text stringlengths 12 14.7k |
|---|
Computational law : PACER is an online repository of judicial rulings, maintained by the Federal Judiciary. The Law Library of Congress maintains a comprehensive online repository of legal information, including legislation at the international, national, and state levels. The Supreme Court Database is a comprehensive ... |
Computational law : Artificial intelligence and law Jurimetrics Lawbot Legal informatics Legal expert systems |
Computational law : CodeX Techindex, Stanford Law School Legal Tech List LawSites List of Legal Tech Startups |
Computer-assisted legal research : Computer-assisted legal research (CALR) or computer-based legal research is a mode of legal research that uses databases of court opinions, statutes, court documents, and secondary material. Electronic databases make large bodies of case law easily available. Databases also have addit... |
Computer-assisted legal research : Computer-assisted legal research is undertaken by a variety of actors. It is taught as a topic in many law degrees and is used extensively by undergraduate and postgraduate law students in meeting the work requirements of their degree courses. Professors of Law rely on the digitizatio... |
Computer-assisted legal research : Prior to the advent and popularization of the World Wide Web, access to digital legal information was largely through the use of CD-ROMs, designed and sold by commercial organizations. Dial-up services were also available from the 1970s. As the use of the Internet spread in the early ... |
Computer-assisted legal research : The first effort to provide free computer access to legal information was made by two academics, Peter Martin and Tom Bruce, in 1992. Today, the Legal Information Institute freely publishes such resources as the text of the United States Constitution, judgements of the United States S... |
Computer-assisted legal research : Dittakavi Nagasankara Rao (1984). Computer Assisted Legal Research: A Selected Bibliography, Issue 1574. Vance Bibliographies. Penny A. Hazelton (1993). Computer Assisted Legal Research: The Basics. West Publishing Company. Cary Griffith (1992). Griffith's Guide to Computer Assisted L... |
Computer-assisted proof : A computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer. Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of large proofs-by-exhaustion of a mathematical theorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations,... |
Computer-assisted proof : One method for using computers in mathematical proofs is by means of so-called validated numerics or rigorous numerics. This means computing numerically yet with mathematical rigour. One uses set-valued arithmetic and inclusion principle in order to ensure that the set-valued output of a numer... |
Computer-assisted proof : Computer-assisted proofs are the subject of some controversy in the mathematical world, with Thomas Tymoczko first to articulate objections. Those who adhere to Tymoczko's arguments believe that lengthy computer-assisted proofs are not, in some sense, 'real' mathematical proofs because they in... |
Computer-assisted proof : Inclusion in this list does not imply that a formal computer-checked proof exists, but rather, that a computer program has been involved in some way. See the main articles for details. |
Computer-assisted proof : Lenat, D.B. (1976). AM: An artificial intelligence approach to discovery in mathematics as heuristic search (PDF) (PhD). AI Lab., Stanford University. STAN-CS-76-570, Heuristic Programming Project Report HPP-76-8. Meyer, K.R.; Schmidt, D.S., eds. (2012). Computer aided proofs in analysis. IMA ... |
Computer-assisted proof : Lanford, Oscar E. (1982). "A computer-assisted proof of the Feigenbaum conjectures" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 6 (3): 427–434. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.434.8389. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15008-X. Furse, Edmund (1990). Why did AM run out of steam? (Technical report). Department of Computer Studie... |
HYPO CBR : HYPO is a computer program, an expert system, that models reasoning with cases and hypotheticals in the legal domain. It is the first of its kind and the most sophisticated of the case-based legal reasoners, which was designed by Kevin Ashley for his Ph.D dissertation in 1987 at the University of Massachuset... |
HYPO CBR : Legal knowledge in HYPO is contained in: the case-knowledge-base (CKB) and the library of dimensions. The CKB contains HYPO's base of known cases that are highly structured objects and sub-objects both real and hypothetical in the area of trade secret law. Each case is represented as a hierarchical set of fr... |
HYPO CBR : HYPO's method of creating an argument and justifying a solution or position has several steps. HYPO begins its processing with the current fact situation (cfs) which is direct input by the user into HYPO's representation framework. Once the user inputs the case, HYPO begins its legal analysis. The cfc is ana... |
HYPO CBR : Legal expert systems are specifically designed to teach an area of law and are useful for pedagogical purposes. Ashley's work was mainly concerned to build tools to help students understand legal reasoning. Explanation and argument are the bases of the case method used in many professional schools in the U.S... |
HYPO CBR : The quality of HYPO's results speak for themselves, in that a number of sequent legal reasoning systems are either directly based upon HYPO's mechanisms as in the case of Kowalski (1991), TAX-HYPO, precedent case-based system operating in the statutory domain of tax law (Rissland and Skalak 1989), CABARET, a... |
HYPO CBR : Computational model Government by algorithm Hypothesis Hypothetical syllogism Janet L. Kolodner Knowledge-based systems Rule-based system Legal information retrieval Logical reasoning Problem solving Shyster (expert system) Socratic method |
HYPO CBR : Edelson, D.C., Learning from cases and questions: The Socratic case-based teaching architecture, (1996), J. Learning Science 5(4), 357–410 Gray, P.N., Artificial Legal Intelligence, Dartmouth Publishing Company Ltd., Aldershot, England 1998 Popple, J. (1996). A Pragmatic Legal Expert System (PDF). Applied Le... |
HYPO CBR : Aleven, V., [1], (2003) Artificial Intelligence 50, 183–237 Report Abel Hinkf6230 Cbr, [2], Hypo Km Health Informatics Report Ashley, K.D., [3], Modeling Legal Argument: Reasoning with cases and hypothetical, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1987. Based on Ashley's Phd Dissertation COINS Technical Report No. 88–01 |
Kialo : Kialo is an online structured debate platform with argument maps in the form of debate trees. It is a collaborative reasoning tool for thoughtful discussion, understanding different points of view, and collaborative decision-making, showing arguments for and against claims underneath user-submitted theses or qu... |
Kialo : Users can comment on every Pro or Con, for example for requesting sources or expansions. Recent activities of a debate are shown in a panel on the right side of the respective debate. Debates can be found through the search or on the Explore page through their descriptions and topic-tags. Mere comments that do ... |
Kialo : A 2018 report stated the collaborative argument platform hosts more than 10,000 debates in various languages. It also hosts private debates. The website claims that it has over 18,000 public debates as of July 2023, as well as over 1 million votes and over 720,000 claims. Debates can be found via the site's int... |
Kialo : The site is run by Kialo Inc. It was founded by German-born entrepreneur and London School of Economics and Political Science graduate Errikos Pitsos in August 2017 and is based in Brooklyn and Berlin. According to a 2018 report, the site does not show advertisements and does not sell user's data. The for-profi... |
Kialo : In 2022, MakeUseOf named the site as one of the five best "debate sites to civilly and logically argue online about opinions" and in 2019 as one of the "100+ best websites on the Internet". Online discourse quality The site aims to be a hub for civilized debate where shouting, rudeness or irrationality aren't a... |
Kialo : Argumentation theory – Academic field of logic and rhetoric Collective intelligence – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts Dialectic – Method of reasoning via argumentation and contradiction Evidence-based practices – potential uses Public awareness of science – platform use can expose people... |
Kialo : Kialo Edu blog, guides and ideas for applications in education Kialo on Twitter Structured online debate and conclusion-making, images and related projects The Role of Pragmatic and Discourse Context in Determining Argument Impact, 2019, R&D on determining argument impact |
Lawbot : Lawbots are a broad class of customer-facing legal AI applications that are used to automate specific legal tasks, such as document automation and legal research. The terms robot lawyer and lawyer bot are used as synonyms to lawbot. A robot lawyer or a robo-lawyer refers to a legal AI application that can perf... |
Lawbot : The following levels of autonomy (LoA) are suggested for automated AI legal reasoning: Level 0 (LoA0): No automation for AI legal reasoning Level 1 (LoA1): Simple assistance automation Level 2 (LoA2): Advanced assistance automation Level 3 (LoA3): Semi-autonomous automation Level 4 (LoA4): Domain automation Le... |
Lawbot : Some legal AI solutions are developed and marketed directly to the customers or consumers, whereas other applications are tools for the attorneys at law firms. There are already hundreds of legal AI solutions that operate in multitude of ways varying in sophistication and dependence on scripted algorithms. One... |
Lawbot : In the 2016 report, Deloitte estimated that more than 110,000 law jobs in just the United Kingdom alone could disappear within the next twenty years due to automation. This change could result in the creation of more highly skilled jobs and in the reduction of paralegal and temporary positions. Deloitte's repo... |
Lawbot : It has been widely estimated for at least the last generation that all the programs and resources devoted to ensuring access to justice address only 20% of the civil legal needs of low-income people in the United States. Drawing on this experience, in late 2011, the U.S. government-funded Legal Services Corpor... |
Lawbot : Current research in subjects such as computational privacy, explainable machine learning, Bayesian deep learning, knowledge-intensive machine learning, and transfer learning reveals that we do not yet have the technology to enable Level 4 to 6 AI lawbots. In 2023, OpenLaw began developing a model called Law Bo... |
Lawbot : Automation Artificial intelligence and law Computational law Document automation DoNotPay Government by algorithm Legal expert systems Legal informatics Legal technology |
Lawbot : CodeX Techindex, Stanford Law School Legal Tech List LawSites List of Legal Tech Startups |
Legal expert system : A legal expert system is a domain-specific expert system that uses artificial intelligence to emulate the decision-making abilities of a human expert in the field of law.: 172 Legal expert systems employ a rule base or knowledge base and an inference engine to accumulate, reference and produce exp... |
Legal expert system : It has been suggested that legal expert systems could help to manage the rapid expansion of legal information and decisions that began to intensify in the late 1960s. Many of the first legal expert systems were created in the 1970s: 179 and 1980s.: 928 Lawyers were originally identified as primary... |
Legal expert system : Many forms of legal expert systems have become widely used and accepted by both the legal community and the users of legal services. |
Legal expert system : ASHSD-II is a hybrid legal expert system that blends rule-based and case-based reasoning models in the area of matrimonial property disputes under English law.: 49 CHIRON is a hybrid legal expert system that blends rule-based and case-based reasoning models to support tax planning activities under... |
Legal expert system : There may be a lack of consensus over what distinguishes a legal expert system from a knowledge-based system (also called an intelligent knowledge-based system). While legal expert systems are held to function at the level of a human legal expert, knowledge-based systems may depend on the ongoing ... |
Legal expert system : Since 2013, there have been significant developments in legal expert systems. Professor Tanina Rostain of Georgetown Law Center teaches a course in designing legal expert systems. Open-source platforms like Docassemble and companies such as Neota Logic, Logic Programming Associates, Berkely Bridge... |
Legal expert system : More recently, the world of legal expert systems has collided with the world of low-code no-code products. In its article entitled 'No Code and Lawyers', the NoCode Journal mentions tools such as Neota Logic, VisiRule, Berkeley Bridge, BRYTER and Josef as all being used within the legal sector for... |
Legal expert system : Applications of artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence and law COMPAS (software) Computer-assisted legal research Clinical decision support system HYPO CBR, a legal expert system Indeterminacy debate in legal theory Subject-matter expert |
Legal expert system : CodeX Techindex, Stanford Law School Legal Tech List LawSites List of Legal Tech Startups Legal Technology For Lawyers |
Legal Knowledge Interchange Format : The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) was developed in the European ESTRELLA project and was designed with the goal of becoming a standard for representing and interchanging policy, legislation and cases, including their justificatory arguments, in the legal domain. LKIF bui... |
Legal Knowledge Interchange Format : https://github.com/RinkeHoekstra/lkif-core |
Project Debater : Project Debater is an IBM artificial intelligence project, designed to participate in a full live debate with expert human debaters. It follows on from the Watson project which played Jeopardy! |
Project Debater : Project Debater was developed at IBM's lab in Haifa, Israel. The project was proposed by Noam Slonim in 2011 as the IBM Research next Grand Challenge, following Deep Blue and the victory of Watson in Jeopardy! It was exposed for the first time in a closed media event at June 18, 2018, in San Francisco... |
Project Debater : On February 11, 2019, Project Debater was revealed to the world in a live debate in San Francisco. Nonpartisan media group Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates hosted the debate which was moderated by journalist John Donvan. The debate took place between Project Debater and Harish Natarajan, who holds th... |
Project Debater : Project Debater was featured in a television series called “That’s Debatable” presented by Intelligence Squared U.S. Debates and Bloomberg Media. For each episode of “That’s Debatable,” Project Debater provided insight into three distinct debate topics on the redistribution of wealth, modern monetary ... |
Project Debater : To develop Project Debater, the IBM Research team had to endow the system with the following AI capabilities: Data-driven speech writing and delivery: Project Debater is the first demonstration of a computer that can digest massive corpora, and given a short description of a controversial topic, write... |
Proof assistant : In computer science and mathematical logic, a proof assistant or interactive theorem prover is a software tool to assist with the development of formal proofs by human–machine collaboration. This involves some sort of interactive proof editor, or other interface, with which a human can guide the searc... |
Proof assistant : ACL2 – a programming language, a first-order logical theory, and a theorem prover (with both interactive and automatic modes) in the Boyer–Moore tradition. Rocq (formerly known as Coq) – Allows the expression of mathematical assertions, mechanically checks proofs of these assertions, helps to find for... |
Proof assistant : A popular front-end for proof assistants is the Emacs-based Proof General, developed at the University of Edinburgh. Coq includes CoqIDE, which is based on OCaml/Gtk. Isabelle includes Isabelle/jEdit, which is based on jEdit and the Isabelle/Scala infrastructure for document-oriented proof processing.... |
Proof assistant : Freek Wiedijk has been keeping a ranking of proof assistants by the amount of formalized theorems out of a list of 100 well-known theorems. As of September 2023, only five systems have formalized proofs of more than 70% of the theorems, namely Isabelle, HOL Light, Rocq, Lean, and Metamath. |
Proof assistant : The following is a list of notable proofs that have been formalized within proof assistants. |
Proof assistant : Automated theorem proving – Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic Computer-assisted proof – Mathematical proof at least partially generated by computer Formal verification – Proving or disproving the correctness of certain intended algorithms QED manifesto – Proposal for a computer-ba... |
Proof assistant : Barendregt, Henk; Geuvers, Herman (2001). "18. Proof-assistants using Dependent Type Systems" (PDF). In Robinson, Alan J. A.; Voronkov, Andrei (eds.). Handbook of Automated Reasoning. Vol. 2. Elsevier. pp. 1149–. ISBN 978-0-444-50812-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-27. Pfenning, Frank. ... |
Proof assistant : Theorem Prover Museum "Introduction" in Certified Programming with Dependent Types. Introduction to the Coq Proof Assistant (with a general introduction to interactive theorem proving) Interactive Theorem Proving for Agda Users A list of theorem proving tools Catalogues Digital Math by Category: Tacti... |
Shyster (expert system) : SHYSTER is a legal expert system developed at the Australian National University in Canberra in 1993. It was written as the doctoral dissertation of James Popple under the supervision of Robin Stanton, Roger Clarke, Peter Drahos, and Malcolm Newey. A full technical report of the expert system,... |
Shyster (expert system) : SHYSTER is a specific example of a general category of legal expert systems, broadly defined as systems that make use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to solve legal problems. Legal AI systems can be divided into two categories: legal retrieval systems and legal analysis systems. SHY... |
Shyster (expert system) : SHYSTER was tested in four different and disparate areas of case law. Four specifications were written, each representing an area of Australian law: an aspect of the law of trover; the meaning of "authorization [sic]" in copyright law of Australia; the categorisation of employment contracts; a... |
Shyster (expert system) : "SHYSTER". Australian National University. 26 June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014. "Source code". SHYSTER. Australian National University. 30 April 1995. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014. "Case law specifications". ... |
Split Up (expert system) : Split Up is an intelligent decision support system, which makes predictions about the distribution of marital property following divorce in Australia. It is designed to assist judges, registrars of the Family Court of Australia, mediators and lawyers. Split Up operates as a hybrid system, com... |
Split Up (expert system) : In Australian family law, a judge in determining the distribution of property will: identify the assets of the marriage included in the common pool establish what percentage of the common pool each party will receive determine a final property order in line with the decisions made in 1. and 2... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used in applications throughout industry and academia. In a manner analogous to electricity or computers, AI serves as a general-purpose technology. AI programs are designed to simulate human perception and understanding. These systems are ... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Games have been a major application of AI's capabilities since the 1950s. In the 21st century, AIs have beaten human players in many games, including chess (Deep Blue), Jeopardy! (Watson), Go (AlphaGo), poker (Pluribus and Cepheus), E-sports (StarCraft), and general game playin... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : AI for Good is a platform launched in 2017 by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) agency of the United Nations (UN). The goal of the platform is to use AI to help achieve the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. The University of Southern California launched the Cent... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : In agriculture, AI has been proposed as a way for farmers to identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, or pesticide treatments to increase yields, thereby improving efficiency. AI has been used to attempt to classify livestock pig call emotions, automate greenhouses, ... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Cyber security companies are adopting neural networks, machine learning, and natural language processing to improve their systems. Applications of AI in cyber security include: Network protection: Machine learning improves intrusion detection systems by broadening the search be... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : AI elevates teaching, focusing on significant issues like the knowledge nexus and educational equality. The evolution of AI in education and technology should be used to improve human capabilities in relationships where they do not replace humans. UNESCO recognizes the future o... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. The use of AI in banking began in 1987 when Security Pacific National Bank launched a fraud prevention task-force to ... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : AI facial recognition systems are used for mass surveillance, notably in China. In 2019, Bengaluru, India deployed AI-managed traffic signals. This system uses cameras to monitor traffic density and adjust signal timing based on the interval needed to clear traffic. |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Machine learning has been used for drug design. It has also been used for predicting molecular properties and exploring large chemical/reaction spaces. Computer-planned syntheses via computational reaction networks, described as a platform that combines "computational synthesis... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Artificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data and applications, mainly for "classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the development of new scientific insights" for example for discovering exo... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : AI applications analyze media content such as movies, TV programs, advertisement videos or user-generated content. The solutions often involve computer vision. Typical scenarios include the analysis of images using object recognition or face recognition techniques, or the analy... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Autonomous ships that monitor the ocean, AI-driven satellite data analysis, passive acoustics or remote sensing and other applications of environmental monitoring make use of machine learning. For example, "Global Plastic Watch" is an AI-based satellite monitoring-platform for ... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : AI in architecture has created a way for architects to create things beyond human understanding. AI implementation of machine learning text-to-render technologies, like DALL-E and stable Diffusion, gives power to visualization complex. AI allows designers to demonstrate their c... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Applications of artificial intelligence to legal informatics Applications of deep learning Applications of machine learning Artificial intelligence and elections Collective intelligence § Applications List of artificial intelligence projects List of datasets for machine-learnin... |
Applications of artificial intelligence : Kaplan, A.M.; Haenlein, M. (2018). "Siri, Siri in my Hand, who's the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations and Implications of Artificial Intelligence". Business Horizons. 62 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004. S2CID 158433736. Kurzweil, Ray (2005... |
List of artificial intelligence projects : The following is a list of current and past, non-classified notable artificial intelligence projects. |
List of artificial intelligence projects : Comparison of cognitive architectures Comparison of deep-learning software |
List of artificial intelligence projects : AI projects on GitHub AI projects on SourceForge |
AI Factory : The AI factory is an AI-centred decision-making engine employed by some modern firms. It optimizes day-to-day operations by relegating smaller‑scale decisions to machine learning algorithms. The factory is structured around 4 core elements: the data pipeline, algorithm development, the experimentation plat... |
AI Factory : AI factories are key components of platforms like Uber and Netflix, refining user experiences through data analysis. In Uber, AI algorithms process real-time data to optimize transportation efficiency, considering factors like individual preferences and traffic conditions. This results in smoother rides an... |
AI-assisted reverse engineering : AI-assisted reverse engineering (AIARE) is a branch of computer science that leverages artificial intelligence (AI), notably machine learning (ML) strategies, to augment and automate the process of reverse engineering. The latter involves breaking down a product, system, or process to ... |
AI-assisted reverse engineering : Conventionally, reverse engineering is conducted by specialists who dismantle a system to grasp its working principles, often for the purposes of reproduction, modification, enhancement of compatibility, or forensic examination. This method, while efficient, can be laborious and time-i... |
AI-assisted reverse engineering : AIARE encompasses several AI methodologies: |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : As part of the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Force (IDF) has used artificial intelligence to rapidly and automatically perform much of the process of determining what to bomb. Israel has greatly expanded the bombing of the Gaza Strip, which in previous wars had been limited by t... |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : Israel uses an AI system dubbed "Habsora", "the Gospel", to determine which targets the Israeli Air Force would bomb. It automatically provides a targeting recommendation to a human analyst, who decides whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field. The recommendations can ... |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : The Guardian defined Lavender as an AI-powered database, according to six intelligence officers' testimonies given to +972 Magazine/Local Call and shared with The Guardian. The six said Lavender had played a central role in the war, rapidly processing data to identify potential... |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : Experts in ethics, AI, and international humanitarian law have criticized the use of such AI systems along ethical and legal lines, arguing that they violate basic principles of international humanitarian law, such as military necessity, proportionality, and the distinction bet... |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : United Nations Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, said he was “deeply troubled” by reports that Israel used artificial intelligence in its military campaign in Gaza, saying the practice puts civilians at risk and blurs accountability. Speaking about the Lavender system, Marc ... |
AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip : Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance Lethal autonomous weapon Project Maven Project Nimbus |
AI: When a Robot Writes a Play : AI: When a Robot Writes a Play (in Czech: AI: Když robot píše hru) is a 2021 experimental theatre play, where 90% of its script was automatically generated by artificial intelligence (the GPT-2 language model). The play is in Czech language, but an English version of the script also exi... |
AI: When a Robot Writes a Play : The play is the first result of the THEaiTRE research project, aiming to commemorate the centenary of the R.U.R. play by Karel Čapek by investigating to what extent artificial intelligence could be used to create theatre play scripts. The script of the play was created using the THEaiTR... |
AI: When a Robot Writes a Play : The play contains 9 characters. The Robot appears in all the scenes, while each of the other characters appears in only one scene. Robot – The lead character, a male humanoid robot. Master – An old man, the creator of the Robot. Boy – A schoolboy. Masseuse – A sex worker in a brothel. S... |
AI: When a Robot Writes a Play : The play is composed of 8 scenes. It tells the story of a humanoid robot, who encounters 8 other characters and engages into various typically human situations and activities, related to death, love, sex, violence, etc. The individual scenes are not tightly linked, but there are some li... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.