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037dd9676f090b21dd4753da6dfd0cfeaebbab18
subsection
22
72
Probabilistic Strichartz estimates
We therefore view the radial randomization as a modest step towards probabilistic treatments of the geometric equations discussed in .Let f \in (\mathbb {R}^d) and A_{a,\delta } as in (REF ) with a \sim N . If \alpha ,p, and q satisfy (REF )-(), then\Vert |x|^\alpha A_{a,\delta } f \Vert _{L_t^qL_x^p} \lesssim N^{\frac...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 134, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "Sagun Chanillo, Magdalena Czubak, Dana Mendelson, Andrea Nahmod, and Gigliola Staffilani. Probabilistic well-posedness for 2D nonlinear wave equations with Q_{\\alpha \\beta } null forms, October 20...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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05f25b5970d440e6c872b9ab3076f5cb13f7fcb1
subsection
23
72
Probabilistic Strichartz estimates
From the square-function estimate (Lemma REF ), Minkowski's integral inequality, Khintchine's inequality, and Corollary , it follows that&\Vert |x|^\alpha f^\omega \Vert _{{\sigma }{q}{p}}\\ &\Vert |x|^\alpha f^\omega _N\Vert _{L_\omega ^\sigma L_t^q L_x^p \ell _N^2}\\ &\le \Vert |x|^\alpha f^\omega _N \Vert _{\ell _N^...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.05724804848432541, 0.04153230041265488, -0.014182318933308125, -0.04461441934108734, 0.0006127044325694442, 0.017211033031344414, 0.04440080374479294, 0.013953449204564095, 0.035795290023088455, 0.009818528778851032, -0.005962066818028688, 0.014075512997806072, -0.007110232021659613, -0...
b7e903a1de13f082853e90587edc704a62193b8f
subsection
24
72
Probabilistic Strichartz estimates
Let 1\le p < \infty be a sufficiently large exponent. Using Proposition REF and Lemma , we have for all p \le \sigma < \infty that\Vert |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} f_N^\omega \Vert _{L_\omega ^\sigma L_t^{\frac{8}{3}} L_x^\infty } \lesssim \Vert |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} |\nabla |^{\frac{3}{p}} f_N^\omega \Vert _{L_\omega ^\sigma L_t^{\...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 1614, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "Tadahiro Oh and Oana Pocovnicu. Probabilistic global well-posedness of the energy-critical defocusing quintic nonlinear wave equation on {R}^3. J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 105(3):342–366, 2016.", ...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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84acb5149c721a44461d9be4209be7b0b159bfc4
subsection
25
72
Probabilistic Strichartz estimates
We fix t_0,t_1\in \mathbb {R} . By the fundamental theorem of calculus, it holds that\Vert \exp (it_1|\nabla |) f_N^\omega \Vert _{L_x^6} &\le \Vert \exp (it_0|\nabla |) f_N^\omega \Vert _{L_x^6} + \int _{[t_0,t_1]} \Vert \partial _t ( \exp (it|\nabla |) f_N^\omega ) \Vert _{L_x^6} \\ &\lesssim \Vert \exp (it_0|\nabla ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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b78620383bd1d796b50ac3e034b71c83c0ccf22f
subsection
26
72
Probabilistic Strichartz estimates
REF ), Proposition REF , and the same argument as before, we obtain that\Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{2}} f^\omega _N \Vert _{{\sigma }{\infty }{\infty }} &\lesssim \Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{2}} |\nabla |^{\frac{3}{q}}f^\omega _N \Vert _{{\sigma }{\infty }{q}} \\ &\lesssim N^{\frac{1}{q}+ \frac{3}{q}} \Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{2}} f^\omega ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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16fc39ce5149e43e0fb8c675182526174d6a7a2f
subsection
27
72
An in/out decomposition
In this section, we describe a decomposition of solutions to the linear wave equation into incoming and outgoing components (see Figure REF ). This decomposition relies heavily on the spherical symmetry of the initial data. The in/out-decomposition can be derived in physical space by using spherical means, see e.g. . H...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 318, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W646012940", "raw": "Christopher D. Sogge. Lectures on nonlinear wave equations. Monographs in Analysis, II. International Press, Boston, MA, 1995.", "source_ref_id": "db8ff283a29a90...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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ed22d7f2cee2097bb5bec958c5006868949adab4
subsection
28
72
An in/out decomposition
Then,\frac{\sin (t|\nabla |)}{|\nabla |} g(r) &= r^{-\frac{1}{2}} \int _0^\infty \sin (t\rho ) J_{\frac{1}{2}}(r\rho ) \widehat{g}(\rho ) \rho ^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &= \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi }} \frac{1}{r} \int _0^\infty \sin (t\rho ) \sin (r\rho ) \widehat{g}(\rho ) \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }} \frac{1}{r}\int _0^\infty (\cos...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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e9741b8b6e7262ee6d73ded03a9699570b45071f
subsection
29
72
An in/out decomposition
This also allows us to savely leave out the arguments t+r and t-r in subsequent computations.From Plancherell's theorem, it follows that\Vert W_s[h](\tau )\Vert _{L_\tau ^2(\mathbb {R})} + \Vert W_c[h] \Vert _{L_\tau ^2(\mathbb {R})} \lesssim \Vert \rho h \Vert _{L_\rho ^2(\mathbb {R}_{>0})}~.As a consequence, we have ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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1d0907ced6d04139b3e0b390c7e231e76cbb8656
subsection
30
72
An in/out decomposition
To overcome this technical problem, we write&\partial _{x_j} F(t,x) \\ &= \frac{x_j}{r} \partial _r F(t,r) \\ &= - \frac{x_j}{r^3} \left( W_{\text{out}}[F](t-r) + W_{\text{in}}[F](t+r) \right) + \frac{x_j}{r^2} \left( -(\partial _\tau W_{\text{out}}[F])(t-r) + (\partial _\tau W_{\text{in}}[F])(t+r) \right)After a short...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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955161f10ad218d9833008aa170091fc51c333e0
subsection
31
72
An in/out decomposition
Then, we have for all 2\le q \le \infty that\Vert W_s[f](\tau ) \Vert _{L^q_\tau (\mathbb {R})} + \Vert W_c[f](\tau ) \Vert _{L^q_\tau (\mathbb {R})} \lesssim (a\delta )^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{q}} \Vert f \Vert _{L_x^2(\mathbb {R}^3)} ~.Using Hölder's inequality, we have that|W_s[f](\tau )| + |W_c[f](\tau )| \lesssim \i...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1353/ajm.2020.0013", "end": 724, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3013597746", "raw": "Benjamin Dodson, Jonas Lührmann, and Dana Mendelson. Almost sure scattering for the 4D energy-critical defocusing nonlinear wave equation with ra...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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19175f65d650c002d19accf09da28a43ab1bab85
subsection
32
72
An in/out decomposition
Using a combination of Khintchine's inequality, Minkowski's integral inequality, and Lemma , we have that&\Vert W_s[f_N^\omega ](\tau )\Vert _{L_\omega ^\sigma L_\tau ^q} \\ &\le \Vert W_s[f_N^\omega ](\tau )\Vert _{L_\tau ^q L_\omega ^\sigma } \\ &\lesssim \sqrt{\sigma } \Vert W_s[A_k f_N ](\tau ) \Vert _{L_\tau ^q \e...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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8acb8d7893b8e42009bf71d7233d383ee40ff17a
subsection
33
72
Local well-posedness and conditional scattering
Recall that the forced nonlinear wave equation is given by{\left\lbrace \begin{array}{ll} -\partial _{tt} v + \Delta v = (v+F)^5~,\qquad (t,x) \in \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}^3~.\\ v(t_0,x)= v_0 \in \dot{H}_x^1(), \qquad \partial _t v(t_0,x) = v_1\in L_x^2()~. \end{array}\right.}In this section, it is not important t...
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10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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210fd23c343d13f2287cf627b7c56c5b5f41a6e4
subsection
34
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
In this section, we prove new estimates for the solution to the forced NLW{\left\lbrace \begin{array}{ll} -\partial _{tt} v + \Delta v = (v+F)^5~,\qquad (t,x) \in \mathbb {R}\times \mathbb {R}^3~.\\ v(t_0,x)= v_0 \in \dot{H}_x^1(), \qquad \partial _t v(t_0,x) = v_1\in L_x^2()~. \end{array}\right.}In contrast to Section...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 1053, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W646012940", "raw": "Christopher D. Sogge. Lectures on nonlinear wave equations. Monographs in Analysis, II. International Press, Boston, MA, 1995.", "source_ref_id": "db8ff283a29a9...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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50218841fce06063543a5ef9ea4a5537627d0125
subsection
35
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
More precisely, with \mathcal {N} := (v+F)^5 - v^5 , it follows from a standard computation that\partial _t T^{00} + \partial _{x_k} T^{0k} &= - \mathcal {N} \partial _t v \\ \partial _t T^{j0} + \partial _{x_k} T^{jk} &= \mathcal {N} \partial _{x_j} v - \frac{1}{2} \partial _{x_j} (\mathcal {N} v ) ~.For our purposes,...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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1c712f74502a429bc79384a65b978c34e9f97ec5
subsection
36
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
Finally, the third summand in (REF ) only includes lower order error terms, and they are controlled in Section REF .The idea to integrate by parts in the energy increment has previously been used in , , .From the divergence formula (REF ), it follows that\frac{\mathrm {d}}{} E[v](t) &= \frac{\mathrm {d}}{} \int _{} T^{...
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10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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18a24736360817a2eae8302966eb78710f62db05
subsection
37
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
Then, we have the Morawetz identity&\tfrac{2}{3} \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \frac{v^6}{|x|} + \pi \int _I |v|^2(t,0) + \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} | \nabla _{\text{ang}}v|^2 \\ &= \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \partial _t v ~ \frac{x}{|x|}\cdot \nabla v - 4 \frac{v}{|x|} \partial _t v ~ {\Big |_{t=a}^{b}} - \int _I \int...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1090/cbms/106", "end": 661, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1547431580", "raw": "Terence Tao. Nonlinear dispersive equations, volume 106 of CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics. Published for the Conference Board of the M...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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6399c89de59fcbbcdfba54f90611de5f8aad7281
subsection
38
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
First, using Hardy's inequality, we have that&\left| \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \partial _t v ~ \frac{x}{|x|}\cdot \nabla v - 4 \frac{v}{|x|} \partial _t v ~ {\Big |_{t=a}^{b}} \right| \\ &\lesssim \Vert \partial _t v(t) \Vert _{L_t^\infty L_x^2()} \Vert \nabla v \Vert _{L_t^\infty L_x^2()} + \Vert \partial _t v(t) \Vert _{...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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aa54b7ebf93e61a1dc35f56c890c1cbde798e24d
subsection
39
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
Finally, we have that\left| \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \frac{1}{|x|} \mathcal {N} v \right| \lesssim \int _I \int _{} \frac{1}{|x|} |F| ( |F|+|v| )^4 |v| \lesssim \int _I \int _{} \frac{1}{|x|} |F| (|F|+|v|)^5 ~.In contrast to the case d=4 as in , , the energy and the Morawetz term are not strong enough to control t...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1353/ajm.2020.0013", "end": 342, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W3013597746", "raw": "Benjamin Dodson, Jonas Lührmann, and Dana Mendelson. Almost sure scattering for the 4D energy-critical defocusing nonlinear wave equation with ra...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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3783139c7ec1b1b4ab105ac24f6807d2f714972a
subsection
40
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
We will now use time-translation invariance to integrate it against a weight w\in L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R}) . [Figure: Interaction Flux Estimate][Forward Interaction Flux Estimate] Let v be a solution to the forced NLW (REF ) on a compact time interval I=[a,b]\subseteq [0,\infty ) . Also, let w \in L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R}) ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.0009438257548026741, 0.03534553572535515, -0.00023857949418015778, -0.012033659033477306, -0.0019048205576837063, 0.0019086359534412622, 0.016039790585637093, 0.028905199840664864, 0.02797425165772438, 0.035803377628326416, 0.0068867322988808155, -0.02064875140786171, -0.013788726180791855...
475139a6644edfd330743b001da3bc477b3dcde2
subsection
41
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
In contrast, the errors in () are of lower order, and they will be controlled in Section REF .To remember that the weight w in () should be integrated over {(-\infty , t-|x|]} , note that the contribution of the error \partial _t(F) v^5 should be weighted less as t\rightarrow -\infty and |x|\rightarrow \infty .By time-...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.001141662010923028, 0.026613982394337654, -0.026034090667963028, 0.008194786496460438, -0.0004334881959948689, 0.021684901788830757, 0.03204665333032608, 0.04004305601119995, 0.023134632036089897, 0.012421892955899239, -0.00680991355329752, -0.028353657573461533, -0.007973512634634972, 0...
0673896fe12c1450304249d219b12e7d5e7e1863
subsection
42
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
Thus, we turn to the second summand in (REF ). Using integration by parts, we have that&5 \left| \int _I \int _{|x|\le t-\tau , t \in I} w(\tau ) F v^4 \partial _t v \right| \\ &= \left| \int _I \int _{} \left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w(\tau ) \right) F \partial _t(v^5)\right| \\ &=\left| \int _{} \left( \int _{-\inft...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.014350774697959423, 0.03201267868280411, -0.01348866056650877, -0.014381292276084423, -0.003766983048990369, 0.01795944944024086, 0.028198013082146645, 0.04086270555853844, 0.025924472138285637, 0.03625458851456642, -0.018798675388097763, -0.017043929547071457, -0.01844772696495056, 0.01...
ebbecb45618c1eb66a1c3fbdd9d7aa42a36b0d63
subsection
43
72
Almost energy conservation and decay estimates
Then, we have that&\int _{I} \int _{} w(t+|x|) |v|^6(t,x) \\ &\lesssim \Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R})} \sup _{t\in I} E[v](t) + \Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R})} \Vert F \Vert _{L_t^\infty L_x^6()} \sup _{t\in I} E[v](t)^{\frac{5}{6}} \\ &~~+ \left| \int _I \int _{} \left( \int _{t+|x|}^{\infty } w(\tau )...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.020238108932971954, 0.03510380908846855, 0.0034149899147450924, 0.016178276389837265, -0.022527487948536873, 0.014209411107003689, 0.025106854736804962, 0.030219800770282745, -0.010752448812127113, 0.002731991931796074, -0.008516489528119564, -0.03324177861213684, -0.003830893896520138, ...
d3a1f7c10e850cbca19aa2ca8db792ad94c69425
subsection
44
72
Bootstrap argument
In this section, we introduce the quantities in the bootstrap argument to control the energy. For a given time interval I\subseteq \mathbb {R} , we define the energy\mathcal {E}_I := \sup _{t\in I} E[v](t) = \sup _{t\in I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \frac{1}{2} (\partial _t v(t,x))^2 + \frac{1}{2} |\nabla v(t,x)|^2 + \frac{...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.007185841910541058, 0.027934769168496132, 0.003981963265687227, 0.002042472595348954, 0.02261022850871086, -0.05776135250926018, 0.05898188054561615, 0.007208726834505796, 0.02540218085050583, 0.02839246764779091, -0.017697615548968315, -0.02161855250597, -0.012327304109930992, -0.026866...
c6da2e878a2069a958b87adb5dcb76042e00dbc3
subsection
45
72
Bootstrap argument
Instead, we define for each K \in 2^{\mathbb {N}} the operatorS_K w = K \langle K \tau \rangle ^{-2} * w~.[Interaction Flux Term] Let (f_0,g_0)\in L_{}^2()\times \dot{H}_{}^{-1}() and assume that P_{\le 2^5}f_0= P_{\le 2^5} g_0 = 0 . Let F be the solution of the linear wave equation with data (f_0,g_0) , let \widetilde...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.009107505902647972, 0.018520120531320572, -0.02303573489189148, -0.002229203237220645, 0.019298149272799492, -0.022776393219828606, 0.012974763289093971, 0.003724237671121955, 0.007120483089238405, 0.034294258803129196, -0.0015674978494644165, -0.031166892498731613, 0.0020442306995391846,...
ac87b73ac8572843e523908443e07cc8ec68b729
subsection
46
72
Bootstrap argument
Then, we define\Vert F \Vert _{Y(I)} &:= \Vert N^{-\frac{3}{4} +\frac{1}{24\gamma } + \delta } |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} |\nabla |\Vert _{\ell _N^{\frac{8}{3}}L_t^{\frac{8}{3}}L_x^{\infty }(2^{\mathbb {N}}\times )} \\ &~+\Vert N^{-\frac{3}{4} + \frac{1}{24\gamma } + \frac{5\delta }{2}} |x|^{\frac{3+2\delta }{8}} |\nabla | F_N\...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.042364224791526794, 0.014459691941738129, -0.0052726371213793755, -0.008393488824367523, -0.01302516832947731, 0.0101332301273942, -0.024432683363556862, 0.04633205756545067, 0.025439901277422905, -0.007645705249160528, -0.029636645689606667, 0.007603737525641918, -0.0317426472902298, 0...
5a311fe5e10d21b54344337cd61be622a37cb312
subsection
47
72
Bootstrap argument
More precisely, let \eta > 0 be given and assume that \Vert F \Vert _{Y(\mathbb {R}) } < \infty . Then, there exists a finite number J=J(\eta ,\Vert F\Vert _{Y(\mathbb {R})}) and a partition of \mathbb {R} into finitely many intervals I_1,\hdots , I_J such that \Vert F \Vert _{I_j} < \eta for all j=1,\hdots ,J .[Almost...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.04308348149061203, 0.031336214393377304, 0.017270008102059364, 0.027491655200719833, -0.02103828638792038, -0.012456679716706276, -0.014028066769242287, -0.0011642379686236382, -0.0007146571297198534, 0.006422855891287327, -0.0002325377136003226, 0.021999426186084747, -0.02552360668778419...
58473323432e7b326961a6f06c5b9cff1700fbd2
subsection
48
72
Bootstrap argument
For \sigma \ge 8/3 , it follows from Minkowski's integral inequality and Lemma that&~~~~\Vert N^{-\frac{3}{4}+ \frac{1}{24\gamma }+ \delta } |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} |\nabla |^\omega \Vert _{L_\omega ^\sigma \ell _{N}^{\frac{8}{3}} L_t^{\frac{8}{3}} L_x^\infty } \\ &\le \Vert N^{-\frac{3}{4}+ \frac{1}{24\gamma }+ \delta } |x|...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03559156507253647, -0.009622847661376, -0.01805523969233036, -0.014247309416532516, -0.011248277500271797, -0.015033314935863018, 0.01742948777973652, 0.023763321340084076, -0.00758533738553524, 0.005841625854372978, -0.01646796613931656, 0.049297064542770386, -0.013560508377850056, -0....
17fbff6ba3626fde2e9bec6266183cbd0e827e3c
subsection
49
72
Bootstrap argument
Using Corollary , the terms involving \Vert W_*[|\nabla | ] \Vert _{L_\tau ^p} lead to the restrictions > \max \left( (1-\tfrac{1}{\gamma }) (\tfrac{1}{2}-\tfrac{1}{24}), 0 \right) + \max \left( 1-\tfrac{1}{12\gamma },0 \right)~.Since 0 < \gamma \le 1 , this leads to s > \max (1-\frac{1}{12\gamma }, 0 ) . Using Lemma ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.028032682836055756, 0.02171502821147442, -0.019471803680062294, -0.011246644891798496, -0.02166924811899662, -0.014291021972894669, -0.005295231938362122, 0.03241231292486191, -0.01750325970351696, -0.00532956700772047, -0.028627824038267136, 0.03775332495570183, 0.01528292428702116, -0...
57bad8ff56ec9712a94b999dfbb32428013b75f7
subsection
50
72
Control of error terms
In this section, we estimate the error terms in Proposition , Lemma , and Proposition . Before we begin with our main estimates we prove an auxiliary lemma.Let w\in L^1_\tau (\mathbb {R}) be nonnegative. Let K \in 2^\mathbb {N} be arbitrary, and let S_K be defined byS_K w = K ~ \langle K \rho \rangle ^{-2} * w ~.Then, ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.015544399619102478, 0.061079271137714386, 0.013279097154736519, -0.015895254909992218, -0.005853938404470682, 0.0111434580758214, 0.03941779211163521, -0.016322381794452667, 0.019632622599601746, 0.018168184906244278, -0.025109009817242622, -0.017100365832448006, 0.0209902785718441, 0.0...
d3768ec1823a1c41ac86f9f8d9d2e9c903f96ba3
subsection
51
72
Control of error terms
Using an integral formula from , we have that&K^3 \int _{} |{\Psi }(K(y-x))| w(t-|x|) \\ &= K^3 \int _{} |{\Psi }(Kx)| w(t-|y-x|) \\ &\lesssim K^3 \int _{0}^\infty |{\Psi }(Kr)| \left( \int _{|x|=r} w(t-|y-x|) \right) \\ &= K^3 \int _{0}^\infty |{\Psi }(Kr)| \left( \int _{|y-x|=r} w(t-|x|) \right) \\ &= K^3 \int _{0}^\...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 647, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W646012940", "raw": "Christopher D. Sogge. Lectures on nonlinear wave equations. Monographs in Analysis, II. International Press, Boston, MA, 1995.", "source_ref_id": "db8ff283a29a90...
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.00420415448024869, 0.07416403293609619, 0.0036853114143013954, 0.016129914671182632, -0.024599263444542885, 0.0010357785504311323, 0.05713377147912979, -0.016908178105950356, 0.02388203889131546, 0.04092755913734436, -0.008415939286351204, 0.012711654417216778, 0.02194400690495968, -0.00...
6729af3f552edccf0a303e1e3882bdb949fdf9ce
subsection
52
72
Control of error terms
We have that&\frac{K^3}{|y|} \int _{4|y|}^\infty \int _{r-|y|}^{r+|y|} r |{\Psi }(Kr)| w(t-\rho )\rho \\ &\lesssim \frac{K^3}{|y|} \int _{4|y|}^\infty \int _{r-|y|}^{r+|y|} r^2 |{\Psi }(Kr)|w(t-\rho ) \\ &\le \frac{K^3}{|y|}\Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R})} \int _{0}^\infty |{\Psi }(Kr)| r^2 \\ &\le \frac{1}{|y|}...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.02631465159356594, 0.052476752549409866, 0.0013061983045190573, -0.0054688709788024426, -0.0020956378430128098, 0.0013233600184321404, 0.04100508987903595, -0.007978296838700771, 0.0060752518475055695, 0.020761879161000252, -0.014011598192155361, 0.0066701918840408325, 0.00986227393150329...
3dc5ebab88a8265b22ed0a26f71c5ed306d2b7ad
subsection
53
72
Control of error terms
Using the in/out-decomposition and Lemma , it follows that&\quad ~\Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{3}} \big ( |\nabla | \widetilde{F}_N \big )^{\frac{1}{3}} P_K v \Vert _{L_{t,x}^6()}^6 \\ &\lesssim \Vert ()^{\frac{1}{3}} P_K v \Vert _{L_{t,x}^6()}^6 + \Vert ()^{\frac{1}{3}} P_K v \Vert _{L_{t,x}^6()}^6\\ &\lesssim \Vert S_K( ||^2)...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.00455749174579978, 0.05449158325791359, -0.011799899861216545, -0.02916794829070568, -0.03850413113832474, 0.01246350072324276, 0.051776159554719925, -0.007280545774847269, -0.008268320001661777, 0.003543020924553275, -0.019313087686896324, 0.01668919250369072, -0.018611347302794456, 0....
37b3d77e4a2dc7d8a5b5c38953ea61fc4fd845c9
subsection
54
72
Energy increment
In this section, we control the main error term in the energy increment. [Main error term in energy increment] Let F be as in Definition and let v\colon I \times \rightarrow \mathbb {R} be a solution of (REF ). Then, it holds that\left| \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} (|\nabla |) v^5 \right| \lesssim ( \mathcal {F}_{I}...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.018627965822815895, 0.041222576051950455, -0.02004680410027504, 0.006171181332319975, -0.021786024793982506, -0.021663973107933998, 0.024349085986614227, 0.020168853923678398, -0.00310656800866127, -0.0014016743516549468, -0.03402159363031387, -0.009489431045949459, -0.02259460836648941, ...
21013e664fb228e8ae76f3cc7bb6ea8cdcb8f4aa
subsection
55
72
Energy increment
Using Proposition REF and Corollary , it follows that&\left| \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} (|\nabla |) \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v\right| \\ &\le \Vert |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} |\nabla | \Vert _{{\frac{8}{3}}{\infty }()}^{\frac{2}{3}} \Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{3}} (|\nabla |)^{\frac{1}{3}} P_{K_5} v \Vert _{L_{t,x}^6()}~ \prod _{j=2...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03314272314310074, 0.037323713302612305, -0.009536925703287125, -0.0038662697188556194, -0.022079890593886375, 0.022522402927279472, -0.0038910657167434692, 0.022385071963071823, -0.02381942607462406, 0.008293310180306435, -0.054810620844364166, 0.011039945296943188, -0.022201962769031525...
e47c95158d5ac8e86182a60b56c4896f26dc3da7
subsection
56
72
Morawetz estimate
In this section, we control the main error term in the Morawetz estimate. The main new difficulty is the weight x/|x| . [Main error term in Morawetz estimate] Let F be as in Definition and let v be a solution of (REF ). Then,&\left| \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \frac{x}{|x|}\cdot \nabla _x(F)~ v^5 \right| \\ &\lesssim...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.014164215885102749, 0.03584912046790123, -0.024575715884566307, 0.01586514338850975, 0.0013662709388881922, 0.028664041310548782, 0.05430760234594345, 0.03380495682358742, 0.035116881132125854, 0.016277026385068893, -0.03710002452135086, -0.021646765992045403, 0.02997596561908722, 0.0409...
d7abcf48417563a4da2caffceaf9625cb16a570f
subsection
57
72
Morawetz estimate
Using (REF ), we estimate&\left| \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} P_L\Big (\frac{x}{|x|} \Big )\cdot \nabla _x(F_N)~ \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v ~ \right| \\ &\le \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \left|P_L\Big (\frac{x}{|x|} \Big )\right| ~\frac{1}{|x|^{\frac{1}{3}}} \left( ||+ || \right)^{\frac{1}{3}} |\nabla _xF_N|^{\frac{2...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.046456046402454376, 0.05729172006249428, -0.02875269204378128, 0.013330931775271893, -0.028462722897529602, 0.03430788218975067, 0.024525253102183342, 0.019977321848273277, 0.02834063023328781, 0.028584815561771393, -0.04041248932480812, 0.018970061093568802, -0.02156451903283596, 0.004...
1884e0973d3ef2c7b6c2e8c995b153bf32facc01
subsection
58
72
Morawetz estimate
We have that& \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \left|P_L\left(\frac{x}{|x|} \right)\right|~ \frac{1}{|x|^{\frac{1}{3}}} |F_N|^{\frac{1}{3}} |\nabla _xF_N|^{\frac{2}{3}} \prod _{j=1}^5 |P_{K_j} v|\\ &\lesssim \Vert P_L( \frac{x}{|x|}) \Vert _{L_{t,x}^\infty ()} ~ \prod _{j=2}^5 \Vert |x|^{-\frac{1}{6}} P_{K_j} v \Vert _{...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.04710625484585762, 0.023171762004494667, -0.01725297048687935, 0.017512299120426178, -0.034841541200876236, 0.01275285892188549, 0.02373618260025978, 0.023842964321374893, -0.008473939262330532, 0.013103715144097805, -0.045977409929037094, 0.004458161536604166, 0.0010773572139441967, 0....
3dab41289786aba4a315be4dba57f62cf4ac45e6
subsection
59
72
Morawetz estimate
Consequently, we have that L \ge 2^{-4} N > 1 . Using Lemma REF , it follows that |P_L( \frac{x}{|x|})| \lesssim (L|x|)^{-1} . This yields&\left| \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} P_L\left(\frac{x}{|x|} \right)\cdot \nabla _x(F_N)~ \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v ~ \right| \\ &\lesssim L^{-1} \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \frac{...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.011759789660573006, 0.038064781576395035, -0.021398086100816727, 0.023702729493379593, -0.026938389986753464, 0.038827911019325256, 0.02283276431262493, 0.02283276431262493, -0.028205180540680885, 0.02223752625286579, -0.05128214508295059, 0.01742982491850853, -0.02355010434985161, 0.02...
4f7c7d5662ca97b2d795d6260004ef4ec0b88131
subsection
60
72
Interaction flux estimate
In this section, we control the main error terms in the interaction flux estimate. The main difficulty is the weight \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w(\tau ). First, we recall a radial Sobolev embedding.For any v \in L_t^\infty \dot{H}_{}^1() , we have\sup _{K\in 2^{N}}\Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{2}} P_K v \Vert _{L_{t,x}^\infty ()} ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.0038592384662479162, 0.020541908219456673, -0.015902427956461906, 0.0003088058438152075, -0.0014450682792812586, 0.006539530120790005, 0.05658944696187973, -0.0051736305467784405, 0.037909433245658875, 0.014315237291157246, 0.019214162603020668, -0.04105329141020775, 0.0052423072047531605,...
0fec1b8b06bbf3ff5b27aff6b1490bb5466f36bc
subsection
61
72
Interaction flux estimate
Then, it holds that&\left| \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} \left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) (|\nabla | \widetilde{F}) v^5 \right| \\ &\lesssim \Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^1(\mathbb {R})} \Vert F \Vert _{Y_I}^{\frac{2}{3}} ( \mathcal {F}_{I} + \Vert F\Vert _Z^2 \mathcal {A}_I )^{\frac{1}{6}} \mathcal {A}_I^\frac{7}...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.01033621747046709, 0.05824897438287735, -0.0075709936209023, 0.04491487145423889, -0.021252179518342018, 0.03466256335377693, 0.029292307794094086, -0.00481339730322361, -0.020931795239448547, 0.019650256261229515, -0.05403820425271988, -0.007490897551178932, 0.033503077924251556, 0.003...
e99d8e0f128d0fab28ef463e79ae55c05de12a17
subsection
62
72
Interaction flux estimate
We have that&\left| \int _{I} \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} P_L\left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) (|\nabla | ) \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v ~ \right|\\ &\lesssim \Vert P_L\big ( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \big ) \Vert _{L^{\infty }_{t,x}()}~ \Vert |x|^{\frac{3}{8}} |\nabla | \Vert _{{\frac{8}{3}}{\infty }()}^{\frac{2}{3}} ~...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03844955936074257, 0.05923062935471535, -0.007819602265954018, 0.004771864973008633, -0.0324685163795948, 0.04632256180047989, 0.02552623488008976, 0.0116569297388196, 0.013930336572229862, 0.022825611755251884, -0.02087261714041233, -0.00791114941239357, 0.015150956809520721, 0.0121528...
e3ed2b5116bcee7a9b5af7db6ec50493e1ccda68
subsection
63
72
Interaction flux estimate
Using Proposition REF , Corollary and Lemma REF , we obtain that&\left| \int _{I} \int _{|x|\ge 1} P_L\left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) (|\nabla | ) \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v ~ \right| \\ &\le \Vert \langle x \rangle ^{-2} P_L \left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) \Vert _{L_{t,x}^2()} \prod _{j=3}^5 \left( \...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03732077404856682, 0.039548423141241074, -0.026152005419135094, 0.017561819404363632, -0.029051002115011215, 0.03341475501656532, 0.010817836970090866, 0.024092191830277443, -0.02636561542749405, -0.0006694394396618009, -0.047390975058078766, -0.020170917734503746, -0.020155658945441246, ...
c63fad19d0ed8f0bd438b2c482a7292f5a83417b
subsection
64
72
Interaction flux estimate
Using Lemma REF and the boundedness of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal function M , we obtain that& \Vert \langle x \rangle ^{-2} P_L \left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) \Vert _{L_{t,x}^2()}\\ &= \Vert \langle x \rangle ^{-2} P_L \left( \int _{t-|x|}^{t} w \right) \Vert _{L_{t,x}^2()}\\ &\lesssim L^{-1} \Vert \langl...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03656614199280739, 0.05979388579726219, -0.03540628403425217, 0.011453627608716488, -0.00404425198212266, 0.019259797409176826, 0.04437994584441185, -0.005974810104817152, 0.014315126463770866, 0.016054917126893997, -0.038641683757305145, 0.0039946530014276505, 0.01237693801522255, 0.01...
5072f15bc5a7b2487183d358961372babf0ec87e
subsection
65
72
Interaction flux estimate
Thus, we write&\left| \int _{I} \int _{|x|\le 1} P_L \left( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \right) (|\nabla | ) \prod _{j=1}^5 P_{K_j} v ~ \right|\\ &\lesssim \Vert |x|^{\frac{1}{6}} P_L\Big ( \int _{-\infty }^{t-|x|} w \Big ) \Vert _{L_{t,x}^{12}(I\times \lbrace |x|\le 1 \rbrace )} \Vert |x|^\frac{2}{3} |\nabla | \Vert _{...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.01887913979589939, 0.04633554443717003, -0.01087420154362917, 0.012133318930864334, -0.020970039069652557, 0.027609024196863174, 0.00956929661333561, -0.004048255272209644, -0.0042924475856125355, 0.02536550536751747, -0.030554598197340965, -0.037147797644138336, -0.004258108325302601, ...
cc99600cbbdc779292abcdf3f96ccef7420e1326
subsection
66
72
Interaction flux estimate
Let F be as in Definition and let v\colon I \times \rightarrow \mathbb {R} be a solution of (REF ). Then, it holds that\left| \int _I \int _{\mathbb {R}^3} w(t-|x|) F v^5 \right| \lesssim \Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^2(\mathbb {R})} \mathcal {F}_I^{\frac{1}{2}} \mathcal {E}_I^{\frac{1}{2}} + \Vert w \Vert _{L_\tau ^{12}(\ma...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.028419673442840576, 0.012744590640068054, -0.011866969056427479, 0.016987700015306473, -0.011737233959138393, 0.011134346015751362, 0.04383528605103493, 0.041820574551820755, 0.00798253994435072, 0.004128636792302132, -0.027885470539331436, -0.019780825823545456, -0.008417535573244095, 0...
b693d9d7c583198530350af14e0add988aa679b8
subsection
67
72
Lower order error terms
[Control of lower order error terms] Let F be as in Definition and let v be a solution of (REF ).
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.004985497798770666, -0.00416920380666852, -0.03341466188430786, 0.00398992421105504, 0.010070172138512135, 0.008208715356886387, 0.02992061711847782, 0.052883658558130264, 0.03402497246861458, 0.01049739122390747, -0.03173629939556122, -0.014815358445048332, 0.015204433351755142, 0.03396...
4e4da8d3a9055a54b684e7d2234e97a57c1dc591
subsection
68
72
Lower order error terms
Then, it holds that&\int _{I} \int _{} |F|^5 \left( |\partial _t v| + \frac{|v|}{|x|} + |\nabla v | \right) &&\lesssim \Vert F \Vert _{Y_I}^5 \mathcal {E}_I^{\frac{1}{2}} ~,\\ &\int _{I} \int _{} |F|^2 |v|^3 \left( |\partial _t v| + \frac{|v|}{|x|} + |\nabla v | \right) &&\lesssim \Vert F \Vert _{Y_I}^2 \mathcal {A}_I^...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ 0.021852506324648857, 0.015099898912012577, -0.003462142078205943, 0.04520050808787346, -0.009583362378180027, 0.0329618826508522, 0.008454112336039543, 0.020463835448026657, 0.009819894097745419, -0.023576902225613594, -0.05756121128797531, -0.039249055087566376, -0.025789620354771614, 0....
6cd727c63aac9f91e9b19f4b50375d9bcbbc971a
subsection
69
72
Proof of the main theorem
In this section, we collect all previous estimates to prove the a priori energy bound (Theorem ). Using the conditional scattering result of , we finish the proof of Theorem .[Proof of Theorem ]By time-reversal symmetry, it suffices to prove that \sup _{t\in [0,\infty )} E[v](t) < \infty . Let \frac{1}{2}\ge \eta _0> 0...
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10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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92ae055302dbd9a5a517ffe823593a990cf53922
subsection
70
72
Proof of the main theorem
First, recall that from the definition of \Vert F \Vert _Z and the embedding \ell _1 \hookrightarrow \ell _2 , we have that&\sum _{*\in \lbrace \text{out},\text{in} \rbrace } \sum _{p\in \lbrace 2,4,24 \rbrace } \left( \sum _{N\ge 2^5 } (N^{-\frac{1}{6\gamma }+2\delta } + N^{-2+2\delta }) \left( \Vert W_{*}[|\nabla |F_...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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8904941e580dbb5947db050bb352a0400e34c3a4
subsection
71
72
Proof of the main theorem
Combining (REF ), (REF ), and (REF ), we arrive at&\le C(\mathcal {E}_j +1 ) + \eta _0 + \eta _0 (+)~, \\ + &\le C( +1 ) + \tfrac{1}{2} (+ )~.Finally, choosing \eta _0 > 0 sufficiently small depending on C= C(\Vert F \Vert _Z ) , we obtain that+1 \le \tilde{C}~ ( \mathcal {E}_j+1) ~.By iterating this inequality finitel...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.2140/apde.2020.13.1011
1804.09268
Almost sure scattering for the radial energy critical nonlinear wave equation in three dimensions
[ "Bjoern Bringmann" ]
[ "math.AP" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
[ -0.03631342947483063, 0.03561157360672951, -0.021421872079372406, -0.025953421369194984, 0.010031966492533684, 0.03783920407295227, 0.00794928427785635, 0.031278371810913086, -0.00017272241530008614, 0.01663094013929367, 0.010855884291231632, 0.05395137891173363, -0.021330324932932854, 0.0...
ea86ad79d2bc41705252ba834d6462d6615f735f
abstract
0
15
Abstract
The arcp URI scheme is introduced for location-independent identifiers to consume or reference hypermedia and linked data resources bundled inside a file archive, as well as to resolve archived resources within programmatic frameworks for Research Objects. The Research Object for this article is available at http://s11...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
[ 0.0028804170433431864, -0.014947647228837013, -0.015962470322847366, 0.038853202015161514, -0.036686211824417114, -0.011254609562456608, 0.04935241490602493, 0.006184312514960766, 0.04224102944135666, -0.016618670895695686, -0.023028075695037842, -0.003914314787834883, -0.04599510878324509, ...
6779290612c8a4b3f6c4c24d2fba5c1de4bdd540
subsection
1
15
Background
Archive formats like BagIt have been recognized as important for preservation and transferring of datasets and other digital resources . More specific examples include COMBINE archives for systems biology, CDF for astronomy data, as well as the more general HDF5 which is also used for meteorological data. For the purpo...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 137, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "J.A. Kunze, J. Littman, L. Madden, J. Scancella, C. Adams (2018): The BagIt File Packaging Format (V1.0). Internet Engineering Task Force. https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-kunze-bagit-16"...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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72ca393a778bb924bcbeba5535837f4f91679b17
subsection
2
15
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
Inspired by the app URL scheme we defined the Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme , an IETF Internet-Draft which specifies how to mint URIs to reference resources within any archive or package, independent of archive format or location.The primary use case for arcp is for consuming applications, which may receive an ...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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1bcd87e0b2174b2c9d9015148ed5cdbdbb3f773c
subsection
3
15
Identifier structure
By definition an arcp identifier is an URI with three parts, as shown in figure REF . [Figure: Structure of arcp identifier]The arcp Internet-Draft specifies three initial redprefix values: uuid, ni and name, each which defines how to identify a particular archive by a corresponding greennamespace. These namespaces are...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
[ -0.040856048464775085, -0.03371615707874298, -0.032221049070358276, 0.06572362035512924, -0.05577659234404564, -0.02816290780901909, 0.04985719546675682, 0.012464298866689205, 0.018429463729262352, 0.0037701833061873913, -0.0297495499253273, -0.021587492898106575, -0.010503879748284817, 0....
2619f8b6c204d6ab974f0a54407c45cc17e6b820
subsection
4
15
UUID-based identifiers
The simplest case for temporary sandbox processing of an archive with arcp is to generate a new random UUIDv4 , e.g.:c6179148-3cde-4435-8e66-304453f89d59From this the corresponding arcp URI is:<arcp://uuid,c6179148-3cde-4435-8e66-304453f89d59/>This base URI can be used when resolving relative URI references, e.g. if <m...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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45623818fc9aa39aee31227fae93f672494572f6
subsection
5
15
Hash-based identifiers
For this arcp defines a hash-based method, where the bytes of the archive file is used to find a checksum-based identifier based on the Naming Things With Hashes (ni) URI scheme . For instance if the sha-256 checksum of a Zip file is in hexadecimal:7f83b1657ff1fc53b92dc18148a1d65dfc2d4b1fa3d677284addd200126d9069After b...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
[ 0.0249409731477499, -0.03929537907242775, -0.020166339352726936, 0.05265824869275093, -0.02358333021402359, -0.008656881749629974, 0.06043800339102745, -0.008290776051580906, 0.0016017138259485364, -0.014735767617821693, -0.03102748468518257, -0.01466712262481451, -0.04371916130185127, 0.0...
f394c86bcb1951c5cb14295b17f01f072f11008f
subsection
6
15
Name-based identifiers
Finally, paying homage to its origin in app URLs, arcp can use a system-based app name. This is a suggested mechanism for resolving resources of an application package installed in a runtime system like Android applicationId or Java package name, where an application identifier can be directly reused in arcp for URIs w...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.17487/rfc8089", "end": 919, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W4234816095", "raw": "M. Kerwin (2017): The \"file\" URI scheme. RFC Editor. RFC 8089 https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC8089", "source_ref_id": "65cade116332ebcb377c4e14f9f...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
[ -0.006437732372432947, -0.0036898732651025057, -0.035422783344984055, 0.05470547080039978, -0.05366811156272888, -0.07255415618419647, 0.052874837070703506, 0.007425512652844191, -0.00855821743607521, -0.02596450410783291, -0.023401614278554916, -0.014980695210397243, -0.05238666757941246, ...
8e6a040557596fbf7c424d565eabbb1579f4db34
subsection
7
15
Archive fragments
Without using arcp one could in theory still reference files within archives at an URL with # fragments:<http://example.com/download/archive13.zip#data/survey.csv>Unlike formats like text/html or application/pdf, most archive media formats like application/zip unfortunately do not define a fragment syntax, and some maj...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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7271a3e71b47b1879e5c305dfbd86fef95d36811
subsection
8
15
File URIs
As argued above, file URLs that represent local directories are fragile and not globally unique. It is perhaps less known that file URLs can specify a host name:<file://host.example.com/home/alice/extracted/archive13/>The above references a file path on the machine with the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) host.examp...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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2e81f95c1b9a8f79bc7acc4702e2756c132a8df9
subsection
9
15
JAR URLs
If we restrict usage to ZIP files at a known URL, then they are in theory also valid JAR files, and we can address files with the jar URL scheme:<jar:http://example.com/download/archive13.zip!/data/survey.csv>Here relative URIs may not parse well, as it is easy to accidentally climb out of !/, and technically the JAR U...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 441, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L. Masinter (2005): Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax. RFC Editor. RFC 3986 https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc3986", "source_ref_id": "9fd23e5bb542a12ae1...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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336d186595e079ae8d4e68b9146fa5d782c6dac6
subsection
10
15
Object Reuse and Exchange proxies
OAI-ORE defines proxies to represent a resource as aggregated in a collection; these can be used to model archives , but ORE proxies face two problems: How to represent the file path, and how to identify the proxy so it can be used as a reference in Linked Data. The resource must be identified using two triples of ore:...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 263, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "C. Lynch, S. Parastatidis, N. Jacobs, H. Van de Sompel, C. Lagoze (2007): The OAI-ORE effort: Progress, challenges, synergies. Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Digital Libraries - JCDL ’07. htt...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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a5b5d8f6aeee7ab447d5856a0b6e1b5813b5bedd
subsection
11
15
Publishing file systems as Linked Data
F2R , using the Nepomuk File Ontology , defines a way to publish file systems as Linked Data, where a server endpoint exposes the files and their file system metadata.F2R URIs are localized to an endpoint and an free-text named file system, e.g. mysource, and files are identified with UUIDs:<http://f2r.example.com/myso...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1109/fskd.2013.6816297", "end": 167, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W1970731364", "raw": "Shaopeng He, Jianhui Li, Zhihong Shen (2013): F2R: Publishing file systems as Linked Data. 10th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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e426a7c40eae3c03e1e94ddbb49614e0286323c7
subsection
12
15
EPUB canonical fragment identifiers
EPUB is a standard for hypermedia eBooks. RO Bundle is based on the EPUB Open Container Format . EPUB Canonical Fragment Identifiers can link to nested XML elements of an publication using a variation of XPath with doubled indexes:<http://example.com/book.epub#epubcfi(/6/4[chap01ref]!/4[body01]/10[para05])>The above ex...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 97, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "S. Soiland-Reyes, M. Gamble, R. Haines (2014): Research Object Bundle 1.0. researchobject.org Recommendation, Zenodo. https://w3id.org/bundle/2014-11-05/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12586", ...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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fd3f69916dc503e6428c85fcb83cac2d91e76842
subsection
13
15
arcp implementations
The arcp Python library was developed to help creating, parsing and validating arcp URIs. In particular it can generate arcp based on random UUIDs, URL locations, names and hashing archive bytes. The arcp parser recognize the arcp prefix and can extract UUIDs or hashes, and can generate the corresponding .well_known/ni...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 90, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "S. Soiland-Reyes (2018): stain/arcp-py: arcp 0.2.0. Zenodo software http://arcp.readthedocs.io/en/0.2.0/ https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1165986", "source_ref_id": "28df6cfe3cafef7e0380d46b9c4bc...
10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
en
Computer Science
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8c53c6d0bc95562f5a19344ea4cd6890b8a5c407
subsection
14
15
Conclusion
This article propose the arcp identifier scheme for resources within archives using formats like ZIP, tar and BagIt, and suggest arcp is useful for identifying standalone Research Objects and for processing Linked Data embedded in archives. The Internet-Draft draft-soilandreyes-arcp is under consideration by IETF’s App...
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10.1109/eScience.2018.00018
1809.06935
The Archive and Package (arcp) URI scheme
[ "Stian Soiland-Reyes", "Marcos Cáceres" ]
[ "cs.DL", "cs.SI" ]
2,018
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Computer Science
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0ac0e4726929e4b868ef6a3ac1ccbd36494afd2f
abstract
0
21
Abstract
Classical epidemiology has focused on the control of confounding but it is only recently that epidemiologists have started to focus on the bias produced by colliders. A collider for a certain pair of variables (e.g., an outcome Y and an exposure A) is a third variable (C) that is caused by both. In a directed acyclic g...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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696c7f108a2a14cec3f075ec3a6b6a87075846d1
subsection
1
21
Abstract
Classical epidemiology has focused on the control of confounding but it is only recently that epidemiologists have started to focus on the bias produced by colliders. A collider for a certain pair of variables (e.g., an outcome Y and an exposure A) is a third variable (C) that is caused by both. In a directed acyclic g...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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4248b5232c3799352bb1bbe28bd1ca93ac3a624d
subsection
2
21
Keywords
epidemiological methods, causality, noncommunicable disease epidemiology.
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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7e578594a01c69950ce0f77a7e22bc2e6bfc3d92
subsection
3
21
Key messages box
[roundcorner=10pt, backgroundcolor=black!10, linecolor=black!5]Paradoxical associations between an outcome and exposure are common in epidemiological studies using observational data. A collider is a variable that is causally influenced by two other variables. Controlling for a collider in multivariable regression an...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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f8965c2d873dcce8864d1fcba4467a29bb5b9b8d
subsection
4
21
Introduction
During the last 30 years, classical epidemiology has focused on the control of confounding . It is only recently that epidemiologists have started to focus on the bias produced by colliders in addition to confounders , . Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) can help to visualize the assumed structural relationships between t...
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10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
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2,018
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Statistics
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824259329600e0c46b4bd0e5d3f50348ff041094
subsection
5
21
Review of confounding
Confounding arises from common causes of the exposure (A) and the outcome (Y). Note that in Figure 1A, both the outcome (Y) and the exposure (A) share a common “parent” (direct cause). Y and A are both called “descendants” of W as they are both caused by W. The confounder wholly or partially accounts for the observed a...
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10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
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Statistics
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fec860fa3fbbbb4baa1d6a4b2066d9d98284e6e2
subsection
6
21
Demonstration of confounding and regression adjustment
We now demonstrate adjustment for confounding via linear regression models. In Box 1 we show how to generate data consistent with the DAG from Figure 1A after which we run two different regression models. The confounder W is generated as a standard normal random variable i.e. with mean 0 (\mu =0) and variance 1 (\sigma...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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5ca049796074c1d82314cfcbf7f5f7052da30dcc
subsection
7
21
Collider structure
Unlike in Figure 1A, where the causal arrows start from W, in Figure 1B they now point towards C from A and Y. If we condition on C (e.g. using regression or stratification), we will create collider bias. The common effect C is referred to as a collider on the path A \rightarrow C \leftarrow Y because two arrow heads c...
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10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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b90e0e8ee8a8236d624379a0bfec4cbae8477313
subsection
8
21
Collider structure
The true causal coefficient of the exposure A is 0.3, and the coefficients for the association of the collider C with the exposure A and the outcome Y are 1.2 and 0.9, respectively (Box 2).Box 2 [roundcorner=10pt, backgroundcolor=black!10, linecolor=black!5]library(visreg)  # load package to visualize regression output...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1093/aje/155.2.176", "end": 2221, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2113002312", "raw": "Hernan MA. Causal Knowledge as a Prerequisite for Confounding Evaluation: An Application to Birth Defects Epidemiology. American Journal of Epid...
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
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Statistics
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3f8d7c8d4a7bee839c182276f875c2698bc1607a
subsection
9
21
Data generation
Based on a motivating example in non-communicable disease epidemiology, we generated a dataset with 1,000 observations to contextualize the effect of conditioning on a collider. Nearly 1 in 3 Americans suffer from hypertension and more than half do not have it under control . Increased levels of systolic blood pressure...
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10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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cb3e769ef3bceb282e3c240d03d3078a532f2c1b
subsection
10
21
Data generation
The true causal effect of sodium intake on SBP is 1.05 (i.e., \text{Systolic blood pressure}\, = \,\beta _{1}\,\times \,\text{sodium}\,+\,\beta _{2}\,\times \,\text{age}\,+\,\varepsilon ; where \beta _1= 1.05, \beta _2 = 2.00 and \varepsilon is a standard normally distributed error). The coefficients for the associatio...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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28ba4272ebb416ef58633fa86bccb2361257abf6
subsection
11
21
Data generation
The model specifications are shown here below; in Box 4 we show how to fit and visualize the corresponding models in R.Models specification:\text{Systolic Blood Pressure in mmHg} = \beta _{0}\,+\,\beta _{1}\,\times \,\text{Sodium in gr} \,+\, \varepsilon\text{Systolic Blood Pressure in mmHg} = \beta _{0}\,+\,\beta _{1}...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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a479eeee4bcee4ddab5409dd5da29f16d1e62efc
subsection
12
21
Data generation
The model specifications are the same as described above but now with a binary outcome (hypertension); in Box 5 we show how to fit and visualize the corresponding models in R using a forest plot function.Box 5 [roundcorner=10pt, backgroundcolor=black!10, linecolor=black!5]## Models fit on multiplicative scalelibrary(dp...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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999c9ad95a8990e808c8a1634605fa7c1991890e
subsection
13
21
Data generation
The odds ratio for the effect of sodium on hypertension similarly suggests that it is protective (i.e., for one unit increase in sodium intake the risk of hypertension decreases by 98\%) (Figure 5).\begin{figure}[H]\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.47]{Figure4.png}\caption{Collider effect for the illustration: Uni...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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e8cb8415a7d79b2037eaf54b045e3982ab22da9c
subsection
14
21
Data generation
\newline\textbf{Box 6}\begin{mdframed}[roundcorner=10pt, backgroundcolor=black!10, linecolor=black!5]\small\begin{verbatim}# Monte Carlo SimulationsR<-1000true <- rep(NA, R)collider <- rep(NA,R)se <- rep(NA,R)set.seed(050472)for(r in 1:R) {if (r# Function to generate datagenerateData <- function(n){Age_years <- rnorm(n...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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5c9b54b5c59db549e72ea38dabd15278d284eaae
subsection
15
21
Data generation
Table 3 shows different values for the true causal effect of sodium intake on SBP and the estimated causal effect for different values of the association between PRO (i.e., the collider) with sodium intake (\alpha _1) and SBP (\alpha _2) in the collider model, and assuming \alpha _1 = \alpha _2 (i.e., the same magnitud...
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10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
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Statistics
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5e508c94110428b11e0ffc4e9de56bc2d11e2e3c
subsection
16
21
Conclusion
We investigated a situation where adding a certain type of variable to a linear regression model, called a “collider”, led to bias with respect to the regression coefficient estimates while still improving the model fit. DAGs are based on subject matter knowledge and are vital for identifying colliders. Determining if ...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "", "end": 489, "openalex_id": "", "raw": "Pearce N, Richiardi L. Commentary: three worlds collide: Berkson's bias, selection bias and collider bias. International journal of epidemiology. 2014;43(2):521–524.", "source_ref_id": "c8d1e1...
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
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Statistics
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24c3561f17363455c80f4d22138e6f5099063cdc
subsection
17
21
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest associated with this research and the content is solely the responsibility of the authors.
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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d2f8eb65d7b0edd690489efb4bfaa3b5fe7ef99a
subsection
18
21
Funding
Miguel Angel Luque Fernandez is supported by the Spanish National Institute of Health, Carlos III Miguel Servet I Investigator Award (CP17/00206). Maria Jose Sanchez Perez is supported by the Andalusian Department of Health. Research, Development and Innovation Office project grant PI-0152/2017. Anand Vaidya was suppor...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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3b8656a722ae70a01150c4e49d09b95ce02460a9
subsection
19
21
Authors’ contributions
The article and Shiny application arise from the motivation to disseminate the principles of modern epidemiology among clinicians and applied researchers. MALF developed the concept, designed the study, carried out the simulation, analysed the data, and wrote the article. DRS and MALF developed the shiny application. A...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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dfbe8d065dd9f62398deb8172412e990e3669a48
subsection
20
21
Tables
Table 1. Coefficients and standard errors of the linear association between Y (outcome) and A (exposure) illustrating confounding and collider effects, n = 1,000 [Table: NO_CAPTION][Table: NO_CAPTION]Table 3. Different scenarios for the true causal effect and the magnitude of the association between the collider with t...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
10.1093/ije/dyy275
1809.07111
Educational Note: Paradoxical Collider Effect in the Analysis of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiological Data: a reproducible illustration and web application
[ "Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez", "Michael Schomaker", "Daniel Redondo-Sanchez", "Maria Jose Sanchez Perez", "Anand Vaidya", "Mireille E. Schnitzer" ]
[ "stat.ME" ]
2,018
en
Statistics
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edfa6054c65a84fa18ab192d4cc1c9fc63a64540
abstract
0
144
Abstract
In the first part of the paper, we clarify the connections between several algebraic objects appearing in matroid theory: both partial fields and hyperfields are fuzzy rings, fuzzy rings are tracts, and these relations are compatible with the respective matroid theories. Moreover, fuzzy rings are ordered blueprints and...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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1b37c8aece787a4b2ee1b2c47a85ab7f0add9258
abstract
1
144
Abstract
It parametrizes rescaling classes of weak $F$-matroid structures on $M$, and its unit group is coincides with the inner Tutte group of $M$. We show that a matroid $M$ is regular if and only if its foundation is the regular partial field, and a non-regular matroid $M$ is binary if and only if its foundation is the field...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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3fbe24677e435f5a5e929f3281cd13a37c496ece
subsection
2
144
Body
The moduli space of matroids Matthew Baker and Oliver Lorscheid>*!/-5pt/@(The moduli space of matroidsMatthew Baker mbaker@math.gatech.edu School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USAOliver Lorscheid oliver@impa.br Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilIn , Nath...
{ "cite_spans": [ { "arxiv_id": "", "doi": "10.1016/j.aim.2018.12.004", "end": 474, "openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2962744969", "raw": "Matthew Baker and Nathan Bowler. Matroids over partial hyperstructures. Preprint, arXiv:1709.09707, 2017.", "source_ref_id": "c29f3f46a...
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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56e69b4325b714e7006597c7bbd1698e30f54cb3
subsection
3
144
Body
We show that the unit group of k_M^w can be canonically identified with the Tutte group of M, originally introduced by Dress and Wenzel. We also show that the sub-pasture k_M^f of k_M^w generated by “cross-ratios”, which we call the foundation of M, parametrizes rescaling classes of weak F-matroid structures on M, and ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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6a8f8d557ca0fe66e20f27143f7558d87a4d71cb
subsection
4
144
Pullbacks of matroid bundles
The pullback ^\ast ({\mathcal {M}}) of a matroid bundle {\mathcal {M}} on Y along a morphism :X\rightarrow Y of pasteurized ordered blue schemes is defined by the following lemma.Lemma 1.1 Let :X\rightarrow Y be a morphism in \operatorname{OBSch}^\pm and {\mathcal {L}} an invertible sheaf on Y. Let E be a non-empty fi...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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5a85e22c419f4ee17b3494150e91e54ef40a96da
subsection
5
144
Compatibility with matroids over ordered blueprints
In the following, we verify that matroid bundles over \operatorname{Spec}B correspond bijectively to B-matroids in a functorial way.Proposition 1.2 Let B be a pasteurized ordered blueprint, E a non-empty finite ordered set, r a natural number and X=\operatorname{Spec}B. Then the map\begin{array}{cccc} \Phi _B: & \big ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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c71ed8469910845a70b17fb1e9142f1a3ebd89f0
subsection
6
144
Compatibility with matroids over ordered blueprints
The inclusion _B:B\rightarrow \Gamma (X,{\mathcal {O}}_X) as constant sections is an isomorphism of ordered blueprints, which implies that any two Grassmann-Plücker functions \Delta ,\Delta ^{\prime }:\binom{E}{r}\rightarrow B are different if _B\circ \Delta and _B\circ \Delta ^{\prime } are different. Moreover, this i...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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de795f3c86a11f176d5a3f619533030ab0e2aabb
subsection
7
144
Compatibility with matroids over ordered blueprints
By Lemma REF , the pullback ^\ast (\widetilde{M}) is represented by the Grassmann-Plücker function _{{\mathcal {O}}_X}^\#\circ _B\circ \Delta :\binom{E}{r}\rightarrow \Gamma (Y,^\ast ({\mathcal {O}}_Y)) where Y=\operatorname{Spec}C.The result now follows from the commutativity of the diagram{tikz/fig8} \begin{}[row sep...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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f47d1ea7b7d04ff9c9255e369aa8f8d3c4e42972
subsection
8
144
Example of a matroid bundle over the projective line over
In this example, we investigate matroid bundles of rank 2 on E=\lbrace 1,2,3,4\rbrace over the projective line {\mathbb {P}}^1_{\mathbb {K}}=\operatorname{Proj}\big ({\mathbb {K}}[T_0,T_1]\big ). We review some general facts that we will use below.Since {\mathbb {K}}^\bullet =\lbrace 0,1\rbrace , the underlying monoid ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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a8bd46d9034a8020d801572b3466338ff4385967
subsection
9
144
Example of a matroid bundle over the projective line over
Since T_0 is contained in the maximal ideal of {\mathbb {K}}[T_0,T_1]_{(T_0)} and T_1 is contained in the maximal ideal of {\mathbb {K}}[T_0,T_1]_{(T_1)}, there is a unique minimal set of global sections that generates {\mathcal {O}}(d): for d=0, this set is \lbrace 1\rbrace and for d>0, this set is \lbrace T_0^d,T_1^d...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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4be18466d645028bd80c84bf442dfb03dc24dd63
subsection
10
144
Example of a matroid bundle over the projective line over
Let \Delta :\binom{E}{2}\rightarrow \lbrace 0,T_0,T_1\rbrace be a function. Since \lbrace \Delta _{i,j}\rbrace _{\lbrace i,j\rbrace \in \binom{E}{2}} has to generate {\mathcal {O}}(1) in order for \Delta to be a Grassmann-Plücker function, we must have \Delta _{i,j}=T_0 and \Delta _{k,l}=T_1 for some 2-subsets \lbrace ...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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b6227c36cf2ef814c77686272f58480ed04276f0
subsection
11
144
The moduli functor of matroids
Let E be a non-empty finite ordered set and r a natural number. We extend the functor \operatorname{{Mat}}(r,E):\operatorname{{OBlpr}}^\pm \rightarrow \operatorname{Sets} to the functor\begin{array}{cccc} \operatorname{{Mat}}(r,E): & \operatorname{OBSch}^\pm & \longrightarrow & \operatorname{Sets}\\[5pt] & X & \longmap...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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532cc2d1cabd3d042fd129ed8b5c7478da090bdb
subsection
12
144
The moduli space of matroids
We define the matroid space of rank r on E as the ordered blue scheme\textstyle \operatorname{Mat}(r,E) \quad = \quad \operatorname{Proj}\Big ( \, {\mathbb {F}}_1^\pm \big [ \, x_I \, \big | \, I\in \binom{E}{r} \, \big ]\!\sslash \!\operatorname{{Pl}}(r,E) \, \Big ),where \operatorname{{Pl}}(r,E) is generated by the P...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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420d38540fa7a08e1c131c8e64fff26602ed1765
subsection
13
144
The moduli space of matroids
The universal matroid bundle is the class {\mathcal {M}}_\textup {univ} of \Delta _\textup {univ}, which is a matroid bundle of rank r on E over \operatorname{Mat}(r,E).The following theorem shows that the pair (\operatorname{Mat}(r,E),{\mathcal {M}}_\textup {univ}) represents the moduli functor \operatorname{{Mat}}(r,...
{ "cite_spans": [] }
1809.03542
The moduli space of matroids
[ "Matthew Baker", "Oliver Lorscheid" ]
[ "math.AG" ]
2,018
en
Mathematics
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