary?	Lower urinary tract reconstruction for duplicated renal systems with obstruction of the upper pole can be accomplished safely with decreased morbidity through the extravesical approach without excision of the ureterocele or reconstruction of the bladder base. Moreover, in instances when there is no reflux to the lower ...	Doc[0]: [0] Current practice in reconstruction of the lower urinary tract for duplicated renal systems with an associated ureterocele is excision of the ureterocele with reconstruction of the bladder and a common sheath ureteroneocystostomy. [1] For a nonfunctioning upper pole treatment is partial nephroureterectomy. ...
Answer the question based on the following context: We evaluate the outcome vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in duplicated collecting systems compared to single collecting systems corrected using an extravesical detrusorrhaphy approach. We reviewed the records of 266 patients (422 ureters) treated for VUR using an extravesi...	Question: Is common sheath extravesical reimplantation an effective technique to correct reflux in duplicated collecting systems?	Common sheath extravesical reimplantation is highly effective in treating VUR. The common sheath extravesical reimplantation for duplicated collecting systems is as effective in nonduplicated systems and is associated with minimal perioperative morbidity.	Doc[0]: [0] We evaluate the outcome vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in duplicated collecting systems compared to single collecting systems corrected using an extravesical detrusorrhaphy approach. [1] We reviewed the records of 266 patients (422 ureters) treated for VUR using an extravesical approach between 1991 and 2001....
Answer the question based on the following context: We determine whether the finding of a nonpalpable left testis and hypertrophied(2 cc or greater) right testis is predictive of an atrophic (perinatal torsion) left testis. Prospectively, all boys with a nonpalpable left testis and hypertrophied right testis seen betwe...	Question: Is an empty left hemiscrotum and hypertrophied right descended testis predictive of perinatal torsion?	The combination of a nonpalpable left testis and an enlarged right testis is highly predictive of perinatal testicular torsion. When both criteria were met 20 of 22 (91%) consecutive patients had histological or laparoscopically confirmed perinatal torsion and 1 had only clinical features. This finding supports the con...	Doc[0]: [0] We determine whether the finding of a nonpalpable left testis and hypertrophied(2 cc or greater) right testis is predictive of an atrophic (perinatal torsion) left testis. [1] Prospectively, all boys with a nonpalpable left testis and hypertrophied right testis seen between May 2000 and May 2002 were inclu...
Answer the question based on the following context: In boys with resected posterior urethral valves (PUV) deterioration of renal function is seen during childhood and adolescence, which may partly be caused by bladder dysfunction. We present data on renal and bladder function initially and at followup of boys with PUV ...	Question: Does treatment with clean intermittent catheterization in boys with posterior urethral valves affect bladder and renal function?	The results suggest that treatment of bladder dysfunction in boys with PUV can counteract the deterioration in renal function seen during childhood but the number of patients in our study is limited.	Doc[0]: [0] In boys with resected posterior urethral valves (PUV) deterioration of renal function is seen during childhood and adolescence, which may partly be caused by bladder dysfunction. [1] We present data on renal and bladder function initially and at followup of boys with PUV in whom the bladder dysfunction has...
Answer the question based on the following context: We investigated whether a diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction could be established from pressure flow analysis of a void initiated by involuntary detrusor overactivity. A total of 79 men with lower urinary tract symptoms were identified prospectively. In each sub...	Question: Can bladder outflow obstruction be diagnosed from pressure flow analysis of voiding initiated by involuntary detrusor overactivity?	This study demonstrates that increased detrusor pressure observed during voiding subsequent to detrusor overactivity does not change the diagnostic classification in 80% of men. The results provide evidence that bladder outflow obstruction can be reliably diagnosed based on pressure flow parameters recorded during void...	Doc[0]: [0] We investigated whether a diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction could be established from pressure flow analysis of a void initiated by involuntary detrusor overactivity. [1] A total of 79 men with lower urinary tract symptoms were identified prospectively. [2] In each subject 2 sequential pressure flow...
Answer the question based on the following context: Radio frequency ablation (RFA) has been used as a minimally invasive alternative to nephrectomy for small renal tumors. Questions have arisen regarding the accuracy of cell viability determination on standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. We investigated and c...	Question: Optimal lesion assessment following acute radio frequency ablation of porcine kidney: cellular viability or histopathology?	While RFA produces discernible histological changes acutely on H&E, these alterations are variable and patchy, and they alternate with areas of well preserved tissue. Therefore, NADH staining should always be used to assess and verify cellular death in RFA lesions. In this study no skip areas of viable cells were noted...	Doc[0]: [0] Radio frequency ablation (RFA) has been used as a minimally invasive alternative to nephrectomy for small renal tumors. [1] Questions have arisen regarding the accuracy of cell viability determination on standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. [2] We investigated and compared the histological charac...
Answer the question based on the following context: To determine the efficacy of secondary preventive therapy against tuberculosis (TB) among gold miners working in South Africa. An observational study. Health service providing comprehensive care for gold miners. The incidence of recurrent TB was compared between two c...	Question: Efficacy of secondary isoniazid preventive therapy among HIV-infected Southern Africans: time to change policy?	Secondary preventive therapy reduces TB recurrence: the absolute impact appears to be greatest among individuals with low CD4 cell counts. International TB preventive therapy guidelines for HIV-infected individuals need to be expanded to include recommendations for secondary preventive therapy in settings where TB prev...	Doc[0]: [0] To determine the efficacy of secondary preventive therapy against tuberculosis (TB) among gold miners working in South Africa. [1] An observational study. [2] Health service providing comprehensive care for gold miners. [3] The incidence of recurrent TB was compared between two cohorts of HIV-infected mine...
Answer the question based on the following context: Most obstetricians and gynecologists order serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) in every female patient undergoing an infertility evaluation (regardless of their menstrual rhythm). Patients were recruited from the clinical practice of ...	Question: Is it necessary to obtain serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin in asymptomatic women with infertility?	The practice of routinely ordering serum levels of TSH and PRL in infertility patients having normal periods is questioned.	Doc[0]: [0] Most obstetricians and gynecologists order serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) in every female patient undergoing an infertility evaluation (regardless of their menstrual rhythm). [1] Patients were recruited from the clinical practice of the named authors in a prospective ...
Answer the question based on the following context: Treatment outcomes are an important determinant of patients' treatment preferences. Although studies have examined how well surrogates agree with patients' preferences for specific treatment interventions, agreement regarding the valuation of health states as treatmen...	Question: Valuing the outcomes of treatment: do patients and their caregivers agree?	Patient-caregiver agreement about the acceptability of health states with functional or cognitive impairment, severe pain, or other symptoms was poor. Caregivers making surrogate decisions based on considerations of treatment outcomes may not effectively represent patients' preferences.	Doc[0]: [0] Treatment outcomes are an important determinant of patients' treatment preferences. [1] Although studies have examined how well surrogates agree with patients' preferences for specific treatment interventions, agreement regarding the valuation of health states as treatment outcomes is unknown. [2] Cross-se...
Answer the question based on the following context: To determine the effect of different mattresses on cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance and establish whether emergency deflation of an inflatable mattress improves the quality of resuscitation. Randomised controlled cross-over trial performed in a general Critic...	Question: Do different mattresses affect the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation?	Resuscitation performance is adversely affected when performed on a bed (irrespective of mattress type) compared to the floor. There were no differences between the inflated and deflated mattresses, although the deflation process did not adversely affect performance. This study does not support the routine deflation of...	Doc[0]: [0] To determine the effect of different mattresses on cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance and establish whether emergency deflation of an inflatable mattress improves the quality of resuscitation. [1] Randomised controlled cross-over trial performed in a general Critical care staff from a general ICU. [...
Answer the question based on the following context: The aim of the present study was to assess the general population from two Sardinian areas to ascertain the direct health care costs involved in a diagnosis of major depression, and to verify the hypothesis of an increased expenditure for untreated depressed subjects....	Question: Could health care costs for depression be decreased if the disorder were correctly diagnosed and treated?	In spite of the limitations of the small sample size, the results seem to confirm an increase of direct health care costs in untreated depressed subjects. In view of the availability of efficient forms of treatment for depression, the findings obtained indicate that depression should be considered a priority question f...	Doc[0]: [0] The aim of the present study was to assess the general population from two Sardinian areas to ascertain the direct health care costs involved in a diagnosis of major depression, and to verify the hypothesis of an increased expenditure for untreated depressed subjects. [1] A case-control study was carried o...
Answer the question based on the following context: Clinically, females receive anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears more commonly than males. We explored whether gender differences exist in MR imaging patterns of ACL tears. At 1.5 T, two observers evaluated MR examinations of 84 consecutive age-matched patients (42 ...	Question: MR imaging of anterior cruciate ligament tears: is there a gender gap?	Gender differences in MR imaging patterns of ACL tears exist: females are more commonly imaged in the acute stage and more commonly possess posterolateral tibial bone contusions; males have a more severe presentation than females, associated with more severe lateral femoral condyle and soft tissue injuries.	Doc[0]: [0] Clinically, females receive anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears more commonly than males. [1] We explored whether gender differences exist in MR imaging patterns of ACL tears. [2] At 1.5 T, two observers evaluated MR examinations of 84 consecutive age-matched patients (42 males, 42 females, aged 16-39) ...
Answer the question based on the following context: The distribution of fractures in the spine reported in the literature is quite variable. Application of such data to the pediatric population needs to take into account differences between children and adults, including overall decreased fracture frequency in children...	Question: Distribution of spinal fractures in children: does age, mechanism of injury, or gender play a significant role?	Regardless of gender or mechanism of injury, the thoracic spine (T2-T10) is the most common region of fracture in pediatric trauma patients.	Doc[0]: [0] The distribution of fractures in the spine reported in the literature is quite variable. [1] Application of such data to the pediatric population needs to take into account differences between children and adults, including overall decreased fracture frequency in children, developmental and physiological d...
Answer the question based on the following context: Mental health literacy has been defined as the public's knowledge and the beliefs about mental disorders enhancing the ability to recognise specific disorders. Firstly, to determine whether the public recognises a person depicted in a vignette as mentally ill or as ex...	Question: Do people recognise mental illness?	The low knowledge about mental disorders, particularly depression, confirms the importance and the need to increase mental health literacy. Furthermore, professionals must openly discuss illness models with their patients, especially emphasising the differences between illness and crisis.	Doc[0]: [0] Mental health literacy has been defined as the public's knowledge and the beliefs about mental disorders enhancing the ability to recognise specific disorders. [1] Firstly, to determine whether the public recognises a person depicted in a vignette as mentally ill or as experiencing a crisis. [2] Secondly, ...
Answer the question based on the following context: The purpose of this study was to examine idiotypic cascade mechanisms in the plasma of a prolonged survivor patient with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is a follow-up to previously published seminal studies by this laboratory showing survival benefit asso...	Question: Documentation of idiotypic cascade after Lym-1 radioimmunotherapy in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: basis for extended survival?	This study offers direct evidence for initiation of a multilevel idiotypic cascade in a patient undergoing passive monoclonal antibody therapy for NHL. The patient's prolonged disease-free survival may, thus, be understood in the context of the generation of endogenous, self-perpetuating tumor-specific antibodies.	Doc[0]: [0] The purpose of this study was to examine idiotypic cascade mechanisms in the plasma of a prolonged survivor patient with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). [1] It is a follow-up to previously published seminal studies by this laboratory showing survival benefit associated with radioimmunotherapy in N...
Answer the question based on the following context: The clinical outcome of patients with ampullary carcinoma is significantly more favorable than for patients with pancreatic head carcinoma. The Whipple procedure is the operation of choice for both diagnoses. Still local resection is recommended in selected cases. The...	Question: Management of cancer of the ampulla of Vater: does local resection play a role?	Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the preferred operation for cancer of the ampulla of Vater in patients who are fit for the procedure. Local resection plays a limited role in carefully selected patients.	Doc[0]: [0] The clinical outcome of patients with ampullary carcinoma is significantly more favorable than for patients with pancreatic head carcinoma. [1] The Whipple procedure is the operation of choice for both diagnoses. [2] Still local resection is recommended in selected cases. [3] The aim of this study was to a...
Answer the question based on the following context: Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, both of which are affected in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Anecdotally, we have observed that a number of patients with NASH carried a diagnosis of h...	Question: Is hypothyroidism a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis?	These data suggest that hypothyroidism is associated with human NASH. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and to understand its implications.	Doc[0]: [0] Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, both of which are affected in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). [1] Anecdotally, we have observed that a number of patients with NASH carried a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. [2] However, it is u...
Answer the question based on the following context: To ascertain the value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in the first 24 hours of hospital admission in patients suffering good-grade spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to detect a high-risk group for symptomatic vasospasm. Forty-nine spont...	Question: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage,: is emergency transcranial Doppler sonography useful?	The ability of TCD recorded in the first 24 hours of hospital admission to detect high-risk vasospasm patients for SAH with low clinical severity helps decide the most efficient patient destination. During the first three days the MV/24h is of value but not the absolute figure of the MV. In contrast, between the 4th an...	Doc[0]: [0] To ascertain the value of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in the first 24 hours of hospital admission in patients suffering good-grade spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in order to detect a high-risk group for symptomatic vasospasm. [1] Forty-nine spontaneous good-grade SAH were included...
Answer the question based on the following context: Lichen aureus is localized variant of persistent pigmented purpuric dermatitis that typically affects the legs and can be associated with delayed hypersensitivity reactions or vascular abnormalities. Plasma cell vulvitis (Zoon's vulvitis) is a rare condition that freq...	Question: Chronic vulvar purpura: persistent pigmented purpuric dermatitis (lichen aureus) of the vulva or plasma cell (Zoon's) vulvitis?	Reported herein is an unusual vulvar dermatosis that is best classified as a localized variant of persistent pigmented dermatosis (lichen aureus) but overlaps clinically and histologically with Zoon's vulvitis. This constellation of findings may represent a site-specific mucosal reaction to an erosive process that coul...	Doc[0]: [0] Lichen aureus is localized variant of persistent pigmented purpuric dermatitis that typically affects the legs and can be associated with delayed hypersensitivity reactions or vascular abnormalities. [1] Plasma cell vulvitis (Zoon's vulvitis) is a rare condition that frequently contains hemosiderin deposit...
Answer the question based on the following context: Acute otitis media causes human suffering and enormous costs to society. Symptoms of acute otitis media overlap those of the common cold, and diagnostic methods confirming the diagnosis are used only occasionally. Uncertainty in diagnostics may lead either to overdiag...	Question: Is it possible to diagnose acute otitis media accurately in primary health care?	The use of a pneumatic otoscope and tympanometry reduces the number of acute otitis media diagnoses by>30%, suggesting that acute otitis media may be misdiagnosed often. Between clinicians, there was a substantial discrepancy in diagnoses of acute otitis media.	Doc[0]: [0] Acute otitis media causes human suffering and enormous costs to society. [1] Symptoms of acute otitis media overlap those of the common cold, and diagnostic methods confirming the diagnosis are used only occasionally. [2] Uncertainty in diagnostics may lead either to overdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment...
Answer the question based on the following context: The purpose of this study was to examine whether Internet-based surveys of health professionals can provide a valid alternative to traditional survey methods. (i) Systematic review of published Internet-based surveys of health professionals focusing on criteria of ext...	Question: Using the Internet to conduct surveys of health professionals: a valid alternative?	Internet-based surveys provide an attractive alternative to postal and telephone surveys of health professionals, but they raise important technical and methodological issues which should be carefully considered before widespread implementation. The major obstacle is external validity, and specifically how to obtain a ...	Doc[0]: [0] The purpose of this study was to examine whether Internet-based surveys of health professionals can provide a valid alternative to traditional survey methods. [1] (i) Systematic review of published Internet-based surveys of health professionals focusing on criteria of external validity, specifically sample...
Answer the question based on the following context: Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are not easy to use well. Every MDI user receives a manufacturer's patient information leaflet (PIL). However, not everyone is able or willing to read written information. Multimedia offers an alternative method for teaching or reinforcing...	Question: Providing information on metered dose inhaler technique: is multimedia as effective as print?	Short-term, multimedia is as least as effective as a good leaflet, and may have advantages for steps involving movement. MTS was acceptable to all age groups. The method could be used more widely in primary care.	Doc[0]: [0] Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are not easy to use well. [1] Every MDI user receives a manufacturer's patient information leaflet (PIL). [2] However, not everyone is able or willing to read written information. [3] Multimedia offers an alternative method for teaching or reinforcing correct inhaler technique....
Answer the question based on the following context: To investigate whether the incomplete penetrance phenotype characteristic of adRP families linked to chromosome 19q13.4 (RP11) with mutations in the PRPF31 gene is due to differentially expressed wild-type alleles in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Real-time...	Question: Expression of PRPF31 mRNA in patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: a molecular clue for incomplete penetrance?	Partial penetrance in RP11 could be due to the coinheritance of a PRPF31 gene defect and a low-expressed wild-type allele. This study revealed a potential avenue for future therapy in that it appears the moderate overexpression of wild-type PRPF31 may prevent clinical manifestation of the disease.	Doc[0]: [0] To investigate whether the incomplete penetrance phenotype characteristic of adRP families linked to chromosome 19q13.4 (RP11) with mutations in the PRPF31 gene is due to differentially expressed wild-type alleles in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. [1] Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed ...
Answer the question based on the following context: Atopy is defined by the individual predisposition to develop a group of inflammatory disorders in response to certain food or environmental substances that are otherwise innocuous for the host. In previous studies we could demonstrate a reduced responsiveness of the h...	Question: Blunted cortisol responses to psychosocial stress in asthmatic children: a general feature of atopic disease?	These findings suggest that a blunted adrenocortical response to stress may represent a common feature of chronic allergic inflammatory processes that may be relevant in different forms of chronic manifestation of atopy.	Doc[0]: [0] Atopy is defined by the individual predisposition to develop a group of inflammatory disorders in response to certain food or environmental substances that are otherwise innocuous for the host. [1] In previous studies we could demonstrate a reduced responsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)...
Answer the question based on the following context: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is frequently associated with mood disorder. However, it is typically difficult to distinguish between disturbed mood as a causal agent and disturbed mood as a consequence of the experience of IBS. This report considers the association b...	Question: Does depression influence symptom severity in irritable bowel syndrome?	The unusual co-occurrence of IBS with bipolar disorder provides direct evidence to indicate that depression does not necessarily lead to an increase in the reported severity of IBS, at least in the context of bipolar disorder, and may under certain circumstances actually be associated with a reduction in the severity o...	Doc[0]: [0] Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is frequently associated with mood disorder. [1] However, it is typically difficult to distinguish between disturbed mood as a causal agent and disturbed mood as a consequence of the experience of IBS. [2] This report considers the association between mood and symptom severit...
Answer the question based on the following context: Macrophages are considered to play an essential role in the events leading to systemic inflammatory response. Some are known to reside in the peritoneal cavity but there are no reports defining the participation of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in the progression of ac...	Question: Do peritoneal macrophages play an essential role in the progression of acute pancreatitis in rats?	Peritoneal macrophages extend inflammation from the pancreas to the peritoneal cavity and subsequently induce lung injury in acute pancreatitis. Peritoneal macrophages play an essential role in the systemic inflammatory response and the progression of acute pancreatitis in the rat.	Doc[0]: [0] Macrophages are considered to play an essential role in the events leading to systemic inflammatory response. [1] Some are known to reside in the peritoneal cavity but there are no reports defining the participation of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) in the progression of acute pancreatitis. [2] AIM: [3] To c...
Answer the question based on the following context: Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is the most common indication for liver transplantation in childhood. Most children who do not undergo transplant are reported to have chronic liver disease and its complications. The aim of this single-center study was to identify ...	Question: Long-term survival following Kasai portoenterostomy: is chronic liver disease inevitable?	A sizable proportion of children with EHBA avoid significant chronic liver disease and its complications 10 years or more after conventional surgical correction and have an excellent quality of life. Their good outcome is not hampered by isolated episodes of ascending cholangitis. Whether or not the residual histologic...	Doc[0]: [0] Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is the most common indication for liver transplantation in childhood. [1] Most children who do not undergo transplant are reported to have chronic liver disease and its complications. [2] The aim of this single-center study was to identify children with normal laboratory...
Answer the question based on the following context: A major problem in the field of transplantation is the persistent shortage of donor organs and tissues for transplantation. This study was initiated to (1) chart the donor potential for organs and tissue in The Netherlands and (2) to identify factors influencing wheth...	Question: Shortage of donation despite an adequate number of donors: a professional attitude?	In The Netherlands, when taking into account current refusal percentages, 320 to 360 organ donations and 5,800 tissue donations could be effectuated if organ donation is posed to all possible donors. For this, knowledge of medical criteria and contraindications for donation by the physicians and their willingness to di...	Doc[0]: [0] A major problem in the field of transplantation is the persistent shortage of donor organs and tissues for transplantation. [1] This study was initiated to (1) chart the donor potential for organs and tissue in The Netherlands and (2) to identify factors influencing whether donation is discussed with next ...
Answer the question based on the following context: An association between posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and cyclosporine A (CsA) and OKT3 has often been postulated on the basis of retrospective studies, although a randomized study with PTLD as the endpoint will probably never be performed. Because...	Question: Is posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) caused by any specific immunosuppressive drug or by the transplantation per se?	We found no evidence to implicate any one drug regime preferentially in the development of PTLDs. The risk of developing PTLD seems to be a result of the whole transplantation process, which includes the antigenicity of the foreign graft, the immunosuppression resulting in inadequate cytotoxic T-cell activity, and the ...	Doc[0]: [0] An association between posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and cyclosporine A (CsA) and OKT3 has often been postulated on the basis of retrospective studies, although a randomized study with PTLD as the endpoint will probably never be performed. [1] Because focus on PTLD coincided with the u...
Answer the question based on the following context: It has been speculated for more than 2 decades whether there is a significance of adrenal corticosteroids, such as cortisol, in the process of normal male sexual function, especially in the control of sexual arousal and the penile erectile tissue. However, only few in...	Question: Is there an inhibitory role of cortisol in the mechanism of male sexual arousal and penile erection?	Our results strongly suggest an inhibitory role for cortisol in the mechanism of male sexual response and behaviour. These properties are mediated rather via an effect on central structures than on the penile erectile tissue. Future studies to include patients suffering from erectile dysfunction may reveal whether or n...	Doc[0]: [0] It has been speculated for more than 2 decades whether there is a significance of adrenal corticosteroids, such as cortisol, in the process of normal male sexual function, especially in the control of sexual arousal and the penile erectile tissue. [1] However, only few in vivo studies have been carried out...
Answer the question based on the following context: To investigate the rates of Staphylococcus aureus carriage on the hands and in the noses of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the relatedness of S. aureus isolates found in the two sites. Point-prevalence study. Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at the Un...	Question: Nasal and hand carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in staff at a Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: endogenous or exogenous source?	Half of the HCWs acquired S. aureus on the hands from patients or the environment and half did so by apparent self-inoculation from the nose. Regardless of the source of contamination, good compliance with hand hygiene is needed from all HCWs to protect patients from nosocomial infections. The moderate rate of S. aureu...	Doc[0]: [0] To investigate the rates of Staphylococcus aureus carriage on the hands and in the noses of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the relatedness of S. aureus isolates found in the two sites. [1] Point-prevalence study. [2] Department for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at the University Hospital of Uppsala, U...
Answer the question based on the following context: P wave dispersion (PD) is considered to reflect the heterogeneous conduction in atria. We investigated whether there was a correlation between the left ventricular (LV) relaxation and PD. Fifty-three hypertensive patients<or =60 years old were divided into two groups:...	Question: Does impaired left ventricular relaxation affect P wave dispersion in patients with hypertension?	This study suggests that impaired LV relaxation contributes to the heterogeneous atrial conduction in hypertensive patients.	Doc[0]: [0] P wave dispersion (PD) is considered to reflect the heterogeneous conduction in atria. [1] We investigated whether there was a correlation between the left ventricular (LV) relaxation and PD. [2] Fifty-three hypertensive patients<or =60 years old were divided into two groups: Group A, 27 patients, aged 54+...