text stringlengths 12 14.7k |
|---|
Learning curve (machine learning) : When creating a function to approximate the distribution of some data, it is necessary to define a loss function L ( f θ ( X ) , Y ) (X),Y) to measure how good the model output is (e.g., accuracy for classification tasks or mean squared error for regression). We then define an optimi... |
Learning curve (machine learning) : Overfitting Bias–variance tradeoff Model selection Cross-validation (statistics) Validity (statistics) Verification and validation Double descent == References == |
Tehran Monolingual Corpus : The Tehran Monolingual Corpus (TMC) is a large-scale Persian monolingual corpus. TMC is suited for Language Modeling and relevant research areas in Natural Language Processing. The corpus is extracted from Hamshahri Corpus and ISNA news agency website. The quality of Hamshahri corpus is impr... |
Tehran Monolingual Corpus : Bijankhan Corpus Hamshahri Corpus |
Hardware for artificial intelligence : Specialized computer hardware is often used to execute artificial intelligence (AI) programs faster, and with less energy, such as Lisp machines, neuromorphic engineering, event cameras, and physical neural networks. Since 2017, several consumer grade CPUs and SoCs have on-die NPU... |
Hardware for artificial intelligence : Lisp machines were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to make Artificial intelligence programs written in the programming language Lisp run faster. |
Hardware for artificial intelligence : Dataflow architecture processors used for AI serve various purposes, with varied implementations like the polymorphic dataflow Convolution Engine by Kinara (formerly Deep Vision), structure-driven dataflow by Hailo, and dataflow scheduling by Cerebras. |
Machine learning in physics : Applying machine learning (ML) (including deep learning) methods to the study of quantum systems is an emergent area of physics research. A basic example of this is quantum state tomography, where a quantum state is learned from measurement. Other examples include learning Hamiltonians, le... |
Machine learning in physics : Quantum computing Quantum machine learning Quantum annealing Quantum neural network HHL Algorithm == References == |
Relation network : A relation network (RN) is an artificial neural network component with a structure that can reason about relations among objects. An example category of such relations is spatial relations (above, below, left, right, in front of, behind). RNs can infer relations, they are data efficient, and they ope... |
Relation network : In June 2017, DeepMind announced the first relation network. It claimed that the technology had achieved "superhuman" performance on multiple question-answering problem sets. |
Relation network : RNs constrain the functional form of a neural network to capture the common properties of relational reasoning. These properties are explicitly added to the system, rather than established by learning just as the capacity to reason about spatial, translation-invariant properties is explicitly part of... |
Relation network : Deep learning == References == |
Game theory : Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions. It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively in economics, logic, systems science and computer science. Initially, game theory addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which a participant's gains or ... |
Game theory : The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the players of the game, the information and actions available to each player at each decision point, and the payoffs for each outcome. (Eric Rasmusen refers to these fo... |
Game theory : As a method of applied mathematics, game theory has been used to study a wide variety of human and animal behaviors. It was initially developed in economics to understand a large collection of economic behaviors, including behaviors of firms, markets, and consumers. The first use of game-theoretic analysi... |
Game theory : Based on the 1998 book by Sylvia Nasar, the life story of game theorist and mathematician John Nash was turned into the 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind, starring Russell Crowe as Nash. The 1959 military science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein mentioned "games theory" and "theory of game... |
Game theory : Applied ethics – Practical application of moral considerations Bandwidth-sharing game – Type of resource allocation game Chainstore paradox – Game theory paradox Collective intentionality – Intentionality that occurs when two or more individuals undertake a task together Core (game theory) – term in game ... |
Game theory : Ben-David, S.; Borodin, A.; Karp, R.; Tardos, G.; Wigderson, A. (January 1994). "On the power of randomization in on-line algorithms". Algorithmica. 11 (1): 2–14. doi:10.1007/BF01294260. S2CID 26771869. Downs, Anthony (1957), An Economic theory of Democracy, New York: Harper Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer (193... |
Game theory : James Miller (2015): Introductory Game Theory Videos. "Games, theory of", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] Paul Walker: History of Game Theory Page. David Levine: Game Theory. Papers, Lecture Notes and much more stuff. Alvin Roth:"Game Theory and Experimental Economics page". Archived f... |
GPT-2 : Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) is a large language model by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million web pages. It was partially released in February 2019, followed by full release of the 1.5-billion-parameter model on Novemb... |
GPT-2 : Since the transformer architecture enabled massive parallelization, GPT models could be trained on larger corpora than previous NLP (natural language processing) models. While the GPT-1 model demonstrated that the approach was viable, GPT-2 would further explore the emergent properties of networks trained on ex... |
GPT-2 : GPT-2 was first announced on 14 February 2019. A February 2019 article in The Verge by James Vincent said that, while "[the] writing it produces is usually easily identifiable as non-human", it remained "one of the most exciting examples yet" of language generation programs: Give it a fake headline, and it’ll w... |
GPT-2 : While GPT-2's ability to generate plausible passages of natural language text were generally remarked on positively, its shortcomings were noted as well, especially when generating texts longer than a couple paragraphs; Vox said "the prose is pretty rough, there’s the occasional non-sequitur, and the articles g... |
GPT-2 : Even before the release of the full version, GPT-2 was used for a variety of applications and services, as well as for entertainment. In June 2019, a subreddit named r/SubSimulatorGPT2 was created in which a variety of GPT-2 instances trained on different subreddits made posts and replied to each other's commen... |
GPT-2 : GPT-2 became capable of performing a variety of tasks beyond simple text production due to the breadth of its dataset and technique: answering questions, summarizing, and even translating between languages in a variety of specific domains, without being instructed in anything beyond how to predict the next word... |
Microsoft Copilot : Microsoft Copilot (or simply Copilot) is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Microsoft. Based on the GPT-4 series of large language models, it was launched in 2023 as Microsoft's primary replacement for the discontinued Cortana. The service was introduced in February 2023 under... |
Microsoft Copilot : In 2019, Microsoft partnered with OpenAI and began investing billions of dollars into the organization. Since then, OpenAI systems have run on an Azure-based supercomputing platform from Microsoft. In September 2020, Microsoft announced that it had licensed OpenAI's GPT-3 exclusively. Others can sti... |
Microsoft Copilot : Tom Warren, a senior editor at The Verge, has noted the conceptual similarity of Copilot and other Microsoft assistant features like Cortana and Clippy. Warren also believes that large language models, as they develop further, could change how users work and collaborate. Rowan Curran, an analyst at ... |
Microsoft Copilot : Tabnine – Coding assistant Tay (chatbot) – Chatbot developed by Microsoft Zo (chatbot) – Chatbot developed by MicrosoftPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets |
Microsoft Copilot : Official website Media related to Microsoft Copilot at Wikimedia Commons Microsoft Copilot Terms of Use (Archive -- 2024-10-01 -- Wayback Machine, Archive Today, Megalodon, Ghostarchive) Past versions |
Contrastive Hebbian learning : Contrastive Hebbian learning is a biologically plausible form of Hebbian learning. It is based on the contrastive divergence algorithm, which has been used to train a variety of energy-based latent variable models. In 2003, contrastive Hebbian learning was shown to be equivalent in power ... |
Contrastive Hebbian learning : Oja's rule Generalized Hebbian algorithm == References == |
Recurrent neural network : Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a class of artificial neural networks designed for processing sequential data, such as text, speech, and time series, where the order of elements is important. Unlike feedforward neural networks, which process inputs independently, RNNs utilize recurrent c... |
Recurrent neural network : An RNN-based model can be factored into two parts: configuration and architecture. Multiple RNN can be combined in a data flow, and the data flow itself is the configuration. Each RNN itself may have any architecture, including LSTM, GRU, etc. |
Recurrent neural network : Modern libraries provide runtime-optimized implementations of the above functionality or allow to speed up the slow loop by just-in-time compilation. Apache Singa Caffe: Created by the Berkeley Vision and Learning Center (BVLC). It supports both CPU and GPU. Developed in C++, and has Python a... |
Recurrent neural network : Applications of recurrent neural networks include: Machine translation Robot control Time series prediction Speech recognition Speech synthesis Brain–computer interfaces Time series anomaly detection Text-to-Video model Rhythm learning Music composition Grammar learning Handwriting recognitio... |
Recurrent neural network : Mandic, Danilo P.; Chambers, Jonathon A. (2001). Recurrent Neural Networks for Prediction: Learning Algorithms, Architectures and Stability. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-49517-8. Grossberg, Stephen (2013-02-22). "Recurrent Neural Networks". Scholarpedia. 8 (2): 1888. Bibcode:2013SchpJ...8.1888G. doi... |
Statistics : Statistics (from German: Statistik, orig. "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statisti... |
Statistics : "Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the technology of extracting information from data." - featured in the International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science.Statistics is the discipline that deals with data, facts and figures with which meaningful information is inferred. Data may represent ... |
Statistics : Formal discussions on inference date back to the mathematicians and cryptographers of the Islamic Golden Age between the 8th and 13th centuries. Al-Khalil (717–786) wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages, which contains one of the first uses of permutations and combinations, to list all possible Arabic w... |
Statistics : Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: biostatistics, computational biology, computational sociology, network biology, social science, sociology and social research. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have s... |
Statistics : Misuse of statistics can produce subtle but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliabili... |
Statistics : Foundations and major areas of statistics |
Statistics : Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 62–67. "The use of p values for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine statistical significance of experimental results has contributed to... |
Statistics : (Electronic Version): TIBCO Software Inc. (2020). Data Science Textbook. Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Multimedia Course of Study. Developed by Rice University (Lead Developer), University of Houston Clear Lake, Tufts University, and National Science Foundation. UCLA Statistical Computing Res... |
Knowledge-based systems : A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. Knowledge-based systems were the focus of early artificial intelligence researchers in the 1980s. The term can refer to a broad range of systems. However, all knowledge-based ... |
Knowledge-based systems : The knowledge base contains domain-specific facts and rules about a problem domain (rather than knowledge implicitly embedded in procedural code, as in a conventional computer program). In addition, the knowledge may be structured by means of a subsumption ontology, frames, conceptual graph, o... |
Knowledge-based systems : Knowledge representation and reasoning Knowledge modeling Knowledge engine Information retrieval Reasoning system Case-based reasoning Conceptual graph Neural networks |
Knowledge-based systems : Rajendra, Akerkar; Sajja, Priti (2009). Knowledge-Based Systems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 9780763776473. |
OpenAI : OpenAI, Inc. is an American artificial intelligence (AI) research organization founded in December 2015 and headquartered in San Francisco, California. It aims to develop "safe and beneficial" artificial general intelligence (AGI), which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most e... |
OpenAI : Some scientists, such as Stephen Hawking and Stuart Russell, have articulated concerns that if advanced AI gains the ability to redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "intelligence explosion" could lead to human extinction. Co-founder Musk characterizes AI as humanity's "biggest existential... |
OpenAI : In the early years before his 2018 departure, Musk posed the question: "What is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a wa... |
OpenAI : Anthropic – American artificial intelligence research company Center for AI Safety – US-based AI safety research center Future of Humanity Institute – Defunct Oxford interdisciplinary research centre Future of Life Institute – International nonprofit research institute Google DeepMind – Artificial intelligence... |
OpenAI : Official website |
Ontology learning : Ontology learning (ontology extraction,ontology augmentation generation, ontology generation, or ontology acquisition) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain's terms and the relationships between the concepts that these terms represen... |
Ontology learning : Ontology learning (OL) is used to (semi-)automatically extract whole ontologies from natural language text. The process is usually split into the following eight tasks, which are not all necessarily applied in every ontology learning system. |
Ontology learning : Dog4Dag (Dresden Ontology Generator for Directed Acyclic Graphs) is an ontology generation plugin for Protégé 4.1 and OBOEdit 2.1. It allows for term generation, sibling generation, definition generation, and relationship induction. Integrated into Protégé 4.1 and OBO-Edit 2.1, DOG4DAG allows ontolo... |
Ontology learning : Automatic taxonomy construction Computational linguistics Domain ontology Information extraction Natural language understanding Semantic Web Text mining |
Ontology learning : P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano (Eds.). Ontology Learning and Population: Bridging the Gap between Text and Knowledge[usurped], Series information for Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, IOS Press, 2008. P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, and B. Magnini (Eds.). Ontology Learning from Text: Method... |
European Neural Network Society : The European Neural Network Society (ENNS) is an association of scientists, engineers, students, and others seeking to learn about and advance understanding of artificial neural networks. Specific areas of interest in this scientific field include modelling of behavioral and brain proc... |
Computational humor : Computational humor is a branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research. It is a relatively new area, with the first dedicated conference organized in 1996. |
Computational humor : A statistical machine learning algorithm to detect whether a sentence contained a "That's what she said" double entendre was developed by Kiddon and Brun (2011). There is an open-source Python implementation of Kiddon & Brun's TWSS system. A program to recognize knock-knock jokes was reported by T... |
Computational humor : A possible application for assistance in language acquisition is described in the section "Pun generation". Another envisioned use of joke generators is in cases of a steady supply of jokes where quantity is more important than quality. Another obvious, yet remote, direction is automated joke appr... |
Computational humor : John Allen Paulos is known for his interest in mathematical foundations of humor. His book Mathematics and Humor: A Study of the Logic of Humor demonstrates structures common to humor and formal sciences (mathematics, linguistics) and develops a mathematical model of jokes based on catastrophe the... |
Computational humor : Theory of humor World's funniest joke#Other findings |
Computational humor : "Computational humor", by Binsted, K.; Nijholt, A.; Stock, O.; Strapparava, C.; Ritchie, G.; Manurung, R.; Pain, H.; Waller, A.; Oapos;Mara, D., IEEE Intelligent Systems Volume 21, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 59 – 69 doi:10.1109/MIS.2006.22 O. Stock, C. Strapparava & A. Nijholt (eds.) "The April Fools' Day... |
Spell checker : In software, a spell checker (or spelling checker or spell check) is a software feature that checks for misspellings in a text. Spell-checking features are often embedded in software or services, such as a word processor, email client, electronic dictionary, or search engine. |
Spell checker : A basic spell checker carries out the following processes: It scans the text and extracts the words contained in it. It then compares each word with a known list of correctly spelled words (i.e. a dictionary). This might contain just a list of words, or it might also contain additional information, such... |
Spell checker : The first spell checkers were "verifiers" instead of "correctors." They offered no suggestions for incorrectly spelled words. This was helpful for typos but it was not so helpful for logical or phonetic errors. The challenge the developers faced was the difficulty in offering useful suggestions for miss... |
Spell checker : English is unusual in that most words used in formal writing have a single spelling that can be found in a typical dictionary, with the exception of some jargon and modified words. In many languages, words are often concatenated into new combinations of words. In German, compound nouns are frequently co... |
Spell checker : There has been research on developing algorithms that are capable of recognizing a misspelled word, even if the word itself is in the vocabulary, based on the context of the surrounding words. Not only does this allow words such as those in the poem above to be caught, but it mitigates the detrimental e... |
Spell checker : Cupertino effect Grammar checker Record linkage problem Spelling suggestion Words (Unix) Autocorrection LanguageTool |
Spell checker : Norvig.com, "How to Write a Spelling Corrector", by Peter Norvig BBK.ac.uk, "Spellchecking by computer", by Roger Mitton CBSNews.com, Spell-Check Crutch Curtails Correctness, by Lloyd de Vries History and text of "Candidate for a Pullet Surprise" by Mark Eckman and Jerrold H. Zar |
Artificial intelligence arms race : A military artificial intelligence arms race is an arms race between two or more states to develop and deploy lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS). Since the mid-2010s, many analysts have noted the emergence of such an arms race between superpowers for better military AI, driven ... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. LAWS have colloquially been called "slaughterbots" or "killer robots". Broadly, any competition for superior AI is sometimes framed as an "arms race". Advantag... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : In 2014, AI specialist Steve Omohundro warned that "An autonomous weapons arms race is already taking place". According to Siemens, worldwide military spending on robotics was US$5.1 billion in 2010 and US$7.5 billion in 2015. China became a top player in artificial intelligence rese... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : One risk concerns the AI race itself, whether or not the race is won by any one group. There are strong incentives for development teams to cut corners with regard to the safety of the system, increasing the risk of critical failures and unintended consequences. This is in part due t... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : The international regulation of autonomous weapons is an emerging issue for international law. AI arms control will likely require the institutionalization of new international norms embodied in effective technical specifications combined with active monitoring and informal diplomacy... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : A 2015 open letter by the Future of Life Institute calling for the prohibition of lethal autonomous weapons systems has been signed by over 26,000 citizens, including physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla magnate Elon Musk, Apple's Steve Wozniak and Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, and ove... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : Many Western tech companies avoid being associated too closely with the U.S. military, for fear of losing access to China's market. Furthermore, some researchers, such as DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis, are ideologically opposed to contributing to military work. For example, in June 201... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : AI alignment AI slop A.I. Rising Artificial intelligence detection software Cold War Deterrence theory Ethics of artificial intelligence Existential risk from artificial general intelligence Nuclear arms race Post–Cold War era Second Cold War Space Race Unmanned combat aerial vehicle... |
Artificial intelligence arms race : Paul Scharre, "Killer Apps: The Real Dangers of an AI Arms Race", Foreign Affairs, vol. 98, no. 3 (May/June 2019), pp. 135–44. "Today's AI technologies are powerful but unreliable. Rules-based systems cannot deal with circumstances their programmers did not anticipate. Learning syste... |
Coupled pattern learner : Coupled Pattern Learner (CPL) is a machine learning algorithm which couples the semi-supervised learning of categories and relations to forestall the problem of semantic drift associated with boot-strap learning methods. |
Coupled pattern learner : Semi-supervised learning approaches using a small number of labeled examples with many unlabeled examples are usually unreliable as they produce an internally consistent, but incorrect set of extractions. CPL solves this problem by simultaneously learning classifiers for many different categor... |
Coupled pattern learner : CPL is an approach to semi-supervised learning that yields more accurate results by coupling the training of many information extractors. Basic idea behind CPL is that semi-supervised training of a single type of extractor such as ‘coach’ is much more difficult than simultaneously training man... |
Coupled pattern learner : Meta-Bootstrap Learner (MBL) was also proposed by the authors of CPL. Meta-Bootstrap learner couples the training of multiple extraction techniques with a multi-view constraint, which requires the extractors to agree. It makes addition of coupling constraints on top of existing extraction algo... |
Coupled pattern learner : In their paper authors have presented results showing the potential of CPL to contribute new facts to existing repository of semantic knowledge, Freebase |
Coupled pattern learner : Co-training Never-Ending Language Learning |
Coupled pattern learner : Liu, Qiuhua; Xuejun Liao; Lawrence Carin (2008). "Semi-supervised multitask learning". NIPS. Shinyama, Yusuke; Satoshi Sekine (2006). "Preemptive information extraction using unrestricted relation discovery". HLT-Naacl. Chang, Ming-Wei; Lev-Arie Ratinov; Dan Roth (2007). "Guiding semi-supervis... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Explainable AI (XAI), often overlapping with interpretable AI, or explainable machine learning (XML), is a field of research within artificial intelligence (AI) that explores methods that provide humans with the ability of intellectual oversight over AI algorithms. The main focus i... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Cooperation between agents – in this case, algorithms and humans – depends on trust. If humans are to accept algorithmic prescriptions, they need to trust them. Incompleteness in formal trust criteria is a barrier to optimization. Transparency, interpretability, and explainability ... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : There is a subtle difference between the terms explainability and interpretability in the context of AI. Some explainability techniques don't involve understanding how the model works, and may work across various AI systems. Treating the model as a black box and analyzing how margi... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : During the 1970s to 1990s, symbolic reasoning systems, such as MYCIN, GUIDON, SOPHIE, and PROTOS could represent, reason about, and explain their reasoning for diagnostic, instructional, or machine-learning (explanation-based learning) purposes. MYCIN, developed in the early 1970s ... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : As regulators, official bodies, and general users come to depend on AI-based dynamic systems, clearer accountability will be required for automated decision-making processes to ensure trust and transparency. The first global conference exclusively dedicated to this emerging discipl... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Despite ongoing endeavors to enhance the explainability of AI models, they persist with several inherent limitations. |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Some scholars have suggested that explainability in AI should be considered a goal secondary to AI effectiveness, and that encouraging the exclusive development of XAI may limit the functionality of AI more broadly. Critiques of XAI rely on developed concepts of mechanistic and emp... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Explainability was studied also in social choice theory. Social choice theory aims at finding solutions to social decision problems, that are based on well-established axioms. Ariel D. Procaccia explains that these axioms can be used to construct convincing explanations to the solu... |
Explainable artificial intelligence : Algorithmic transparency – study on the transparency of algorithmsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Right to explanation – Right to have an algorithm explained Accumulated local effects – Machine learning method |
Explainable artificial intelligence : "the World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence". "ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT)". Mazumdar, Dipankar; Neto, Mário Popolin; Paulovich, Fernando V. (2021). "Random Forest similarity maps: A Scalable Visual Representation for Global... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.