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putnam_2022_a6
Let $n$ be a positive integer. Determine, in terms of $n$, the largest integer $m$ with the following property: There exist real numbers $x_1,\dots,x_{2n}$ with $-1<x_1<x_2<\cdots<x_{2n}<1$ such that the sum of the lengths of the $n$ intervals $[x_1^{2k-1},x_2^{2k-1}],[x_3^{2k-1},x_4^{2k-1}],\dots,[x_{2n-1}^{2k-1},x_{2...
Show that the largest such $m$ is $n$.
[ "algebra" ]
Require Import Nat Reals Coquelicot.Hierarchy. From mathcomp Require Import div fintype seq ssralg ssrbool ssrnat ssrnum . Definition putnam_2022_a6_solution := fun n : nat => n. Theorem putnam_2022_a6 (N : nat) (M : nat) (n := mul N 2) (i0 : 'I_n) (sumIntervals : ('I_n -> R) -> nat -> R := fun s k ...
putnam_2022_b1
Suppose that $P(x)=a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots+a_nx^n$ is a polynomial with integer coefficients, with $a_1$ odd. Suppose that $e^{P(x)}=b_0+b_1x+b_2x^2+\dots$ for all $x$. Prove that $b_k$ is nonzero for all $k \geq 0$.
None.
[ "analysis", "algebra" ]
From mathcomp Require Import all_algebra all_ssreflect. From mathcomp Require Import reals derive normedtype sequences topology exp. From mathcomp Require Import classical_sets. Import numFieldNormedType.Exports. Set Implicit Arguments. Unset Strict Implicit. Unset Printing Implicit Defensive. Local Open Scope ring_s...
putnam_2022_b2
Let $\times$ represent the cross product in $\mathbb{R}^3$. For what positive integers $n$ does there exist a set $S \subset \mathbb{R}^3$ with exactly $n$ elements such that $S=\{v \times w:v,w \in S\}$?
Show that the possible values of $n$ are $1$ and $7$.
[ "algebra" ]
Require Import Ensembles Finite_sets Reals. Require Import GeoCoq.Main.Tarski_dev.Ch16_coordinates_with_functions. Context `{T2D:Tarski_2D} `{TE:@Tarski_euclidean Tn TnEQD}. Definition vect3:= (F * F * F)%type. Definition cross_prod (v w : vect3) := let '(v1, v2, v3) := v in let '(w1, w2, w3) := w in (SubF (MulF v...
putnam_2022_b4
Find all integers $n$ with $n \geq 4$ for which there exists a sequence of distinct real numbers $x_1,\dots,x_n$ such that each of the sets $\{x_1,x_2,x_3\},\{x_2,x_3,x_4\},\dots,\{x_{n-2},x_{n-1},x_n\},\{x_{n-1},x_n,x_1\}$, and $\{x_n,x_1,x_2\}$ forms a $3$-term arithmetic progression when arranged in increasing order...
Show that the values of $n$ in question are the multiples of $3$ starting with $9$.
[ "algebra" ]
From mathcomp Require Import all_ssreflect ssrint ssralg ssrnum. From mathcomp Require Import reals. From mathcomp Require Import classical_sets. Set Implicit Arguments. Unset Strict Implicit. Unset Printing Implicit Defensive. Local Open Scope ring_scope. Local Open Scope classical_set_scope. Variable R : realType....
putnam_2022_b6
Find all continuous functions $f:\mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{R}^+$ such that $f(xf(y))+f(yf(x))=1+f(x+y)$ for all $x,y>0$.
Show that the only such functions are the functions $f(x)=\frac{1}{1+cx}$ for some $c \geq 0$.
[ "analysis" ]
Require Import Reals. Open Scope R. Definition putnam_2022_b6_solution := fun (f : R -> R) => exists (c : R), c >= 0 /\ forall (x : R), x >= 0 /\ f x >= 0 -> f x = 1 / (1 + c * x). Theorem putnam_2022_b6 (p : (R -> R) -> Prop := fun f : R -> R => forall (x y: R), (x > 0 /\ y > 0 /\ f x > 0 /\ f y > 0) -> ...
putnam_2023_a1
For a positive integer $n$, let $f_n(x) = \cos(x) \cos(2x) \cos(3x) \cdots \cos(nx)$. Find the smallest $n$ such that $|f_n''(0)| > 2023$.
Show that the solution is $n = 18$.
[ "analysis" ]
From mathcomp Require Import all_ssreflect ssrnum ssralg. From mathcomp Require Import reals trigo normedtype derive topology sequences. From mathcomp Require Import classical_sets. Import numFieldNormedType.Exports. Set Implicit Arguments. Unset Strict Implicit. Unset Printing Implicit Defensive. Local Open Scope ri...
putnam_2023_a2
Let $n$ be an even positive integer. Let $p$ be a monic, real polynomial of degree $2n$; that is to say, $p(x) = x^{2n} + a_{2n-1} x^{2n-1} + \cdots + a_1 x + a_0$ for some real coefficients $a_0, \dots, a_{2n-1}$. Suppose that $p(1/k) = k^2$ for all integers $k$ such that $1 \leq |k| \leq n$. Find all other real numbe...
Show that the other real numbers satisfying $p(1/x) = x^2$ are $\pm \frac{1}{n!}.$
[ "algebra" ]
From mathcomp Require Import all_algebra all_ssreflect. From mathcomp Require Import reals. From mathcomp Require Import classical_sets. Set Implicit Arguments. Unset Strict Implicit. Unset Printing Implicit Defensive. Local Open Scope ring_scope. Local Open Scope classical_set_scope. Variable R : realType. Definiti...
putnam_2023_a3
Determine the smallest positive real number $r$ such that there exist differentiable functions $f\colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ and $g\colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfying \begin{enumerate} \item[(a)] $f(0) > 0$, \item[(b)] $g(0) = 0$, \item[(c)] $|f'(x)| \leq |g(x)|$ for all $x$, \item[(d)] $|g'(x)| \leq...
Show that the solution is $r = \pi/2$.
[ "analysis" ]
Require Import Reals Coquelicot.Coquelicot. Definition putnam_2023_a3_solution := PI / 2. Theorem putnam_2023_a3 (p : R -> Prop := fun t => exists (f g : R -> R), f 0 > 0 /\ g 0 = 0 /\ (forall (x : R), ex_derive f x /\ ex_derive g x) /\ (forall (x: R), (Rabs (Derive f x) <= Rabs (g x) /\ Rabs (Derive g x) <= Rabs ...
putnam_2023_b2
For each positive integer $n$, let $k(n)$ be the number of ones in the binary representation of $2023 * n$. What is the minimum value of $k(n)$?
Show that the minimum value is 3.
[ "number_theory" ]
Require Import BinNums Nat NArith. Definition putnam_2023_b2_solution := 3. Theorem putnam_2023_b2 (k := fix count_ones (n : positive) : nat := match n with | xH => 1 | xO n' => count_ones n' | xI n' => 1 + count_ones n' end) : (forall (n: nat), n > 0 -> k (Pos.of_nat (2023*n...
putnam_2023_b5
Determine which positive integers $n$ have the following property: For all integers $m$ that are relatively prime to $n$, there exists a permutation $\pi:\{1,2,\dots,n\} \to \{1,2,\dots,n\}$ such that $\pi(\pi(k)) \equiv mk \pmod{n}$ for all $k \in \{1,2,\dots,n\}$.
Show that the desired property holds if and only if $n=1$ or $n \equiv 2 \pmod{4}$.
[ "number_theory" ]
Require Import PeanoNat. From mathcomp Require Import div fintype perm ssrbool. Definition putnam_2023_b5_solution (n : nat) := n = 1 \/ n mod 4 = 2. Theorem putnam_2023_b5 (p : nat -> Prop := fun n => forall m : nat, coprime m n -> exists (π: {perm 'I_n}), forall (k: 'I_n), nat_of_ord (π (π k)) = (m*(nat_of_ord k)...