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Which of these states is farthest north?
[ "Mississippi", "Oklahoma", "Arizona", "Indiana" ]
3
closed choice
grade3
social science
geography
Geography
Read a map: cardinal directions
Maps have four cardinal directions, or main directions. Those directions are north, south, east, and west. A compass rose is a set of arrows that point to the cardinal directions. A compass rose usually shows only the first letter of each cardinal direction. The north arrow points to the North Pole. On most maps, north...
To find the answer, look at the compass rose. Look at which way the north arrow is pointing. Indiana is farthest north.
What is the capital of Arizona?
[ "Tucson", "Frankfort", "Sacramento", "Phoenix" ]
3
closed choice
grade4
social science
geography
State capitals
Identify state capitals of the West
Phoenix is the capital of Arizona.
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Which change best matches the sentence? A lake dries up after many years of no rain.
[ "erosion", "meteorite crash", "drought" ]
2
closed choice
grade3
natural science
earth-science
Earth events
Classify changes to Earth's surface II
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Answer the riddle. I am white or brown. You can eat me. I come from a hen. What am I?
[ "a tail", "an egg" ]
1
closed choice
grade1
language science
vocabulary
Comprehension strategies
What am I?
An egg is round. You can eat an egg. An egg comes from a bird.
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What is the volume of a small measuring spoon?
[ "3 liters", "3 milliliters" ]
1
Select the better estimate.
closed choice
grade5
natural science
units-and-measurement
Units and measurement
Choose metric units of volume
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters....
The better estimate for the volume of a small measuring spoon is 3 milliliters. 3 liters is too much.
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Based on this information, what is Briar's phenotype for the fur texture trait?
[ "straight fur", "wavy fur" ]
0
In a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). Briar is a Syrian hamster from this group. Briar has the homozygous genotype FF for ...
closed choice
grade6
natural science
biology
Genes to traits
Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive
All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different ...
Briar's genotype for the fur texture gene is FF. Briar's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for straight fur. So, Briar's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be straight fur. To check this answer, consider whether Briar's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive ...
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Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Brett has naturally black hair.
[ "inherited", "acquired" ]
0
closed choice
grade5
natural science
biology
Traits and heredity
Identify inherited and acquired traits
Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's lif...
Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color. Children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Brett's hair color is an inherited trait.
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Is there a sentence fragment? Monkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income.
[ "yes", "no" ]
1
yes or no
grade12
language science
writing-strategies
Sentences, fragments, and run-ons
Identify sentence fragments
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subjec...
There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts. Monkeys and chimpanzees frequently raid the crops of Rwandan farmers. As a result, the farmers lose ten to twenty percent of their income.
Which animal's skin is also adapted for survival in cold places?
[ "Amazon milk frog", "snowy owl" ]
1
Musk oxen live in the Canadian Arctic and Greenland. The 's skin is adapted to help the animal survive in cold places. Figure: musk ox.
closed choice
grade3
natural science
biology
Adaptations
Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings
An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal...
Look at the picture of the musk ox. The musk ox has skin with thick fur on top and a thick layer of fat underneath it. Its skin is adapted for survival in cold places. The musk ox uses its fur and fat to keep warm in cold weather. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The snowy owl ...
What is the capital of Idaho?
[ "Honolulu", "Juneau", "Boise", "Salt Lake City" ]
2
closed choice
grade4
social science
geography
State capitals
Identify the 50 state capitals
Boise is the capital of Idaho.
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Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Don't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Valeria! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.
[ "hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence", "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something" ]
1
closed choice
grade6
language science
writing-strategies
Developing and supporting arguments
Classify logical fallacies
A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fal...
The text argues that Valeria must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Valeria's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Valeria does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.
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Compare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a higher speed?
[ "a bat that moved 165kilometers in 10hours", "a bat that moved 130kilometers in 10hours" ]
0
closed choice
grade2
natural science
physics
Force and motion
Compare the speeds of moving objects
An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects...
Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance. One bat moved 165 kilometers in 10 hours. The other bat moved 130 kilometers in 10 hours. Notice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 165 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bat must ...
Which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles?
[ "neither; their concentrations are the same", "Solution B", "Solution A" ]
2
The diagram below is a model of two solutions. Each pink ball represents one particle of solute.
closed choice
grade8
natural science
chemistry
Solutions
Compare concentrations of solutions
A solution is made up of two or more substances that are completely mixed. In a solution, solute particles are mixed into a solvent. The solute cannot be separated from the solvent by a filter. For example, if you stir a spoonful of salt into a cup of water, the salt will mix into the water to make a saltwater solution...
In Solution A and Solution B, the pink particles represent the solute. To figure out which solution has a higher concentration of pink particles, look at both the number of pink particles and the volume of the solvent in each container. Use the concentration formula to find the number of pink particles per milliliter. ...
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Complete the sentence. The War of 1812 began in June of 1812 when () declared war on ().
[ "France . . . Great Britain", "the United States . . . Great Britain", "Great Britain . . . the United States", "Great Britain . . . France" ]
1
closed choice
grade5
social science
us-history
Early 19th century American history
The War of 1812: events and effects
The War of 1812 began on June 18, 1812, when the United States declared war on Great Britain. President James Madison of the United States signed Congress's declaration of war against Great Britain.
What can Sasha and Franco trade to each get what they want?
[ "Sasha can trade her tomatoes for Franco's broccoli.", "Franco can trade his almonds for Sasha's tomatoes.", "Franco can trade his broccoli for Sasha's oranges.", "Sasha can trade her tomatoes for Franco's carrots." ]
0
Trade happens when people agree to exchange goods and services. People give up something to get something else. Sometimes people barter, or directly exchange one good or service for another. Sasha and Franco open their lunch boxes in the school cafeteria. Neither Sasha nor Franco got everything that they wanted. The ta...
closed choice
grade8
social science
economics
Basic economic principles
Trade and specialization
Look at the table and images. Sasha wants broccoli. Franco wants tomatoes. They can trade tomatoes for broccoli to both get what they want. Trading other things would not help both people get more items they want.
Will these magnets attract or repel each other?
[ "repel", "attract" ]
0
Two magnets are placed as shown.
closed choice
grade4
natural science
physics
Magnets
Identify magnets that attract or repel
Magnets can pull or push on each other without touching. When magnets attract, they pull together. When magnets repel, they push apart. Whether a magnet attracts or repels other magnets depends on the positions of its poles, or ends. Every magnet has two poles: north and south. Here are some examples of magnets. The no...
To predict if these magnets will attract or repel, look at which poles are closest to each other. The north pole of one magnet is closest to the north pole of the other magnet. Like poles repel. So, these magnets will repel each other.
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Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? veil - vote
[ "valentine", "virus" ]
1
closed choice
grade5
language science
reference-skills
Reference skills
Use guide words
Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second let...
Put the words in alphabetical order. Since virus is between the guide words veil - vote, it would be found on that page.
Which of these cities is marked on the map?
[ "Washington, D.C.", "Atlanta", "New Orleans", "San Antonio" ]
1
closed choice
grade5
social science
geography
Cities
Major U.S. cities
The city is Atlanta, Georgia. Washington, D.C., San Antonio, and New Orleans are marked with gray circles on the map below.
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Select the plant.
[ "Sea otters eat animals that live in the ocean.", "Marsh marigolds can grow yellow flowers." ]
1
closed choice
grade2
natural science
biology
Classification
Identify plants and animals
Plants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms. Plants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can. Animals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. A...
A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean. Sea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water. A marsh marigold is a plant. It can grow yellow flowers. Marsh marigolds grow best in cool shady places.
Which property do these two objects have in common?
[ "scratchy", "sweet" ]
1
Select the better answer.
closed choice
grade2
natural science
physics
Materials
Compare properties of objects
An object has different properties. A property of an object can tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Different objects can have the same properties. You can use these properties to put objects into groups.
Look at each object. For each object, decide if it has that property. A scratchy object is rough and itchy against your skin. Neither of the objects are scratchy. Sugar has a sweet taste. Both objects are sweet. The property that both objects have in common is sweet.
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Based on this information, what is Skeeter's phenotype for the body hair trait?
[ "a hairy body", "a hairless body" ]
1
In a group of deer mice, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). Skeeter is a deer mouse from this group. Skeeter has the homozygous genotype b...
closed choice
grade6
natural science
biology
Genes to traits
Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive
All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different ...
Skeeter's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Skeeter's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Skeeter's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body. To check this answer, consider whether Skeeter's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (...
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Compare the motion of two geese. Which goose was moving at a higher speed?
[ "a goose that moved 640miles in 10hours", "a goose that moved 290miles in 10hours" ]
0
closed choice
grade2
natural science
physics
Force and motion
Compare the speeds of moving objects
An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects movi...
Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. One goose moved 640 miles in 10 hours. The other goose moved 290 miles in 10 hours. Notice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 640 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that goose must hav...
What is the direction of this push?
[ "away from the hockey stick", "toward the hockey stick" ]
0
A hockey player takes a shot with his hockey stick. His stick pushes the puck down the ice.
closed choice
grade2
natural science
physics
Force and motion
Identify pushes and pulls
One object can make another object move with a push or a pull. The direction of a push is away from the object that is pushing. The direction of a pull is toward the object that is pulling.
The hockey player's shot is a type of push. He shoots the puck away from his stick and sends it down the ice. The direction of the push is away from the hockey stick.
Is an egg white a solid, a liquid, or a gas?
[ "a gas", "a liquid", "a solid" ]
1
closed choice
grade4
natural science
physics
States of matter
Identify and sort solids, liquids, and gases
Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a...
An egg white is a liquid. A liquid can change shape. But it still takes up the same amount of space. If you crack open an egg and pour it into a pan, the egg white will change shape.
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Is a book a good or a service?
[ "a good", "a service" ]
0
closed choice
grade3
social science
economics
Basic economic principles
Goods and services
Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.
To decide whether a book is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is a book something you can touch? Yes. Is a book a job you might pay someone else to do? No. So, a book is a good.
Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. Which sample has the higher temperature?
[ "sample B", "neither; the samples have the same temperature", "sample A" ]
2
The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles.
closed choice
grade8
natural science
physics
Particle motion and energy
Identify how particle motion affects temperature and pressure
The temperature of a substance depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance. The higher the average kinetic energy of the particles, the higher the temperature of the substance. The kinetic energy of a particle is determined by its mass and speed. For a pure substance, the greater the mass of...
The particles in both samples have the same average speed, but each particle in sample A has more mass than each particle in sample B. So, the particles in sample A have a higher average kinetic energy than the particles in sample B. Because the particles in sample A have the higher average kinetic energy, sample A mus...
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What is the temperature of a cool glass of milk?
[ "50°C", "50°F" ]
1
Select the better estimate.
closed choice
grade7
natural science
units-and-measurement
Units and measurement
Estimate temperatures
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units. 212°F | Water boils | 100°C 98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C 68°F ...
The better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 50°F. 50°C is too hot.
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Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Don't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Nellie! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.
[ "appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good", "guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something" ]
1
closed choice
grade8
language science
writing-strategies
Developing and supporting arguments
Classify logical fallacies
A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fal...
The text argues that Nellie must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Nellie's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Nellie does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association.
In this food web, which organism contains matter that eventually moves to the mushroom?
[ "grizzly bear", "parasitic jaeger" ]
0
Below is a food web from a tundra ecosystem in Nunavut, a territory in Northern Canada. A food web models how the matter eaten by organisms moves through an ecosystem. The arrows in a food web represent how matter moves between organisms in an ecosystem.
closed choice
grade7
natural science
biology
Ecological interactions
Interpret food webs II
A food web is a model. A food web shows where organisms in an ecosystem get their food. Models can make things in nature easier to understand because models can represent complex things in a simpler way. If a food web showed every organism in an ecosystem, the food web would be hard to understand. So, each food web sho...
Use the arrows to follow how matter moves through this food web. For each answer choice, try to find a path of arrows to the mushroom. The only arrow pointing from the parasitic jaeger leads to the rough-legged hawk. The only arrow pointing from the rough-legged hawk leads to the earthworm. No arrows point from the ear...
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Which correctly shows the title of a movie?
[ "***Raiders of the Lost Ark***", "\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\"" ]
0
closed choice
grade9
language science
punctuation
Formatting
Formatting titles
The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine"
A movie should be in italics. The correct title is **Raiders of the Lost Ark**.
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Which word does not rhyme?
[ "fan", "tin", "win" ]
0
closed choice
grade2
language science
phonological-awareness
Rhyming
Which word does not rhyme?
Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound. The words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings. The words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.
The words win and tin rhyme. They both end with the in sound. The word fan does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.
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What is the volume of a car's gas tank?
[ "13 cups", "13 gallons", "13 fluid ounces" ]
1
Select the best estimate.
closed choice
grade5
natural science
units-and-measurement
Units and measurement
Choose customary units of volume
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups,...
The best estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 13 gallons. 13 fluid ounces and 13 cups are both too little.
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What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Emilio spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.
[ "Greek history", "a fairy tale" ]
0
closed choice
grade7
language science
figurative-language
Literary devices
Recall the source of an allusion
An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which C...
The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history. Draco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses. The allusion draconian means harsh.
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How long is an adult great white shark?
[ "6 centimeters", "6 millimeters", "6 meters", "6 kilometers" ]
2
Select the best estimate.
closed choice
grade7
natural science
units-and-measurement
Units and measurement
Choose metric units of distance, mass, and volume
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is lar...
The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 6 meters. 6 millimeters and 6 centimeters are too short. 6 kilometers is too long.
Which animal is also adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert?
[ "strawberry poison frog", "Namaqua chameleon" ]
1
Flat-tail horned lizards live in the deserts of North America. The is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. Figure: flat-tail horned lizard.
closed choice
grade5
natural science
biology
Adaptations
Animal adaptations: skins and body coverings
An adaptation is an inherited trait that helps an organism survive or reproduce. Adaptations can include both body parts and behaviors. The color, texture, and covering of an animal's skin are examples of adaptations. Animals' skins can be adapted in different ways. For example, skin with thick fur might help an animal...
Look at the picture of the flat-tail horned lizard. The flat-tail horned lizard has sand-colored scales covering its body. It is adapted to be camouflaged in a sandy desert. The word camouflage means to blend in. Now look at each animal. Figure out which animal has a similar adaptation. The Namaqua chameleon has sand-c...
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What information supports the conclusion that Tim acquired this trait?
[ "Tim's mother speaks one language.", "Tim learned to speak two languages in school." ]
1
Read the description of a trait. Tim speaks two languages.
closed choice
grade4
natural science
biology
Traits and heredity
Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement
Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's lif...
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Compare the motion of two fish. Which fish was moving at a lower speed?
[ "a fish that moved 20kilometers in 5hours", "a fish that moved 25kilometers in 5hours" ]
0
closed choice
grade2
natural science
physics
Force and motion
Compare the speeds of moving objects
An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects...
Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance. One fish moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours. The other fish moved 25 kilometers in 5 hours. Notice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that fish must...
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Using only these supplies, which question can Garrett investigate with an experiment?
[ "Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?", "Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?", "Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?" ]
0
Garrett enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available: two identical squirrel feeders a bag of...
closed choice
grade7
natural science
science-and-engineering-practices
Designing experiments
Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials
Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants gro...
Which continent is highlighted?
[ "South America", "North America", "Europe", "Africa" ]
2
closed choice
grade8
social science
geography
Physical Geography
Oceans and continents
A continent is one of the major land masses on the earth. Most people say there are seven continents.
This continent is Europe.
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What kind of sentence is this? Give Daniel a tour of the building and then take him to Mr. Carlson's office.
[ "exclamatory", "interrogative", "imperative" ]
2
closed choice
grade6
language science
punctuation
Sentences, fragments, and run-ons
Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory?
There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming...
The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period.
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What information supports the conclusion that Rick inherited this trait?
[ "Rick's coworker also has curly hair.", "Rick's biological father has curly hair.", "Rick and his biological parents have brown hair." ]
1
Read the description of a trait. Rick has curly hair.
closed choice
grade7
natural science
biology
Genes to traits
Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement
Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits....