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Backward chaining : Backward chaining starts with a list of goals (or a hypothesis) and works backwards from the consequent to the antecedent to see if any data supports any of these consequents. An inference engine using backward chaining would search the inference rules until it finds one with a consequent (Then clau... |
Backward chaining : Backtracking Backward induction Forward chaining Opportunistic reasoning |
Backward chaining : Backward chaining example |
Commonsense reasoning : In artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations humans encounter every day. These assumptions include judgments about the nature of physical objects, taxonomic properties, and peoples' intention... |
Commonsense reasoning : Some definitions and characterizations of common sense from different authors include: "Commonsense knowledge includes the basic facts about events (including actions) and their effects, facts about knowledge and how it is obtained, facts about beliefs and desires. It also includes the basic fac... |
Commonsense reasoning : Compared with humans, existing AI lacks several features of human commonsense reasoning; most notably, humans have powerful mechanisms for reasoning about "naïve physics" such as space, time, and physical interactions. This enables even young children to easily make inferences like "If I roll th... |
Commonsense reasoning : The commonsense knowledge problem is a current project in the sphere of artificial intelligence to create a database that contains the general knowledge most individuals are expected to have, represented in an accessible way to artificial intelligence programs that use natural language. Due to t... |
Commonsense reasoning : In 1961, Bar Hillel first discussed the need and significance of practical knowledge for natural language processing in the context of machine translation. Some ambiguities are resolved by using simple and easy to acquire rules. Others require a broad acknowledgement of the surrounding world, th... |
Commonsense reasoning : Significant progress in the field of the automated commonsense reasoning is made in the areas of the taxonomic reasoning, actions and change reasoning, reasoning about time. Each of these spheres has a well-acknowledged theory for wide range of commonsense inferences. |
Commonsense reasoning : As of 2014, there are some commercial systems trying to make the use of commonsense reasoning significant. However, they use statistical information as a proxy for commonsense knowledge, where reasoning is absent. Current programs manipulate individual words, but they don't attempt or offer furt... |
Commonsense reasoning : Commonsense's reasoning study is divided into knowledge-based approaches and approaches that are based on machine learning over and using a large data corpora with limited interactions between these two types of approaches . There are also crowdsourcing approaches, attempting to construct a know... |
Commonsense reasoning : Davis, Ernest (1990). Representations of Commonsense Reasoning. San Mateo, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-033-7. McCarthy, John (1990). Formalizing Common Sense. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. ISBN 1-871516-49-8. Minsky, Marvin (1986). The Society of Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-... |
Commonsense reasoning : Commonsense Reasoning Web Site Commonsense Reasoning Problem Page Media Lab Commonsense Computing Initiative The Epilog project at the University of Rochester Knowledge Infusion: In Pursuit of Robustness in Artificial Intelligence |
Handbook of Automated Reasoning : The Handbook of Automated Reasoning (ISBN 0444508139, 2128 pages) is a collection of survey articles on the field of automated reasoning. Published in June 2001 by MIT Press, it is edited by John Alan Robinson and Andrei Voronkov. Volume 1 describes methods for classical logic, first-o... |
ProVerif : ProVerif is a software tool for automated reasoning about the security properties of cryptographic protocols. The tool has been developed by Bruno Blanchet and others. Support is provided for cryptographic primitives including: symmetric & asymmetric cryptography; digital signatures; hash functions; bit-comm... |
ProVerif : ProVerif has been used in the following case studies, which include the security analysis of actual network protocols: Abadi & Blanchet used correspondence assertions to verify the certified email protocol. Abadi, Blanchet & Fournet analyse the Just Fast Keying protocol, which was one of the candidates to re... |
ProVerif : Alternative analysis tools include: AVISPA (for reachability and correspondence assertions), KISS (for static equivalence), YAPA (for static equivalence). CryptoVerif for verification of security against polynomial time adversaries in the computational model. The Tamarin Prover is a modern alternative to Pro... |
ProVerif : Official website |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : Sentient, sometimes reported on and referred to as the Future Ground Architecture program, is a heavily classified artificial intelligence satellite intelligence analysis system of the United States Intelligence Community, operated by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) an... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : Prior to Sentient, NRO had involvement with the CORONA program of satellite systems.: 25–28 The CORONA satellites were used for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union (USSR), China, and other areas beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972.: 25–28 A declassified May ... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : Betty J. Sapp, former Director of the National Reconnaissance Office from 2012 to 2019, described the Sentient program to the United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces as "...a 'thinking' system that allows automated, multi-intelligence tipping and cue... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : Speaking at the 39th Space Symposium in April 2024, principal deputy director of the NRO Troy Meink emphasized NRO's plans to diversify this satellite fleet, and to increase the volume of satellite assets in various unique orbits for more complete coverage of Earth, highlighted... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : The Rand Corporation in 2016 summarized a major benefit of Sentient as allowing humans performing intelligence analysis to focus on the "so what?" aspect of analysis, while the Sentient automation would handle the details of "what", as automation may be better suited for the da... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : Declassified government documents have detailed that United States Government stakeholders involved in Sentient include the: Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Security Agency Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Ta... |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office Automatic and controlled processes Automatic identification system Future Imagery Architecture List of NRO satellite launches Reconnaissance satellite SKYNET (surveillance program) Space Development Agency Space-X |
Sentient (intelligence analysis system) : This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. |
Stanhope Demonstrator : The Stanhope Demonstrator was the first machine to solve problems in logic. It was designed by Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope to demonstrate consequences in logic symbolically. The first model was constructed in 1775. It consisted of two slides coloured red and gray mounted in a square bras... |
Stanhope Demonstrator : The device was a brass plate about four inches square which was mounted on a piece of mahogany which was three-quarters of an inch thick. There was an opening with a depression in the wood about one and a half inches square and half an inch deep. This opening was called the holon, meaning "whole... |
Stanhope Demonstrator : Logical piano Venn diagram == References == |
Tamarin Prover : Tamarin Prover is a computer software program for formal verification of cryptographic protocols. It has been used to verify Transport Layer Security 1.3, ISO/IEC 9798, DNP3 Secure Authentication v5, WireGuard, and the PQ3 Messaging Protocol of Apple iMessage. Tamarin is an open source tool, written in... |
Tamarin Prover : Dolev–Yao model Hybrid argument |
Tamarin Prover : Tamarin Prover official website David Wong created an introductory video on the Tamarin Prover. |
Tip and cue : Tip and cue, sometimes referred to as tip and que, tipping and cueing, or tipping and queing, is a method for satellite imagery and reconnaissance satellites to automatically coordinate tracking of objects across different satellites in real or near real-time. This technique ensures continuous tracking of... |
Tip and cue : The concept of tip and cue in satellite monitoring has its origins in early military applications designed to enhance missile detection and tracking systems. During the Cold War, advancements in infrared sensing technologies laid the groundwork for more sophisticated tip and cue techniques. The integratio... |
Tip and cue : Tip and cue systems utilize a network of satellites equipped with complementary sensor technologies to track moving objects in real-time. The method involves detecting a target with a primary sensor, such as an infrared or photographic sensor, which then cues secondary sensors on the same or other satelli... |
Tip and cue : Tip and cue systems have been extensively utilized in military applications, particularly for missile detection and defense. These systems enable early detection of missile launches using infrared sensors, which then cue other sensors to track the missile's trajectory more accurately. In environmental mon... |
Tip and cue : Sentient (intelligence analysis system) |
Tip and cue : This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. |
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute : The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (AIAI) at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh was a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promoted research in the field of artificial intelligence. |
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute : AIAI was created in July 1983, and received its formal charter from the University of Edinburgh in July 1984. It joined the School of Informatics when the School was created from a number of departments and research institutes in 1998. The Director of AIAI was Austin Tat... |
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute : Official website (2019-present) Official website (-2019) |
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence : The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international scientific society devoted to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence. AAAI also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelli... |
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence : The organization was founded in 1979 under the name "American Association for Artificial Intelligence" and changed its name in 2007 to "Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence". It has in excess of 4,000 members worldwide. In its early hist... |
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence : The AAAI provides many services to the Artificial Intelligence community. The AAAI sponsors many conferences and symposia each year as well as providing support to 14 journals in the field of artificial intelligence. AAAI produces a quarterly publication, AI ... |
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence : In addition to AAAI Fellowship, the AAAI grants several other awards: |
Australian Centre for Robotic Vision : The Australian Centre for Robotic Vision, formerly Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Robotic Vision or ARC Centre of Excellence for Robotic Vision, is an unincorporated collaborative venture with funding of A$25.6m over seven years to pursue a research agenda ta... |
Australian Centre for Robotic Vision : The centre was funded in 2014 by the Australian Research Council (ARC), to conduct research in robotic vision and to increase research capacity, train researchers and to engage with the wider community to help people learn about robotics, vision and coding. A former collaborator w... |
Australian Centre for Robotic Vision : The centre is made up of an interdisciplinary team from four Australian universities: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), The University of Adelaide (UoA), The Australian National University (ANU), Monash University, and And international universities: INRIA Rennes Bretagne... |
Australian Centre for Robotic Vision : The centre aims to achieve breakthrough science and technology in robotic vision by addressing four key research objectives: robust vision, vision and action, semantic vision, and algorithms and architecture. Together the four research objectives form the centre's research themes,... |
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence : The Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence (German: Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Artificial Intelligence - OFAI) is an Austrian non-profit contract research institute. OFAI is a research institute of the Austrian Society for Cyberneti... |
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence : The Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence was founded in 1984 with support from the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research. Since its inception, OFAI has been headed by its director, Prof. Robert Trappl. |
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence : Currently, 28 specialists, mainly computer scientists and linguists, all graduates from universities, work as employees at OFAI, plus 9 scientists, mainly professors at universities, on a contractual base. OFAI basic and applied research is performed in several ... |
Center for AI Safety : The Center for AI Safety (CAIS) is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, that promotes the safe development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). CAIS's work encompasses research in technical AI safety and AI ethics, advocacy, and support to grow the AI safety research field.... |
Center for AI Safety : CAIS researchers published "An Overview of Catastrophic AI Risks", which details risk scenarios and risk mitigation strategies. Risks described include the use of AI in autonomous warfare or for engineering pandemics, as well as AI capabilities for deception and hacking. Another work, conducted i... |
Center for AI Safety : Other initiatives include a compute cluster to support AI safety research, an online course titled "Intro to ML Safety", and a fellowship for philosophy professors to address conceptual problems. The Center for AI Safety Action Fund is a sponsor of the California bill SB 1047, the Safe and Secure... |
Center for AI Safety : AI safety Center for Human-Compatible AI == References == |
Center for Security and Emerging Technology : The Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) is a think tank dedicated to policy analysis at the intersection of national and international security and emerging technologies, based at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. Its mission is to study the ... |
Center for Security and Emerging Technology : CSET produces a biweekly newsletter, policy.ai. It has published research on various aspects of the intersection between artificial intelligence and security, including changes to the U.S. AI workforce, immigration laws' effect on the AI sector, and technology transfer over... |
Cognition AI : Cognition AI, Inc. (also known as Cognition Labs), doing business as Cognition, is an artificial intelligence (AI) company headquartered in San Francisco in the US State of California. The company developed Devin AI, an AI software developer. The company is known for hiring competitive programmers. |
Cognition AI : Cognition was founded in November 2023 by Scott Wu, Walden Yan, and Steven Hao. All three were competitive programmers who won gold medals at the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). Originally the company was focused on cryptocurrency before moving to AI as it became a trend in Silicon Valley fo... |
Cognition AI : Official website |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : The Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe (CAINRE) (formaly known as CLAIRE) is a European organisation, created to strengthen artificial intelligence (AI) and human-centred AI research and innovation, ... |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : CAIRNE was launched in 2018, with a vision document signed by over 550 experts in AI. The founders of CAIRNE are Holger Hoos, Philipp Slusallek and Morten Irgens. CAIRNE aims to establish a network of Centres of Excellence in AI, across all ... |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : CAIRNE has the support of more than 4,000 people, representing the vast majority of Europe’s AI community, spanning academia and industry, research and innovation, including 2295 AI experts (PhD-level expertise in AI or equivalent) and 1126 ... |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : The CAIRNE Network consists of the Research, the Innovation and the Rising Researchers Networks and collectively creates the world‘s largest AI network of labs and institutions, companies and start-ups, and graduate students involved in AI r... |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : CAIRNE regularly provides feedback to the European Commission on matters pertaining to Artificial Intelligence including the CAIRNE's "Response to the European Commission White Paper on Artificial Intelligence – A European approach to excell... |
Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe : On 30 September 2021, Prof. Holger Hoos, chair of the Board of Directors of CAIRNE, accepted on behalf of CAIRNE the Innovation Award for ground-breaking achievements in the research and development of AI, together with the European Laborato... |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : ELLIS - the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems - is a pan-European AI network of excellence which focuses on fundamental science, technical innovation and societal impact. Founded in 2018, ELLIS builds upon machine learning as the driver f... |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : The organization was inspired by the Learning in Machines and Brains program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. ELLIS was first proposed in an open letter to European governments in April 2018, which stated that Europe was not keeping up with the ... |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : The members of the board are: Serge Belongie (University of Copenhagen & Cornell University) Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi (Università degli Studi di Milano) Florence d'Alché-Buc (Télécom Paris) Nada Lavrač (Jožef Stefan Institute) Neil D. Lawrence (University of Cambrid... |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : ELLIS is creating a network of research sites distributed across Europe and Israel. Currently, there are 43 sites in 17 countries. The long-term goal is to establish a set of world-class ELLIS institutes, each acting as the core of a local AI ecosystem. |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : In addition to ELLIS units, a European network of top researchers working at locations throughout Europe is being established, organized into 14 ELLIS Programs. These Programs, directed by outstanding European researchers and including leading researchers as Pr... |
European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems : The ELLIS PhD & Postdoc Program supports excellent young researchers by connecting them to leading researchers across Europe and offering a variety of networking and training activities, including summer schools and workshops. ELLIS PhDs and postdocs conduct cu... |
Fast.ai : fast.ai is a non-profit research group focused on deep learning and artificial intelligence. It was founded in 2016 by Jeremy Howard and Rachel Thomas with the goal of democratizing deep learning. They do this by providing a massive open online course (MOOC) named "Practical Deep Learning for Coders," which h... |
Fast.ai : The free MOOC "Practical Deep Learning for Coders" is available as recorded videos, initially taught by Howard and Thomas at the University of San Francisco. In contrast to other online learning platforms such as Coursera or Udemy, a certificate is not granted to those successfully finishing the course online... |
Fast.ai : In 2018, students of fast.ai participated in the Stanford’s DAWNBench challenge alongside big tech companies such as Google and Intel. While Google could obtain an edge in some challenges due to its highly specialized TPU chips, the CIFAR-10 challenge was won by the fast.ai students, programming the fastest a... |
Fast.ai : In the fall of 2018, fast.ai released v1.0 of their free open-source library for deep learning called fastai (without a period), sitting atop PyTorch. Google Cloud was the first to announce its support. This open-source framework is hosted on GitHub and is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. |
Fast.ai : Official website |
ILabs : iLabs is a non-profit Milan-based organization pursuing multidisciplinary research on radical extension of human life-span. It was founded in 1977 by Gabriele Rossi and Antonella Canonico, who advocate the scenario known as “Semi-Immortality”, an elaborate vision of an era of quasi-immortal individuals (“intell... |
ILabs : iLabs was founded in 1977 by two young Italian researchers, Antonella Canonico (psychologist) and Gabriele Rossi (computer scientist). The lab pursues a long-term research goal – the radical extension of human life-span – through the completion of midterm projects in several fields. Throughout their history, iL... |
ILabs : iLabs is privately owned and run since their foundation. iLabs started commercial spin-offs to apply their discoveries in business-oriented contexts; in turn, profits from commercial activities are used to fund the labs projects. The main agenda is carried on, for the most part, by the departments of Artificial... |
ILabs : “Semi-immortality” is the title of the iLabs volume detailing the first thirty years of research: since it is doubtful that full immortality can be truly achieved by physical entities, the term “semi-immortality” was preferred as the main tag over iLabs vision. There are two explicit assumptions underlying the ... |
ILabs : Singularity Summit Semi-Immortality Humanity+ Sens Foundation KurzweilAI Science for Life Extension |
ILabs : Semi-Immortality, 2010, English version freely available under a CC license The Mathematics of the Models of Reference, 2010, College Publications (Text in Computing), London Call for Players |
Kestrel Institute : The Kestrel Institute is a nonprofit computer science research center located in Palo Alto's Stanford Research Park. Cordell Green, who founded Kestrel in 1981, is its Director and Chief Scientist. Its mission is to make it easier to write good, high-quality software and employs computer scientists ... |
Lifeboat Foundation : The Lifeboat Foundation is a nonprofit organization based in Gardnerville, Nevada, dedicated to the prevention of global catastrophic risk. Technology journalist Ashlee Vance describes Lifeboat as "a nonprofit that seeks to protect people from some seriously catastrophic technology-related events"... |
Lifeboat Foundation : Lifeboat was founded by online dating service entrepreneur Eric Klien, who continues to run Lifeboat as president and chairman of the board of directors. The organization has raised over $500,000 in total donations from individuals and corporate matching funds programs, most of which went to "supp... |
Lifeboat Foundation : According to Fast Company, Lifeboat runs a number of "programs" to protect Earth against threats such as an asteroid impact, grey goo from molecular nanotechnology, and unfriendly artificial general intelligence. Lifeboat maintains a list of "dozens and dozens" of catastrophic threats - including ... |
Lifeboat Foundation : The Lifeboat Foundation awards the Guardian Award every year to a leading scientist who has contributed most to the saving of humanity from existential risks. Recent award recipients include Steve Mann (2024) and Geoffrey Hinton (2023). |
Lifeboat Foundation : Lifeboat Foundation website |
Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence : The Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI) is a graduate-level, research-based academic institution located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The current president, Professor Eric Xing, joined in January 2021. Sir J. Michael Brady ser... |
Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence : In October 2021, the university launched an Executive Program aimed at supporting decision makers to implement AI in their organizations. The MBZUAI Executive Program includes: Pieter Abbeel – the University of California, Berkeley Sir J. Michael Brady – the Uni... |
Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence : The university serves as a hub for AI research and education. |
Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence : List of universities in the United Arab Emirates Education in the United Arab Emirates |
Scale AI : Scale AI, Inc. is an American data annotation company in San Francisco, California. It provides labeled data used to train AI applications. |
Scale AI : Scale was founded in 2016 by Alexandr Wang and Lucy Guo who had previously worked at Quora. Lucy Guo departed from ScaleAI in 2018 and later went on to found Passes, a creator platform that was intended to compete with OnlyFans. Her stake in ScaleAI is reportedly worth $500M. Initial investors of Scale inclu... |
Scale AI : In 2017, Scale established Remotasks, an in-house outsourcing agency with facilities in Southeast Asia and Africa to train data labelers. Remotasks has been established as a separate brand for client confidentiality according to Scale. The operation was accused of low pay, failing to meet "minimum standards ... |
Scale AI : Labeled data Machine learning |
Scale AI : Official website www.remotasks.com (Remotasks Website) |
Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program : Wallenberg AI, Autonomous Systems and Software Program (WASP), launched in 2015, is Sweden’s largest individual research program. The total funding is 6,2 billion SEK, whereof 4,9 billion SEK is donated by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Since January 2020,... |
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