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Oxford Mail is a daily tabloid newspaper in Oxford, England, owned by Newsquest. It is published six days a week. It is a sister paper to the weekly tabloid The Oxford Times. History The Oxford Mail was founded in 1928 as a successor to Jackson's Oxford Journal. From 1961 until 1979 its editor was Mark Barrington-Ward. At that time it was owned by the Westminster Press, and was an evening newspaper.The Oxford Mail is now published in the morning. In the second half of 2008 its circulation fell to 23,402, by 2013 it had fallen to 16,569, a year-on-year decline of 5.6% By the second half of 2014, its circulation had fallen to 12,103.In the period July to December 2015, the paper's circulation fell again, to 11,173. In January to June 2016, a further decline to 10,777 was recorded, an 8.4% fall in year-on-year.The latest published circulation was 5,504 (January – June 2022). Notable former staff Morley Safer Sir David Bell Dorothea Frazil, fictional editor in TV series Endeavour == References ==	title	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Oxford Mail" ] }
Oxford Mail is a daily tabloid newspaper in Oxford, England, owned by Newsquest. It is published six days a week. It is a sister paper to the weekly tabloid The Oxford Times. History The Oxford Mail was founded in 1928 as a successor to Jackson's Oxford Journal. From 1961 until 1979 its editor was Mark Barrington-Ward. At that time it was owned by the Westminster Press, and was an evening newspaper.The Oxford Mail is now published in the morning. In the second half of 2008 its circulation fell to 23,402, by 2013 it had fallen to 16,569, a year-on-year decline of 5.6% By the second half of 2014, its circulation had fallen to 12,103.In the period July to December 2015, the paper's circulation fell again, to 11,173. In January to June 2016, a further decline to 10,777 was recorded, an 8.4% fall in year-on-year.The latest published circulation was 5,504 (January – June 2022). Notable former staff Morley Safer Sir David Bell Dorothea Frazil, fictional editor in TV series Endeavour == References ==	newspaper format	{ "answer_start": [ 23 ], "text": [ "tabloid" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	director	{ "answer_start": [ 4504 ], "text": [ "Gareth Gwenlan" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 38 ], "text": [ "sitcom" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	cast member	{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "Peter Bowles" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	producer	{ "answer_start": [ 4504 ], "text": [ "Gareth Gwenlan" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	creator	{ "answer_start": [ 239 ], "text": [ "Peter Spence" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	original language of film or TV show	{ "answer_start": [ 1860 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "To the Manor Born" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	original broadcaster	{ "answer_start": [ 14077 ], "text": [ "BBC One" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	country of origin	{ "answer_start": [ 14541 ], "text": [ "United Kingdom" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	title	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "To the Manor Born" ] }
To the Manor Born is a BBC television sitcom that first aired on BBC1 from 1979 to 1981. A special one-off episode was produced in 2007. Starring Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles, the first 20 episodes and the 2007 special were written by Peter Spence, the creator, while the final episode in 1981 was written by script associate Christopher Bond. The title is a play on the phrase "to the manner born," from Shakespeare's Hamlet ("Though I am a native here and to the manner born, it is a custom more honoured in the breach than the observance".) In To the Manor Born, Penelope Keith (who was previously best known for her role as Margo Leadbetter in the suburban sitcom The Good Life), plays upper-class Audrey Fforbes-Hamilton. Upon the death of her husband, Audrey is forced to sell her vast country estate, Grantleigh Manor. However, she then moves into the estate's small, modest lodge house (where she can keep an eye on the estate's new owner) and manages to keep her butler and her much loved Rolls-Royce 20/25 car. The manor is bought by Richard DeVere (played by Peter Bowles), a nouveau riche millionaire supermarket owner originally from Czechoslovakia. DeVere and Fforbes-Hamilton have a love-hate relationship which is eventually resolved in the final episode in 1981 when they marry. In the 2007 special, they celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary. The programme proved popular and it received high audience figures for many of its episodes, especially the series 1 final episode, the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s. Production Development Peter Spence first thought of the idea behind To the Manor Born in the early 1970s when he was working for BBC Radio as a gag writer. One of the programmes that Spence wrote for featured a Cockney comedian, who had recently bought a manor house in an English country village. When holding a housewarming party, the comedian invited the previous occupant, a widow who could not afford to keep the house up and had moved to a smaller house in the village. The comedian's account of the lady, and the conversation he had with her, Spence later described as a "perfect description" of Audrey.A few years later, following the success of The Good Life, Spence was asked by BBC Radio to come up with an idea for a programme to feature Keith. Thinking of Keith's character in The Good Life, Spence had the idea of an upper-class version of Margo Leadbetter and, from the account from the comedian, came up with Audrey fforbes-Hamilton. Instead of a Cockney comedian as the new owner of the manor, Spence decided on an American who sees the manor while in England looking for his roots. The American later discovers he is descended from the fforbes-Hamiltons. This was made into a radio pilot in 1976 with Bernard Braden as the American, but was never broadcast because of the interest to make it into a TV series.When writing the TV series, Christopher Bond was brought in as the script associate and helped to adapt the series from radio to television. The American character was changed, and the idea of a character who appeared to be an English gentleman, but turns out not to be, was thought of. It was then decided that this character needed someone who could reveal his real background, and his mother was created, although it was not until Spence had nearly finished the first series that she was written in from the beginning. The characters of Brabinger and Marjory followed soon after. The first episode aired on 30 September 1979, a year after Keith had played Margo Leadbetter for the last time in The Good Life. Filming To the Manor Born was filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas, Somerset, and in Studio TC1 at the BBC's Television Centre in Shepherd's Bush, London. The manor, Cricket House, was at the time of the original series owned by the father-in-law of Peter Spence, the show's creator and writer. Some interior scenes were also filmed inside Cricket House. The Old Lodge, which on screen was at the end of the manor's drive, is in fact about one mile away and called West Lodge. A false gatepost was installed to help the illusion that the two are close together. The 2007 special was, like the original series, filmed on location in Cricket St Thomas. This filming took place for about a week starting on 28 October 2007. The studio footage was filmed in front of a live audience at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire on 25 November 2007. All the episodes were directed by Gareth Gwenlan, who also produced the original series. The 2007 special was co-produced by Gwenlan and Justin Davies.During the filming, many cars were used; but the BBC continued to use the same vintage Rolls-Royce through the entire series, including the opening titles for the show. The Rolls-Royce (BMG443) has also been used in other BBC programmes such as Dad's Army. Cast The cast is led by Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard de Vere. The other main cast members in the original series are Angela Thorne (playing Audrey's old friend Marjory), Daphne Heard (Richard's mother, Mrs. Polouvicka), John Rudling (Brabinger the butler), Michael Bilton (Ned, the odd-job man) and Gerald Sim (the Rector). Rudling was absent in the 1979 Christmas special and for much of the second series due to his ill health; his character was temporarily replaced as butler by Ned. Rudling died in 1983. Angela Thorne had worked with Keith before when she had played Lady "George" Truscott in a 1977 episode of The Good Life. Michael Bilton played Basil Makepeace, a main character, in the first four series of the sitcom Waiting for God in the 1990s before his death in 1993.Peter Bowles had been asked some years earlier to play Jerry Leadbetter, the husband of Keith's Margo, in The Good Life. Owing to prior commitments, Bowles turned down the role, but had he played Jerry, it is unlikely he would have been offered the part of Richard; as Bowles later said, "There's no way I could have played Penelope Keith's screen husband in two separate sitcoms." However, in 1987 Bowles replaced Geoffrey Palmer as Keith's onscreen husband in the ITV sitcom Executive Stress.The series also features many recurring characters, who are either estate workers or members of Audrey's social circle. Celia Imrie, who makes two appearances as supermarket cashier Polly, later became known for her work with Victoria Wood, including the sitcom Dinnerladies, as well as roles in Kingdom and After You've Gone.The 2007 Christmas special features four of the original cast members: Penelope Keith, Peter Bowles, Angela Thorne, and Gerald Sim. New characters include Alexander Armstrong as Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Audrey's nephew-by-marriage and godson; Alan David as Emmeridge, Audrey and Richard's outspoken butler; and Michael Cochrane as Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner. While the Rector makes only a brief appearance, the other three original characters are main characters throughout and are credited in the opening credits. Plot Original series To the Manor Born is set in the fictional village of Grantleigh in Somerset, near the fictional town of Marlbury. The series begins with the funeral of Marton (sic) fforbes-Hamilton, the Lord of the Manor of Grantleigh. Audrey, his widow (and apparently also his cousin), is far from distraught, as she now has control of the Grantleigh Manor Estate, which her family, the fforbes-Hamiltons, have controlled for 400 years. Her joy is short-lived though, as her solicitor, Arnold Plunkett, informs her that Marton was bankrupt and that the manor will have to be sold to pay off the debts. Audrey tries to buy back the manor at auction, but is outbid at £876,000. The new Lord of the Manor is Richard DeVere, a recently widowed self-made millionaire who started his career on an East End fruit barrow and founded the Cavendish Foods supermarket chain, though Audrey calls him a costermonger and sees him simply as a grocer. DeVere brings his domineering mother, Maria Poulouvicka (who is nicknamed by Audrey as 'Mrs. Poo'). She reveals to Audrey, who does not like foreigners, that she and her son came to Britain in 1939 from Czechoslovakia, and that Richard, whose real name is Bedřich Polouvicek, is half-Polish (on his late father Lazlo's side) and half-Czech. Mrs. Polouvicka tries hard to fit into British country life, but her accent often leads to many mispronunciations and she frequently comes out with sayings from her "old Czechoslovakia". From early on in the series, she encourages her son to court Audrey.Audrey moves into the "Old Lodge", at the end of the drive, where she can see most of what goes on at the manor. Living with her is her elderly and loyal butler, Brabinger, who has worked for the fforbes-Hamiltons his whole life, and her beagle Bertie. Audrey's supportive best friend, and a frequent visitor, is the well-meaning Marjory Frobisher, who quickly develops a crush on DeVere. Marjory, who was at school with Audrey, is still a schoolgirl at heart and a committed countryside campaigner. Marjory has no organisational ability, which leads to her being nicknamed "Muddlesome Marj" by some. Despite Marjory's encouragement, Audrey refuses to get a job, saying her only job could be running the Grantleigh Estate and doing other public service, which includes her being a magistrate. This means that money is a constant problem and Audrey has to learn to live within her means and new circumstances. During the second series, Brabinger is away ill; and Ned, whose tied cottage is being renovated by Richard, takes over as Audrey's butler. Ned, a gardener and "outside man", has worked on the estate all his life and finds working indoors difficult to get used to and he tends to lack the refined characteristics that a trained butler such as Brabinger possessed. Other estate staff include the estate foreman Mr. Miller, the new estate manager Mr. Spalding and the cook Mrs. Beecham. Another character, Polly, originally works at the local "Cavendish Foods" supermarket and then at the doctors' surgery, while Linda Cartwright works in the stables and as a domestic. The postman, Mr. Purvis, appears in two episodes.Other characters include the local rector, who is not unhappy when Audrey loses the manor, hoping that it will prevent the dominating Audrey from having a say in the running of the church and local causes. The rector favours Richard, who is frequently generous when it comes to donations to church funds. The village shop is run by Mrs. Patterson, the local gossip who also favours Richard and does not get on with Audrey. The typically English Brigadier Lemington, of the Somerset Rifles and a former Desert Rat, is another local landowner and friend of Audrey's and the Master of Foxhounds and, like Audrey and Marjory, has an interest in nature conservation and cricket. Arnold Plunkett and his wife Dorothy are friends of Audrey, while Arnold is also the family solicitor. Grantleigh's local estate agent is J.J. Anderson, of Anderson and Fish, who appears at manor parties.During the course of the three series, Audrey and Richard grow closer. Hostile to each other at the start, they grew to understand and respect each other, as both try to adapt to each other's ways. The last two 1981 episodes show Richard having problems at his company Cavendish Foods. With his board of directors refusing to let Richard buy a refrigeration plant in Argentina, he seriously considers selling the manor to raise the money to buy the plant himself. Trying to help Richard, Audrey asks her uncle, a well-respected and connected member of the financial community, to lend Richard a hand. Thanks to him, things begin to go Richard's way. Unfortunately, Audrey's uncle dies before the deals are signed. Richard decides to sell the manor to pay for the refrigerated plant. By a twist of fate, Audrey inherits her uncle's fortune and buys the manor back. Now back home and on her own turf, Audrey asks Richard to marry her. Taken aback, Richard says yes and they are married in the final episode, broadcast on 29 November 1981. 2007 Christmas special As Richard and Audrey plan to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, each planning a surprise party for the other, Richard confesses to Audrey that he owns Farmer Tom, a company that has been putting the neighbouring estates out of business. Audrey leaves him and goes to stay with Marjory, much to the latter's displeasure. Richard visits his mother's grave to develop a plan to win Audrey back. He decides to allow a rock concert to be held on the estate. When the licence application is up before the magistrates' court, Richard changes his mind. The following day, their anniversary, Marjory leads Audrey to a surprise party organised by Richard. New characters in the 2007 Christmas special include Emmeridge, the outspoken butler replacing Brabinger; Adam fforbes-Hamilton, Marton's nephew and Audrey's godson, who has recently moved to Grantleigh to learn how to run an estate; and Archie Pennington-Booth, a neighbouring landowner driven to bankruptcy by Farmer Tom. Marjory now lives in the Old Lodge that Audrey occupied during the original series, and she and Adam develop a romantic interest in each other. A small acknowledgement of Bertie and Brabinger appears in the special, consisting of a photo of Brabinger and a small beagle statuette on a side table. Richard's mother, "Mrs. Poo", is acknowledged by a marble headstone in the church graveyard and a framed photograph on the mantel of the manor's sitting room. Episodes To the Manor Born ran for three series and one Christmas special from 30 September 1979 to 29 November 1981. Each episode is half an hour long. The first series aired for seven episodes on Sundays at 8.45 pm, the second series for six episodes on Sundays at 8.35 pm and the seven-episode Series Three on Sundays at 7.15 pm. The Christmas special aired at 8.00 pm. All episodes aired on BBC1. A second Christmas special, announced on 24 October 2007, aired at 9.30 pm on BBC One on Christmas Day, 25 December 2007.The theme tune for To the Manor Born was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst, the BBC's Light Entertainment Music Director who composed the theme tunes for many sitcoms around this time. Reception Original series The programme was very popular with viewers. Several episodes received extremely high audience figures, especially the first series. This was partly due to the fact that ITV, the main rival channel to BBC1 in the United Kingdom, was in the middle of a protracted strike which started in early August 1979. This saw nearly all of the local ITV companies go off air, with no programmes being aired from the network (except Channel Television in the Channel Islands), leaving only BBC 1 and BBC 2 as the channels left for the British public to watch until Wednesday 24 October 1979, when ITV returned to air, with the strike ending in a pay agreement. However, many viewers remained with the BBC and with shows such as To the Manor Born, as ITV took some months to get going again with new programmes. For the first month after the strike had ended, ITV found it hard to win back viewers who preferred to remain with the BBC, as ITV was airing repeats and filler programmes until new content was made from November 1979. This gave To the Manor Born a huge advantage with the viewing public.In 1979, the last episode of the first series received 23.95 million viewers, the fourth-highest figures for any programme in the UK in the 1970s, and the highest for a non-live event. The following year, 21.55 million people watched the last episode of series two, the fifth-highest viewing figure for the 1980s. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The 2007 Christmas special garnered 10.25 million viewers and ranked as the 6th most watched programme in the UK for that week. 2007 Christmas special Writing in the Sunday Express on 30 December 2007, Marshall Julius described the 2007 Christmas special as "so cosy and old-fashioned that I could easily have dismissed it with a cynical wave". However, he says he found himself enjoying it "about halfway through" and said "it was a real pleasure to see Peter Bowles and Penelope Keith, for both of whom I feel great affection, once again sparring on the small screen". Julius finished his review by commenting "Not that I'm saying I'd like a whole series of it but as a one-off event it was surprisingly welcome".The British Comedy Guide was more critical saying that "whilst it gained great viewing figures it really wasn't a patch on the original episodes." In other media Novelisations The writer Peter Spence wrote two books that accompanied To the Manor Born. While they were based on the TV episodes, both books did differ with added conversations, changed storylines and the characters being given different personality traits. The first book, published in 1979 by Arrow Books, is entitled To the Manor Born and is based on the first series episodes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7. In this book, Brabinger's first name, which is never mentioned in the TV series, is revealed as Bertram and Ned's surname revealed as Peaslake. The second book, titled To the Manor Born Book 2, was published by the same publisher in 1980. This is a novelisation of the 1979 Christmas special and episodes 5, 4, 3, 2 and 6 from the second series, plus an original story. Film version A film version was announced by the Rank Organisation at the Cannes Film Festival in 1980, but then was abandoned when Rank pulled out of filmmaking. Radio version In 1997, 16 years after the original series of To the Manor Born ended on television, ten 30-minute episodes were recorded for radio, the programme's original intended medium. The episodes, originally aired on Saturdays on BBC Radio 2 from 25 January to 29 March 1997, were written by Peter Spence, six adapted from TV episodes and four new episodes. Keith and Thorne returned as Audrey and Marjory, while Keith Barron replaced Bowles as Richard. Other actors, including Frank Middlemass and Nicholas McArdle, who played Miller in the TV version, replaced many of the by then deceased original television cast members. The series has subsequently been repeated on BBC 7/BBC Radio 4 Extra. All ten episodes, collected, are now available for purchase on Audible and iTunes. Radio cast Radio episodes Controversy The character of Richard de Vere, and his fictional company Cavendish Foods were reportedly a thinly veiled dig at businessman Sir James Goldsmith and his company Cavenham Foods. Home releases All three series, including the 1979 and 2007 Christmas specials, of To the Manor Born have been released in the UK (Region 2). The first series and the 1979 Christmas special were released on 5 May 2003, followed by Series Two on 29 December 2003 and Series Three on 14 June 2004. The DVDs feature an interview with Peter Spence. The 2007 Christmas special was released on Region 2 DVD on 11 February 2008.The complete original series was released in a boxset in the United States and Canada (Region 1) on 15 June 2004.All ten of the radio shows were released in collected form via iTunes in 2020. In Australia (Region 4), all three seasons and a complete series boxset have been released. Also the 25th Wedding Anniversary Special. References External links To the Manor Born at BBC Online To the Manor Born at IMDb To the Manor Born at British Comedy Guide	number of seasons	{ "answer_start": [ 3525 ], "text": [ "3" ] }
The Unitarian Church of All Souls at 1157 Lexington Avenue at East 80th Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1932 and was designed by Hobart Upjohn – Richard Upjohn's grandson – in the Neo-colonial style with a Regency-influenced brick base. It is the congregation's fourth sanctuary. The congregation, dating back to 1819, was the first Unitarian Universalist congregation in the city. It has provided a pulpit for some of the movement's leading theologians and has also recorded many eminent persons in its membership. History All Souls was the first Unitarian congregation to be organized in New York and originated in 1819 when Lucy Channing Russell invited forty friends and neighbors into her Lower Manhattan home, to listen to an address by her brother, William Ellery Channing, the minister of the Federal Street Church in Boston. Channing was making a stop in New York while traveling to Baltimore to preach the famous sermon in which he would articulate the distinctive tenets of Unitarian Christianity, the most salient of which were the rejection of the Trinity in favor of absolute Monotheism, and the imperative to interpret the Bible through reason. In New York, the enthusiasm aroused by Channing culminated in the formation of the First Congregational Church (Unitarian), which proceeded to erect its first building in 1820-21, on Chambers Street between Church Street and Chapel Street, before it had even found a minister. The task of recruitment was difficult since few ministers could be persuaded to venture away from the stability of the Unitarian heartland in New England and risk their careers in new congregations beyond. Finally, on December 18, 1821, William Ware was installed as the first minister. In 1845, the congregation moved to a new building at 548 Broadway and renamed itself the Church of the Divine Unity the following year. In 1855, the present name, All Souls, was taken by an American church for the first time when the congregation dedicated its third building, at 249 Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South) at 20th Street. The new church was designed by Jacob Wrey Mould and featured bands of red and white bricks and Caen stone, which led to the colloquial names of "The Holy Zebra" and "The Beefsteak Church."In partnership with minister Henry Whitney Bellows, who served for over four decades from 1839 to 1882, All Souls grew to include some of the leading social reformers and cultural figures of the city, such as Peter Cooper, Herman Melville, and others. One noted member was the novelist Catharine Sedgwick, who remarked upon the diverse backgrounds of the people who were attracted to the freedom of ethical inquiry which All Souls offered: "strangers from inland and outland, English radicals and daughters of Erin, Germans and Hollanders, philosophic gentiles and unbelieving Jews . . . In this, our ass'n, there is at least one of every sort." In evolving from its roots in Unitarian Christianity, All Souls has embraced an enlarging religious pluralism that continues to this day. All Souls relocated to its current building on the Upper East Side at 1157 Lexington Avenue at 80th Street in 1932, designed by Richard Upjohn's grandson, Hobart Upjohn, in the Colonial Revival style with a Regency-influenced base. Forrest Church, the prolific author and theologian, then served as Senior Minister for almost thirty years until the beginning of 2007, when, due to terminal cancer, he was succeeded by Galen Guengerich and assumed the less strenuous duties of Minister of Public Theology. Church's charismatic style has been credited with the revitalization of the congregation. Notable members George Fisher Baker, financier, philanthropist William Cullen Bryant, poet, journalist Peter Cooper industrialist, philanthropist (founder of Cooper Union) Nathaniel Currier, lithographer, co-founder of Currier and Ives Dorman Bridgman Eaton, lawyer, civil service reformer Caroline Kirkland, writer Herman Melville, writer Laura Pedersen, author, journalist, playwright, humorist Louisa Lee Schuyler, Sanitary Commission organizer, founder of America's first nursing school at Bellevue Hospital Catharine Sedgwick, writer See also Transcendentalism References Notes Further reading "Unitarian Church of All Souls," The New York City Organ Project, The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists Kring, Walter Donald. History of the Unitarian Church of All Souls in New York City in 3 vols. Liberals Among the Orthodox: Unitarian Beginnings in New York City, 1819-1839 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1974) Henry Whitney Bellows (Boston: Skinner House, 1979) Safely Onward (New York: Unitarian Church of All Souls, 1991) External links Official Church website	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "Manhattan" ] }
The Unitarian Church of All Souls at 1157 Lexington Avenue at East 80th Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1932 and was designed by Hobart Upjohn – Richard Upjohn's grandson – in the Neo-colonial style with a Regency-influenced brick base. It is the congregation's fourth sanctuary. The congregation, dating back to 1819, was the first Unitarian Universalist congregation in the city. It has provided a pulpit for some of the movement's leading theologians and has also recorded many eminent persons in its membership. History All Souls was the first Unitarian congregation to be organized in New York and originated in 1819 when Lucy Channing Russell invited forty friends and neighbors into her Lower Manhattan home, to listen to an address by her brother, William Ellery Channing, the minister of the Federal Street Church in Boston. Channing was making a stop in New York while traveling to Baltimore to preach the famous sermon in which he would articulate the distinctive tenets of Unitarian Christianity, the most salient of which were the rejection of the Trinity in favor of absolute Monotheism, and the imperative to interpret the Bible through reason. In New York, the enthusiasm aroused by Channing culminated in the formation of the First Congregational Church (Unitarian), which proceeded to erect its first building in 1820-21, on Chambers Street between Church Street and Chapel Street, before it had even found a minister. The task of recruitment was difficult since few ministers could be persuaded to venture away from the stability of the Unitarian heartland in New England and risk their careers in new congregations beyond. Finally, on December 18, 1821, William Ware was installed as the first minister. In 1845, the congregation moved to a new building at 548 Broadway and renamed itself the Church of the Divine Unity the following year. In 1855, the present name, All Souls, was taken by an American church for the first time when the congregation dedicated its third building, at 249 Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South) at 20th Street. The new church was designed by Jacob Wrey Mould and featured bands of red and white bricks and Caen stone, which led to the colloquial names of "The Holy Zebra" and "The Beefsteak Church."In partnership with minister Henry Whitney Bellows, who served for over four decades from 1839 to 1882, All Souls grew to include some of the leading social reformers and cultural figures of the city, such as Peter Cooper, Herman Melville, and others. One noted member was the novelist Catharine Sedgwick, who remarked upon the diverse backgrounds of the people who were attracted to the freedom of ethical inquiry which All Souls offered: "strangers from inland and outland, English radicals and daughters of Erin, Germans and Hollanders, philosophic gentiles and unbelieving Jews . . . In this, our ass'n, there is at least one of every sort." In evolving from its roots in Unitarian Christianity, All Souls has embraced an enlarging religious pluralism that continues to this day. All Souls relocated to its current building on the Upper East Side at 1157 Lexington Avenue at 80th Street in 1932, designed by Richard Upjohn's grandson, Hobart Upjohn, in the Colonial Revival style with a Regency-influenced base. Forrest Church, the prolific author and theologian, then served as Senior Minister for almost thirty years until the beginning of 2007, when, due to terminal cancer, he was succeeded by Galen Guengerich and assumed the less strenuous duties of Minister of Public Theology. Church's charismatic style has been credited with the revitalization of the congregation. Notable members George Fisher Baker, financier, philanthropist William Cullen Bryant, poet, journalist Peter Cooper industrialist, philanthropist (founder of Cooper Union) Nathaniel Currier, lithographer, co-founder of Currier and Ives Dorman Bridgman Eaton, lawyer, civil service reformer Caroline Kirkland, writer Herman Melville, writer Laura Pedersen, author, journalist, playwright, humorist Louisa Lee Schuyler, Sanitary Commission organizer, founder of America's first nursing school at Bellevue Hospital Catharine Sedgwick, writer See also Transcendentalism References Notes Further reading "Unitarian Church of All Souls," The New York City Organ Project, The New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists Kring, Walter Donald. History of the Unitarian Church of All Souls in New York City in 3 vols. Liberals Among the Orthodox: Unitarian Beginnings in New York City, 1819-1839 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1974) Henry Whitney Bellows (Boston: Skinner House, 1979) Safely Onward (New York: Unitarian Church of All Souls, 1991) External links Official Church website	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Unitarian Church of All Souls" ] }
Ronald Greensmith (22 January 1933 – 18 December 2015) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Sheffield Wednesday and York City and in non-League football for Shiregreen Working Men's Club, Scarborough and Bridlington Town. == References ==	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 144 ], "text": [ "Sheffield" ] }
Ronald Greensmith (22 January 1933 – 18 December 2015) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Sheffield Wednesday and York City and in non-League football for Shiregreen Working Men's Club, Scarborough and Bridlington Town. == References ==	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "York" ] }
Ronald Greensmith (22 January 1933 – 18 December 2015) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Sheffield Wednesday and York City and in non-League football for Shiregreen Working Men's Club, Scarborough and Bridlington Town. == References ==	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Ron" ] }
Ronald Greensmith (22 January 1933 – 18 December 2015) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger in the Football League for Sheffield Wednesday and York City and in non-League football for Shiregreen Working Men's Club, Scarborough and Bridlington Town. == References ==	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 62 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Paraguay" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Paraguay" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	member of sports team	{ "answer_start": [ 165 ], "text": [ "Persepam Madura United" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "forward" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Escobar" ] }
Sílvio Escobar Benitez (born 18 July 1986) is a Paraguayan-born Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga 2 club Semen Padang. Club career Persepam Madura United In January 2014, he made his debut with Persepam Madura United against Arema and he scored one goal although the final result Persepam lost 1-3. Perseru Serui In March 2017, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Perseru Serui. He made his debut on 20 April 2017 in a match against Bhayangkara. On 25 April 2017, Escobar scored his first goal for Perseru against Persiba Balikpapan in the 22nd minute at the Marora Stadium, Yapen. Persija Jakarta He was signed for Persija Jakarta to play in Liga 1 in the 2019 season. PSIS Semarang (loan) He was signed for PSIS Semarang to play in the Liga 1 in the 2019 season, on loan from Persija Jakarta. Escobar made his debut on 16 May 2019 in a match against Kalteng Putra. On 26 June 2019, Escobar scored his first goal for PSIS against Badak Lampung in the 3rd minute at the Sumpah Pemuda Stadium, Bandar Lampung. He made 15 league appearances and scored 2 goals for PSIS Semarang. TIRA-Persikabo In January 2020, Escobar signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club TIRA-Persikabo. He made his debut on 2 March 2020 in a match against Arema. On 15 March 2020, Escobar scored his first goal for TIRA-Persikabo against Persita Tangerang in the 83rd minute at the Pakansari Stadium, Bogor. PSMS Medan (loan) He was signed for PSMS Medan to play in the Liga 2 in the 2020 season, on loan from TIRA-Persikabo. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021. Madura United In 2021, Escobar signed a contract with Indonesian Liga 1 club Madura United. He made his league debut on 3 September 2021 in a match against Persikabo 1973 at the Indomilk Arena, Tangerang. References External links Sílvio Escobar at FootballDatabase.eu Silvio Escobar at Liga Indonesia	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Sílvio" ] }
Puiseux-en-Bray (French pronunciation: [pɥizø ɑ̃ bʁɛ], literally Puiseux in Bray) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 131 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
Puiseux-en-Bray (French pronunciation: [pɥizø ɑ̃ bʁɛ], literally Puiseux in Bray) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "Oise" ] }
Puiseux-en-Bray (French pronunciation: [pɥizø ɑ̃ bʁɛ], literally Puiseux in Bray) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department == References ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Puiseux-en-Bray" ] }
Puiseux-en-Bray (French pronunciation: [pɥizø ɑ̃ bʁɛ], literally Puiseux in Bray) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. See also Communes of the Oise department == References ==	official name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Puiseux-en-Bray" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	country	{ "answer_start": [ 155 ], "text": [ "United Kingdom" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Wimbledon Championships" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	home venue	{ "answer_start": [ 92 ], "text": [ "All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 9 ], "text": [ "Wimbledon" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	location	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "London" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "2018 Wimbledon Championships" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	edition number	{ "answer_start": [ 387 ], "text": [ "132" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "tennis" ] }
The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The main tournament began on Monday, 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday, 15 July 2018. Novak Djokovic won the gentlemen's singles title and Angelique Kerber won the ladies' singles title. The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships, the 125th staging of the ladies' singles Championship event, the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour, the WTA Tour, the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour. The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation. Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles. Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson, while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck. Tournament The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of men's (singles and doubles), women's (singles and doubles), mixed doubles, boys' (under 18 – singles and doubles) and girls' (under 18 – singles and doubles), which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18, and singles and doubles events for men's and women's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category. The tournament was played only on grass courts; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon. Qualifying matches were played, from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018, at the Bank of England Sports Ground, Roehampton. The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June. Point and prize money distribution Point distribution Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament. Senior points Prize money The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £34,000,000, up by 7.6% on 2017. The winners of the men's and women's singles titles will earn £2.25m. Prize money for the men's and women's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition.A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on-site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money, the other half to be awarded to the replacement lucky loser. Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards, may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money, to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money. * per team Singles players Gentlemen's singles Ladies' singles Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds Gentlemen's singles The seeds for men's singles are adjusted on a surface-based system to reflect more accurately the individual player's grass court achievement as per the following formula, which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP rankings on 25 June 2018: Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018. Add 100% points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months (26 June 2017 – 24 June 2018). Add 75% points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that (20 June 2016 – 25 June 2017).Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead. Withdrawn players Ladies' singles The seeds for ladies' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018, with an exception for Serena Williams (details are given below). Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018. † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017. Accordingly, points for her 16th-best result are deducted instead. ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced, because she missed most of the last 12-month period due to her pregnancy. Nevertheless, she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers. Doubles seeds Mixed doubles 1 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018. Champions Seniors Gentlemen's singles Novak Djokovic def. Kevin Anderson, 6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3) Ladies' singles Angelique Kerber def. Serena Williams, 6–3, 6–3 Gentlemen's doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def. Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus, 6–3, 6–7(7–9), 6–3, 5–7, 7–5 Ladies' doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def. Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke, 6–4, 4–6, 6–0 Mixed doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def. Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka, 7–6(7–1), 6–3 Juniors Boys' singles Tseng Chun-hsin def. Jack Draper, 6–1, 6–7(2–7), 6–4 Girls' singles Iga Świątek def. Leonie Küng, 6–4, 6–2 Boys' doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def. Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 Girls' doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def. Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe, 6–2, 6–1 Invitation Gentlemen's invitation doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def. Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse, 7–6(7–4), 6–4 Ladies' invitation doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def. Cara Black / Martina Navratilova, 6–3, 6–4 Senior gentlemen's invitation doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def. Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey, 6–4, 6–3 Wheelchair events Wheelchair gentlemen's singles Stefan Olsson def. Gustavo Fernández, 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Wheelchair ladies' singles Diede de Groot def. Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–2 Wheelchair gentlemen's doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson, 6–1, 6–4 Wheelchair ladies' doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def. Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker, 6–1, 6–1 Wheelchair quad doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole, 6–2, 6–3 Main draw wild card entries The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events. Mixed doubles Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries Protected ranking The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking: Withdrawals The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries, suspensions, or personal reasons: References External links Official website	organizer	{ "answer_start": [ 741 ], "text": [ "International Tennis Federation" ] }
North Friar's Bay is one of the two bays that stretch along the coast of the isthmus connecting the Southeast Peninsula, with the rest of the island of Saint Kitts. It is shorter than its southern neighbour (South Friar's Bay). At their closest, the two coasts are less than one kilometre apart.	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "bay" ] }
North Friar's Bay is one of the two bays that stretch along the coast of the isthmus connecting the Southeast Peninsula, with the rest of the island of Saint Kitts. It is shorter than its southern neighbour (South Friar's Bay). At their closest, the two coasts are less than one kilometre apart.	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "North Friar's Bay" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "Geelong" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "Australia" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	member of sports team	{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "Geelong Supercats" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "basketball player" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 55 ], "text": [ "basketball" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Herbert" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Nathan" ] }
Nathan Herbert (born 26 October 1984) is an Australian basketball player for the Geelong Supercats of the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL). A 350-game player with the Supercats, Herbert is a two-time national champion, having won titles with Geelong in 2006 and 2010. Herbert spent five years in the National Basketball League (NBL), winning a championship in 2009 with the South Dragons. SEABL career Herbert joined the Geelong Supercats for the first time in 2002. He won conference championships with the Supercats in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2010, including winning national championships in 2006 and 2010. Herbert played for the Supercats every year between 2002 and 2011, before taking a year off in 2012 to travel around Europe with his wife Sally. He returned to the Supercats for the 2013 season, and in 2014, he was named co-captain. Herbert had previously relinquished the co-captaincy prior to the 2012 season after undergoing knee surgery.In April 2015, Herbert played his 300th SEABL game. In May 2017, he played his 350th SEABL game.On 29 July 2018, Herbert announced that he would be retiring from the SEABL at the end of the 2018 season. NBL career Herbert made his NBL debut in October 2007 for the South Dragons. He played 28 games during the 2007/08 season, averaging 3.9 points and 2.0 rebounds per game. He returned to the Dragons for the 2008/09 season and won his first and only NBL Championship in March 2009. In 37 games for the Dragons in 2008/09, he averaged 6.5 points, 1.9 rebounds and 1.0 assists per game.In June 2009, Herbert signed with the Adelaide 36ers after the Dragons folded following their championship-winning season. Herbert had a career-best season in 2009/10, averaging 8.1 points, 2.7 rebounds and 1.9 assists in 27 games. He was subsequently in the running for three NBL awards – the most improved player, the best sixth man, and best defensive player.In April 2010, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2010/11 season. In September 2010, during a pre-season game against the Townsville Crocodiles in Adelaide, Herbert tore his right ACL, which ruled him out for the entire season.In June 2011, after fully recovering from knee surgery, Herbert re-signed with the 36ers for the 2011/12 season. He played all 28 games for the 36ers in his final NBL season, averaging 4.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. Personal Herbert and his wife Sally have two sons, Xavier and Noah. His father, Craig, played 102 NBL games for the Supercats between 1982 and 1987. References External links Nathan Herbert at supercats.com.au Nathan Herbert at nbl.com.au Nathan Herbert at sportstg.com	name in native language	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Nathan Herbert" ] }
Stéphano Honoré, (born 21 October 1955 in Cassis, Mauritius) better known as Menwar, is a Mauritian percussionist and singer. He was one of the pioneers of Seggae music, forming the group Sagaï in the 1980s. Honoré is a player of the ravanne, for which he has begun to develop a written technique, something that has not been done previously. He also plays multiple instruments that he has selfmade or that come from the African culture. Honoré was born in Cassis, Port-Louis. He did not attend school, but attempted to play numerous sports and worked several jobs. He often listened to recordings of traditional Mauritian music, particularly sega (or séga) as a child. In 1977 he released two 45 rpm records on the Madagascar label Green Turtle and two more in 1978. Honoré was known as Lélou before his first cassette, Souvenir le port, was released in 1980, credited as Menwar. Honoré went back to Mauritius in 1993, but still traveled to and from the island of Réunion while producing and performing music. During the 1990s, he participated in a Marseille musical comedy entitled Mokko and was featured on another artist's album.Honoré was named Artist of the Year by French radio station Radio France Internationale.Honoré holds strong views about the Mauritian Creole community and the issues that this community and Mauritians in general faced and are still facing nowadays by singing stories inspired by his own life experiences or those of his relatives. Despite these ideas he is not politically active, in contrast with the musicians of seggae, a Mauritian musical genre which was very popular in the early 1990s. Discography 1980: Souvenir le port 1982: Létan l'enfer 1984: Kiltir dé zi 2006: Ay ay lolo See also List of Mauritian musicians References External links (in French) Official site https://www.facebook.com/1591482704402505/photos/a.1593504917533617.1073741828.1591482704402505/1593513500866092/?type=1&theater	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "Mauritius" ] }
Stéphano Honoré, (born 21 October 1955 in Cassis, Mauritius) better known as Menwar, is a Mauritian percussionist and singer. He was one of the pioneers of Seggae music, forming the group Sagaï in the 1980s. Honoré is a player of the ravanne, for which he has begun to develop a written technique, something that has not been done previously. He also plays multiple instruments that he has selfmade or that come from the African culture. Honoré was born in Cassis, Port-Louis. He did not attend school, but attempted to play numerous sports and worked several jobs. He often listened to recordings of traditional Mauritian music, particularly sega (or séga) as a child. In 1977 he released two 45 rpm records on the Madagascar label Green Turtle and two more in 1978. Honoré was known as Lélou before his first cassette, Souvenir le port, was released in 1980, credited as Menwar. Honoré went back to Mauritius in 1993, but still traveled to and from the island of Réunion while producing and performing music. During the 1990s, he participated in a Marseille musical comedy entitled Mokko and was featured on another artist's album.Honoré was named Artist of the Year by French radio station Radio France Internationale.Honoré holds strong views about the Mauritian Creole community and the issues that this community and Mauritians in general faced and are still facing nowadays by singing stories inspired by his own life experiences or those of his relatives. Despite these ideas he is not politically active, in contrast with the musicians of seggae, a Mauritian musical genre which was very popular in the early 1990s. Discography 1980: Souvenir le port 1982: Létan l'enfer 1984: Kiltir dé zi 2006: Ay ay lolo See also List of Mauritian musicians References External links (in French) Official site https://www.facebook.com/1591482704402505/photos/a.1593504917533617.1073741828.1591482704402505/1593513500866092/?type=1&theater	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "Mauritius" ] }
Stéphano Honoré, (born 21 October 1955 in Cassis, Mauritius) better known as Menwar, is a Mauritian percussionist and singer. He was one of the pioneers of Seggae music, forming the group Sagaï in the 1980s. Honoré is a player of the ravanne, for which he has begun to develop a written technique, something that has not been done previously. He also plays multiple instruments that he has selfmade or that come from the African culture. Honoré was born in Cassis, Port-Louis. He did not attend school, but attempted to play numerous sports and worked several jobs. He often listened to recordings of traditional Mauritian music, particularly sega (or séga) as a child. In 1977 he released two 45 rpm records on the Madagascar label Green Turtle and two more in 1978. Honoré was known as Lélou before his first cassette, Souvenir le port, was released in 1980, credited as Menwar. Honoré went back to Mauritius in 1993, but still traveled to and from the island of Réunion while producing and performing music. During the 1990s, he participated in a Marseille musical comedy entitled Mokko and was featured on another artist's album.Honoré was named Artist of the Year by French radio station Radio France Internationale.Honoré holds strong views about the Mauritian Creole community and the issues that this community and Mauritians in general faced and are still facing nowadays by singing stories inspired by his own life experiences or those of his relatives. Despite these ideas he is not politically active, in contrast with the musicians of seggae, a Mauritian musical genre which was very popular in the early 1990s. Discography 1980: Souvenir le port 1982: Létan l'enfer 1984: Kiltir dé zi 2006: Ay ay lolo See also List of Mauritian musicians References External links (in French) Official site https://www.facebook.com/1591482704402505/photos/a.1593504917533617.1073741828.1591482704402505/1593513500866092/?type=1&theater	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 100 ], "text": [ "percussionist" ] }
Stéphano Honoré, (born 21 October 1955 in Cassis, Mauritius) better known as Menwar, is a Mauritian percussionist and singer. He was one of the pioneers of Seggae music, forming the group Sagaï in the 1980s. Honoré is a player of the ravanne, for which he has begun to develop a written technique, something that has not been done previously. He also plays multiple instruments that he has selfmade or that come from the African culture. Honoré was born in Cassis, Port-Louis. He did not attend school, but attempted to play numerous sports and worked several jobs. He often listened to recordings of traditional Mauritian music, particularly sega (or séga) as a child. In 1977 he released two 45 rpm records on the Madagascar label Green Turtle and two more in 1978. Honoré was known as Lélou before his first cassette, Souvenir le port, was released in 1980, credited as Menwar. Honoré went back to Mauritius in 1993, but still traveled to and from the island of Réunion while producing and performing music. During the 1990s, he participated in a Marseille musical comedy entitled Mokko and was featured on another artist's album.Honoré was named Artist of the Year by French radio station Radio France Internationale.Honoré holds strong views about the Mauritian Creole community and the issues that this community and Mauritians in general faced and are still facing nowadays by singing stories inspired by his own life experiences or those of his relatives. Despite these ideas he is not politically active, in contrast with the musicians of seggae, a Mauritian musical genre which was very popular in the early 1990s. Discography 1980: Souvenir le port 1982: Létan l'enfer 1984: Kiltir dé zi 2006: Ay ay lolo See also List of Mauritian musicians References External links (in French) Official site https://www.facebook.com/1591482704402505/photos/a.1593504917533617.1073741828.1591482704402505/1593513500866092/?type=1&theater	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 643 ], "text": [ "sega" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 251 ], "text": [ "Pápa" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	country of citizenship	{ "answer_start": [ 1921 ], "text": [ "Hungary" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	member of sports team	{ "answer_start": [ 462 ], "text": [ "FC Energie Cottbus" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 192 ], "text": [ "defender" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "Mészáros" ] }
Norbert Mészáros (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnorbɛrt ˈmeːsaːroʃ]; born 19 August 1980) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for Hajdúszoboszló. He is usually deployed as a central defender but can also play left back. Club career Born in Pápa, Mészáros started playing football with his local team Pápai ELC. In 2000, his career took off when he signed for Dunaújváros FC. Other teams he played for include BKV Előre, BFC Siófok and the German team FC Energie Cottbus. Since 2005, Mészáros has played for OTP Bank Liga side Debreceni VSC. Debrecen On 8 September 2010, Mészáros was suspended by UEFA along with teammate Vukašin Poleksić, as a match between Debrecen and Fiorentina in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League was investigated for match-fixing. Both players appealed and on 5 May 2011 the Court of Arbitration for Sport announced its decision, with the ban of Poleksić being upheld and Mészáros' ban being rescinded. UEFA's evidence against Mészáros failed to prove "to the comfortable satisfaction" of the panel that he violated the rules.Mészáros won the Hungarian League with Debrecen in the 2009–10 season despite his team losing to Kecskeméti TE in the last match. On 26 May 2010, Debrecen beat Zalaegerszegi TE 3–2 in the Hungarian Cup final at the Ferenc Puskás Stadium.On 1 May 2012, Mészáros won the Hungarian Cup with Debrecen by beating MTK Budapest on a penalty shoot-out in the 2011–12 season. This was the fifth Hungarian Cup trophy for Debrecen.On 12 May 2012, Mészáros won another Hungarian League title with Debrecen after beating Pécsi MFC 4–0 at the Stadion Oláh Gábor Út. This was the sixth Hungarian League title for the Hajdús.In the summer 2019 it was announced, that Mészáros would continue as a playing assistant manager for the second team of Debrecen and also would be available for the first team if they needed him. International career Mészáros made his debut for the Hungary national team on 1 June 2012 in the 2–1 win over the Czech Republic in a friendly. Career statistics As of 26 February 2019 Honours Debrecen Hungarian League: 2010, 2012 Hungarian Cup: 2010, 2012 References External links Norbert Mészáros profile at magyarfutball.hu Norbert Mészáros player info at the official DVSC website (in Hungarian)	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Norbert" ] }
James Joseph Lippard (born 1965) is an American skeptic and activist freethinker.Lippard works for Global Crossing as its head of information security.He founded the Phoenix Skeptics in 1985 and was its executive director until 1988, and edited The Arizona Skeptic from 1991–1993. He is the former president (2003–2005) of the Internet Infidels and former webmaster for the Skeptics Society (1994 to 1997). Lippard is the author of The Fabulous Prophecies of the Messiah on the Secular Web, and a contributor to Ed Babinski's Leaving the Fold: Testimonies of Former Fundamentalists, to Joe Nickell's Psychic Sleuths: ESP and Sensational Cases, Gordon Stein's Encyclopedia of the Paranormal, and to Skeptic magazine and Reports of the National Center for Science Education. Popular culture Lippard was portrayed by actor James Lloyd Reynolds in a 2018 episode of the American TV series Homeland titled "Useful Idiot." References External links Official website List of published works of Jim Lippard Personal homepage The Lippard Blog	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 990 ], "text": [ "Jim" ] }
The Baltimore Community Foundation (BCF) is a community foundation created by and for the people of Baltimore to serve the current and future needs of the Baltimore region. The foundation distributed $30.7 million in 2020 to more than 1,500 nonprofit organizations in the Baltimore region and beyond. It comprises more than 850 different charitable funds created by individuals, families, and corporations, totaling more than $240 million in assets. In addition to managing donor-advised funds, BCF makes grants and impact investments, and advocates for policies to improve public education and quality of life in Baltimore neighborhoods. Its role as an advocate was highlighted in FSG Social Impact Advisors’ 2009 report, Raising Money While Raising Hell. History In 1972, leaders of Baltimore's five major banks joined to establish the Community Foundation of the Greater Baltimore Area. Inspired by the success of the nation's first community foundation in Cleveland, Ohio, and a rapidly growing network of community foundations nationwide. Co-founder Robert Levi of Mercantile-Safe Deposit and Trust, the fledgling organization's first chairman, felt strongly that Baltimore needed “a philanthropic organization that was a gathering of all people—no color line, no religious affiliation, no special cause.” Governance BCF is governed by a 30-member board of trustees, selected to represent diverse community interests. Its staff includes professionals in community investment, donor services, development, finance and administration, and communications. Initiatives A number of key initiatives of the Baltimore Community Foundation are: Donor Services, providing customized charitable giving guidance for individual, family, corporate and public entities. Grantmaking focused on strengthening schools and neighborhoods. Impact Investing in projects that provide a financial return and social and economic benefits. Advocacy for equity in public education including the Blueprint for Maryland's Future. BCF CEO Dr. Shanaysha Sauls was appointed to chair the Blueprint Accountability and Implementation Board nominating committee that will oversee the law's roll-out. Special Initiatives Central Maryland Transportation Alliance is a coalition of Greater Baltimore's business, environmental and community leaders dedicated to improving travel efficiency in Central Maryland. == References ==	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 241 ], "text": [ "nonprofit organization" ] }
The Baltimore Community Foundation (BCF) is a community foundation created by and for the people of Baltimore to serve the current and future needs of the Baltimore region. The foundation distributed $30.7 million in 2020 to more than 1,500 nonprofit organizations in the Baltimore region and beyond. It comprises more than 850 different charitable funds created by individuals, families, and corporations, totaling more than $240 million in assets. In addition to managing donor-advised funds, BCF makes grants and impact investments, and advocates for policies to improve public education and quality of life in Baltimore neighborhoods. Its role as an advocate was highlighted in FSG Social Impact Advisors’ 2009 report, Raising Money While Raising Hell. History In 1972, leaders of Baltimore's five major banks joined to establish the Community Foundation of the Greater Baltimore Area. Inspired by the success of the nation's first community foundation in Cleveland, Ohio, and a rapidly growing network of community foundations nationwide. Co-founder Robert Levi of Mercantile-Safe Deposit and Trust, the fledgling organization's first chairman, felt strongly that Baltimore needed “a philanthropic organization that was a gathering of all people—no color line, no religious affiliation, no special cause.” Governance BCF is governed by a 30-member board of trustees, selected to represent diverse community interests. Its staff includes professionals in community investment, donor services, development, finance and administration, and communications. Initiatives A number of key initiatives of the Baltimore Community Foundation are: Donor Services, providing customized charitable giving guidance for individual, family, corporate and public entities. Grantmaking focused on strengthening schools and neighborhoods. Impact Investing in projects that provide a financial return and social and economic benefits. Advocacy for equity in public education including the Blueprint for Maryland's Future. BCF CEO Dr. Shanaysha Sauls was appointed to chair the Blueprint Accountability and Implementation Board nominating committee that will oversee the law's roll-out. Special Initiatives Central Maryland Transportation Alliance is a coalition of Greater Baltimore's business, environmental and community leaders dedicated to improving travel efficiency in Central Maryland. == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Baltimore" ] }
The Baltimore Community Foundation (BCF) is a community foundation created by and for the people of Baltimore to serve the current and future needs of the Baltimore region. The foundation distributed $30.7 million in 2020 to more than 1,500 nonprofit organizations in the Baltimore region and beyond. It comprises more than 850 different charitable funds created by individuals, families, and corporations, totaling more than $240 million in assets. In addition to managing donor-advised funds, BCF makes grants and impact investments, and advocates for policies to improve public education and quality of life in Baltimore neighborhoods. Its role as an advocate was highlighted in FSG Social Impact Advisors’ 2009 report, Raising Money While Raising Hell. History In 1972, leaders of Baltimore's five major banks joined to establish the Community Foundation of the Greater Baltimore Area. Inspired by the success of the nation's first community foundation in Cleveland, Ohio, and a rapidly growing network of community foundations nationwide. Co-founder Robert Levi of Mercantile-Safe Deposit and Trust, the fledgling organization's first chairman, felt strongly that Baltimore needed “a philanthropic organization that was a gathering of all people—no color line, no religious affiliation, no special cause.” Governance BCF is governed by a 30-member board of trustees, selected to represent diverse community interests. Its staff includes professionals in community investment, donor services, development, finance and administration, and communications. Initiatives A number of key initiatives of the Baltimore Community Foundation are: Donor Services, providing customized charitable giving guidance for individual, family, corporate and public entities. Grantmaking focused on strengthening schools and neighborhoods. Impact Investing in projects that provide a financial return and social and economic benefits. Advocacy for equity in public education including the Blueprint for Maryland's Future. BCF CEO Dr. Shanaysha Sauls was appointed to chair the Blueprint Accountability and Implementation Board nominating committee that will oversee the law's roll-out. Special Initiatives Central Maryland Transportation Alliance is a coalition of Greater Baltimore's business, environmental and community leaders dedicated to improving travel efficiency in Central Maryland. == References ==	headquarters location	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Baltimore" ] }
Sorkhabad (Persian: سرخ اباد, also Romanized as Sorkhābād; also known as Surkhābād and Surkhanabad) is a village in Chavarzaq Rural District, Chavarzaq District, Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 262, in 61 families. == References ==	country	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "Iran" ] }
Sorkhabad (Persian: سرخ اباد, also Romanized as Sorkhābād; also known as Surkhābād and Surkhanabad) is a village in Chavarzaq Rural District, Chavarzaq District, Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 262, in 61 families. == References ==	located in the administrative territorial entity	{ "answer_start": [ 116 ], "text": [ "Chavarzaq Rural District" ] }
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops. Description and life cycle This beetle is 5 to 6 millimeters long. It has a red head and black thorax. The elytra are yellow, marked with three transverse bands in shades of green or blue-green and a narrower longitudinal green line down the center. The pattern of banding is variable and nearly absent in some individuals. The color of the elytra is influenced by the types of plants the beetle eats. The larva is also variable and has three instars. The new larva is white and about 2.3 millimeters long. It may turn yellow as it consumes plant material. The later-instar larva may reach nearly 9 millimeters.The adult mates at about six days of age. The female begins producing eggs about 16 days later. She lays a cluster of eggs every few days for two to eight weeks, producing up to 15 clusters, for a maximum of 850 eggs. A cluster has up to 100 oval yellow eggs each about half a millimeter long. The female oviposits the cluster in a crack in the soil, and the eggs hatch in 5 to 9 days. The larva develops for 11 to 17 days, pupation takes 4 to 6 days, and the adult has an average life span of 26 days. There is no diapause. In the best conditions there can be six or seven generations per year.In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the beetle is most commonly observed in May through July. This may be a time of high dispersal. Abundance is apparently increased by late spring and summer rainfall, and flight activity increases with wind speed. Distribution The beetle likely originated in the tropical Americas and has moved into more temperate climates. By the early 1900s it was limited to Arizona and Texas in the United States. During the 1920s it spread up the coast of California at a rate of about 25 miles per year. It has since spread as far as North Carolina and Florida. It probably will not progress farther in the continental United States because it does not tolerate freezing temperatures. Host plants The larva eats the roots and tubers of plants. The adult feeds on most plant parts, such as leaves, seedling cotyledons, fruits, and flower parts, including corn silk.A polyphagous species, this beetle has a variety of host plants from several different families. Among its primary hosts are cucurbits such as cucumber, cantaloupe, squash, gourd, and pumpkin, beans such as common bean and lima bean, sweet potato, soybean, and winged bean. Secondary hosts include tomato, potato, cassava, rice, sorghum, wheat, maize, and crucifers such as cabbages.Other known wild and cultivated host plants include amaranth, peanut, crownbeard, watermelon, silverleaf nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. Impacts The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable.Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate the entry of pathogens that can be lethal to the plant. This beetle is a vector for the pathogens that cause many forms of plant disease, including cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea severe mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, bean mild mosaic virus, quail pea mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, muskmelon necrotic spot virus, and bacterial wilt.Insecticides are used to control this species, mainly to target the larvae in the roots. The mermithid nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra has been studied as a possible agent of biological pest control. Another entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, will also attack this species.Some plants are more resistant to the beetle than others. It was noted that in romaine lettuce crops, the cultivar 'Valmaine' is resistant to attack, while 'Tall Guzmaine' is not. Later studies suggest that the latex produced by 'Valmaine' is repellent to the beetle. Ecology Natural enemies of the beetle include ants, which prey on its eggs, particularly in the tropics. A Heterorhabditis nematode isolated from the larva of this beetle has been demonstrated to be a parasite that causes rapid mortality. It is also a host to the tachinid fly parasitoid Celatoria compressa. Names Other common names for the insect include belted cucumber beetle in English, tortuguilla de franjas verdes del pepino, mayatito con bandas verdes, catarinita doradilla, and gusano alfilerillo in Spanish, and chrysomélide rayée du conconbre in French. References Media related to Diabrotica balteata at Wikimedia Commons	taxon rank	{ "answer_start": [ 25 ], "text": [ "species" ] }
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops. Description and life cycle This beetle is 5 to 6 millimeters long. It has a red head and black thorax. The elytra are yellow, marked with three transverse bands in shades of green or blue-green and a narrower longitudinal green line down the center. The pattern of banding is variable and nearly absent in some individuals. The color of the elytra is influenced by the types of plants the beetle eats. The larva is also variable and has three instars. The new larva is white and about 2.3 millimeters long. It may turn yellow as it consumes plant material. The later-instar larva may reach nearly 9 millimeters.The adult mates at about six days of age. The female begins producing eggs about 16 days later. She lays a cluster of eggs every few days for two to eight weeks, producing up to 15 clusters, for a maximum of 850 eggs. A cluster has up to 100 oval yellow eggs each about half a millimeter long. The female oviposits the cluster in a crack in the soil, and the eggs hatch in 5 to 9 days. The larva develops for 11 to 17 days, pupation takes 4 to 6 days, and the adult has an average life span of 26 days. There is no diapause. In the best conditions there can be six or seven generations per year.In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the beetle is most commonly observed in May through July. This may be a time of high dispersal. Abundance is apparently increased by late spring and summer rainfall, and flight activity increases with wind speed. Distribution The beetle likely originated in the tropical Americas and has moved into more temperate climates. By the early 1900s it was limited to Arizona and Texas in the United States. During the 1920s it spread up the coast of California at a rate of about 25 miles per year. It has since spread as far as North Carolina and Florida. It probably will not progress farther in the continental United States because it does not tolerate freezing temperatures. Host plants The larva eats the roots and tubers of plants. The adult feeds on most plant parts, such as leaves, seedling cotyledons, fruits, and flower parts, including corn silk.A polyphagous species, this beetle has a variety of host plants from several different families. Among its primary hosts are cucurbits such as cucumber, cantaloupe, squash, gourd, and pumpkin, beans such as common bean and lima bean, sweet potato, soybean, and winged bean. Secondary hosts include tomato, potato, cassava, rice, sorghum, wheat, maize, and crucifers such as cabbages.Other known wild and cultivated host plants include amaranth, peanut, crownbeard, watermelon, silverleaf nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. Impacts The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable.Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate the entry of pathogens that can be lethal to the plant. This beetle is a vector for the pathogens that cause many forms of plant disease, including cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea severe mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, bean mild mosaic virus, quail pea mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, muskmelon necrotic spot virus, and bacterial wilt.Insecticides are used to control this species, mainly to target the larvae in the roots. The mermithid nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra has been studied as a possible agent of biological pest control. Another entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, will also attack this species.Some plants are more resistant to the beetle than others. It was noted that in romaine lettuce crops, the cultivar 'Valmaine' is resistant to attack, while 'Tall Guzmaine' is not. Later studies suggest that the latex produced by 'Valmaine' is repellent to the beetle. Ecology Natural enemies of the beetle include ants, which prey on its eggs, particularly in the tropics. A Heterorhabditis nematode isolated from the larva of this beetle has been demonstrated to be a parasite that causes rapid mortality. It is also a host to the tachinid fly parasitoid Celatoria compressa. Names Other common names for the insect include belted cucumber beetle in English, tortuguilla de franjas verdes del pepino, mayatito con bandas verdes, catarinita doradilla, and gusano alfilerillo in Spanish, and chrysomélide rayée du conconbre in French. References Media related to Diabrotica balteata at Wikimedia Commons	parent taxon	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Diabrotica" ] }
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops. Description and life cycle This beetle is 5 to 6 millimeters long. It has a red head and black thorax. The elytra are yellow, marked with three transverse bands in shades of green or blue-green and a narrower longitudinal green line down the center. The pattern of banding is variable and nearly absent in some individuals. The color of the elytra is influenced by the types of plants the beetle eats. The larva is also variable and has three instars. The new larva is white and about 2.3 millimeters long. It may turn yellow as it consumes plant material. The later-instar larva may reach nearly 9 millimeters.The adult mates at about six days of age. The female begins producing eggs about 16 days later. She lays a cluster of eggs every few days for two to eight weeks, producing up to 15 clusters, for a maximum of 850 eggs. A cluster has up to 100 oval yellow eggs each about half a millimeter long. The female oviposits the cluster in a crack in the soil, and the eggs hatch in 5 to 9 days. The larva develops for 11 to 17 days, pupation takes 4 to 6 days, and the adult has an average life span of 26 days. There is no diapause. In the best conditions there can be six or seven generations per year.In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the beetle is most commonly observed in May through July. This may be a time of high dispersal. Abundance is apparently increased by late spring and summer rainfall, and flight activity increases with wind speed. Distribution The beetle likely originated in the tropical Americas and has moved into more temperate climates. By the early 1900s it was limited to Arizona and Texas in the United States. During the 1920s it spread up the coast of California at a rate of about 25 miles per year. It has since spread as far as North Carolina and Florida. It probably will not progress farther in the continental United States because it does not tolerate freezing temperatures. Host plants The larva eats the roots and tubers of plants. The adult feeds on most plant parts, such as leaves, seedling cotyledons, fruits, and flower parts, including corn silk.A polyphagous species, this beetle has a variety of host plants from several different families. Among its primary hosts are cucurbits such as cucumber, cantaloupe, squash, gourd, and pumpkin, beans such as common bean and lima bean, sweet potato, soybean, and winged bean. Secondary hosts include tomato, potato, cassava, rice, sorghum, wheat, maize, and crucifers such as cabbages.Other known wild and cultivated host plants include amaranth, peanut, crownbeard, watermelon, silverleaf nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. Impacts The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable.Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate the entry of pathogens that can be lethal to the plant. This beetle is a vector for the pathogens that cause many forms of plant disease, including cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea severe mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, bean mild mosaic virus, quail pea mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, muskmelon necrotic spot virus, and bacterial wilt.Insecticides are used to control this species, mainly to target the larvae in the roots. The mermithid nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra has been studied as a possible agent of biological pest control. Another entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, will also attack this species.Some plants are more resistant to the beetle than others. It was noted that in romaine lettuce crops, the cultivar 'Valmaine' is resistant to attack, while 'Tall Guzmaine' is not. Later studies suggest that the latex produced by 'Valmaine' is repellent to the beetle. Ecology Natural enemies of the beetle include ants, which prey on its eggs, particularly in the tropics. A Heterorhabditis nematode isolated from the larva of this beetle has been demonstrated to be a parasite that causes rapid mortality. It is also a host to the tachinid fly parasitoid Celatoria compressa. Names Other common names for the insect include belted cucumber beetle in English, tortuguilla de franjas verdes del pepino, mayatito con bandas verdes, catarinita doradilla, and gusano alfilerillo in Spanish, and chrysomélide rayée du conconbre in French. References Media related to Diabrotica balteata at Wikimedia Commons	taxon name	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Diabrotica balteata" ] }
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops. Description and life cycle This beetle is 5 to 6 millimeters long. It has a red head and black thorax. The elytra are yellow, marked with three transverse bands in shades of green or blue-green and a narrower longitudinal green line down the center. The pattern of banding is variable and nearly absent in some individuals. The color of the elytra is influenced by the types of plants the beetle eats. The larva is also variable and has three instars. The new larva is white and about 2.3 millimeters long. It may turn yellow as it consumes plant material. The later-instar larva may reach nearly 9 millimeters.The adult mates at about six days of age. The female begins producing eggs about 16 days later. She lays a cluster of eggs every few days for two to eight weeks, producing up to 15 clusters, for a maximum of 850 eggs. A cluster has up to 100 oval yellow eggs each about half a millimeter long. The female oviposits the cluster in a crack in the soil, and the eggs hatch in 5 to 9 days. The larva develops for 11 to 17 days, pupation takes 4 to 6 days, and the adult has an average life span of 26 days. There is no diapause. In the best conditions there can be six or seven generations per year.In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the beetle is most commonly observed in May through July. This may be a time of high dispersal. Abundance is apparently increased by late spring and summer rainfall, and flight activity increases with wind speed. Distribution The beetle likely originated in the tropical Americas and has moved into more temperate climates. By the early 1900s it was limited to Arizona and Texas in the United States. During the 1920s it spread up the coast of California at a rate of about 25 miles per year. It has since spread as far as North Carolina and Florida. It probably will not progress farther in the continental United States because it does not tolerate freezing temperatures. Host plants The larva eats the roots and tubers of plants. The adult feeds on most plant parts, such as leaves, seedling cotyledons, fruits, and flower parts, including corn silk.A polyphagous species, this beetle has a variety of host plants from several different families. Among its primary hosts are cucurbits such as cucumber, cantaloupe, squash, gourd, and pumpkin, beans such as common bean and lima bean, sweet potato, soybean, and winged bean. Secondary hosts include tomato, potato, cassava, rice, sorghum, wheat, maize, and crucifers such as cabbages.Other known wild and cultivated host plants include amaranth, peanut, crownbeard, watermelon, silverleaf nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. Impacts The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable.Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate the entry of pathogens that can be lethal to the plant. This beetle is a vector for the pathogens that cause many forms of plant disease, including cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea severe mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, bean mild mosaic virus, quail pea mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, muskmelon necrotic spot virus, and bacterial wilt.Insecticides are used to control this species, mainly to target the larvae in the roots. The mermithid nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra has been studied as a possible agent of biological pest control. Another entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, will also attack this species.Some plants are more resistant to the beetle than others. It was noted that in romaine lettuce crops, the cultivar 'Valmaine' is resistant to attack, while 'Tall Guzmaine' is not. Later studies suggest that the latex produced by 'Valmaine' is repellent to the beetle. Ecology Natural enemies of the beetle include ants, which prey on its eggs, particularly in the tropics. A Heterorhabditis nematode isolated from the larva of this beetle has been demonstrated to be a parasite that causes rapid mortality. It is also a host to the tachinid fly parasitoid Celatoria compressa. Names Other common names for the insect include belted cucumber beetle in English, tortuguilla de franjas verdes del pepino, mayatito con bandas verdes, catarinita doradilla, and gusano alfilerillo in Spanish, and chrysomélide rayée du conconbre in French. References Media related to Diabrotica balteata at Wikimedia Commons	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Diabrotica balteata" ] }
Diabrotica balteata is a species of cucumber beetle in the family Chrysomelidae known commonly as the banded cucumber beetle. It occurs in the Americas, where its distribution extends from the United States to Colombia and Venezuela in South America. It is also present in Cuba. It is a pest of a variety of agricultural crops. Description and life cycle This beetle is 5 to 6 millimeters long. It has a red head and black thorax. The elytra are yellow, marked with three transverse bands in shades of green or blue-green and a narrower longitudinal green line down the center. The pattern of banding is variable and nearly absent in some individuals. The color of the elytra is influenced by the types of plants the beetle eats. The larva is also variable and has three instars. The new larva is white and about 2.3 millimeters long. It may turn yellow as it consumes plant material. The later-instar larva may reach nearly 9 millimeters.The adult mates at about six days of age. The female begins producing eggs about 16 days later. She lays a cluster of eggs every few days for two to eight weeks, producing up to 15 clusters, for a maximum of 850 eggs. A cluster has up to 100 oval yellow eggs each about half a millimeter long. The female oviposits the cluster in a crack in the soil, and the eggs hatch in 5 to 9 days. The larva develops for 11 to 17 days, pupation takes 4 to 6 days, and the adult has an average life span of 26 days. There is no diapause. In the best conditions there can be six or seven generations per year.In Tamaulipas, Mexico, the beetle is most commonly observed in May through July. This may be a time of high dispersal. Abundance is apparently increased by late spring and summer rainfall, and flight activity increases with wind speed. Distribution The beetle likely originated in the tropical Americas and has moved into more temperate climates. By the early 1900s it was limited to Arizona and Texas in the United States. During the 1920s it spread up the coast of California at a rate of about 25 miles per year. It has since spread as far as North Carolina and Florida. It probably will not progress farther in the continental United States because it does not tolerate freezing temperatures. Host plants The larva eats the roots and tubers of plants. The adult feeds on most plant parts, such as leaves, seedling cotyledons, fruits, and flower parts, including corn silk.A polyphagous species, this beetle has a variety of host plants from several different families. Among its primary hosts are cucurbits such as cucumber, cantaloupe, squash, gourd, and pumpkin, beans such as common bean and lima bean, sweet potato, soybean, and winged bean. Secondary hosts include tomato, potato, cassava, rice, sorghum, wheat, maize, and crucifers such as cabbages.Other known wild and cultivated host plants include amaranth, peanut, crownbeard, watermelon, silverleaf nightshade, bell pepper, mulberry, pea, beet, okra, onion, and lettuce. Impacts The beetle causes the most serious damage to plants when the adult defoliates them and the larva attacks the roots, especially in seedlings. The larva is very damaging to the root tuber of the sweet potato. It riddles the tuber with holes which expand as the root grows, turning into craters. Such root damage reduces plant growth and fruit production, and it makes the crop less marketable.Another consequence of beetle damage to plants is viral and bacterial infection. Even if the actual damage is minor, the injury can facilitate the entry of pathogens that can be lethal to the plant. This beetle is a vector for the pathogens that cause many forms of plant disease, including cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea severe mosaic virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, bean mild mosaic virus, quail pea mosaic virus, squash mosaic virus, muskmelon necrotic spot virus, and bacterial wilt.Insecticides are used to control this species, mainly to target the larvae in the roots. The mermithid nematode Filipjevimermis leipsandra has been studied as a possible agent of biological pest control. Another entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, will also attack this species.Some plants are more resistant to the beetle than others. It was noted that in romaine lettuce crops, the cultivar 'Valmaine' is resistant to attack, while 'Tall Guzmaine' is not. Later studies suggest that the latex produced by 'Valmaine' is repellent to the beetle. Ecology Natural enemies of the beetle include ants, which prey on its eggs, particularly in the tropics. A Heterorhabditis nematode isolated from the larva of this beetle has been demonstrated to be a parasite that causes rapid mortality. It is also a host to the tachinid fly parasitoid Celatoria compressa. Names Other common names for the insect include belted cucumber beetle in English, tortuguilla de franjas verdes del pepino, mayatito con bandas verdes, catarinita doradilla, and gusano alfilerillo in Spanish, and chrysomélide rayée du conconbre in French. References Media related to Diabrotica balteata at Wikimedia Commons	main food source	{ "answer_start": [ 2711 ], "text": [ "tomato" ] }
Henry Paul "Bob" Gude, Jr. (February 25, 1918 – October 6, 1998) was an American football player. He was a prominent center for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. Gude was frequently compared to former Commodore greats Carl Hinkle and Pete Gracey. "He was Vanderbilt's main defensive cog." Gude was twice All-SEC. Gude was named to the Fox-Movietone All-America team in 1941. He was drafted in the 14th round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. While serving in World War II, Gude was a sergeant who played army football under Wallace Wade. See also 1941 College Football All-America Team == References ==	educated at	{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "Vanderbilt University" ] }
Henry Paul "Bob" Gude, Jr. (February 25, 1918 – October 6, 1998) was an American football player. He was a prominent center for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. Gude was frequently compared to former Commodore greats Carl Hinkle and Pete Gracey. "He was Vanderbilt's main defensive cog." Gude was twice All-SEC. Gude was named to the Fox-Movietone All-America team in 1941. He was drafted in the 14th round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. While serving in World War II, Gude was a sergeant who played army football under Wallace Wade. See also 1941 College Football All-America Team == References ==	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "American football player" ] }
Henry Paul "Bob" Gude, Jr. (February 25, 1918 – October 6, 1998) was an American football player. He was a prominent center for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. Gude was frequently compared to former Commodore greats Carl Hinkle and Pete Gracey. "He was Vanderbilt's main defensive cog." Gude was twice All-SEC. Gude was named to the Fox-Movietone All-America team in 1941. He was drafted in the 14th round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. While serving in World War II, Gude was a sergeant who played army football under Wallace Wade. See also 1941 College Football All-America Team == References ==	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 117 ], "text": [ "center" ] }
Henry Paul "Bob" Gude, Jr. (February 25, 1918 – October 6, 1998) was an American football player. He was a prominent center for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. Gude was frequently compared to former Commodore greats Carl Hinkle and Pete Gracey. "He was Vanderbilt's main defensive cog." Gude was twice All-SEC. Gude was named to the Fox-Movietone All-America team in 1941. He was drafted in the 14th round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. While serving in World War II, Gude was a sergeant who played army football under Wallace Wade. See also 1941 College Football All-America Team == References ==	sport	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "American football" ] }
Henry Paul "Bob" Gude, Jr. (February 25, 1918 – October 6, 1998) was an American football player. He was a prominent center for the Vanderbilt Commodores of Vanderbilt University. Gude was frequently compared to former Commodore greats Carl Hinkle and Pete Gracey. "He was Vanderbilt's main defensive cog." Gude was twice All-SEC. Gude was named to the Fox-Movietone All-America team in 1941. He was drafted in the 14th round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears. While serving in World War II, Gude was a sergeant who played army football under Wallace Wade. See also 1941 College Football All-America Team == References ==	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Bob" ] }
Edward Albert Sandford (22 October 1910 – 13 May 1995) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. During his professional career from 1930 to 1943 he represented West Bromwich Albion, Sheffield United, Morris Commercial and the England national football team. Career Sandford was born in Handsworth, Birmingham. As a youth he played football for Tantany Athletic, Overend Wesley, Birmingham Carriage Works F.C. and Smethwick Highfield. In October 1929, while still an amateur, he joined West Bromwich Albion, the club that his uncle Abe Jones had represented between 1896 and 1901. Sandford turned professional in May 1930 and scored on his senior debut in November of the same year when Albion beat Preston North End 3–2 in a Division Two match. During his first season, he was part of the Albion side that won promotion to the First Division and that also beat Birmingham 2–1 in the 1931 FA Cup Final. In November 1932 he won his only England cap, in a 0–0 draw with Wales at Wrexham. Sandford scored for West Bromwhich Albion in the 1935 FA Cup Final. He joined Sheffield United for £1500 in 1939, before finishing his career with Morris Commercial F.C., retiring in May 1943. He died in Great Barr, Birmingham, in May 1995. References External links Englandstats.com profile	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 305 ], "text": [ "Handsworth" ] }
Edward Albert Sandford (22 October 1910 – 13 May 1995) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. During his professional career from 1930 to 1943 he represented West Bromwich Albion, Sheffield United, Morris Commercial and the England national football team. Career Sandford was born in Handsworth, Birmingham. As a youth he played football for Tantany Athletic, Overend Wesley, Birmingham Carriage Works F.C. and Smethwick Highfield. In October 1929, while still an amateur, he joined West Bromwich Albion, the club that his uncle Abe Jones had represented between 1896 and 1901. Sandford turned professional in May 1930 and scored on his senior debut in November of the same year when Albion beat Preston North End 3–2 in a Division Two match. During his first season, he was part of the Albion side that won promotion to the First Division and that also beat Birmingham 2–1 in the 1931 FA Cup Final. In November 1932 he won his only England cap, in a 0–0 draw with Wales at Wrexham. Sandford scored for West Bromwhich Albion in the 1935 FA Cup Final. He joined Sheffield United for £1500 in 1939, before finishing his career with Morris Commercial F.C., retiring in May 1943. He died in Great Barr, Birmingham, in May 1995. References External links Englandstats.com profile	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 1208 ], "text": [ "Great Barr" ] }
Edward Albert Sandford (22 October 1910 – 13 May 1995) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. During his professional career from 1930 to 1943 he represented West Bromwich Albion, Sheffield United, Morris Commercial and the England national football team. Career Sandford was born in Handsworth, Birmingham. As a youth he played football for Tantany Athletic, Overend Wesley, Birmingham Carriage Works F.C. and Smethwick Highfield. In October 1929, while still an amateur, he joined West Bromwich Albion, the club that his uncle Abe Jones had represented between 1896 and 1901. Sandford turned professional in May 1930 and scored on his senior debut in November of the same year when Albion beat Preston North End 3–2 in a Division Two match. During his first season, he was part of the Albion side that won promotion to the First Division and that also beat Birmingham 2–1 in the 1931 FA Cup Final. In November 1932 he won his only England cap, in a 0–0 draw with Wales at Wrexham. Sandford scored for West Bromwhich Albion in the 1935 FA Cup Final. He joined Sheffield United for £1500 in 1939, before finishing his career with Morris Commercial F.C., retiring in May 1943. He died in Great Barr, Birmingham, in May 1995. References External links Englandstats.com profile	position played on team / speciality	{ "answer_start": [ 98 ], "text": [ "inside forward" ] }
Edward Albert Sandford (22 October 1910 – 13 May 1995) was an English footballer who played as an inside forward. During his professional career from 1930 to 1943 he represented West Bromwich Albion, Sheffield United, Morris Commercial and the England national football team. Career Sandford was born in Handsworth, Birmingham. As a youth he played football for Tantany Athletic, Overend Wesley, Birmingham Carriage Works F.C. and Smethwick Highfield. In October 1929, while still an amateur, he joined West Bromwich Albion, the club that his uncle Abe Jones had represented between 1896 and 1901. Sandford turned professional in May 1930 and scored on his senior debut in November of the same year when Albion beat Preston North End 3–2 in a Division Two match. During his first season, he was part of the Albion side that won promotion to the First Division and that also beat Birmingham 2–1 in the 1931 FA Cup Final. In November 1932 he won his only England cap, in a 0–0 draw with Wales at Wrexham. Sandford scored for West Bromwhich Albion in the 1935 FA Cup Final. He joined Sheffield United for £1500 in 1939, before finishing his career with Morris Commercial F.C., retiring in May 1943. He died in Great Barr, Birmingham, in May 1995. References External links Englandstats.com profile	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 62 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
The Sealed Secret (Persian: سر به مهر, romanized: Sar Be Mohr) is a 2013 film by the Iranian director Hadi Moghadamdoost. Moghadamdoost also co-wrote the script with Hamid Nematollah and Rouzbeh Raiga. The film starred Khatereh Asadi, Leila Hatami and Arash Majidi. References External links The Sealed Secret at IMDb	instance of	{ "answer_start": [ 73 ], "text": [ "film" ] }
The Sealed Secret (Persian: سر به مهر, romanized: Sar Be Mohr) is a 2013 film by the Iranian director Hadi Moghadamdoost. Moghadamdoost also co-wrote the script with Hamid Nematollah and Rouzbeh Raiga. The film starred Khatereh Asadi, Leila Hatami and Arash Majidi. References External links The Sealed Secret at IMDb	director	{ "answer_start": [ 102 ], "text": [ "Hadi Moghadamdoost" ] }
The Sealed Secret (Persian: سر به مهر, romanized: Sar Be Mohr) is a 2013 film by the Iranian director Hadi Moghadamdoost. Moghadamdoost also co-wrote the script with Hamid Nematollah and Rouzbeh Raiga. The film starred Khatereh Asadi, Leila Hatami and Arash Majidi. References External links The Sealed Secret at IMDb	cast member	{ "answer_start": [ 235 ], "text": [ "Leila Hatami" ] }
The Sealed Secret (Persian: سر به مهر, romanized: Sar Be Mohr) is a 2013 film by the Iranian director Hadi Moghadamdoost. Moghadamdoost also co-wrote the script with Hamid Nematollah and Rouzbeh Raiga. The film starred Khatereh Asadi, Leila Hatami and Arash Majidi. References External links The Sealed Secret at IMDb	original language of film or TV show	{ "answer_start": [ 19 ], "text": [ "Persian" ] }
The Sealed Secret (Persian: سر به مهر, romanized: Sar Be Mohr) is a 2013 film by the Iranian director Hadi Moghadamdoost. Moghadamdoost also co-wrote the script with Hamid Nematollah and Rouzbeh Raiga. The film starred Khatereh Asadi, Leila Hatami and Arash Majidi. References External links The Sealed Secret at IMDb	country of origin	{ "answer_start": [ 85 ], "text": [ "Iran" ] }
The 1901 County Championship was the 12th officially organised running of the County Championship, and ran from 6 May to 4 September 1901. Yorkshire County Cricket Club won their fifth championship title, their second title in successive seasons. Middlesex finished in a distant second place. Table One point was awarded for a win, and one point was taken away for each loss. Final placings were decided by dividing the number of points earned by the number of completed matches (i.e. those that ended in a win or a loss), and multiplying by 100. Records References == External links ==	winner	{ "answer_start": [ 139 ], "text": [ "Yorkshire County Cricket Club" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	place of birth	{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Saint-Domingue" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	place of death	{ "answer_start": [ 66 ], "text": [ "Paris" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	native language	{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	occupation	{ "answer_start": [ 90 ], "text": [ "composer" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	genre	{ "answer_start": [ 801 ], "text": [ "opera" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	Commons category	{ "answer_start": [ 291 ], "text": [ "Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	family name	{ "answer_start": [ 16 ], "text": [ "de Chabanon" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	given name	{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Guy" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	instrument	{ "answer_start": [ 79 ], "text": [ "violin" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	languages spoken, written or signed	{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Michel-Paul Guy de Chabanon (1730, Saint-Domingue – 10 June 1792, Paris) was a violinist, composer, music theorist, and connoisseur of French literature. He was elected to the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1760) and the Académie française (1779). Biography As fiction writer Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon wrote poetry, elegies (notably that of Rameau), plays (including the tragedy of Éponine) and translations (adjudged by the 19th century Dictionnaire Bouillet as having "little fidelity [to the original text], but not lacking in elegance and facility"). As musician and music theorist Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon was also a successful musician, playing the violin in the Concert des Amateurs under the direction of Joseph Bologne, chevalier de Saint-Georges.He was the author of an opera, Sémélé, tragédie lyrique, and of several works on music theory, of which the most valued are his commentaries on music in the work of Aristotle . His double identity as a writer and a musician gave him a unique viewpoint on the links between music and language and in developing a philosophy of music of which his work was the expression. He also contributed to defining opera as a musical genre. Works Translations Pindare (1771) Théocrite (1775) Horace (1773). Works on music esthetics 1779 : Observations sur la musique, et principalement sur la métaphysique de l'art (Paris, 1779; translated by Weber in German as Ueber die Musik und deren Wirkungen, aus dem franz. übersetzt mit Anmerkungen, Leipzig, 1781) 1785 : Sur l'introduction des accords dans la musique des anciens, Mémoire 1785 : De la musique considérée en elle-même et dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poésie, et le théâtre (Paris, )1785). Libretti Sabinus (1773) References Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis, eds. (1878). Dictionnaire Bouillet (in French). {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) == External links ==	writing language	{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "French" ] }
Zaytsev or Zaitsev (Russian: За́йцев) is a common Russian last name. It stems from the word заяц (zayats, meaning "hare") and is related to the Slovak/Polish surname Zajac and to the Bulgarian/Macedonian surname Zaychev or Zaytchev (Зайчев). Zaytseva or Zaitseva (За́йцева) are the feminine versions of this surname. List of persons with the surname A Alexander Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people B Boris Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people I Igor Zaitsev (born 1938), Russian chess grandmaster Ihor Zaytsev (basketball) (born 1989), Ukrainian basketball player Ihor Zaytsev (footballer) (1934–2016), Ukrainian Soviet footballer Ivan Zaytsev (volleyball) (born 1988), Italian volleyball player, son of Vyacheslav Zaytsev L Lyudmila Zaytseva (born 1946), Russian actress M Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (1923–2009), Soviet general and commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1980–1985 N Nikita Igorevich Zaitsev (born 1991), Russian ice hockey player Nikolai Zaitsev (born 1989), Russian footballer O Olga Alekseyevna Zaitseva (born 1978), Russian biathlete S Sergei Zaytsev (born 1969), Russian footballer Serhiy Zaytsev (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer and football manager Slava Zaitsev (1938–2023), Russian fashion designer V Vasily Aleksandrovich Zaitsev (1910–1961), Soviet ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915–1991), Soviet sniper during World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Zaytsev (born 1952), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist Y Yevgeni Nikolayevich Zaytsev (born 1971), Russian footballer Yevgeni Zaytsev (footballer, born 1968), Russian footballer Yury Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1951–2022), Russian weightlifter and USSR Olympic gold medallist Yury Mikhailovich Zaitsev (born 1936), Russian physicist Z Zamira Zaytseva (born 1953), middle-distance runner from USSR and Uzbekistan See also PlacesZaytsev, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia Zaytsev, Republic of Adygea, a former village (khutor) in the Republic of Adygea that existed until 2005	different from	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Zaytsev" ] }
Zaytsev or Zaitsev (Russian: За́йцев) is a common Russian last name. It stems from the word заяц (zayats, meaning "hare") and is related to the Slovak/Polish surname Zajac and to the Bulgarian/Macedonian surname Zaychev or Zaytchev (Зайчев). Zaytseva or Zaitseva (За́йцева) are the feminine versions of this surname. List of persons with the surname A Alexander Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people B Boris Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people I Igor Zaitsev (born 1938), Russian chess grandmaster Ihor Zaytsev (basketball) (born 1989), Ukrainian basketball player Ihor Zaytsev (footballer) (1934–2016), Ukrainian Soviet footballer Ivan Zaytsev (volleyball) (born 1988), Italian volleyball player, son of Vyacheslav Zaytsev L Lyudmila Zaytseva (born 1946), Russian actress M Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (1923–2009), Soviet general and commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1980–1985 N Nikita Igorevich Zaitsev (born 1991), Russian ice hockey player Nikolai Zaitsev (born 1989), Russian footballer O Olga Alekseyevna Zaitseva (born 1978), Russian biathlete S Sergei Zaytsev (born 1969), Russian footballer Serhiy Zaytsev (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer and football manager Slava Zaitsev (1938–2023), Russian fashion designer V Vasily Aleksandrovich Zaitsev (1910–1961), Soviet ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915–1991), Soviet sniper during World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Zaytsev (born 1952), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist Y Yevgeni Nikolayevich Zaytsev (born 1971), Russian footballer Yevgeni Zaytsev (footballer, born 1968), Russian footballer Yury Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1951–2022), Russian weightlifter and USSR Olympic gold medallist Yury Mikhailovich Zaitsev (born 1936), Russian physicist Z Zamira Zaytseva (born 1953), middle-distance runner from USSR and Uzbekistan See also PlacesZaytsev, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia Zaytsev, Republic of Adygea, a former village (khutor) in the Republic of Adygea that existed until 2005	language of work or name	{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "Russian" ] }
Zaytsev or Zaitsev (Russian: За́йцев) is a common Russian last name. It stems from the word заяц (zayats, meaning "hare") and is related to the Slovak/Polish surname Zajac and to the Bulgarian/Macedonian surname Zaychev or Zaytchev (Зайчев). Zaytseva or Zaitseva (За́йцева) are the feminine versions of this surname. List of persons with the surname A Alexander Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people B Boris Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people I Igor Zaitsev (born 1938), Russian chess grandmaster Ihor Zaytsev (basketball) (born 1989), Ukrainian basketball player Ihor Zaytsev (footballer) (1934–2016), Ukrainian Soviet footballer Ivan Zaytsev (volleyball) (born 1988), Italian volleyball player, son of Vyacheslav Zaytsev L Lyudmila Zaytseva (born 1946), Russian actress M Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (1923–2009), Soviet general and commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1980–1985 N Nikita Igorevich Zaitsev (born 1991), Russian ice hockey player Nikolai Zaitsev (born 1989), Russian footballer O Olga Alekseyevna Zaitseva (born 1978), Russian biathlete S Sergei Zaytsev (born 1969), Russian footballer Serhiy Zaytsev (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer and football manager Slava Zaitsev (1938–2023), Russian fashion designer V Vasily Aleksandrovich Zaitsev (1910–1961), Soviet ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915–1991), Soviet sniper during World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Zaytsev (born 1952), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist Y Yevgeni Nikolayevich Zaytsev (born 1971), Russian footballer Yevgeni Zaytsev (footballer, born 1968), Russian footballer Yury Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1951–2022), Russian weightlifter and USSR Olympic gold medallist Yury Mikhailovich Zaitsev (born 1936), Russian physicist Z Zamira Zaytseva (born 1953), middle-distance runner from USSR and Uzbekistan See also PlacesZaytsev, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia Zaytsev, Republic of Adygea, a former village (khutor) in the Republic of Adygea that existed until 2005	transliteration	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Zaytsev" ] }
Zaytsev or Zaitsev (Russian: За́йцев) is a common Russian last name. It stems from the word заяц (zayats, meaning "hare") and is related to the Slovak/Polish surname Zajac and to the Bulgarian/Macedonian surname Zaychev or Zaytchev (Зайчев). Zaytseva or Zaitseva (За́йцева) are the feminine versions of this surname. List of persons with the surname A Alexander Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people B Boris Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people I Igor Zaitsev (born 1938), Russian chess grandmaster Ihor Zaytsev (basketball) (born 1989), Ukrainian basketball player Ihor Zaytsev (footballer) (1934–2016), Ukrainian Soviet footballer Ivan Zaytsev (volleyball) (born 1988), Italian volleyball player, son of Vyacheslav Zaytsev L Lyudmila Zaytseva (born 1946), Russian actress M Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (1923–2009), Soviet general and commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1980–1985 N Nikita Igorevich Zaitsev (born 1991), Russian ice hockey player Nikolai Zaitsev (born 1989), Russian footballer O Olga Alekseyevna Zaitseva (born 1978), Russian biathlete S Sergei Zaytsev (born 1969), Russian footballer Serhiy Zaytsev (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer and football manager Slava Zaitsev (1938–2023), Russian fashion designer V Vasily Aleksandrovich Zaitsev (1910–1961), Soviet ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915–1991), Soviet sniper during World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Zaytsev (born 1952), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist Y Yevgeni Nikolayevich Zaytsev (born 1971), Russian footballer Yevgeni Zaytsev (footballer, born 1968), Russian footballer Yury Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1951–2022), Russian weightlifter and USSR Olympic gold medallist Yury Mikhailovich Zaitsev (born 1936), Russian physicist Z Zamira Zaytseva (born 1953), middle-distance runner from USSR and Uzbekistan See also PlacesZaytsev, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia Zaytsev, Republic of Adygea, a former village (khutor) in the Republic of Adygea that existed until 2005	country	{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "Russia" ] }
Zaytsev or Zaitsev (Russian: За́йцев) is a common Russian last name. It stems from the word заяц (zayats, meaning "hare") and is related to the Slovak/Polish surname Zajac and to the Bulgarian/Macedonian surname Zaychev or Zaytchev (Зайчев). Zaytseva or Zaitseva (За́йцева) are the feminine versions of this surname. List of persons with the surname A Alexander Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people B Boris Zaytsev (disambiguation), several people I Igor Zaitsev (born 1938), Russian chess grandmaster Ihor Zaytsev (basketball) (born 1989), Ukrainian basketball player Ihor Zaytsev (footballer) (1934–2016), Ukrainian Soviet footballer Ivan Zaytsev (volleyball) (born 1988), Italian volleyball player, son of Vyacheslav Zaytsev L Lyudmila Zaytseva (born 1946), Russian actress M Mikhail Mitrofanovich Zaytsev (1923–2009), Soviet general and commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in 1980–1985 N Nikita Igorevich Zaitsev (born 1991), Russian ice hockey player Nikolai Zaitsev (born 1989), Russian footballer O Olga Alekseyevna Zaitseva (born 1978), Russian biathlete S Sergei Zaytsev (born 1969), Russian footballer Serhiy Zaytsev (born 1974), Ukrainian footballer and football manager Slava Zaitsev (1938–2023), Russian fashion designer V Vasily Aleksandrovich Zaitsev (1910–1961), Soviet ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (1915–1991), Soviet sniper during World War II and Hero of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Zaytsev (born 1952), Soviet volleyball player and Olympic gold medallist Y Yevgeni Nikolayevich Zaytsev (born 1971), Russian footballer Yevgeni Zaytsev (footballer, born 1968), Russian footballer Yury Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1951–2022), Russian weightlifter and USSR Olympic gold medallist Yury Mikhailovich Zaitsev (born 1936), Russian physicist Z Zamira Zaytseva (born 1953), middle-distance runner from USSR and Uzbekistan See also PlacesZaytsev, Bryansk Oblast, a settlement in Bryansk Oblast, Russia Zaytsev, Republic of Adygea, a former village (khutor) in the Republic of Adygea that existed until 2005	native label	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Zaytsev" ] }

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