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lmqg
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qg_squadshifts

answer stringlengths 1 159	paragraph_question stringlengths 196 3.4k	question stringlengths 9 196	sentence stringlengths 3 945	paragraph stringlengths 150 3.34k	sentence_answer stringlengths 13 955	paragraph_answer stringlengths 160 3.35k	paragraph_sentence stringlengths 160 3.35k	paragraph_id stringlengths 24 24
Edison Electric Illuminating Company	question: Consolidated Edison can trace it's roots back to which investor owned electric utility company?, context: Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the first inv...	Consolidated Edison can trace it's roots back to which investor owned electric utility company?	Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company , the first investor-owned electric utility.	Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company, the first investor-owned electric utility. The company started service on September 4, 1882, using one generator to provide 110 v...	Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's <hl> Edison Electric Illuminating Company <hl> , the first investor-owned electric utility.	Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's <hl> Edison Electric Illuminating Company <hl>, the first investor-owned electric utility. The company started service on September 4, 1882, using one generator to pro...	Gas and electric service is provided by Consolidated Edison to all of Manhattan. <hl> Con Edison's electric business traces its roots back to Thomas Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company , the first investor-owned electric utility. <hl> The company started service on September 4, 1882, using one generator to pr...	5d66f6322b22cd4dfcfbe7d9
angular magnification	question: What kind of magnification shows how much larger an object is seen in contrast to how it's seen by the naked eye?, context: Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, on...	What kind of magnification shows how much larger an object is seen in contrast to how it's seen by the naked eye?	For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the angular magnification —which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the telescope compared to the naked eye.	Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the angular magnification—which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the telescop...	For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the <hl> angular magnification <hl> —which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the telescope compared to the naked eye.	Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the <hl> angular magnification <hl>—which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through th...	Linear magnification M is not always the most useful measure of magnifying power. <hl> For instance, when characterizing a visual telescope or binoculars that produce only a virtual image, one would be more concerned with the angular magnification —which expresses how much larger a distant object appears through the te...	5d677b342b22cd4dfcfbfd07
private entity	question: Is the University a private or puble institution?, context: The University was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conf...	Is the University a private or puble institution?	Legally, however, the university remains a private entity , operating under its nonprofit corporate charter, governed by its independent Board of Trustees, and with its assets under its own ownership and control.	The University was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conferred "state-related" status to the university making it a legal instr...	Legally, however, the university remains a <hl> private entity <hl> , operating under its nonprofit corporate charter, governed by its independent Board of Trustees, and with its assets under its own ownership and control.	The University was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conferred "state-related" status to the university making it a legal instr...	The University was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1787 and it operated as a fully private institution until an alteration to its charter in 1966 at which point it became part of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. This conferred "state-related" status to the university making it a legal instr...	5d67435f2b22cd4dfcfbf449
Megara	question: Where were the Greeks who came to the city originally from?, context: The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thrac...	Where were the Greeks who came to the city originally from?	The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus.	The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experienced a brie...	The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from <hl> Megara <hl> established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus.	The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from <hl> Megara <hl> established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experien...	<hl> The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[a] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. <hl> The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. The city experien...	5d65c3e02b22cd4dfcfbcc2b
$2,544,454	question: How much did the city spend in putting families in hotels in 2012?, context: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated in 2013 the number of homeless in Washington, D.C. as 6,865, which was a 29 percent increase after 2007. D.C. ranks eighth regarding total homeless population among other...	How much did the city spend in putting families in hotels in 2012?	According to the D.C. Department of Human Services, during the winter of 2012 the city spent $2,544,454 on putting homeless families in hotels, and budgeted $3.2 million on hotel beds in 2013.	The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated in 2013 the number of homeless in Washington, D.C. as 6,865, which was a 29 percent increase after 2007. D.C. ranks eighth regarding total homeless population among other major American cities. The city passed a law that requires to provide shelter to every...	According to the D.C. Department of Human Services, during the winter of 2012 the city spent <hl> $2,544,454 <hl> on putting homeless families in hotels, and budgeted $3.2 million on hotel beds in 2013.	The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated in 2013 the number of homeless in Washington, D.C. as 6,865, which was a 29 percent increase after 2007. D.C. ranks eighth regarding total homeless population among other major American cities. The city passed a law that requires to provide shelter to every...	The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development estimated in 2013 the number of homeless in Washington, D.C. as 6,865, which was a 29 percent increase after 2007. D.C. ranks eighth regarding total homeless population among other major American cities. The city passed a law that requires to provide shelter to every...	5d65eb1d2b22cd4dfcfbd288
Berlin	question: Where is the Ishtar Gate of Babylon located today?, context: The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the Near East from antiquity into Islamic times (lat...	Where is the Ishtar Gate of Babylon located today?	The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin , has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour.	The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the Near East from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the Alhambra), Rome, and Euro...	The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in <hl> Berlin <hl> , has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour.	The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in <hl> Berlin <hl>, has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the Near East from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the Alhambra), Rome...	<hl> The Ishtar Gate of Babylon, now in Berlin , has low reliefs of large animals formed from moulded bricks, glazed in colour. <hl> Plaster, which made the technique far easier, was widely used in Egypt and the Near East from antiquity into Islamic times (latterly for architectural decoration, as at the Alhambra), Rom...	5d67c58b2b22cd4dfcfc01a8
organized	question: Through an Organic Act of Congress, what can territories be considered?, context: The insular areas include a number of territories under the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States. Territories incorporated within the provisions of the U.S. Cons...	Through an Organic Act of Congress, what can territories be considered?	Territories may also be organized , if granted by an Organic Act of Congress or unorganized (without direct authorization of self-government by such an act).	The insular areas include a number of territories under the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States. Territories incorporated within the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are designated incorporated territories. Territories not so incorporated are design...	Territories may also be <hl> organized <hl> , if granted by an Organic Act of Congress or unorganized (without direct authorization of self-government by such an act).	The insular areas include a number of territories under the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States. Territories incorporated within the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are designated incorporated territories. Territories not so incorporated are design...	The insular areas include a number of territories under the sovereignty of the United States and three sovereign nations in free association with the United States. Territories incorporated within the provisions of the U.S. Constitution are designated incorporated territories. Territories not so incorporated are design...	5d676d632b22cd4dfcfbfb29
western and southern Connecticut	question: What parts of Connecticut are like New York City?, context: In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural." The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, it was only 12.3%. Most of western and southern Connecticut (partic...	What parts of Connecticut are like New York City?	Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state.	In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural." The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, it was only 12.3%. Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City; this...	Most of <hl> western and southern Connecticut <hl> (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state.	In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural." The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, it was only 12.3%. Most of <hl> western and southern Connecticut <hl> (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York ...	In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural." The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, it was only 12.3%. <hl> Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly the Gold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City;...	5d66187a2b22cd4dfcfbd854
2011 Newspaper Awards	question: What year and where did it get it best app recognition?, context: The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the 2011 Newspaper Awards and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor. Various subscription packages exist, giving access to both the print a...	What year and where did it get it best app recognition?	The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the 2011 Newspaper Awards and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor.	The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the 2011 Newspaper Awards and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor. Various subscription packages exist, giving access to both the print and digital versions of the paper.	The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the <hl> 2011 Newspaper Awards <hl> and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor.	The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the <hl> 2011 Newspaper Awards <hl> and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor. Various subscription packages exist, giving access to both the print and digital versions of the paper.	<hl> The Sunday Times iPad app was named newspaper app of the year at the 2011 Newspaper Awards and has twice been ranked best newspaper or magazine app in the world by iMonitor. <hl> Various subscription packages exist, giving access to both the print and digital versions of the paper.	5d674a3f2b22cd4dfcfbf525
Overall alcohol consumption at the population level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential benefits.	question: What is overall alcohol consumption associated with., context: The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Dr...	What is overall alcohol consumption associated with.	Overall alcohol consumption at the population level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential benefits.	The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated...	<hl> Overall alcohol consumption at the population level is associated with multiple health risks that exceed any potential benefits. <hl>	The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated ...	The relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease is complex, and may depend on the amount of alcohol consumed. There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Drinking at low levels without episodes of heavy drinking may be associated ...	5d65c1ac2b22cd4dfcfbcbae
1.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home	question: Is English the primary language used?, context: According to the 2009 American Community Survey, the average household size was 2.11, and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. Approximately 27.0% of the population is fore...	Is English the primary language used?	Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 6 1.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home .	According to the 2009 American Community Survey, the average household size was 2.11, and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 61.7% of the population over the age of 5 sp...	Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 6 <hl> 1.7% of the population over the age of 5 speak only English at home <hl> .	According to the 2009 American Community Survey, the average household size was 2.11, and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 6<hl> 1.7% of the population over the age of...	According to the 2009 American Community Survey, the average household size was 2.11, and the average family size was 3.21. Approximately 59.4% of the population over the age of 25 have a bachelor's degree or higher. <hl> Approximately 27.0% of the population is foreign-born, and 6 1.7% of the population over the age o...	5d6763342b22cd4dfcfbf981
21 January 1940	question: When did The Sunday Times replace advertising with news on the front page?, context: There was a further change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose and Viscount Kemsley respectively. Under their ownership, Th...	When did The Sunday Times replace advertising with news on the front page?	Under their ownership, The Sunday Times continued its reputation for innovation: on 23 November 1930, it became the first Sunday newspaper to publish a 40-page issue and on 21 January 1940 , news replaced advertising on the front page.	There was a further change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose and Viscount Kemsley respectively. Under their ownership, The Sunday Times continued its reputation for innovation: on 23 November 1930, it became the firs...	Under their ownership, The Sunday Times continued its reputation for innovation: on 23 November 1930, it became the first Sunday newspaper to publish a 40-page issue and on <hl> 21 January 1940 <hl> , news replaced advertising on the front page.	There was a further change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose and Viscount Kemsley respectively. Under their ownership, The Sunday Times continued its reputation for innovation: on 23 November 1930, it became the firs...	There was a further change of ownership in 1903, and then in 1915 the paper was bought by William Berry and his brother, Gomer Berry, later ennobled as Lord Camrose and Viscount Kemsley respectively. <hl> Under their ownership, The Sunday Times continued its reputation for innovation: on 23 November 1930, it became the...	5d6759872b22cd4dfcfbf7ee
poorly armed	question: Were Partisan forces well armed?, context: The Partisans staged a guerrilla campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of success and support of the general populace, and succeeded in controlling large chunks of Yugoslav territory. These were managed via the "People's committees", organized to act as c...	Were Partisan forces well armed?	At the very beginning, Partisan forces were relatively small, poorly armed and without any infrastructure.	The Partisans staged a guerrilla campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of success and support of the general populace, and succeeded in controlling large chunks of Yugoslav territory. These were managed via the "People's committees", organized to act as civilian governments in areas of the country controlle...	At the very beginning, Partisan forces were relatively small, <hl> poorly armed <hl> and without any infrastructure.	The Partisans staged a guerrilla campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of success and support of the general populace, and succeeded in controlling large chunks of Yugoslav territory. These were managed via the "People's committees", organized to act as civilian governments in areas of the country controlle...	The Partisans staged a guerrilla campaign which enjoyed gradually increased levels of success and support of the general populace, and succeeded in controlling large chunks of Yugoslav territory. These were managed via the "People's committees", organized to act as civilian governments in areas of the country controlle...	5d6707f42b22cd4dfcfbeb58
geometry	question: The design of static structures assumes they have the same what?, context: Principles of structural engineering are applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, a...	The design of static structures assumes they have the same what?	The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessary), but the design of moveable or moving structures must account for fatigue, variation in the method in wh...	Principles of structural engineering are applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessary), but th...	The design of static structures assumes they always have the same <hl> geometry <hl> (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessary), but the design of moveable or moving structures must account for fatigue, variation in the me...	Principles of structural engineering are applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes they always have the same <hl> geometry <hl> (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessar...	Principles of structural engineering are applied to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. <hl> The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessary), b...	5d6789772b22cd4dfcfbfe2d
Human morality	question: What is a natural phenomenon?, context: On this understanding, moralities are sets of self-perpetuating and biologically-driven behaviors which encourage human cooperation. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate selfishness i...	What is a natural phenomenon?	Human morality , although sophisticated and complex relative to other animals, is essentially a natural phenomenon that evolved to restrict excessive individualism that could undermine a group's cohesion and thereby reducing the individuals' fitness.	On this understanding, moralities are sets of self-perpetuating and biologically-driven behaviors which encourage human cooperation. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate selfishness in order to improve their evolutionary fitness. Hum...	<hl> Human morality <hl> , although sophisticated and complex relative to other animals, is essentially a natural phenomenon that evolved to restrict excessive individualism that could undermine a group's cohesion and thereby reducing the individuals' fitness.	On this understanding, moralities are sets of self-perpetuating and biologically-driven behaviors which encourage human cooperation. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate selfishness in order to improve their evolutionary fitness. <hl...	On this understanding, moralities are sets of self-perpetuating and biologically-driven behaviors which encourage human cooperation. Biologists contend that all social animals, from ants to elephants, have modified their behaviors, by restraining immediate selfishness in order to improve their evolutionary fitness. <hl...	5d67585c2b22cd4dfcfbf7b4
the Connecticut Colony at Hartford	question: Thomas Hooker was a professor of theology at which university?, context: The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year. However, the main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by Thomas...	Thomas Hooker was a professor of theology at which university?	He broke with the political leadership in Massachusetts, and, just as Roger Williams created a new polity in Rhode Island, Hooker and his cohort did the same and established the Connecticut Colony at Hartford in 1636.	The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year. However, the main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by Thomas Hooker. Hooker had been prominent in England and was a professor of theology at Ca...	He broke with the political leadership in Massachusetts, and, just as Roger Williams created a new polity in Rhode Island, Hooker and his cohort did the same and established <hl> the Connecticut Colony at Hartford <hl> in 1636.	The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year. However, the main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by Thomas Hooker. Hooker had been prominent in England and was a professor of theology at Ca...	The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year. However, the main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. The settlers were Puritans from Massachusetts, led by Thomas Hooker. Hooker had been prominent in England and was a professor of theology at Ca...	5d6677af2b22cd4dfcfbe028
one table	question: Other than chairs what is kept beside the performance space of Shumang lila?, context: Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically ...	Other than chairs what is kept beside the performance space of Shumang lila?	It uses one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space.	Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is ...	It uses <hl> one table <hl> and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space.	Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is ...	Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is ...	5d6768e22b22cd4dfcfbfa71
wood preservative	question: Tributyltin oxide is used for what?, context: Organotin compounds can have a relatively high toxicity, which is both advantageous and problematic. They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, wood preservatives, and antifouling agents. Tributyltin oxide is used as a...	Tributyltin oxide is used for what?	They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, wood preservative s, and antifouling agents.	Organotin compounds can have a relatively high toxicity, which is both advantageous and problematic. They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, wood preservatives, and antifouling agents. Tributyltin oxide is used as a wood preservative. Tributyltin was used as additive for...	They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, <hl> wood preservative <hl> s, and antifouling agents.	Organotin compounds can have a relatively high toxicity, which is both advantageous and problematic. They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, <hl> wood preservative <hl>s, and antifouling agents. Tributyltin oxide is used as a wood preservative. Tributyltin was used as ad...	Organotin compounds can have a relatively high toxicity, which is both advantageous and problematic. <hl> They have been used for their biocidal effects in/as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, wood preservative s, and antifouling agents. <hl> Tributyltin oxide is used as a wood preservative. Tributyltin was used as a...	5d674b0c2b22cd4dfcfbf550
transitional climatic zone	question: What climate zone is Istanbul located in?, context: In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a transitional climatic zone. Since precipitation in summer months, ranges fr...	What climate zone is Istanbul located in?	In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a transitional climatic zone .	In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a transitional climatic zone. Since precipitation in summer months, ranges from 20 to 65 mm (1 to 3 in), depending on location, the city ca...	In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a <hl> transitional climatic zone <hl> .	In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a <hl> transitional climatic zone <hl>. Since precipitation in summer months, ranges from 20 to 65 mm (1 to 3 in), depending on location, t...	<hl> In the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location in a transitional climatic zone . <hl> Since precipitation in summer months, ranges from 20 to 65 mm (1 to 3 in), depending on location, ...	5d67572e2b22cd4dfcfbf790
Christians	question: What religion made up half of the population in 1910?, context: The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been ...	What religion made up half of the population in 1910?	The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians .	The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians. Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been based in Istanbul's Church of St. George. Into the 19th century, the Chris...	The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox <hl> Christians <hl> .	The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox <hl> Christians <hl>. Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been based in Istanbul's Church of St. George. Into the 19th century,...	<hl> The Patriarch of Constantinople has been designated Ecumenical Patriarch since the sixth century, and has subsequently come to be widely regarded as the leader of the world's 300 million Orthodox Christians . <hl> Since 1601, the Patriarchate has been based in Istanbul's Church of St. George. Into the 19th century...	5d66f0572b22cd4dfcfbe662
as insurance groups	question: How do most major insurers exist?, context: Only the smallest insurers exist as a single corporation. Most major insurance companies actually exist as insurance groups. That is, they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers (and sometimes a few excess insurers and reinsur...	How do most major insurers exist?	Most major insurance companies actually exist as insurance groups .	Only the smallest insurers exist as a single corporation. Most major insurance companies actually exist as insurance groups. That is, they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers (and sometimes a few excess insurers and reinsurers as well). There are dramatic variations from one ...	Most major insurance companies actually exist <hl> as insurance groups <hl> .	Only the smallest insurers exist as a single corporation. Most major insurance companies actually exist <hl> as insurance groups <hl>. That is, they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers (and sometimes a few excess insurers and reinsurers as well). There are dramatic variations fr...	Only the smallest insurers exist as a single corporation. <hl> Most major insurance companies actually exist as insurance groups . <hl> That is, they consist of holding companies which own several admitted and surplus insurers (and sometimes a few excess insurers and reinsurers as well). There are dramatic variations f...	5d66ea992b22cd4dfcfbe529
1969–70	question: When was the first woman hockey teammate?, context: The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969–70, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. One woman, Manon Rhéaume, has played in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-sea...	When was the first woman hockey teammate?	The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969–70 , when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch.	The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969–70, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. One woman, Manon Rhéaume, has played in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-season games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins. I...	The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in <hl> 1969–70 <hl> , when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch.	The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in <hl> 1969–70 <hl>, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. One woman, Manon Rhéaume, has played in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-season games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston...	<hl> The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969–70 , when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch. <hl> One woman, Manon Rhéaume, has played in the NHL, as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-season games against the St. Louis Blues and the Bosto...	5d66928b2b22cd4dfcfbe2c4
386	question: how many reported violent acts were committed?, context: In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers, the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet U...	how many reported violent acts were committed?	In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported 386 violent acts committed against homeless persons over the period, among which 155 were lethal.	In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers, the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported 386 violent acts committed against homeless pe...	In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported <hl> 386 <hl> violent acts committed against homeless persons over the period, among which 155 were lethal.	In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers, the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported <hl> 386 <hl> violent acts committed against h...	In recent years, largely due to the efforts of the National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH) and academic researchers, the problem of violence against the homeless has gained national attention. <hl> In their report: Hate, Violence, and Death on Mainstreet USA, the NCH reported 386 violent acts committed against homele...	5d6672fc2b22cd4dfcfbdf64
1960s	question: In which decade was the Whole Earth Catalog established?, context: Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the 1960s Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer techno...	In which decade was the Whole Earth Catalog established?	Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the 1960s Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer technologists and entrepreneurs together with countercultural ideas.	Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the 1960s Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer technologists and entrepreneurs together with countercultural ideas. This resulted ...	Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the <hl> 1960s <hl> Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer technologists and entrepreneurs together with countercultural ideas.	Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the <hl> 1960s <hl> Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer technologists and entrepreneurs together with countercultural ideas. This...	<hl> Inspired by system and cybernetics theorists like Norbert Wiener, Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller, in the 1960s Stewart Brand started the Whole Earth Catalog and later computer networking efforts to bring Silicon Valley computer technologists and entrepreneurs together with countercultural ideas. <hl> This...	5d65da7f2b22cd4dfcfbcf25
baroclinic boundaries	question: Cold fronts and warm fronts are examples of what?, context: Convective rain, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds, e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus. It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as...	Cold fronts and warm fronts are examples of what?	In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as cold fronts, squall lines, and warm fronts.	Convective rain, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds, e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus. It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation ...	In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with <hl> baroclinic boundaries <hl> such as cold fronts, squall lines, and warm fronts.	Convective rain, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds, e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus. It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation ...	Convective rain, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds, e.g., cumulonimbus or cumulus congestus. It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation ...	5d6782e52b22cd4dfcfbfdb7
Kırkçeşme water supply network	question: What did aqueducts carry?, context: Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1...	What did aqueducts carry?	At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 158 sites each day.	Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (...	At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the <hl> Kırkçeşme water supply network <hl> was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic meters (150,000 cu ft) of water to 158 sites each day.	Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the <hl> Kırkçeşme water supply network <hl> was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubi...	Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. <hl> At the behest of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Kırkçeşme water supply network was constructed; by 1563, the network provided 4,200 cubic met...	5d65f8e42b22cd4dfcfbd4a4
Nelson	question: Which Rochkerfeller was a prominent liberal Republican?, context: Historically, the Republican Party has included a liberal wing made up of individuals who, like members of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, believe in the power of government to improve people's lives. Before 1932 leading progressive R...	Which Rochkerfeller was a prominent liberal Republican?	Prominent liberal Republicans, 1936 to the 1970s, included Alf Landon, Wendell Willkie, Earl Warren, Thomas Dewey, Prescott Bush, Nelson Rockefeller, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., George W. Romney, William Scranton, Charles Mathias, Lowell Weicker, and Jacob Javits.	Historically, the Republican Party has included a liberal wing made up of individuals who, like members of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, believe in the power of government to improve people's lives. Before 1932 leading progressive Republicans included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette Sr., Charles E...	Prominent liberal Republicans, 1936 to the 1970s, included Alf Landon, Wendell Willkie, Earl Warren, Thomas Dewey, Prescott Bush, <hl> Nelson <hl> Rockefeller, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., George W. Romney, William Scranton, Charles Mathias, Lowell Weicker, and Jacob Javits.	Historically, the Republican Party has included a liberal wing made up of individuals who, like members of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, believe in the power of government to improve people's lives. Before 1932 leading progressive Republicans included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette Sr., Charles E...	Historically, the Republican Party has included a liberal wing made up of individuals who, like members of the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, believe in the power of government to improve people's lives. Before 1932 leading progressive Republicans included Theodore Roosevelt, Robert M. La Follette Sr., Charles E...	5d674a002b22cd4dfcfbf514
Dawn Brancati	question: Who finds that decentralization in politics reduces conflict inside states?, context: Conflict resolution Economic and/or political decentralization can help prevent or reduce conflict because they reduce actual or perceived inequities between various regions or between a region and the central government. Da...	Who finds that decentralization in politics reduces conflict inside states?	Dawn Brancati finds that political decentralization reduces intrastate conflict unless politicians create political parties that mobilize minority and even extremist groups to demand more resources and power within national governments.	Conflict resolution Economic and/or political decentralization can help prevent or reduce conflict because they reduce actual or perceived inequities between various regions or between a region and the central government. Dawn Brancati finds that political decentralization reduces intrastate conflict unless politicians...	<hl> Dawn Brancati <hl> finds that political decentralization reduces intrastate conflict unless politicians create political parties that mobilize minority and even extremist groups to demand more resources and power within national governments.	Conflict resolution Economic and/or political decentralization can help prevent or reduce conflict because they reduce actual or perceived inequities between various regions or between a region and the central government. <hl> Dawn Brancati <hl> finds that political decentralization reduces intrastate conflict unless p...	Conflict resolution Economic and/or political decentralization can help prevent or reduce conflict because they reduce actual or perceived inequities between various regions or between a region and the central government. <hl> Dawn Brancati finds that political decentralization reduces intrastate conflict unless politi...	5d660be72b22cd4dfcfbd6d4
penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores	question: How does the rule where the team with possession of the puck scores a goal differ from the NHL in NCAA hockey?, context: A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offense is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed...	How does the rule where the team with possession of the puck scores a goal differ from the NHL in NCAA hockey?	In college games, the penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores .	A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offense is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or ...	In college games, the <hl> penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores <hl> .	A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offense is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or ...	A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offense is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or ...	5d669d982b22cd4dfcfbe34d
Paz	question: Despite the fact that it is not a surname by itself, what part of Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella's name is used as a surname by other people?, context: Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. He would never be regarded as Luis ...	Despite the fact that it is not a surname by itself, what part of Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella's name is used as a surname by other people?	Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño.	Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (although other pe...	Luis Telmo <hl> Paz <hl> y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño.	Luis Telmo <hl> Paz <hl> y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (althoug...	<hl> Luis Telmo Paz y Miño Estrella is also known more casually as Luis Paz y Miño, Telmo Paz y Miño, or Luis Telmo Paz y Miño. <hl> He would never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, nor as Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" alone is not his surname (althoug...	5d6768822b22cd4dfcfbfa60
The Sinan Erdem Dome	question: Where was the final of the 2010 FIBA Championship held?, context: The Sinan Erdem Dome, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem D...	Where was the final of the 2010 FIBA Championship held?	The Sinan Erdem Dome , among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four.	The Sinan Erdem Dome, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi İpekçi Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having h...	<hl> The Sinan Erdem Dome <hl> , among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four.	<hl> The Sinan Erdem Dome <hl>, among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four. Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi İpekçi Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor arena...	<hl> The Sinan Erdem Dome , among the largest indoor arenas in Europe, hosted the final of the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, and the 2011–12 Euroleague Final Four. <hl> Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi İpekçi Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor aren...	5d66060e2b22cd4dfcfbd5e2
involvement of lawyers in politics	question: What became an American characteristic during colonial times?, context: Second, in the colonies a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies, especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony. They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well...	What became an American characteristic during colonial times?	This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession, so that the intense involvement of lawyers in politics became an American characteristic by the 1770s.	Second, in the colonies a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies, especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony. They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well as oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Americans sued each oth...	This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession, so that the intense <hl> involvement of lawyers in politics <hl> became an American characteristic by the 1770s.	Second, in the colonies a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies, especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony. They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well as oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Americans sued each oth...	Second, in the colonies a very wide range of public and private business was decided by elected bodies, especially the assemblies and county governments in each colony. They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well as oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Americans sued each oth...	5d6687522b22cd4dfcfbe1dd
750,000	question: How many American citizens did the HPRP monies help from becoming homeless?, context: On May 20, 2009, President Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act into Public Law (Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"), reauthorizing HUD's Homeless Assistance programs. It ...	How many American citizens did the HPRP monies help from becoming homeless?	However, at the close of 2010 HUD reported that many communities had successfully used HPRP funds to assist those in need in their communities, and reported that the program prevented homelessness for nearly 750,000 Americans.	On May 20, 2009, President Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act into Public Law (Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"), reauthorizing HUD's Homeless Assistance programs. It was part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009. The HEARTH act allows for the pre...	However, at the close of 2010 HUD reported that many communities had successfully used HPRP funds to assist those in need in their communities, and reported that the program prevented homelessness for nearly <hl> 750,000 <hl> Americans.	On May 20, 2009, President Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act into Public Law (Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"), reauthorizing HUD's Homeless Assistance programs. It was part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009. The HEARTH act allows for the pre...	On May 20, 2009, President Obama signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act into Public Law (Public Law 111-22 or "PL 111-22"), reauthorizing HUD's Homeless Assistance programs. It was part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009. The HEARTH act allows for the pre...	5d65f51e2b22cd4dfcfbd3f4
adam	question: If a person's name is ben adam, what is their father's name according to the Hebrew patronymic naming convention?, context: As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben adam (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir B...	If a person's name is ben adam, what is their father's name according to the Hebrew patronymic naming convention?	As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben adam (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham.	As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben adam (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir Bar-Ilan. Ben (Hebrew: בֶּן‎, son of) also forms part of Hebrew names, e.g. Benjamin.	As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben <hl> adam <hl> (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham.	As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben <hl> adam <hl> (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir Bar-Ilan. Ben (Hebrew: בֶּן‎, son of) also forms part of Hebrew names, e.g. Benjamin.	<hl> As part of Hebrew patronymic names, Ben is followed by the father's name, e.g. ben adam (Hebrew: בן אדם‎) or Abraham ben Abraham. <hl> Bar-, "son of" in Aramaic, is used likewise, e.g. Meir Bar-Ilan. Ben (Hebrew: בֶּן‎, son of) also forms part of Hebrew names, e.g. Benjamin.	5d673c5b2b22cd4dfcfbf39e
anti-romantic	question: How can the music of Louis Anderson be described?, context: Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or romantic[citation needed], not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. The works ...	How can the music of Louis Anderson be described?	The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentalist preoccupation that is decidedly anti-romantic .	Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or romantic[citation needed], not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentali...	The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentalist preoccupation that is decidedly <hl> anti-romantic <hl> .	Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or romantic[citation needed], not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentali...	Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or romantic[citation needed], not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism. <hl> The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experime...	5d6724c12b22cd4dfcfbf091
The Board of Trustees	question: Who selects the university's Chancellor?, context: The Board of Trustees selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees. The Chancellor is delegated with...	Who selects the university's Chancellor?	The Board of Trustees selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees.	The Board of Trustees selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees. The Chancellor is delegated with general administrative, academic, and management authority o...	<hl> The Board of Trustees <hl> selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees.	<hl> The Board of Trustees <hl> selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees. The Chancellor is delegated with general administrative, academic, and management a...	<hl> The Board of Trustees selects the university's Chancellor, who doubles as the chief academic officer and the Chief Executive Officer of the university as well as serving as an ex officio voting member of the Board or Trustees. <hl> The Chancellor is delegated with general administrative, academic, and management a...	5d6745772b22cd4dfcfbf49c
lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter	question: Where is pond hockey played?, context: Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter. Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting an...	Where is pond hockey played?	Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter .	Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter. Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasi...	Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on <hl> lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter <hl> .	Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on <hl> lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter <hl>. Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a great...	<hl> Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter . <hl> Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a grea...	5d6621322b22cd4dfcfbd9b3
protective oxide layer	question: What prevents further oxidation with Tin?, context: Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. In this case a protective oxide layer prevents further oxidation. This oxide layer forms on pewter and o...	What prevents further oxidation with Tin?	In this case a protective oxide layer prevents further oxidation.	Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. In this case a protective oxide layer prevents further oxidation. This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solu...	In this case a <hl> protective oxide layer <hl> prevents further oxidation.	Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. In this case a <hl> protective oxide layer <hl> prevents further oxidation. This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen ...	Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. <hl> In this case a protective oxide layer prevents further oxidation. <hl> This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen ...	5d66ef172b22cd4dfcfbe5e3
small	question: What size flags are placed by war memorials on Memorial Day?, context: The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holiday...	What size flags are placed by war memorials on Memorial Day?	On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans.	The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence...	On Memorial Day it is common to place <hl> small <hl> flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans.	The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence ...	The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence ...	5d65c07d2b22cd4dfcfbcb74
Georgian houses	question: What types of houses had a symmetrical facade?, context: Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants resembled the lifestyle of that of the upper class of England li...	What types of houses had a symmetrical facade?	These Georgian houses had a symmetrical façade with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door.	Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants resembled the lifestyle of that of the upper class of England living in elegant 2 1⁄2-story houses designed the new Georgian style...	These <hl> Georgian houses <hl> had a symmetrical façade with equal numbers of windows on both sides of the central door.	Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants resembled the lifestyle of that of the upper class of England living in elegant 2 1⁄2-story houses designed the new Georgian style...	Many merchants became very wealthy by providing their goods to the agricultural population and ended up dominating the society of sea port cities. Unlike yeoman farmhouses, these merchants resembled the lifestyle of that of the upper class of England living in elegant 2 1⁄2-story houses designed the new Georgian style...	5d65c4302b22cd4dfcfbcc36
cloud forests	question: What is another term for the humid Andean forests?, context: Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog. A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diver...	What is another term for the humid Andean forests?	A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests (" cloud forests ") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina.	Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog. A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean ...	A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests (" <hl> cloud forests <hl> ") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina...	Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog. A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean ...	Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog. <hl> A few species of hummingbirds, notably some hillstars, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid An...	5d65874f2b22cd4dfcfbca07
George W. Bush	question: Which president served in 2004?, context: Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex mar...	Which president served in 2004?	Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions is much more divided, with some in favor and others opposed), with the issue a galvanizing one that many believe helped George W. Bush win re-election in 2004.	Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions ...	Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions is much more divided, with some in favor and others opposed), with the issue a galvanizing one that many believe helped <hl> George W. Bush <hl> win re-election in 2004.	Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil unions ...	Owing largely to the prominence of the religious right in conservative politics in the United States, the Republican Party has taken positions regarded by many as outwardly hostile to the gay rights movement. <hl> Republicans have historically strongly opposed same-sex marriage (the party's overall attitude on civil un...	5d673acd2b22cd4dfcfbf32b
Freedom of religion	question: What did the religious settlers insure as a basic American principle?, context: Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in Britain and the Continent, with a small proportion of Catholics (chiefly in Maryland) and a few Jews in port cities. The English and the German Americans brought along multi...	What did the religious settlers insure as a basic American principle?	Freedom of religion became a basic American principle, and numerous new movements emerged, many of which became established denominations in their own right.	Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in Britain and the Continent, with a small proportion of Catholics (chiefly in Maryland) and a few Jews in port cities. The English and the German Americans brought along multiple Protestant denominations. Several colonies had an "established" church, which meant th...	<hl> Freedom of religion <hl> became a basic American principle, and numerous new movements emerged, many of which became established denominations in their own right.	Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in Britain and the Continent, with a small proportion of Catholics (chiefly in Maryland) and a few Jews in port cities. The English and the German Americans brought along multiple Protestant denominations. Several colonies had an "established" church, which meant th...	Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in Britain and the Continent, with a small proportion of Catholics (chiefly in Maryland) and a few Jews in port cities. The English and the German Americans brought along multiple Protestant denominations. Several colonies had an "established" church, which meant th...	5d6688412b22cd4dfcfbe203
large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers	question: Who was to blame for destroying middle class shop keepers in early 20th century America?, context: In early twentieth century America a response to the centralization of economic wealth and political power was a decentralist movement. It blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class sho...	Who was to blame for destroying middle class shop keepers in early 20th century America?	It blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale living.	In early twentieth century America a response to the centralization of economic wealth and political power was a decentralist movement. It blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale livin...	It blamed <hl> large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers <hl> and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale living.	In early twentieth century America a response to the centralization of economic wealth and political power was a decentralist movement. It blamed <hl> large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers <hl> and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small s...	In early twentieth century America a response to the centralization of economic wealth and political power was a decentralist movement. <hl> It blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale ...	5d6664ea2b22cd4dfcfbddae
left bank of Cowley	question: What is Oxford thought of in relation to Cowley during the 1970s?, context: Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s ove...	What is Oxford thought of in relation to Cowley during the 1970s?	This led to the witticism that "Oxford is the left bank of Cowley ".	Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher pl...	This led to the witticism that "Oxford is the <hl> left bank of Cowley <hl> ".	Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher pl...	Also during the 1920s, the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established Morris Motors Limited to mass-produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher pl...	5d6761932b22cd4dfcfbf95a
machine	question: Forces of what can vary significantly?, context: The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural desi...	Forces of what can vary significantly?	The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate.	The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such structures are able to endure such...	The forces which parts of a <hl> machine <hl> are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate.	The forces which parts of a <hl> machine <hl> are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such structures are able to e...	<hl> The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate. <hl> The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such structures are able to e...	5d678d0a2b22cd4dfcfbfe66
origin	question: What is assigned to a specific location or landmark?, context: Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world. However, three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application. 1) Units of distance must be decided...	What is assigned to a specific location or landmark?	An origin must be assigned to a specific spatial location or landmark, and 3) the orientation of the axes must be defined using available directional cues for (n-1) of the n axes.	Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world. However, three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application. 1) Units of distance must be decided defining the spatial size represented by the numbers used as coordinates...	An <hl> origin <hl> must be assigned to a specific spatial location or landmark, and 3) the orientation of the axes must be defined using available directional cues for (n-1) of the n axes.	Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world. However, three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application. 1) Units of distance must be decided defining the spatial size represented by the numbers used as coordinates. ...	Cartesian coordinates are an abstraction that have a multitude of possible applications in the real world. However, three constructive steps are involved in superimposing coordinates on a problem application. 1) Units of distance must be decided defining the spatial size represented by the numbers used as coordinates. ...	5d6677952b22cd4dfcfbe017
windy and open	question: Before the 1980s and a new architectural policy, how was Rotterdam described?, context: Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. Daring and new styles of apar...	Before the 1980s and a new architectural policy, how was Rotterdam described?	It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy.	Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. Daring and new styles of apartments, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more 'livable' city centre with a...	It remained quite <hl> windy and open <hl> until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy.	Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. It remained quite <hl> windy and open <hl> until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. Daring and new styles of apartments, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more 'livable' city cen...	Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. <hl> It remained quite windy and open until the city councils from the 1980s on began developing an active architectural policy. <hl> Daring and new styles of apartments, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more 'livable' city cen...	5d67b5ee2b22cd4dfcfbfff2
1994	question: In which year the Stewart B. McKinney Act was proposed?, context: According to the Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C. § 11301, et seq. (1994), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervi...	In which year the Stewart B. McKinney Act was proposed?	( 1994 ), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations... (B) an institution that provides a temporary ...	According to the Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C. § 11301, et seq. (1994), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary liv...	( <hl> 1994 <hl> ), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations... (B) an institution that provides a ...	According to the Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C. § 11301, et seq. (<hl> 1994 <hl>), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide tem...	According to the Stewart B. McKinney Act, 42 U.S.C. § 11301, et seq. <hl> ( 1994 ), a person is considered homeless if he or she "lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and ... has a primary nighttime residency that is: (A) a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide tempor...	5d6611502b22cd4dfcfbd788
eastern side	question: Where part of Andes Chile claimed the land?, context: For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war...	Where part of Andes Chile claimed the land?	For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes.	For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces...	For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the <hl> eastern side <hl> of the Andes.	For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the <hl> eastern side <hl> of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combi...	<hl> For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. <hl> However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile, the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war. The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combi...	5d660c912b22cd4dfcfbd6fc
In North Indian states	question: Where in India do they use the surname before the given name?, context: Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone dir...	Where in India do they use the surname before the given name?	In North Indian states the surname is placed after given names where it exists.	Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone directories the surname is used for collation. In North Indian states the surname is ...	<hl> In North Indian states <hl> the surname is placed after given names where it exists.	Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone directories the surname is used for collation. <hl> In North Indian states <hl> the s...	Indian surnames may often denote caste, profession, and village and are invariably mentioned along with the personal names. However, hereditary last names are not universal. In Indian passports the surname is shown first. In telephone directories the surname is used for collation. <hl> In North Indian states the surnam...	5d67a5362b22cd4dfcfbfee5
Istanbul Atatürk,	question: What is Istanbul's largest air transport center called?, context: Istanbul has two international airports. The larger is Istanbul Atatürk, 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center. It handled 51.2 million passengers in 2013, making it the fifth-busiest airport in Europe and the eighteenth-busiest in the ...	What is Istanbul's largest air transport center called?	The larger is Istanbul Atatürk, 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center.	Istanbul has two international airports. The larger is Istanbul Atatürk, 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center. It handled 51.2 million passengers in 2013, making it the fifth-busiest airport in Europe and the eighteenth-busiest in the world. Sabiha Gökçen International, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the c...	The larger is <hl> Istanbul Atatürk, <hl> 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center.	Istanbul has two international airports. The larger is <hl> Istanbul Atatürk, <hl> 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center. It handled 51.2 million passengers in 2013, making it the fifth-busiest airport in Europe and the eighteenth-busiest in the world. Sabiha Gökçen International, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeas...	Istanbul has two international airports. <hl> The larger is Istanbul Atatürk, 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center. <hl> It handled 51.2 million passengers in 2013, making it the fifth-busiest airport in Europe and the eighteenth-busiest in the world. Sabiha Gökçen International, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeas...	5d6609472b22cd4dfcfbd67c
wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A	question: What are fatty esters composed of?, context: Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, par...	What are fatty esters composed of?	Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines.	Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight. Other major lipid clas...	Fatty esters include important biochemical intermediates such as <hl> wax esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A <hl> derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP derivatives and fatty acid carnitines.	Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight. Other major lipid clas...	Examples of biologically important fatty acids include the eicosanoids, derived primarily from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is also important in biological systems, particularly with respect to sight. Other major lipid clas...	5d67d9742b22cd4dfcfc031c
sphingosine	question: What is the name for the major sphingoid base of mammals?, context: Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosp...	What is the name for the major sphingoid base of mammals?	The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as sphingosine .	Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid b...	The major sphingoid base of mammals is commonly referred to as <hl> sphingosine <hl> .	Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. The major sphingoid b...	Sphingolipids are a complicated family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone that is synthesized de novo from the amino acid serine and a long-chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into ceramides, phosphosphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and other compounds. <hl> The major sphing...	5d6750602b22cd4dfcfbf680
Paragraph 12	question: What section of the SSAP is a near copy of the FAS 113 test?, context: Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles ("SSAP") 62, issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, applies to so-called 'statutory accounting' – the accounting for insurance enterprises to conform with regulation. Pa...	What section of the SSAP is a near copy of the FAS 113 test?	Paragraph 12 of SSAP 62 is nearly identical to the FAS 113 test, while paragraph 14, which is otherwise very similar to paragraph 10 of FAS 113, additionally contains a justification for the use of a single fixed rate for discounting purposes.	Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles ("SSAP") 62, issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, applies to so-called 'statutory accounting' – the accounting for insurance enterprises to conform with regulation. Paragraph 12 of SSAP 62 is nearly identical to the FAS 113 test, while paragraph 14...	<hl> Paragraph 12 <hl> of SSAP 62 is nearly identical to the FAS 113 test, while paragraph 14, which is otherwise very similar to paragraph 10 of FAS 113, additionally contains a justification for the use of a single fixed rate for discounting purposes.	Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles ("SSAP") 62, issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, applies to so-called 'statutory accounting' – the accounting for insurance enterprises to conform with regulation. <hl> Paragraph 12 <hl> of SSAP 62 is nearly identical to the FAS 113 test, while par...	Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles ("SSAP") 62, issued by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, applies to so-called 'statutory accounting' – the accounting for insurance enterprises to conform with regulation. <hl> Paragraph 12 of SSAP 62 is nearly identical to the FAS 113 test, while paragrap...	5d65c7462b22cd4dfcfbccea

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Dataset Card for "lmqg/qg_squadshifts"

Dataset Summary

This is a subset of QG-Bench, a unified question generation benchmark proposed in "Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generation: A Unified Benchmark and Evaluation, EMNLP 2022 main conference". Modified version of SQuADShifts for question generation (QG) task.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

question-generation: The dataset can be used to train a model for question generation. Success on this task is typically measured by achieving a high BLEU4/METEOR/ROUGE-L/BERTScore/MoverScore (see our paper for more in detail).

Languages

English (en)

Dataset Structure

An example of 'train' looks as follows.

{
  "question": "has there ever been a legal challange?",
  "paragraph": "The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of Armenia is defined in the country's constitution. Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church".",
  "answer": "Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church",
  "sentence": "Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church",
  "paragraph_sentence": "The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of Armenia is defined in the country's constitution. <hl> Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church". <hl>",
  "paragraph_answer": "The status of the Armenian Apostolic Church within the Republic of Armenia is defined in the country's constitution. Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." <hl> Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church". <hl>",
  "sentence_answer": "Article 8.1 of the Constitution of Armenia states: "The Republic of Armenia recognizes the exclusive historical mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church, in the spiritual life, development of the national culture and preservation of the national identity of the people of Armenia." <hl> Among others, ethnographer Hranush Kharatyan has questioned the constitutionality of the phrase "national church". <hl>"
}

The data fields are the same among all splits.

question: a string feature.
paragraph: a string feature.
answer: a string feature.
sentence: a string feature.
paragraph_answer: a string feature, which is same as the paragraph but the answer is highlighted by a special token <hl>.
paragraph_sentence: a string feature, which is same as the paragraph but a sentence containing the answer is highlighted by a special token <hl>.
sentence_answer: a string feature, which is same as the sentence but the answer is highlighted by a special token <hl>.

Each of paragraph_answer, paragraph_sentence, and sentence_answer feature is assumed to be used to train a question generation model, but with different information. The paragraph_answer and sentence_answer features are for answer-aware question generation and paragraph_sentence feature is for sentence-aware question generation.

Data Splits

name	train	valid	test
default (all)	9209	6283	18,844
amazon	3295	1648	4942
new_wiki	2646	1323	3969
nyt	3355	1678	5032
reddit	3268	1634	4901

Citation Information

@inproceedings{ushio-etal-2022-generative,
    title = "{G}enerative {L}anguage {M}odels for {P}aragraph-{L}evel {Q}uestion {G}eneration",
    author = "Ushio, Asahi  and
        Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
        Camacho-Collados, Jose",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = dec,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
}