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Ground truth : In remote sensing, "ground truth" refers to information collected at the imaged location. Ground truth allows image data to be related to real features and materials on the ground. The collection of ground truth data enables calibration of remote-sensing data, and aids in the interpretation and analysis ... |
Ground truth : In GIS the spatial data is modeled as field (like in remote sensing raster images) or as object (like in vectorial map representation). They are modeled from the real world (also named geographical reality), typically by a cartographic process (illustrated). Geographic information systems such as GIS, GP... |
Ground truth : US military slang uses "ground truth" to refer to the facts comprising a tactical situation—as opposed to intelligence reports, mission plans, and other descriptions reflecting the conative or policy-based projections of the industrial·military complex. The term appears in the title of the Iraq War docum... |
Ground truth : Baseline (science) Calibration Foundationalism |
Ground truth : Forestry Organization Remote Sensing Technology Project (includes an example of an error matrix) |
Optical character recognition : Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene photo (for example the text on signs and b... |
Optical character recognition : Early optical character recognition may be traced to technologies involving telegraphy and creating reading devices for the blind. In 1914, Emanuel Goldberg developed a machine that read characters and converted them into standard telegraph code. Concurrently, Edmund Fournier d'Albe deve... |
Optical character recognition : OCR engines have been developed into software applications specializing in various subjects such as receipts, invoices, checks, and legal billing documents. The software can be used for: Entering data for business documents, e.g. checks, passports, invoices, bank statements and receipts ... |
Optical character recognition : Optical character recognition (OCR) – targets typewritten text, one glyph or character at a time. Optical word recognition – targets typewritten text, one word at a time (for languages that use a space as a word divider). Usually just called "OCR". Intelligent character recognition (ICR)... |
Optical character recognition : There are several techniques for solving the problem of character recognition by means other than improved OCR algorithms. |
Optical character recognition : Commissioned by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Information Science Research Institute (ISRI) had the mission to foster the improvement of automated technologies for understanding machine printed documents, and it conducted the most authoritative of the Annual Test of OCR Accura... |
Optical character recognition : Characters to support OCR were added to the Unicode Standard in June 1993, with the release of version 1.1. Some of these characters are mapped from fonts specific to MICR, OCR-A or OCR-B. |
Optical character recognition : Unicode OCR – Hex Range: 2440-245F Optical Character Recognition in Unicode Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting character recognition and pen computing |
Asprise OCR : Asprise OCR is a commercial optical character recognition and barcode recognition SDK library that provides an API to recognize text as well as barcodes from images (in formats like JPEG, PNG, TIFF, PDF, etc.) and output in formats like plain text, XML and searchable PDF. Asprise OCR has been in active de... |
Asprise OCR : Asprise OCR SDK for Java, C#, VB.NET, C/C++/Delphi Home Page |
Automatic number-plate recognition : Automatic number-plate recognition (ANPR; see also other names below) is a technology that uses optical character recognition on images to read vehicle registration plates to create vehicle location data. It can use existing closed-circuit television, road-rule enforcement cameras, ... |
Automatic number-plate recognition : ANPR is also known by various other terms: Automatic (or automated) license-plate recognition (ALPR) Automatic (or automated) license-plate reader (ALPR) Automatic vehicle identification (AVI) Danish: Automatisk nummerpladegenkendelse, lit. 'Automatic number plate recognition' (ANPG... |
Automatic number-plate recognition : ANPR was invented in 1976 at the Police Scientific Development Branch in Britain. Prototype systems were working by 1979, and contracts were awarded to produce industrial systems, first at EMI Electronics, and then at Computer Recognition Systems (CRS, now part of Jenoptik) in Wokin... |
Automatic number-plate recognition : The software aspect of the system runs on standard home computer hardware and can be linked to other applications or databases. It first uses a series of image manipulation techniques to detect, normalize and enhance the image of the number plate, and then optical character recognit... |
Automatic number-plate recognition : Anti-facial recognition mask AI effect Applications of artificial intelligence Facial recognition system Road policing unit Vehicle location data Lists List of emerging technologies Outline of artificial intelligence == References == |
Brainware : Brainware was an American software company that marketed Automatic identification and data capture and data extraction products. The company was acquired by Hyland Software in 2017. Brainware originally spun out of Dulles, Virginia-based SER Solutions Inc. in February 2006 when SER was acquired by The Gores... |
Brainware : On March 5, 2012, Lexmark International announced it had acquired the company for a cash price of approximately $148 million. The company was added to Lexmark's Perceptive Software division. On July 10, 2017, Hyland Software finalized its acquisition of the Perceptive Business Unit of Lexmark International,... |
Brainware : Document processing Remittance advice Digital mailroom Automatic identification and data capture |
Brainware : Official website |
Cognitive Technologies : Cognitive Technologies is a Russian software corporation that develops corporate business applications, AI-based advanced driver assistance systems. Founded in 1993 in Moscow (Russia), the company has offices in Eastern Europe, with R&D Centers in Russia. |
Cognitive Technologies : Cognitive Technologies was founded in 1993 by Olga Uskova and Vladimir Arlazarov. The first employees previously worked in the team that developed the first world computer chess champion "Kaissa". The first programs developed by Cognitive Technologies were optical image and character recognitio... |
Cognitive Technologies : Cognitive Technologies develops business application software and self-driving vehicle artificial intelligence. The main products are: C-pilot, AI-based ADAS E1 Evfrat – electronic workflow system CognitiveLot – e-purchasing systems |
Cognitive Technologies : Under the contract signed between Cognitive Technologies and Hewlett-Packard, all scanners sold in Russia had text recognition software developed by Cognitive Technologies. It was the first contract with HP for an Eastern European company. Afterwards, Cognitive Technologies signed OEM contracts... |
Cognitive Technologies : The system developed by Cognitive Technologies does not require building smart cities and smart roads equipped with multiple sensors – it works the opposite way, trying to understand the situation on the road like humans do. The system uses a video camera like a driver who uses his eyes, analyz... |
Cognitive Technologies : In August 2016 Cognitive Technologies started its own ADAS development project C-Pilot for ground transport control automation. |
Cognitive Technologies : The experts from Cognitive Technologies claim that the system will track stones, poles, and other obstacles that might be dangerous for the vehicles. This data will enable the engineers to develop an interactive field map, with GPS coordinates for stones and other obstacles. Eventually, this wi... |
Cognitive Technologies : In 2016 Cognitive Technologies has joined the international community OpenPower Foundation, a consortium of open source solutions to developers based on POWER technology from IBM, which includes the world's leading IT map of Google, NVidia, Mellanox, etc. Within the consortium Cognitive Technol... |
Cognitive Technologies : In 2016, the leading Russian business newspaper Kommersant, announced that Cognitive Technologies is the TOP-2 Russian software company. TOP-6 Russian software company in 2015 according to Russoft TOP-500 biggest Russian companies according to RBC TOP-2 company of the Russian EDMS market in 201... |
Datacap : Datacap (an IBM Company), a privately owned company, manufactures and sells computer software, and services. Datacap's first product, Paper Keyboard, was a "forms processing" product and shipped in 1989. In August 2010, IBM announced that it had acquired Datacap for an undisclosed amount. |
Datacap : Datacap sells products through a value-added distribution network worldwide. The software is classified as "enterprise software", meaning that it requires trained professionals to install and configure. Although the Company has focused on providing solutions for scanning paper documents, most recently Company... |
Datacap : List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM == References == |
Document capture software : Document capture software refers to applications that provide the ability and feature set to automate the process of scanning paper documents or importing electronic documents, often for the purposes of feeding advanced document classification and data collection processes. Most scanning har... |
Document capture software : Typical features of Document Capture Software include: Barcode recognition Patch Code recognition Separation Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Quality Assurance Indexing Migration |
Document capture software : In the earlier implementations of Document Capture Software, the technology focused solely on the digitization and capture of information from paper documents. Document images were acquired from document scanners via TWAIN/ISIS drivers. Only image-based file formats like TIF, JPG, and BMP we... |
Document layout analysis : In computer vision or natural language processing, document layout analysis is the process of identifying and categorizing the regions of interest in the scanned image of a text document. A reading system requires the segmentation of text zones from non-textual ones and the arrangement in the... |
Document layout analysis : There are two main approaches to document layout analysis. Firstly, there are bottom-up approaches which iteratively parse a document based on the raw pixel data. These approaches typically first parse a document into connected regions of black and white, then these regions are grouped into w... |
Document layout analysis : In this section we will walk through the steps of a bottom-up document layout analysis algorithm developed in 1993 by O`Gorman. The steps in this approach are as follows: Preprocess the image to remove Gaussian and salt-and-pepper noise. Note that some noise removal filters may consider comma... |
Document layout analysis : OCRopus – A free document layout analysis and OCR system, implemented in C++ and Python and for FreeBSD, Linux, and Mac OS X. This software supports a plug-in architecture which allows the user to select from a variety of different document layout analysis and OCR algorithms. OCRFeeder – An O... |
Document layout analysis : Document processing Open Document Architecture Page layout |
Document layout analysis : High Performance Document Layout Analysis by Thomas M. Breuel, at PARC, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2003 Geometric Layout Analysis Techniques for Document Image Understanding: a Review, ITC-irst Technical Report TR#9703-09, 1998. |
Document layout analysis : O'Gorman, L. (1993). "The document spectrum for page layout analysis". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 15 (11): 1162–1173. doi:10.1109/34.244677. Simon, A.; Pret, J.-C.; Johnson, A.P. (1997). "A fast algorithm for bottom-up document layout analysis". IEEE Trans... |
E-aksharayan : e-Aksharayan is an optical character recognition engine for Indian languages. Some of research work from e-Aksharayan has been published in different conferences and journals. |
E-aksharayan : Official website |
HOCR : hOCR is an open standard of data representation for formatted text obtained from optical character recognition (OCR). The definition encodes text, style, layout information, recognition confidence metrics and other information using Extensible Markup Language (XML) in the form of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)... |
HOCR : The following OCR software can output the recognition result as hOCR file: OCRopus Tesseract Cuneiform ghostscript HebOCR gcv2hocr gImageReader |
HOCR : The following example is an extract of an hOCR file: The recognized text is stored in normal text nodes of the HTML file. The distribution into separate lines and words is here given by the surrounding span tags. Moreover, the usual HTML entities are used, for example the p tag for a paragraph. Additional inform... |
HOCR : The hOCR format is most commonly used in order to make searchable PDF files or as an extracted metadata of the PDF file. In order to create searchable PDF files we can use a scanned document image and a .hocr file of the particular image. We can use the following open source tools in order to achieve that. |
HOCR : In addition to the following discussed and stable libraries there have been many contributions to the hOCR format over the years with support from many of the early adopters of this format. You can get access to inlaying text on an Image with hOCR and converting that in a PDF file using Python 2 with this 12-yea... |
HOCR : ALTO (XML) — another OCR data representation format |
HOCR : The hOCR Specification for depth about hOCR. specification of current version (1.2 as of February 2021) hocr-tools – tools for manipulating and evaluating the hOCR format on GitHub ocr-fileformat – Software that validates and transforms various OCR file formats including hOCR on GitHub |
Human-readable medium and data : In computing, a human-readable medium or human-readable format is any encoding of data or information that can be naturally read by humans, resulting in human-readable data. It is often encoded as ASCII or Unicode text, rather than as binary data. In most contexts, the alternative to a ... |
Human-readable medium and data : Self-documenting code – source code that is both machine-readable and human-readable Human-readable code Machine-Readable Documents Machine-readable data Data (computing) Data conversion Hellschreiber Human–computer interaction Human factors Plain text Quoted printable == References == |
IBM optical mark and character readers : IBM designed, manufactured and sold optical mark and character readers from 1960 until 1984. The IBM 1287 is notable as being the first commercially sold scanner capable of reading handwritten numbers. |
IBM optical mark and character readers : IBM Poughkeepsie studied machine character recognition from 1950 till 1954, developing an experimental machine that used a cathode-ray-tube attached an IBM 701 which performed the character analysis. They pursued a technique known as lakes and bays which examined different areas... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 1230, IBM 1231, and IBM 1232 were optical mark readers used to input the contents of data sources such as questionnaires, test results, surveys as well as historical data that could be easily entered as marks on sheets. Educational institutes used them to score test resu... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 2956 Models 2 and 3 are custom build optical mark/hole readers designed to be attached to an IBM 2740 Communications Terminal. The IBM 2956-2 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. The cards can be fed by hand or from the 4... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 1282 is an offline optical reader that is used to read embossed credit card receipts, a mark read field or machine printed characters in three different fonts. It then outputs this data onto a punched card. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott. It proved pop... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 1285 is an online optical reader that is used to read printed paper tapes from cash registers or adding machines. It was developed by IBM Endicott and manufactured by IBM Rochester. The IBM 1285 attaches to an IBM 1401, 1440, 1460 or System/360. It has a small round scre... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 1287 is an online reader that can optically scan printed paper tapes and cut form documents to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host. It can read machine printed data as well as handprinted numbers and optical marks (based on installed model and fe... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The IBM 1288 is an online reader that can optically scan cut sheet pages to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading the OCR-A font, handprinted numbers (with an optional feature) and/or optical marks (with an optional feature). It was developed and ... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : The first optical reader released by IBM was the IBM 1418 which could read numbers and vertical bars and which used the same transport as the IBM 1419 cheque sorter. The IBM 1428 was physically very similar to the IBM 1418 (except it did not have a CRT mounted on top), but it wa... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : In October 1961 the US Social Security Administration (SSA) requested proposals for OCR equipment to help them reduce the 57 million lines of information they had to manually enter by keyboard each quarter. IBM responded to the SSA in February 1962 using the work of an IBM engin... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : Released in 1972 and withdrawn in 1984, the IBM 3881 and IBM 3886 are the last family of optical readers released by IBM. |
IBM optical mark and character readers : On October 26, 1970, the U.S. Postal Service awarded IBM a US$6.7 million contract to develop the Advanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service. Development was carried out by both IBM Rochester and the IBM Federal Systems Division in IBM Gaithersburg. The goal was to sort 1 ... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : IBM released several OCR reader/sorter products mainly for the European finance industry. These are detailed in the IBM document processors article, including the following: IBM 1270 IBM 1275 IBM 3890 Models C and D IBM 3890 XP1 with OCR feature IBM also released an inscriber th... |
IBM optical mark and character readers : IBM 1287 Brochure IBM at the Worlds Fair |
Indic OCR : Indic OCR refers to the process of converting text images written in Indic scripts into e-text using Optical character recognition (OCR) techniques. Broadly, it can also refer to the OCR systems of Brahmic scripts for languages of South Asia and Southeast Asia, not just the scripts of the Indian subcontinen... |
Indic OCR : There are 22 officially recognised languages in India. Of these, Hindi, Bengali and Punjabi are the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages and are also the fourth, seventh and tenth most widely spoken languages in the world respectively. Two or more languages can be written with same script. For example, D... |
Indic OCR : SanskritOCR - OCR software for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages based on the Devanagari script. Sanskrit OCR is developed by a Sanskrit scholar from Germany - Dr. Oliver Hellwig of Department for Languages and Cultures of Southern Asia, Freie Universität Berlin. The official website is in Germ... |
Indic OCR : OCR has been used for Wikisource and other projects. |
Indic OCR : "Multilingual Computing & Heritage Computing". www.cdac.in. Retrieved 2017-02-12. Singh, Rustam (2016-04-16). "The Magic of OCR & Augmented Reality Translates text in Indian Languages, Real Time – Without Internet". Entrepreneur. Retrieved 2017-02-12. "Indian Language Technology Proliferation and Deployment... |
Indic OCR : "SanskritOCR - Optical Text Recognition for Sanskrit Documents". "C-DAC: GIST - Products - Chitrankan". cdac.in. Retrieved 2017-02-12. |
Intelligent character recognition : Intelligent character recognition (ICR) is used to extract handwritten text from images. It is a more sophisticated type of OCR technology that recognizes different handwriting styles and fonts to intelligently interpret data on forms and physical documents. These paper-based papers ... |
Intelligent character recognition : Most ICR software has a self-learning system referred to as a neural network, which automatically updates the recognition database for new handwriting patterns. It extends the usefulness of scanning devices for the purpose of document processing, from printed character recognition (a... |
Intelligent character recognition : Intelligent word recognition (IWR) can recognize and extract not only printed-handwritten information, cursive handwriting as well. ICR recognizes on the character-level, whereas IWR works with full words or phrases. Capable of capturing unstructured information from every day pages,... |
Intelligent character recognition : Optical character recognition (OCR) Document automation Document layout analysis Document modelling Machine learning Outsourced document processing Text mining == Reference List == |
ISO 2033 : The ISO 2033:1983 standard ("Coding of machine readable characters (MICR and OCR)") defines character sets for use with Optical Character Recognition or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition systems. The Japanese standard JIS X 9010:1984 ("Coding of machine readable characters (OCR and MICR)", originally design... |
ISO 2033 : The version of the encoding for the OCR-A font registered with the ISO-IR registry as ISO-IR-91 is the Japanese (JIS X 9010 / JIS C 6229) version, which differs from the encoding defined by ISO 2033 only in the addition of a Yen sign at 5C. |
ISO 2033 : The version of the G0 set for the OCR-B font registered with the ISO-IR registry as ISO-IR-92 is the Japanese (JIS X 9010 / JIS C 6229) version, which differs from the encoding defined by ISO 2033 only in being based on JIS-Roman (with a dollar sign at 0x24 and a Yen sign at 0x5C) rather than on the ISO 646 ... |
ISO 2033 : JIS X 9010 (JIS C 6229) also defines character sets for the JIS X 9008:1981 (formerly JIS C 6257-1981) "hand-printed" OCR font.: fn1 These include subsets of the JIS X 0201 Roman set (registered as ISO-IR-94 and omitting the backtick (`), lowercase letters, curly braces () and overline (‾)), and kana set (re... |
ISO 2033 : The ISO-IR-98 encoding defined by ISO 2033 encodes the character repertoire of the E13B font, as used with magnetic ink character recognition. Although ISO 2033 also specifies other encodings, the encoding for E-13B is the encoding referred to as ISO_2033_1983 by Perl libintl, and as ISO_2033-1983 or csISO20... |
ISO 2033 : ISO 2033 distributed by ISO JIS X 9010 distributed by AFNOR |
Machine-readable medium and data : In communications and computing, a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) is a medium capable of storing data in a format easily readable by a digital computer or a sensor. It contrasts with human-readable medium and data. The result is called machine-readable data or c... |
Machine-readable medium and data : Machine-readable data must be structured data. Attempts to create machine-readable data occurred as early as the 1960s. At the same time that seminal developments in machine-reading and natural-language processing were releasing (like Weizenbaum's ELIZA), people were anticipating the ... |
Machine-readable medium and data : Examples of machine-readable media include magnetic media such as magnetic disks, cards, tapes, and drums, punched cards and paper tapes, optical discs, barcodes and magnetic ink characters. Common machine-readable technologies include magnetic recording, processing waveforms, and bar... |
Machine-readable medium and data : Paper data storage Symmetric Phase Recording Open data Linked data Human-readable medium and data Semantic Web Machine-readable postal marking |
Machine-readable medium and data : This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. |
Magnetic ink character recognition : Magnetic ink character recognition code, known in short as MICR code, is a character recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to streamline the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. MICR encoding, called the MICR line, is at the bottom of cheques... |
Magnetic ink character recognition : The ISO standard ISO 2033:1983, and the corresponding Japanese Industrial Standard JIS X 9010:1984 (originally JIS C 6229–1984), define character encodings for OCR-A, OCR-B and E-13B. |
Magnetic ink character recognition : There are two major MICR fonts in use: E-13B and CMC-7. There is no particular international agreement on which countries use which font. In practice, this does not create particular problems as cheques and other vouchers do not usually flow out of a particular jurisdiction. The E-1... |
Magnetic ink character recognition : MICR characters are printed on documents in one of the two MICR fonts, using magnetizable (commonly known as magnetic) ink or toner, usually containing iron oxide. In scanning, the document is passed through a MICR reader, which performs two functions: magnetization of the ink, and ... |
Magnetic ink character recognition : OCR and MICR characters have been included in the Unicode Standard since at least version 1.1 (June 1993). Since the Unicode Character Database only tracks characters starting with version 1.1, they may also have been present in Unicode 1.0 or 1.0.1. The Unicode block that includes ... |
Magnetic ink character recognition : Before the mid-1940s, cheques were processed manually using the Sort-A-Matic or Top Tab Key method. The processing and cheque clearing was very time-consuming and was a significant cost in cheque clearance and bank operations. As the number of cheques increased, ways were sought for... |
Magnetic ink character recognition : Cheque truncation system Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting OCR-A OCR-B Amelia (typeface) Westminster (typeface) |
Magnetic ink character recognition : FAQ about Printing Checks and MICR Toner MICR Basics Handbook, Troy Group, Inc. Which Is Better, E13B or CMC7? MICR E13B character set Easy experiment to detect magnetic ink in bank notes, (in French) |
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