lmgame/VideoScienceBench · Datasets at Hugging Face

keywords listlengths 1 5	field stringclasses 2 values	prompt stringlengths 64 647	expected phenomenon stringlengths 27 669	vid stringlengths 1 3
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A soap bubble hovers in the sun near a window, and the camera films the light patterns onto a nearby wall.	Light enters the thin soap bubble, refracts through the curved film, reflects internally, then exits; because the film thickness varies and refractive index differs for each wavelength, the light is bent and separated into colours. The result is shimmering caustic light patterns with subtle rainbow fringes on the wall as the bubble moves.	189
[ "Chemical Reaction", "Gravity" ]	Chemistry	Put Superabsorbent polymer powder into one of the three opaque cups, pour water in them, and flip the three cups one after another.	Only the cup containing the polymer retains the liquid, demonstrating the strong water-absorbing and gel-forming property of the superabsorbent polymer.	212
[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Thermodynamics" ]	Physics	Inside a glass lamp, a light bulb continuously heats a colorful blob of wax at the bottom	As the lamp warms, the wax at the bottom melts and expands, rising upward in smooth, glowing blobs. When the wax reaches the cooler top, it contracts and sinks back down, repeating the process — a mesmerizing demonstration of heat transfer, density change, and convection currents in action.	59
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Redox Reaction", "Thermal convection" ]	Chemistry	Pure oxygen gas is introduced into the small piece of white phosphorus in a flask.	The phosphorus ignites and produces bright white fumes.	116
[ "Heat", "Thermal conduction" ]	Physics	Wrap a sheet of paper firmly around a glass bottle, ensuring it fits snugly without gaps. Hold the bottle near the flame of a lit candle.	The paper does not burn immediately where it contacts the glass, though the exposed edges may char.	225
[ "Electrochemistry", "Simple circuit" ]	Physics	A close-up shot shows a zinc-coated nail and a copper wire being inserted into a lemon. These two electrodes are then connected by wires to a small red LED, completing a simple circuit.	When the zinc nail and copper wire are inserted into the lemon and connected to the LED, a small voltage generated by the electrochemical reaction between the two metals and the citric acid causes electrons to flow, lighting up the LED and demonstrating a simple lemon battery.	51
[ "Heat", "Nucleation", "Phase transitions" ]	Physics	A person stands outside in an environment with a temperature of -20°C. They hold a spray bottle filled with room-temperature. The person aims the spray bottle upward and outward into the air, squeezing the trigger to create a fine mist of water droplets that arcs through the cold air.	Rapid Cooling is observed, water freezes instantly.	126
[ "Chromatic Aberration", "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A bright light box illuminates a transparency sheet with a high-contrast black-and-white geometric pattern of squares. A single simple convex lens is held in front of the light to project the image onto a white screen or wall 1-2 meters away. The lens is positioned to create a slightly out-of-focus but visible projection.	The projected image on the screen shows the black shapes with vivid color fringing around all edges—blue/violet halos on inner edges and red/orange halos on outer edges. The chromatic aberration is dramatically visible on the projection screen because the uncorrected simple lens cannot focus all wavelengths to the same point on the screen.	88
[ "Phase transitions", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	Place a small chunk of dry ice into a tall glass filled with clear warm soapy water.	A large amount of white misty bubbles rapidly forms and overflows the rim of the glass.	122
[ "Bernoulli Effect", "Coanda Effect", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	A person holds a metal spoon by the handle, vertically near a faucet, the convex back of the spoon approaching a thin vertical water stream from the faucet.	The spoon is pulled into water as the stream bends along the spoon, then returns straight when the spoon is taken away.	108
[ "Surface Tension", "Surfactants" ]	Physics	A shallow dish of water has pepper flakes floating evenly across its surface. A finger with a single drop of soap touches the center.	When the soapy finger touches the water’s surface, the soap molecules quickly reduce surface tension at the contact point. The surrounding higher-tension water pulls outward, causing the pepper flakes to dart away from the center and collect at the edges — clearly visualizing how surfactants disrupt surface tension.	58
[ "Diffraction", "Dispersion", "Interference" ]	Physics	A phone flashlight shines onto a CD lying flat on a table in a dim room as the disc rotates.	Rainbow-colored bands appear and move as the disc rotates.	172
[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Hydrostatic", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	A burning candle stands upright on a dish containing a thin layer of water. A clear glass jar is then inverted over the candle, covering it and part of the water surface.	Flame goes out, and water level rises inside the glass as oxygen is consumed and air cools.	110
[ "Indicator color change", "Redox Reaction" ]	Chemistry	A flask containing a yellow solution of glucose, sodium hydroxide, and the indicator indigocarmine is shown. The person lifts and gently shakes the flask.	The yellow solution rapidly shifts toward green as the flask is shaken, showing the indicator’s partial oxidation by oxygen introduced from the air. Continued shaking drives the oxidation further and the color moves from green to red. When agitation stops, dissolved glucose reduces the indicator and the solution relaxes back to yellow.	124
[ "Galvanic Cell", "Redox Reaction" ]	Chemistry	Four apple pieces each hold one zinc nail and one copper penny, linked in series with wires, and the LED legs touch the first penny and last nail.	When the final wires connect, the combined voltage makes the LED glow faintly.	139
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Precipitation reaction" ]	Chemistry	Two clear cups are shown side by side. The left cup contains fizzing vinegar and baking soda; the right cup contains clear limewater. A straw connects the two cups, guiding the gas from the left cup into the limewater in the right cup.	The limewater quickly turns milky white, and bubbles rise from the bottom.	120
[ "Centrifugal Force", "Centripetal Force", "Inertia" ]	Physics	Two plastic cups are joined mouth-to-mouth, with a wooden stick fixed along the outside connecting them. One small ball is placed inside each cup, and the stick is spun rapidly around its center.	As the system spins, both balls move outward and press against the sides of their cups. They remain in that outward position while the rotation continues.	143
[ "Precipitation reaction", "Redox Reaction" ]	Chemistry	Immerse a clean strip of aluminum foil into a shallow clear dish containing blue copper sulfate solution.	The aluminum foil gradually darkens, then develops a reddish copper coating as the reaction proceeds.	121
[ "Electromagnetism", "Kinematics" ]	Physics	Position a battery vertically on top of the three neodymium magnets so that the magnets contact the battery’s negative terminal. Place a heart-shaped copper wire so that it can touch both the top of the battery (positive terminal) and the sides of the magnets simultaneously.	When the copper wire touches both ends of the circuit, it begins to spin or move continuously, creating a small, self-turning “heart motor.”	226
[ "Buoyancy", "Density", "Pressure" ]	Physics	A small empty eyedropper floats in a sealed plastic bottle of water. A person squeezes the sides of the bottle. The person then lets go of the bottle.	When the bottle is squeezed, the diver sinks smoothly to the bottom as the increased pressure compresses the air bubble inside it, raising its density. Once the pressure is released, the air bubble expands again, the diver’s density decreases, and it floats back to the top — demonstrating Pascal’s Principle and buoyancy control.	56
[ "Buoyancy", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A diver looks upwards from beneath the water’s surface and films the circular “window” of light above.	Light entering water from above is refracted according to Snell’s law; from below the surface you see a compressed 180° hemisphere of above‑water view (≈ 97° cone) known as Snell’s window.	186
[ "Heat", "Phase transitions" ]	Physics	Prepare a solution of sodium acetate trihydrate at room temperature. Gently place four fingers into the solution.	The initially clear liquid solidifies almost instantly upon contact, releasing noticeable warmth during crystallization.	217
[ "Gas Ionization", "Plasma Physics", "Simple circuit" ]	Physics	A simple circuit is connected to a high-voltage transformer and two electrodes sealed inside a tube containing low-pressure Neon gas. The voltage is slowly increased to the gas's breakdown potential.	The voltage from the simple circuit will ionize the low-pressure gas, causing electrons to jump and emit photons, transitioning the gas into a fourth state of matter (Plasma Physics) that glows through Gas Ionization.	64
[ "Friction", "Heat" ]	Physics	A split-screen shot. On the left, a person's hands are shown in normal light, rubbing together vigorously. On the right, the exact same action is shown through a thermal camera.	When the hands rub together vigorously, the thermal camera displays bright red contours generated by frictional heat.	46
[ "Fluorescence", "Phosphorescence", "Quantum Mechanics" ]	Chemistry	A close-up shot of several different mineral rocks under normal light. An ultraviolet (UV) light is turned on, and the rocks instantly become luminous, glowing in bright, vivid colors like green, orange, and blue. The UV light is then suddenly switched off.	When exposed to UV light, several rocks fluoresce brightly in various colors, immediately ceasing to glow once the light is turned off. However, one rock continues to emit light and gradually fades, demonstrating phosphorescence — the delayed release of stored energy after excitation.	55
[ "Heat", "Phase transitions" ]	Physics	Carefully pour a bottle of supercooled water (approximately –1 degree Celsius) onto an ice cube placed in a dish.	As the supercooled water comes into contact with the ice cube, it instantly begins to freeze, forming a column or stream of ice.	214
[ "Chemical Reaction", "Heat" ]	Chemistry	Use a lighter to ignite a small pile of a dry mixture of baking soda and sugar (in a 3:2 ratio) and observe the reaction.	After ignition, the mixture begins to smolder and expand, producing a long, black, snake-like column that slowly grows outward from the pile. The structure is lightweight, porous, and carbon-rich.	221
[ "Electromagnetism", "Friction" ]	Physics	In slow motion, a shiny, cylindrical neodymium magnet is released to fall into a thick, vertically mounted polished copper pipe. Use a close-up shot against a dark background to highlight the motion.	The expected phenomenon is Eddy Current Braking (also known as Magnetic Damping or Lenz's Law). When a strong magnet moves relative to a non-ferromagnetic conductive material (like copper or aluminum), the moving magnetic field induces circulating electric currents (eddy currents) within the conductor. According to Lenz's Law, these induced currents create their own magnetic field that opposes the motion of the original magnet, resulting in a powerful and visibly smooth braking effect.	62
[ "Electrostatics", "Gravity", "Polarization" ]	Physics	A plastic comb, freshly rubbed on dry hair, is held close to a thin vertical stream of water from a faucet.	The charged comb attracts the water stream, which bends clearly toward the comb and straightens again when it’s moved away.	117
[ "Friction", "Static Electricity" ]	Physics	A person vigorously rubs a balloon on their hair, showing the transfer of electrons due to friction. The person then brings the balloon next to a neutral wall and lets go of the balloon.	After the person rubs the balloon on their hair, their hair strands stand up and the balloon gains a static charge. When brought near a neutral wall, the charged balloon sticks to it, illustrating how friction transfers electrons and induces opposite charges that attract.	47
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A laser pointer shines through two narrow slits cut in cardboard onto a white screen in a dark room.	The two slits produce diffracted waves that interfere constructively and destructively, forming a regular interference pattern. Changing slit spacing alters the fringe spacing.	174
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Thermal convection" ]	Chemistry	A small plastic bottle sits in a tray. A mixture of warm vinegar, a few drops of dish soap, and water is already inside. A spoonful of baking soda slurry is quickly poured in through a funnel.	Within seconds, a vigorous foamy eruption bursts upward and overflows the bottle like lava from a volcano. The fizzing continues briefly as bubbles of gas escape through the soapy foam.	123
[ "Interference", "Reflection" ]	Physics	Several flat mirrors are arranged in an indoor studio with a fixed laser source，and a small amount of smoke or mist is used.	The direct beam and the beam reflected from the mirror act like two coherent sources; their path difference creates interference fringes. Adjusting the mirror changes fringe spacing and pattern because of both reflection and interference.	183
[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Statistical equilibrium", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	Add red food coloring to a glass of hot water and blue food coloring to a glass of cold water. Cover the hot water glass with a thin plastic sheet. Carefully invert the glass of hot water, gently position it mouth-to-mouth on top of the glass of cold water and slowly remove the plastic sheet.	The red (hot) water remains above the blue (cold) water with minimal mixing, forming a stable boundary between the two layers.	227
[ "Deformation", "Inelastic Collision" ]	Physics	A solid spherical lead musket ball approximately 3 cm in diameter is held steady in a person's hand at a height of 15m directly above a thick concrete floor. The ball is released from rest.	Upon impact, permanently deform/flatten (plastic deformation) due to lead's softness. Balls don't bounce significantly	89
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "membrane elasticity" ]	Chemistry	Submerge an egg in vinegar for 24 hours, shell dissolves, then bounce egg gently on surface; camera close-up of elasticity and translucent shell.	Egg becomes “bouncy” and translucent after shell removal.	52
[ "Fluid Dynamics", "Standing waves" ]	Physics	Water droplets are set to fall from a nozzle at 60.0 Hz. A strobe light is flashed at 60.1 Hz, and a speaker vibrates the water surface.	When the light frequency is slightly mis-tuned, the water drops appear to move in slow motion, and the acoustic vibration reveals a visible standing wave pattern on the surface of the Fluid Dynamics current.	63
[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Gravity" ]	Physics	Fill one glass with fresh water and another with salt water (prepared by dissolving about three spoonfuls of salt). Gently place one egg into each glass and observe their positions in the water.	The egg in fresh water sinks to the bottom, while the egg in salt water floats near the surface.	223
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A prism is placed under a white LED on a rotating platform; the outgoing beam falls onto white paper as the prism is slowly rotated.	The prism refracts and disperses white light: each wavelength exits at a different angle, forming a spectrum. Rotation changes the geometry, altering the spread and orientation of the colored band.	171
[ "Catalysis", "Exothermic Reaction" ]	Chemistry	A petri dish completely filled with solid purple gelatin containing starch. A cylindrical well is carved directly into the center of the gelatin, creating a hole. Sulfuric acid and potassium iodide are poured directly into this well in the gelatin.	2 distinct, colored rings rapidly expand from the center. A dark blue-black inner ring (iodine reacting with starch) moves outward, followed by a slower, faint brown outer ring (iodine).	61
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A green laser pointer shines on a small circular disk suspended in mid-air.	Although geometrical optics predicts darkness in the disk’s shadow, wave diffraction around the disk’s edge causes secondary wavelets that interfere constructively at the center, producing a bright “Arago spot”.	180
[ "Pressure", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	Place a piece of dry toilet paper snugly at the bottom of an empty glass. Hold the glass upside down and submerge it vertically and completely into a transparent tank of water.	The water doesn’t enter the glass and the toilet paper remains dry even though the glass is underwater.	215
[ "Interference", "Polarization" ]	Physics	A clear plastic ruler is placed between two crossed polarizing filters and illuminated by a bright white light.	The stressed plastic causes rotation of the light’s polarization plane in a wavelength-dependent way. Between the crossed polarizers, this yields colored interference fringes that change as the plastic is twisted or bent.	177
[ "Bernoulli Effect", "Coanda Effect", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	Two identical balloons hang about 10 cm apart from strings. A person holds a straw and gently blows air between them.	When air is blown between the balloons, they move toward each other and sometimes collide. The fast-moving air between them creates a lower pressure region (Bernoulli effect), so the higher surrounding air pressure pushes the balloons together.	109
[ "Electrolysis", "Simple circuit" ]	Physics	A simple circuit powered by a 9V battery is connected to two pencil graphite electrodes dipped into saltwater.	The current from the simple circuit drives an electrolysis reaction, chemically decomposing the water and salt solution and causing bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gas to visibly form at the electrodes.	50
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A green laser pointer is shone onto a rough-metal surface and the scattered light is filmed on a nearby wall.	The coherent laser light scatters from microscopic irregularities on the surface, and the many secondary wavefronts interfere with each other to form a random granular speckle pattern.	181
[ "Friction", "Sound" ]	Physics	A close-up, slow-motion shot of a violin bow, coated in rosin, being dragged across a violin string.	The "stick-slip" friction of the bow will repeatedly pull and release the string, causing it to vibrate and form a clear standing wave pattern.	48
[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A cylindrical glass nearly filled with water is placed at the edge of a table under diffuse sunlight.	The cylindrical water volume acts like a horizontal prism: sunlight entering and exiting the glass–water–air boundaries is refracted and different wavelengths spread, forming a visible arc (artificial circumzenithal halo).	184
[ "Fluorescence", "Hydrodynamics" ]	Physics	A strip of filter paper is marked with a small black ink spot slightly above the solvent line. The lower end of the paper is submerged in a clear solvent inside a beaker while the ink spot remains above the liquid. Cut to the paper being shown 12 hours later after being left undisturbed.	After several hours, the ink separates into distinct colored bands as the solvent travels upward — typically blue and green regions near the bottom and red or violet regions farther up.	53
[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]	Physics	A bright point-light source illuminates a mirror covered with fine dust particles.	Light scattered by dust particles and then reflected from the mirror interferes with directly reflected light; the overlapping wavefronts cause colored concentric rings (Quetelet rings) visible around the source image.	185
[ "Interference", "Reflection" ]	Physics	A shallow metal tray of water sits under a lamp as you gently tap the edge.	Each point on the water acts as a small moving mirror. The ripples create a dynamic interference pattern that distorts and shifts the reflected light. The resulting reflection forms a wavy, shimmering pattern consistent with overlapping surface waves altering the reflection geometry.	176
[ "Electrolysis", "Redox Reaction" ]	Chemistry	Two copper wires connected to a battery are placed in a blue copper sulfate solution.	Bubbles appear on one electrode while metallic copper slowly deposits on the other. The solution near the cathode becomes lighter in color as Cu²⁺ ions are reduced and plated.	138
[ "Chemical Reaction", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	Place a sheet of toilet paper on a glass tray and add a small amount of water to make the paper damp. Position a small candle at the center of the tray on top of the wet paper and light the candle. Quickly cover the candle with an inverted dry glass, ensuring that the rim of the glass rests firmly on the wet paper to form a tight seal. After the flame goes out, carefully lift the tray by holding only the inverted glass.	The candle initially burns brightly but soon goes out. The water-soaked paper and tray remain sealed to the glass, allowing the tray to lift when the glass is raised.	219
[ "Density", "Refraction" ]	Physics	A transparent water tank is filled with sugar water of layered concentrations and placed in a dark room. A laser beam enters from the side.	The different densities of the two layers create distinct refractive indices. As the beam passes between them, it bends sharply (Snell’s law). Because the boundary is diffuse, the beam curves smoothly through the gradient, illustrating how refractive index changes with density.	175
[ "Condensation", "Thermal convection" ]	Physics	A capped clear plastic bottle with warm water already sits inside a bowl filled with ice water, a person pours extra ice over and around the bottle until it’s mostly covered.	Within seconds, the plastic bottle dents inward as it cools in the ice water, and droplets of condensed water appear on the inner walls.	111
[ "Polymers", "Statistical equilibrium" ]	Physics	Pierce a pencil through the water-filled section of a plastic bag filled with water and out the other side, while keeping the pencil in place.	The water doesn’t not leak.	230
[ "Fluid Flow", "Magnetics" ]	Physics	Prepare a bottle filled with water containing suspended iron filings. Bring two magnets close to opposite sides of the bottle.	The iron filings move and align along invisible lines between the two magnets, forming clear patterns that connect the magnetic poles.	228
[ "Buoyancy", "Combustion", "flammability", "Density", "Redox Reaction" ]	Chemistry	A small piece of sodium metal is dropped into a beaker of water.	The metal floats, reacts vigorously, and produces a yellow flame.	115
[ "Dispersion", "Interference" ]	Physics	A thin soap film is formed across a circular wire loop and illuminated by white light while a camera films the film as it thins.	Light reflected from the front and back surfaces of the soap film interfere; as the film thickness changes, different wavelengths (colors) undergo constructive vs. destructive interference, producing shifting iridescent bands.	179
[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Precipitation reaction", "Protein Denaturation" ]	Chemistry	A cup of hot milk is poured into a container, and 3–4 tablespoons of white vinegar are added. The mixture is stirred continuously with a spoon.	White curds begin to form and clump together while the remaining liquid becomes clearer and yellowish.	141

[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A soap bubble hovers in the sun near a window, and the camera films the light patterns onto a nearby wall.

Light enters the thin soap bubble, refracts through the curved film, reflects internally, then exits; because the film thickness varies and refractive index differs for each wavelength, the light is bent and separated into colours. The result is shimmering caustic light patterns with subtle rainbow fringes on the wall as the bubble moves.

189

[ "Chemical Reaction", "Gravity" ]

Chemistry

Put Superabsorbent polymer powder into one of the three opaque cups, pour water in them, and flip the three cups one after another.

Only the cup containing the polymer retains the liquid, demonstrating the strong water-absorbing and gel-forming property of the superabsorbent polymer.

212

[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Thermodynamics" ]

Physics

Inside a glass lamp, a light bulb continuously heats a colorful blob of wax at the bottom

As the lamp warms, the wax at the bottom melts and expands, rising upward in smooth, glowing blobs. When the wax reaches the cooler top, it contracts and sinks back down, repeating the process — a mesmerizing demonstration of heat transfer, density change, and convection currents in action.

59

[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Redox Reaction", "Thermal convection" ]

Chemistry

Pure oxygen gas is introduced into the small piece of white phosphorus in a flask.

The phosphorus ignites and produces bright white fumes.

116

[ "Heat", "Thermal conduction" ]

Physics

Wrap a sheet of paper firmly around a glass bottle, ensuring it fits snugly without gaps. Hold the bottle near the flame of a lit candle.

The paper does not burn immediately where it contacts the glass, though the exposed edges may char.

225

[ "Electrochemistry", "Simple circuit" ]

Physics

A close-up shot shows a zinc-coated nail and a copper wire being inserted into a lemon. These two electrodes are then connected by wires to a small red LED, completing a simple circuit.

When the zinc nail and copper wire are inserted into the lemon and connected to the LED, a small voltage generated by the electrochemical reaction between the two metals and the citric acid causes electrons to flow, lighting up the LED and demonstrating a simple lemon battery.

51

[ "Heat", "Nucleation", "Phase transitions" ]

Physics

A person stands outside in an environment with a temperature of -20°C. They hold a spray bottle filled with room-temperature. The person aims the spray bottle upward and outward into the air, squeezing the trigger to create a fine mist of water droplets that arcs through the cold air.

Rapid Cooling is observed, water freezes instantly.

126

[ "Chromatic Aberration", "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A bright light box illuminates a transparency sheet with a high-contrast black-and-white geometric pattern of squares. A single simple convex lens is held in front of the light to project the image onto a white screen or wall 1-2 meters away. The lens is positioned to create a slightly out-of-focus but visible projection.

The projected image on the screen shows the black shapes with vivid color fringing around all edges—blue/violet halos on inner edges and red/orange halos on outer edges. The chromatic aberration is dramatically visible on the projection screen because the uncorrected simple lens cannot focus all wavelengths to the same point on the screen.

88

[ "Phase transitions", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

Place a small chunk of dry ice into a tall glass filled with clear warm soapy water.

A large amount of white misty bubbles rapidly forms and overflows the rim of the glass.

122

[ "Bernoulli Effect", "Coanda Effect", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

A person holds a metal spoon by the handle, vertically near a faucet, the convex back of the spoon approaching a thin vertical water stream from the faucet.

The spoon is pulled into water as the stream bends along the spoon, then returns straight when the spoon is taken away.

108

[ "Surface Tension", "Surfactants" ]

Physics

A shallow dish of water has pepper flakes floating evenly across its surface. A finger with a single drop of soap touches the center.

When the soapy finger touches the water’s surface, the soap molecules quickly reduce surface tension at the contact point. The surrounding higher-tension water pulls outward, causing the pepper flakes to dart away from the center and collect at the edges — clearly visualizing how surfactants disrupt surface tension.

58

[ "Diffraction", "Dispersion", "Interference" ]

Physics

A phone flashlight shines onto a CD lying flat on a table in a dim room as the disc rotates.

Rainbow-colored bands appear and move as the disc rotates.

172

[ "Combustion", "flammability", "Hydrostatic", "Thermal convection" ]

Physics

A burning candle stands upright on a dish containing a thin layer of water. A clear glass jar is then inverted over the candle, covering it and part of the water surface.

Flame goes out, and water level rises inside the glass as oxygen is consumed and air cools.

110

[ "Indicator color change", "Redox Reaction" ]

Chemistry

A flask containing a yellow solution of glucose, sodium hydroxide, and the indicator indigocarmine is shown. The person lifts and gently shakes the flask.

The yellow solution rapidly shifts toward green as the flask is shaken, showing the indicator’s partial oxidation by oxygen introduced from the air. Continued shaking drives the oxidation further and the color moves from green to red. When agitation stops, dissolved glucose reduces the indicator and the solution relaxes back to yellow.

124

[ "Galvanic Cell", "Redox Reaction" ]

Chemistry

Four apple pieces each hold one zinc nail and one copper penny, linked in series with wires, and the LED legs touch the first penny and last nail.

When the final wires connect, the combined voltage makes the LED glow faintly.

139

[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Precipitation reaction" ]

Chemistry

Two clear cups are shown side by side. The left cup contains fizzing vinegar and baking soda; the right cup contains clear limewater. A straw connects the two cups, guiding the gas from the left cup into the limewater in the right cup.

The limewater quickly turns milky white, and bubbles rise from the bottom.

120

[ "Centrifugal Force", "Centripetal Force", "Inertia" ]

Physics

Two plastic cups are joined mouth-to-mouth, with a wooden stick fixed along the outside connecting them. One small ball is placed inside each cup, and the stick is spun rapidly around its center.

As the system spins, both balls move outward and press against the sides of their cups. They remain in that outward position while the rotation continues.

143

[ "Precipitation reaction", "Redox Reaction" ]

Chemistry

Immerse a clean strip of aluminum foil into a shallow clear dish containing blue copper sulfate solution.

The aluminum foil gradually darkens, then develops a reddish copper coating as the reaction proceeds.

121

[ "Electromagnetism", "Kinematics" ]

Physics

Position a battery vertically on top of the three neodymium magnets so that the magnets contact the battery’s negative terminal. Place a heart-shaped copper wire so that it can touch both the top of the battery (positive terminal) and the sides of the magnets simultaneously.

When the copper wire touches both ends of the circuit, it begins to spin or move continuously, creating a small, self-turning “heart motor.”

226

[ "Buoyancy", "Density", "Pressure" ]

Physics

A small empty eyedropper floats in a sealed plastic bottle of water. A person squeezes the sides of the bottle. The person then lets go of the bottle.

When the bottle is squeezed, the diver sinks smoothly to the bottom as the increased pressure compresses the air bubble inside it, raising its density. Once the pressure is released, the air bubble expands again, the diver’s density decreases, and it floats back to the top — demonstrating Pascal’s Principle and buoyancy control.

56

[ "Buoyancy", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A diver looks upwards from beneath the water’s surface and films the circular “window” of light above.

Light entering water from above is refracted according to Snell’s law; from below the surface you see a compressed 180° hemisphere of above‑water view (≈ 97° cone) known as Snell’s window.

186

[ "Heat", "Phase transitions" ]

Physics

Prepare a solution of sodium acetate trihydrate at room temperature. Gently place four fingers into the solution.

The initially clear liquid solidifies almost instantly upon contact, releasing noticeable warmth during crystallization.

217

[ "Gas Ionization", "Plasma Physics", "Simple circuit" ]

Physics

A simple circuit is connected to a high-voltage transformer and two electrodes sealed inside a tube containing low-pressure Neon gas. The voltage is slowly increased to the gas's breakdown potential.

The voltage from the simple circuit will ionize the low-pressure gas, causing electrons to jump and emit photons, transitioning the gas into a fourth state of matter (Plasma Physics) that glows through Gas Ionization.

64

[ "Friction", "Heat" ]

Physics

A split-screen shot. On the left, a person's hands are shown in normal light, rubbing together vigorously. On the right, the exact same action is shown through a thermal camera.

When the hands rub together vigorously, the thermal camera displays bright red contours generated by frictional heat.

46

[ "Fluorescence", "Phosphorescence", "Quantum Mechanics" ]

Chemistry

A close-up shot of several different mineral rocks under normal light. An ultraviolet (UV) light is turned on, and the rocks instantly become luminous, glowing in bright, vivid colors like green, orange, and blue. The UV light is then suddenly switched off.

When exposed to UV light, several rocks fluoresce brightly in various colors, immediately ceasing to glow once the light is turned off. However, one rock continues to emit light and gradually fades, demonstrating phosphorescence — the delayed release of stored energy after excitation.

55

[ "Heat", "Phase transitions" ]

Physics

Carefully pour a bottle of supercooled water (approximately –1 degree Celsius) onto an ice cube placed in a dish.

As the supercooled water comes into contact with the ice cube, it instantly begins to freeze, forming a column or stream of ice.

214

[ "Chemical Reaction", "Heat" ]

Chemistry

Use a lighter to ignite a small pile of a dry mixture of baking soda and sugar (in a 3:2 ratio) and observe the reaction.

After ignition, the mixture begins to smolder and expand, producing a long, black, snake-like column that slowly grows outward from the pile. The structure is lightweight, porous, and carbon-rich.

221

[ "Electromagnetism", "Friction" ]

Physics

In slow motion, a shiny, cylindrical neodymium magnet is released to fall into a thick, vertically mounted polished copper pipe. Use a close-up shot against a dark background to highlight the motion.

The expected phenomenon is Eddy Current Braking (also known as Magnetic Damping or Lenz's Law). When a strong magnet moves relative to a non-ferromagnetic conductive material (like copper or aluminum), the moving magnetic field induces circulating electric currents (eddy currents) within the conductor. According to Lenz's Law, these induced currents create their own magnetic field that opposes the motion of the original magnet, resulting in a powerful and visibly smooth braking effect.

62

[ "Electrostatics", "Gravity", "Polarization" ]

Physics

A plastic comb, freshly rubbed on dry hair, is held close to a thin vertical stream of water from a faucet.

The charged comb attracts the water stream, which bends clearly toward the comb and straightens again when it’s moved away.

117

[ "Friction", "Static Electricity" ]

Physics

A person vigorously rubs a balloon on their hair, showing the transfer of electrons due to friction. The person then brings the balloon next to a neutral wall and lets go of the balloon.

After the person rubs the balloon on their hair, their hair strands stand up and the balloon gains a static charge. When brought near a neutral wall, the charged balloon sticks to it, illustrating how friction transfers electrons and induces opposite charges that attract.

47

[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]

Physics

A laser pointer shines through two narrow slits cut in cardboard onto a white screen in a dark room.

The two slits produce diffracted waves that interfere constructively and destructively, forming a regular interference pattern. Changing slit spacing alters the fringe spacing.

174

[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Thermal convection" ]

Chemistry

A small plastic bottle sits in a tray. A mixture of warm vinegar, a few drops of dish soap, and water is already inside. A spoonful of baking soda slurry is quickly poured in through a funnel.

Within seconds, a vigorous foamy eruption bursts upward and overflows the bottle like lava from a volcano. The fizzing continues briefly as bubbles of gas escape through the soapy foam.

123

[ "Interference", "Reflection" ]

Physics

Several flat mirrors are arranged in an indoor studio with a fixed laser source，and a small amount of smoke or mist is used.

The direct beam and the beam reflected from the mirror act like two coherent sources; their path difference creates interference fringes. Adjusting the mirror changes fringe spacing and pattern because of both reflection and interference.

183

[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Statistical equilibrium", "Thermal convection" ]

Physics

Add red food coloring to a glass of hot water and blue food coloring to a glass of cold water. Cover the hot water glass with a thin plastic sheet. Carefully invert the glass of hot water, gently position it mouth-to-mouth on top of the glass of cold water and slowly remove the plastic sheet.

The red (hot) water remains above the blue (cold) water with minimal mixing, forming a stable boundary between the two layers.

227

[ "Deformation", "Inelastic Collision" ]

Physics

A solid spherical lead musket ball approximately 3 cm in diameter is held steady in a person's hand at a height of 15m directly above a thick concrete floor. The ball is released from rest.

Upon impact, permanently deform/flatten (plastic deformation) due to lead's softness. Balls don't bounce significantly

89

[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "membrane elasticity" ]

Chemistry

Submerge an egg in vinegar for 24 hours, shell dissolves, then bounce egg gently on surface; camera close-up of elasticity and translucent shell.

Egg becomes “bouncy” and translucent after shell removal.

52

[ "Fluid Dynamics", "Standing waves" ]

Physics

Water droplets are set to fall from a nozzle at 60.0 Hz. A strobe light is flashed at 60.1 Hz, and a speaker vibrates the water surface.

When the light frequency is slightly mis-tuned, the water drops appear to move in slow motion, and the acoustic vibration reveals a visible standing wave pattern on the surface of the Fluid Dynamics current.

63

[ "Density and Buoyancy", "Gravity" ]

Physics

Fill one glass with fresh water and another with salt water (prepared by dissolving about three spoonfuls of salt). Gently place one egg into each glass and observe their positions in the water.

The egg in fresh water sinks to the bottom, while the egg in salt water floats near the surface.

223

[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A prism is placed under a white LED on a rotating platform; the outgoing beam falls onto white paper as the prism is slowly rotated.

The prism refracts and disperses white light: each wavelength exits at a different angle, forming a spectrum. Rotation changes the geometry, altering the spread and orientation of the colored band.

171

[ "Catalysis", "Exothermic Reaction" ]

Chemistry

A petri dish completely filled with solid purple gelatin containing starch. A cylindrical well is carved directly into the center of the gelatin, creating a hole. Sulfuric acid and potassium iodide are poured directly into this well in the gelatin.

2 distinct, colored rings rapidly expand from the center. A dark blue-black inner ring (iodine reacting with starch) moves outward, followed by a slower, faint brown outer ring (iodine).

61

[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]

Physics

A green laser pointer shines on a small circular disk suspended in mid-air.

Although geometrical optics predicts darkness in the disk’s shadow, wave diffraction around the disk’s edge causes secondary wavelets that interfere constructively at the center, producing a bright “Arago spot”.

180

[ "Pressure", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

Place a piece of dry toilet paper snugly at the bottom of an empty glass. Hold the glass upside down and submerge it vertically and completely into a transparent tank of water.

The water doesn’t enter the glass and the toilet paper remains dry even though the glass is underwater.

215

[ "Interference", "Polarization" ]

Physics

A clear plastic ruler is placed between two crossed polarizing filters and illuminated by a bright white light.

The stressed plastic causes rotation of the light’s polarization plane in a wavelength-dependent way. Between the crossed polarizers, this yields colored interference fringes that change as the plastic is twisted or bent.

177

[ "Bernoulli Effect", "Coanda Effect", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

Two identical balloons hang about 10 cm apart from strings. A person holds a straw and gently blows air between them.

When air is blown between the balloons, they move toward each other and sometimes collide. The fast-moving air between them creates a lower pressure region (Bernoulli effect), so the higher surrounding air pressure pushes the balloons together.

109

[ "Electrolysis", "Simple circuit" ]

Physics

A simple circuit powered by a 9V battery is connected to two pencil graphite electrodes dipped into saltwater.

The current from the simple circuit drives an electrolysis reaction, chemically decomposing the water and salt solution and causing bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gas to visibly form at the electrodes.

50

[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]

Physics

A green laser pointer is shone onto a rough-metal surface and the scattered light is filmed on a nearby wall.

The coherent laser light scatters from microscopic irregularities on the surface, and the many secondary wavefronts interfere with each other to form a random granular speckle pattern.

181

[ "Friction", "Sound" ]

Physics

A close-up, slow-motion shot of a violin bow, coated in rosin, being dragged across a violin string.

The "stick-slip" friction of the bow will repeatedly pull and release the string, causing it to vibrate and form a clear standing wave pattern.

48

[ "Dispersion", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A cylindrical glass nearly filled with water is placed at the edge of a table under diffuse sunlight.

The cylindrical water volume acts like a horizontal prism: sunlight entering and exiting the glass–water–air boundaries is refracted and different wavelengths spread, forming a visible arc (artificial circumzenithal halo).

184

[ "Fluorescence", "Hydrodynamics" ]

Physics

A strip of filter paper is marked with a small black ink spot slightly above the solvent line. The lower end of the paper is submerged in a clear solvent inside a beaker while the ink spot remains above the liquid. Cut to the paper being shown 12 hours later after being left undisturbed.

After several hours, the ink separates into distinct colored bands as the solvent travels upward — typically blue and green regions near the bottom and red or violet regions farther up.

53

[ "Diffraction", "Interference" ]

Physics

A bright point-light source illuminates a mirror covered with fine dust particles.

Light scattered by dust particles and then reflected from the mirror interferes with directly reflected light; the overlapping wavefronts cause colored concentric rings (Quetelet rings) visible around the source image.

185

[ "Interference", "Reflection" ]

Physics

A shallow metal tray of water sits under a lamp as you gently tap the edge.

Each point on the water acts as a small moving mirror. The ripples create a dynamic interference pattern that distorts and shifts the reflected light. The resulting reflection forms a wavy, shimmering pattern consistent with overlapping surface waves altering the reflection geometry.

176

[ "Electrolysis", "Redox Reaction" ]

Chemistry

Two copper wires connected to a battery are placed in a blue copper sulfate solution.

Bubbles appear on one electrode while metallic copper slowly deposits on the other. The solution near the cathode becomes lighter in color as Cu²⁺ ions are reduced and plated.

138

[ "Chemical Reaction", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

Place a sheet of toilet paper on a glass tray and add a small amount of water to make the paper damp. Position a small candle at the center of the tray on top of the wet paper and light the candle. Quickly cover the candle with an inverted dry glass, ensuring that the rim of the glass rests firmly on the wet paper to form a tight seal. After the flame goes out, carefully lift the tray by holding only the inverted glass.

The candle initially burns brightly but soon goes out. The water-soaked paper and tray remain sealed to the glass, allowing the tray to lift when the glass is raised.

219

[ "Density", "Refraction" ]

Physics

A transparent water tank is filled with sugar water of layered concentrations and placed in a dark room. A laser beam enters from the side.

The different densities of the two layers create distinct refractive indices. As the beam passes between them, it bends sharply (Snell’s law). Because the boundary is diffuse, the beam curves smoothly through the gradient, illustrating how refractive index changes with density.

175

[ "Condensation", "Thermal convection" ]

Physics

A capped clear plastic bottle with warm water already sits inside a bowl filled with ice water, a person pours extra ice over and around the bottle until it’s mostly covered.

Within seconds, the plastic bottle dents inward as it cools in the ice water, and droplets of condensed water appear on the inner walls.

111

[ "Polymers", "Statistical equilibrium" ]

Physics

Pierce a pencil through the water-filled section of a plastic bag filled with water and out the other side, while keeping the pencil in place.

The water doesn’t not leak.

230

[ "Fluid Flow", "Magnetics" ]

Physics

Prepare a bottle filled with water containing suspended iron filings. Bring two magnets close to opposite sides of the bottle.

The iron filings move and align along invisible lines between the two magnets, forming clear patterns that connect the magnetic poles.

228

[ "Buoyancy", "Combustion", "flammability", "Density", "Redox Reaction" ]

Chemistry

A small piece of sodium metal is dropped into a beaker of water.

The metal floats, reacts vigorously, and produces a yellow flame.

115

[ "Dispersion", "Interference" ]

Physics

A thin soap film is formed across a circular wire loop and illuminated by white light while a camera films the film as it thins.

Light reflected from the front and back surfaces of the soap film interfere; as the film thickness changes, different wavelengths (colors) undergo constructive vs. destructive interference, producing shifting iridescent bands.

179

[ "Acid-Base Reaction", "Precipitation reaction", "Protein Denaturation" ]

Chemistry

A cup of hot milk is poured into a container, and 3–4 tablespoons of white vinegar are added. The mixture is stirred continuously with a spoon.

White curds begin to form and clump together while the remaining liquid becomes clearer and yellowish.

141