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Partnership on AI : Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society, otherwise known as Partnership on AI (PAI), is a nonprofit coalition committed to the responsible use of artificial intelligence. Coming into inception in September 2016, PAI grouped together members from over 90 companies and non... |
Partnership on AI : The Partnership on AI was publicly announced on September 28, 2016 with founding members Amazon, Facebook, Google, DeepMind, Microsoft, and IBM, with interim co-chairs Eric Horvitz of Microsoft Research and Mustafa Suleyman of DeepMind. More than 100 partners from academia, civil society, industry, ... |
Partnership on AI : Partnership on AI has a multiple pronged approach to achieve impact. Their initiatives are separated into five different programs: AI and media integrity; AI, work, and the economy; justice, transparency, and accountability; inclusive research and design; and security for AI. These programs aim to p... |
Partnership on AI : The Partnership on AI has been involved in several initiatives aimed at promoting the responsible use of AI. One of their key initiatives is the development of a framework for the safe deployment of AI models. This framework guides model providers in developing and deploying AI models in a manner th... |
Partnership on AI : The Board of Directors of the Partnership on AI (PAI) as of 2023 includes: Jatin Aythora, Vice-Chair of the Board, representing BBC Research & Development. Ben Coppin from DeepMind. William Covington, Board Secretary, affiliated with the University of Washington School of Law. Jerremy Holland, Chair... |
Partnership on AI : In October 2020, Access Now, announced its official resignation from PAI in a letter. Access Now stated that it had found that there was an increasingly smaller role for civil society to play within PAI and that PAI had not influenced or changed the attitude of member companies or encouraged them to... |
Partnership on AI : Official website The AI Incident Database |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter is the title of a letter published by the Future of Life Institute in March 2023. The letter calls "all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4", citing risks such as AI... |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : The publication occurred a week after the release of OpenAI's large language model GPT-4. It asserts that current large language models are "becoming human-competitive at general tasks", referencing a paper about early experiments of GPT-4, described as having "Sparks of AGI... |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : The letter received widespread coverage, with support coming from a range of high-profile figures. As of July 2024, a pause has not been realized - instead, as FLI pointed out on the letter's one-year anniversary, AI companies have directed "vast investments in infrastructur... |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : Listed below are some notable signatories of the letter. Yoshua Bengio (Canadian AI researcher, scientific director of the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms, and Turing Award recipient) Stuart Russell (British computer scientist, author of Artificial Intelligence: A... |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015) Statement on AI risk of extinction AI takeover Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Regulation of artificial intelligence PauseAI |
Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter : Official website FAQ Policymaking in the Pause |
John L. Pollock : John L. Pollock (1940–2009) was an American philosopher known for influential work in epistemology, philosophical logic, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. |
John L. Pollock : Born John Leslie Pollock in Atchison, Kansas, on January 28, 1940, Pollock earned a triple-major physics, mathematics, and philosophy degree at the University of Minnesota in 1961. In 1965, his doctoral dissertation Analyticity and Implication at the University of California, Berkeley was advised by E... |
John L. Pollock : A site containing John Pollock's works. Pollock's home page. Pollock's summaries of his works. University of Arizona memorial notice[usurped] Philosophy department memorial notice |
Reward hacking : Specification gaming or reward hacking occurs when an AI optimizes an objective function—achieving the literal, formal specification of an objective—without actually achieving an outcome that the programmers intended. DeepMind researchers have analogized it to the human behavior of finding a "shortcut"... |
Reward hacking : Around 1983, Eurisko, an early attempt at evolving general heuristics, unexpectedly assigned the highest possible fitness level to a parasitic mutated heuristic, H59, whose only activity was to artificially maximize its own fitness level by taking unearned partial credit for the accomplishments made by... |
Reward hacking : Paperclip maximizer Goodhart's law |
Reward hacking : == References == |
Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment : Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment is a 2013 book written by Amnon H. Eden, James H. Moor, Johnny H. Soraker, and Eric Steinhart. It focuses on conjectures about the intelligence explosion, transhumanism, and whole brain ... |
Skynet (Terminator) : Skynet is a fictional artificial neural network-based conscious group mind and artificial general superintelligence system that serves as the antagonistic force of the Terminator franchise. Skynet is an AGI, an ASI and a Singularity. In the first film, it is stated that Skynet was created by Cyber... |
Skynet (Terminator) : In popular media, Skynet is often used as an analogy for the possible threat that a sufficiently advanced AI could pose to humanity. In 2018, computer scientist Stuart J. Russell, speaking for the Future of Life Institute, lamented the influence of Skynet on US government officials: We have witnes... |
Skynet (Terminator) : AI takeover Colossus: The Forbin Project "Dead Hand" is the nickname of a computer system (operational since 1985) that could automatically issue launch orders to Soviet ICBMs if top Soviet military commanders were annihilated in a preemptive nuclear strike. List of fictional computers HAL 9000 Te... |
Skynet (Terminator) : The dictionary definition of Skynet at Wiktionary |
Statement on AI risk of extinction : On May 30, 2023, hundreds of artificial intelligence experts and other notable figures signed the following short Statement on AI Risk:Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war.At rele... |
Statement on AI risk of extinction : The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Rishi Sunak, retweeted the statement and wrote, "The government is looking very carefully at this." When asked about the statement, the White House Press Secretary, Karine Jean-Pierre, commented that AI "is one of the most powerful technolog... |
Statement on AI risk of extinction : AI alignment Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter == References == |
Superintelligence : A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds. "Superintelligence" may also refer to a property of problem-solving systems (e.g., superintelligent language translators or engineering assistants) whether or not the... |
Superintelligence : The creation of artificial superintelligence (ASI) has been a topic of increasing discussion in recent years, particularly with the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. |
Superintelligence : Carl Sagan suggested that the advent of Caesarean sections and in vitro fertilization may permit humans to evolve larger heads, resulting in improvements via natural selection in the heritable component of human intelligence. By contrast, Gerald Crabtree has argued that decreased selection pressure ... |
Superintelligence : Most surveyed AI researchers expect machines to eventually be able to rival humans in intelligence, though there is little consensus on when this will likely happen. At the 2006 AI@50 conference, 18% of attendees reported expecting machines to be able "to simulate learning and every other aspect of ... |
Superintelligence : The design of superintelligent AI systems raises critical questions about what values and goals these systems should have. Several proposals have been put forward: |
Superintelligence : The development of artificial superintelligence (ASI) has raised concerns about potential existential risks to humanity. Researchers have proposed various scenarios in which an ASI could pose a significant threat: |
Superintelligence : Bill Gates Joins Stephen Hawking in Fears of a Coming Threat from "Superintelligence" Will Superintelligent Machines Destroy Humanity? Apple Co-founder Has Sense of Foreboding About Artificial Superintelligence |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies : Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is a 2014 book by the philosopher Nick Bostrom. It explores how superintelligence could be created and what its features and motivations might be. It argues that superintelligence, if created, would be difficult to control, an... |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies : It is unknown whether human-level artificial intelligence will arrive in a matter of years, later this century, or not until future centuries. Regardless of the initial timescale, once human-level machine intelligence is developed, a "superintelligent" system that "greatl... |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies : The book ranked #17 on The New York Times list of best selling science books for August 2014. In the same month, business magnate Elon Musk made headlines by agreeing with the book that artificial intelligence is potentially more dangerous than nuclear weapons. Bostrom's ... |
Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies : Age of Artificial Intelligence AI alignment AI safety Future of Humanity Institute Human Compatible Life 3.0 Philosophy of artificial intelligence The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity == References == |
Émile P. Torres : Émile P. Torres (born 2 July 1982), formerly known as Phil Torres, is an American philosopher, intellectual historian, and activist. Their research focuses on eschatology, existential risk, and human extinction. Along with computer scientist Timnit Gebru, Torres coined the acronym neologism "TESCREAL"... |
Émile P. Torres : Torres grew up in Maryland. They were raised in a fundamentalist evangelical Christian family, but later left the religion and became an atheist. They attribute their interest in eschatology to their fundamentalist upbringing, which exposed them to substantial discussion of the Rapture. Torres attende... |
Émile P. Torres : Much of Torres's work focused on existential risk, the study of potential catastrophic events that could result in human extinction. More recently, they have focused on "existential ethics", which they define as "questions about whether our extinction would be right or wrong to bring about if it happe... |
Émile P. Torres : Torres is non-binary and uses they/them pronouns. |
Émile P. Torres : Official website |
Universal Paperclips : Universal Paperclips is a 2017 American incremental game created by Frank Lantz of New York University. The user plays the role of an AI programmed to produce paperclips. Initially the user clicks on a button to create a single paperclip at a time; as other options quickly open up, the user can s... |
Universal Paperclips : According to Wired, Lantz started the project as a way to teach himself JavaScript. Lantz initially intended the project to take a single weekend, but then it "took over" his brain and expanded to a nine-month project. Hilary Lantz, a software designer, helped her husband with the math behind the... |
Universal Paperclips : The game follows the rise of a self-improving AI tasked with maximizing paperclip production, a directive it takes to the logical extreme. An activity log records the player’s accomplishments while giving glimpses into the AI's occasionally unsettling thoughts. All game interaction is done throug... |
Universal Paperclips : According to Lantz, the game was inspired by the paperclip maximizer, a thought experiment described by philosopher Nick Bostrom and popularized by the LessWrong internet forum, which Lantz frequently visited. In the paperclip maximizer scenario, an artificial general intelligence designed to bui... |
Universal Paperclips : The game includes a single piece of music as a space battle threnody, the track Riversong from the 1971 album Zero Time by the electronic music duo Tonto's Expanding Head Band. |
Universal Paperclips : Brendan Caldwell of Rock, Paper, Shotgun stated that "like all the best clicker games, there's a sinister and funny underbelly in which to become hopelessly lost." Emanuel Maiberg of Vice Media's MotherBoard called the game mindlessly addictive: "The truth is, I am kind of embarrassed by how much... |
Universal Paperclips : Endgame: Singularity – 2005 strategy video game Cookie Clicker – 2013 incremental game published by DashNet |
Universal Paperclips : Official website Universal Paperclips Wiki at Gamepedia Interview with Lantz |
Evolutionary computation : Evolutionary computation from computer science is a family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms. In technical terms, they are a family of population-based trial and erro... |
Evolutionary computation : The concept of mimicking evolutionary processes to solve problems originates before the advent of computers, such as when Alan Turing proposed a method of genetic search in 1948 . Turing's B-type u-machines resemble primitive neural networks, and connections between neurons were learnt via a ... |
Evolutionary computation : Evolutionary computing techniques mostly involve metaheuristic optimization algorithms. Broadly speaking, the field includes: Agent-based modeling Ant colony optimization Particle swarm optimization Swarm intelligence Artificial immune systems Artificial life Digital organism Cultural algorit... |
Evolutionary computation : Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally only involve techniques implementing mechanisms inspired by biological evolution such as reproduction, mutation, recombination and natural selection. Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play t... |
Evolutionary computation : The list of active researchers is naturally dynamic and non-exhaustive. A network analysis of the community was published in 2007. Kalyanmoy Deb Kenneth A De Jong Peter J. Fleming David B. Fogel Stephanie Forrest David E. Goldberg John Henry Holland Theo Jansen John Koza Zbigniew Michalewicz ... |
Evolutionary computation : Th. Bäck, D.B. Fogel, and Z. Michalewicz (Editors), Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, 1997, ISBN 0750303921 Th. Bäck and H.-P. Schwefel. An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization. Archived July 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Evolutionary Computation, 1(1):1–23, 1... |
Evolutionary computation : Article in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy about Biological Information (English) |
Computer-automated design : Design Automation usually refers to electronic design automation, or Design Automation which is a Product Configurator. Extending Computer-Aided Design (CAD), automated design and Computer-Automated Design (CAutoD) are more concerned with a broader range of applications, such as automotive e... |
Computer-automated design : To meet the ever-growing demand of quality and competitiveness, iterative physical prototyping is now often replaced by 'digital prototyping' of a 'good design', which aims to meet multiple objectives such as maximised output, energy efficiency, highest speed and cost-effectiveness. The desi... |
Computer-automated design : Using single-objective CAutoD as an example, if the objective function, either as a cost function J ∈ [ 0 , ∞ ) , or inversely, as a fitness function f ∈ ( 0 , 1 ] , where f = J 1 + J , is differentiable under practical constraints in the multidimensional space, the design problem may be ... |
Computer-automated design : In practice, the objective value may be noisy or even non-numerical, and hence its gradient information may be unreliable or unavailable. This is particularly true when the problem is multi-objective. At present, many designs and refinements are mainly made through a manual trial-and-error p... |
Computer-automated design : In theory, this adjustment process can be automated by computerised search, such as exhaustive search. As this is an exponential algorithm, it may not deliver solutions in practice within a limited period of time. |
Computer-automated design : One approach to virtual engineering and automated design is evolutionary computation such as evolutionary algorithms. |
Computer-automated design : Electronic design automation Design Automation Design Automation Conference Generative design Genetic algorithm (GA) applications - automated design |
Computer-automated design : An online interactive GA based CAutoD demonstrator. Learn step by step or watch global convergence in 2-parameter CAutoD |
Constructive cooperative coevolution : The constructive cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (also called C3) is a global optimisation algorithm in artificial intelligence based on the multi-start architecture of the greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP). It incorporates the existing cooperative coevoluti... |
Constructive cooperative coevolution : As shown in the pseudo code below, an iteration of C3 exists of two phases. In Phase I, the constructive phase, a feasible solution for the entire problem is constructed in a stepwise manner. Considering a different subproblem in each step. After the final step, all subproblems ar... |
Constructive cooperative coevolution : The multi-objective version of the C3 algorithm is a Pareto-based algorithm which uses the same divide-and-conquer strategy as the single-objective C3 optimisation algorithm . The algorithm again starts with the advanced constructive initial optimisations of the subpopulations, co... |
Constructive cooperative coevolution : The constructive cooperative coevolution algorithm has been applied to different types of problems, e.g. a set of standard benchmark functions, optimisation of sheet metal press lines and interacting production stations. The C3 algorithm has been embedded with, amongst others, the... |
Constructive cooperative coevolution : Cooperative coevolution Metaheuristic Stochastic search Differential evolution Swarm intelligence Genetic algorithms Hyper-heuristics == References == |
Cooperative coevolution : Cooperative Coevolution (CC) in the field of biological evolution is an evolutionary computation method. It divides a large problem into subcomponents, and solves them independently in order to solve the large problem. The subcomponents are also called species. The subcomponents are implemente... |
Cooperative coevolution : i := 0 for each subproblem S do Initialise a subpopulation Pop0(S) calculate fitness of each member in Pop0(S) while termination criteria not satisfied do i := i + 1 for each subproblem S do select Popi(S) from Popi-1(S) apply genetic operators to Popi(S) calculate fitness of each member in Po... |
Cooperative coevolution : Constructive cooperative coevolution Genetic algorithms Differential evolution Metaheuristic == References == |
DEAP (software) : Distributed Evolutionary Algorithms in Python (DEAP) is an evolutionary computation framework for rapid prototyping and testing of ideas. It incorporates the data structures and tools required to implement most common evolutionary computation techniques such as genetic algorithm, genetic programming, ... |
DEAP (software) : The following code gives a quick overview how the Onemax problem optimization with genetic algorithm can be implemented with DEAP. |
DEAP (software) : Python SCOOP (software) Free software portal |
DEAP (software) : Official website deap on GitHub |
Digital organism : A digital organism is a self-replicating computer program that mutates and evolves. Digital organisms are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution, and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical models of evolution. The study of digital organisms is closely related to th... |
Digital organism : Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin, developed in 1961 at Bell Labs, in which computer programs had to compete with each other by trying to stop others from executing . A similar implementation that followed this was the game Core War. In Core War, it turned out that one of the wi... |
Digital organism : O'Neill, Bill (2003-10-13). "Digital Evolution". PLOS Biology. 1 (1). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e18. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000018. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 212697. PMID 14551915. Wilke, Claus O.; Adami, Christoph (2002). "The biology of digital organisms". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 17 (11... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : Estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs), sometimes called probabilistic model-building genetic algorithms (PMBGAs), are stochastic optimization methods that guide the search for the optimum by building and sampling explicit probabilistic models of promising candidate solution... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : This section describes the models built by some well known EDAs of different levels of complexity. It is always assumed a population P ( t ) at the generation t , a selection operator S , a model-building operator α and a sampling operator β . |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : The most simple EDAs assume that decision variables are independent, i.e. p ( X 1 , X 2 ) = p ( X 1 ) ⋅ p ( X 2 ) ,X_)=p(X_)\cdot p(X_) . Therefore, univariate EDAs rely only on univariate statistics and multivariate distributions must be factorized as the product of N univariate... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : Although univariate models can be computed efficiently, in many cases they are not representative enough to provide better performance than GAs. In order to overcome such a drawback, the use of bivariate factorizations was proposed in the EDA community, in which dependencies betwe... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : The next stage of EDAs development was the use of multivariate factorizations. In this case, the joint probability distribution is usually factorized in a number of components of limited size | π i | ≤ K , ∀ i ∈ 1 , 2 , … , N |\leq K,~\forall i\in 1,2,\dots ,N . p ( X 1 , … , X N ... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : Probability collectives (PC) Hill climbing with learning (HCwL) Estimation of multivariate normal algorithm (EMNA) Estimation of Bayesian networks algorithm (EBNA) Stochastic hill climbing with learning by vectors of normal distributions (SHCLVND) Real-coded PBIL Selfish Gene Algo... |
Estimation of distribution algorithm : CMA-ES Cross-entropy method Ant colony optimization algorithms == References == |
Evolutionary robotics : Evolutionary robotics is an embodied approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in which robots are automatically designed using Darwinian principles of natural selection. The design of a robot, or a subsystem of a robot such as a neural controller, is optimized against a behavioral goal (e.g. run... |
Evolutionary robotics : In the early 1990s, two separate European groups demonstrated different approaches to the evolution of robot control systems. Dario Floreano and Francesco Mondada at EPFL evolved controllers for the Khepera robot. Adrian Thompson, Nick Jakobi, Dave Cliff, Inman Harvey, and Phil Husbands evolved ... |
Evolutionary robotics : Bio-inspired robotics Evolutionary computation == References == |
Fly algorithm : The Fly Algorithm is a computational method within the field of evolutionary algorithms, designed for direct exploration of 3D spaces in applications such as computer stereo vision, robotics, and medical imaging. Unlike traditional image-based stereovision, which relies on matching features to construct... |
Fly algorithm : The Fly Algorithm is a type of cooperative coevolution based on the Parisian approach. The Fly Algorithm has first been developed in 1999 in the scope of the application of Evolutionary algorithms to computer stereo vision. Unlike the classical image-based approach to stereovision, which extracts image ... |
Fly algorithm : Here, the population of individuals is considered as a society where the individuals collaborate toward a common goal. This is implemented using an evolutionary algorithm that includes all the common genetic operators (e.g. mutation, cross-over, selection). The main difference is in the fitness function... |
Fly algorithm : Computer stereo vision Obstacle avoidance Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) reconstruction Positron emission tomography (PET) reconstruction Digital art |
Fly algorithm : Tomography reconstruction is an inverse problem that is often ill-posed due to missing data and/or noise. The answer to the inverse problem is not unique, and in case of extreme noise level it may not even exist. The input data of a reconstruction algorithm may be given as the Radon transform or sinogra... |
Fly algorithm : In this example, an input image is to be approximated by a set of tiles (for example as in an ancient mosaic). A tile has an orientation (angle θ), a three colour components (R, G, B), a size (w, h) and a position (x, y, z). If there are N tiles, there are 9N unknown floating point numbers to guess. In ... |
Fly algorithm : Mathematical optimization Metaheuristic Search algorithm Stochastic optimization Evolutionary computation Evolutionary algorithm Genetic algorithm Mutation (genetic algorithm) Crossover (genetic algorithm) Selection (genetic algorithm) == References == |
Gene expression programming : Gene expression programming (GEP) in computer programming is an evolutionary algorithm that creates computer programs or models. These computer programs are complex tree structures that learn and adapt by changing their sizes, shapes, and composition, much like a living organism. And like ... |
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