texts stringlengths 40 104k | questions stringlengths 3 63 | answers dict |
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David Shoenberg, MBE FRS, (4 January 1911 – 10 March 2004) was a British physicist who worked in condensed matter physics. Shoenberg is known for having developed experimental and theoretical principles to study the De Haas–Van Alphen effect to characterize the electrical conduction of metals.
Biography
David Shoenberg was the fourth of five children of Isaac (later Sir Isaac) Shoenberg, engineer and pioneer of radio and television, and Esther (née Aisenstein). He was born in St. Petersburg, but came to England with the family when he was three. He attended Latymer Upper School, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and went up in October 1929. He had intended to study mathematics, but after one year he switched to physics, gaining a First in Part II in 1932. This ensured that he could continue as a research student, working on low-temperature physics in the newly-built Mond Laboratory, and supervised by Peter Kapitza, FRS.In August 1934 Kapitza went to a conference in Moscow, and to visit his parents, but was not permitted to leave. He left Shoenberg more or less on his own. When the half-built helium liquefier was finished, Shoenberg chose the two topics which lasted him to the end of his active life, superconductivity and the De Haas-Van Alphen effect (dHvA).Back in Moscow a new Laboratory had been built for Kapitza, to which Shoenberg was invited in 1937. He spent a year there, continuing work on, and making considerable advances in the understanding of dHvA.During the World War II Shoenberg worked on mine-detection and delayed-action fuses (for which he was appointed MBE in 1944).For most of his career Schoenberg made the dHvA effect into a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of conduction electrons in metals. A tribute to Shoenberg’s work and contributions was published by V M Pudalov of the Lebedev Physical Institute in 2011.
Family
In Cambridge, in March 1940, David Shoenberg married Catherine (Kate) Félicité Fischmann, who was some five years older. Her ancestry was Russian but she was born a Belgian, and had taken British nationality before her marriage. She was a physiology graduate of University College London and worked in Cambridge on tissue culture, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and elsewhere. The Shoenbergs had two daughters, Ann and Jane, and a son Peter.
Kate died in Cambridge in 2003, age 97. David died in Addenbrooke's Hospital on 10 March 2004, following a stroke, and was cremated in Cambridge on the 18th .
Appointments and awards
1944 MBE
1944-1952 University Lecturer in Physics, Cambridge University
1947-1973 Head of the Royal Society Mond Laboratory
1947-1973 Corporate Official Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1952-1973 Reader in Physics
1953 FRS
1964 Awarded Fritz London Memorial Prize
1973-1978 Professor of Physics (Emeritus)
1973-1978 Head of the Low Temperature Physics Group, Cavendish Laboratory
1973-2004 Life Fellow
1982 International Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1995 Awarded Hughes Medal
== References == | award received | {
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"Hughes Medal"
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David Shoenberg, MBE FRS, (4 January 1911 – 10 March 2004) was a British physicist who worked in condensed matter physics. Shoenberg is known for having developed experimental and theoretical principles to study the De Haas–Van Alphen effect to characterize the electrical conduction of metals.
Biography
David Shoenberg was the fourth of five children of Isaac (later Sir Isaac) Shoenberg, engineer and pioneer of radio and television, and Esther (née Aisenstein). He was born in St. Petersburg, but came to England with the family when he was three. He attended Latymer Upper School, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and went up in October 1929. He had intended to study mathematics, but after one year he switched to physics, gaining a First in Part II in 1932. This ensured that he could continue as a research student, working on low-temperature physics in the newly-built Mond Laboratory, and supervised by Peter Kapitza, FRS.In August 1934 Kapitza went to a conference in Moscow, and to visit his parents, but was not permitted to leave. He left Shoenberg more or less on his own. When the half-built helium liquefier was finished, Shoenberg chose the two topics which lasted him to the end of his active life, superconductivity and the De Haas-Van Alphen effect (dHvA).Back in Moscow a new Laboratory had been built for Kapitza, to which Shoenberg was invited in 1937. He spent a year there, continuing work on, and making considerable advances in the understanding of dHvA.During the World War II Shoenberg worked on mine-detection and delayed-action fuses (for which he was appointed MBE in 1944).For most of his career Schoenberg made the dHvA effect into a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of conduction electrons in metals. A tribute to Shoenberg’s work and contributions was published by V M Pudalov of the Lebedev Physical Institute in 2011.
Family
In Cambridge, in March 1940, David Shoenberg married Catherine (Kate) Félicité Fischmann, who was some five years older. Her ancestry was Russian but she was born a Belgian, and had taken British nationality before her marriage. She was a physiology graduate of University College London and worked in Cambridge on tissue culture, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and elsewhere. The Shoenbergs had two daughters, Ann and Jane, and a son Peter.
Kate died in Cambridge in 2003, age 97. David died in Addenbrooke's Hospital on 10 March 2004, following a stroke, and was cremated in Cambridge on the 18th .
Appointments and awards
1944 MBE
1944-1952 University Lecturer in Physics, Cambridge University
1947-1973 Head of the Royal Society Mond Laboratory
1947-1973 Corporate Official Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1952-1973 Reader in Physics
1953 FRS
1964 Awarded Fritz London Memorial Prize
1973-1978 Professor of Physics (Emeritus)
1973-1978 Head of the Low Temperature Physics Group, Cavendish Laboratory
1973-2004 Life Fellow
1982 International Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1995 Awarded Hughes Medal
== References == | member of | {
"answer_start": [
2637
],
"text": [
"Royal Society"
]
} |
David Shoenberg, MBE FRS, (4 January 1911 – 10 March 2004) was a British physicist who worked in condensed matter physics. Shoenberg is known for having developed experimental and theoretical principles to study the De Haas–Van Alphen effect to characterize the electrical conduction of metals.
Biography
David Shoenberg was the fourth of five children of Isaac (later Sir Isaac) Shoenberg, engineer and pioneer of radio and television, and Esther (née Aisenstein). He was born in St. Petersburg, but came to England with the family when he was three. He attended Latymer Upper School, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and went up in October 1929. He had intended to study mathematics, but after one year he switched to physics, gaining a First in Part II in 1932. This ensured that he could continue as a research student, working on low-temperature physics in the newly-built Mond Laboratory, and supervised by Peter Kapitza, FRS.In August 1934 Kapitza went to a conference in Moscow, and to visit his parents, but was not permitted to leave. He left Shoenberg more or less on his own. When the half-built helium liquefier was finished, Shoenberg chose the two topics which lasted him to the end of his active life, superconductivity and the De Haas-Van Alphen effect (dHvA).Back in Moscow a new Laboratory had been built for Kapitza, to which Shoenberg was invited in 1937. He spent a year there, continuing work on, and making considerable advances in the understanding of dHvA.During the World War II Shoenberg worked on mine-detection and delayed-action fuses (for which he was appointed MBE in 1944).For most of his career Schoenberg made the dHvA effect into a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of conduction electrons in metals. A tribute to Shoenberg’s work and contributions was published by V M Pudalov of the Lebedev Physical Institute in 2011.
Family
In Cambridge, in March 1940, David Shoenberg married Catherine (Kate) Félicité Fischmann, who was some five years older. Her ancestry was Russian but she was born a Belgian, and had taken British nationality before her marriage. She was a physiology graduate of University College London and worked in Cambridge on tissue culture, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and elsewhere. The Shoenbergs had two daughters, Ann and Jane, and a son Peter.
Kate died in Cambridge in 2003, age 97. David died in Addenbrooke's Hospital on 10 March 2004, following a stroke, and was cremated in Cambridge on the 18th .
Appointments and awards
1944 MBE
1944-1952 University Lecturer in Physics, Cambridge University
1947-1973 Head of the Royal Society Mond Laboratory
1947-1973 Corporate Official Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1952-1973 Reader in Physics
1953 FRS
1964 Awarded Fritz London Memorial Prize
1973-1978 Professor of Physics (Emeritus)
1973-1978 Head of the Low Temperature Physics Group, Cavendish Laboratory
1973-2004 Life Fellow
1982 International Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1995 Awarded Hughes Medal
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"David"
]
} |
David Shoenberg, MBE FRS, (4 January 1911 – 10 March 2004) was a British physicist who worked in condensed matter physics. Shoenberg is known for having developed experimental and theoretical principles to study the De Haas–Van Alphen effect to characterize the electrical conduction of metals.
Biography
David Shoenberg was the fourth of five children of Isaac (later Sir Isaac) Shoenberg, engineer and pioneer of radio and television, and Esther (née Aisenstein). He was born in St. Petersburg, but came to England with the family when he was three. He attended Latymer Upper School, from where he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and went up in October 1929. He had intended to study mathematics, but after one year he switched to physics, gaining a First in Part II in 1932. This ensured that he could continue as a research student, working on low-temperature physics in the newly-built Mond Laboratory, and supervised by Peter Kapitza, FRS.In August 1934 Kapitza went to a conference in Moscow, and to visit his parents, but was not permitted to leave. He left Shoenberg more or less on his own. When the half-built helium liquefier was finished, Shoenberg chose the two topics which lasted him to the end of his active life, superconductivity and the De Haas-Van Alphen effect (dHvA).Back in Moscow a new Laboratory had been built for Kapitza, to which Shoenberg was invited in 1937. He spent a year there, continuing work on, and making considerable advances in the understanding of dHvA.During the World War II Shoenberg worked on mine-detection and delayed-action fuses (for which he was appointed MBE in 1944).For most of his career Schoenberg made the dHvA effect into a powerful tool for understanding the behaviour of conduction electrons in metals. A tribute to Shoenberg’s work and contributions was published by V M Pudalov of the Lebedev Physical Institute in 2011.
Family
In Cambridge, in March 1940, David Shoenberg married Catherine (Kate) Félicité Fischmann, who was some five years older. Her ancestry was Russian but she was born a Belgian, and had taken British nationality before her marriage. She was a physiology graduate of University College London and worked in Cambridge on tissue culture, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory and elsewhere. The Shoenbergs had two daughters, Ann and Jane, and a son Peter.
Kate died in Cambridge in 2003, age 97. David died in Addenbrooke's Hospital on 10 March 2004, following a stroke, and was cremated in Cambridge on the 18th .
Appointments and awards
1944 MBE
1944-1952 University Lecturer in Physics, Cambridge University
1947-1973 Head of the Royal Society Mond Laboratory
1947-1973 Corporate Official Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1952-1973 Reader in Physics
1953 FRS
1964 Awarded Fritz London Memorial Prize
1973-1978 Professor of Physics (Emeritus)
1973-1978 Head of the Low Temperature Physics Group, Cavendish Laboratory
1973-2004 Life Fellow
1982 International Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1995 Awarded Hughes Medal
== References == | name in native language | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"David Shoenberg"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
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Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | director | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"V. B. Rajendra Prasad"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | composer | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"K. V. Mahadevan"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | cast member | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"Akkineni Nageswara Rao"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | producer | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"V. B. Rajendra Prasad"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | performer | {
"answer_start": [
191
],
"text": [
"K. V. Mahadevan"
]
} |
Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | original language of film or TV show | {
"answer_start": [
32
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"text": [
"Telugu"
]
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Dasara Bullodu is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film, produced and directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Vanisri and Chandrakala, with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. It is the first film of Rajendra Prasad as a director. The film was a blockbuster at the box office and remained an all time superhit in Telugu film history. It is considered to be one of the biggest hits of ANR. It ran for 100 days at 25 theatres and went on to record a 200-day run at 4 centres. It was the first non-mythological film in Telugu to run for over 200 days. It had the unique distinction of celebrating 200 days run in all the three regions of the undivided Andhra Pradesh, first film to do so. It was remade in Hindi as Raaste Pyar Ke (1982) under the same banner and director.
Plot
The film begins in a village where Gopi, a breezy and jovial guy, nobilitating as Dasara Bullodu reared by his elder brother Vasu and sister-in-law Yashoda. President Bhushiah a rectitude, is their paternal uncle who has been separated from his elder brother on the provocation of his shrewish wife Bullemma. Bullaiah is a spiteful brother of Bullemma, fixes his daughter Nirmala’s alliance with Gopi to usurp his wealth and she also loves him a lot. But Gopi loves Radha, sister of Yashoda and close friend to Nirmala too. At present, Nirmala is diagnosed with cancer, simultaneously, she realizes the love affair of Gopi & Radha and decides to sacrifice her love. Now Bullaiah wants to immediately couple up Nirmala with Gopi in the hope that she may recover due to her deep affection for Gopi. At the same time, Bullaiah notices the closeness of Gopi & Radha, so he plots by splitting Gopi from Vasu and threatens Radha to keep him out of the way. Being cognizant of Nirmala’s condition, Radha promises to do so and convinces Gopi to marry Nirmala. Here Vasu engages Radha with Gopi’s close friend Bodi Babu. Meanwhile, Gopi and Nirmala’s wedding arrangements are also made. During the time of the wedding, Bodi Babu plans to unite Gopi and Radha, knowing it, Bullaiah subterfuges by setting fire to the venue when Gopi rescues all. At last, terminally ill Nirmala breathes her last happily, uniting Gopi & Radha.
Cast
Akkineni Nageswara Rao as Gopi
Vanisri as Radha
Chandrakala as Nirmala
S. V. Ranga Rao as Bhushaiah
Gummadi as Vasu
Nagabhushanam as Bullaiah
Padmanabham as Bodi Babu
Raavi Kondala Rao as priest
Anjali Devi as Yashoda
Suryakantham as Bullamma
Chhaya Devi as Aademma
Radha Kumari as Nirmala's mother
Jhansi as Kantamma
Baby Rani as Chitti
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The lyrics were written by Acharya Aatreya. Music released on SAREGAMA Audio Company.
References
External links
Dasara Bullodu at IMDb | country of origin | {
"answer_start": [
25
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"text": [
"India"
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Zamarte [zaˈmartɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.The village has a population of 100.
== References == | country | {
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153
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Zamarte [zaˈmartɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cekcyn, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.The village has a population of 100.
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
"answer_start": [
66
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"Gmina Cekcyn"
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Thorn Kief Hillsbery is an American novelist. He is the author of War Boy and What We Do Is Secret, which was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award. He was born in Portland, Oregon, and attended Evergreen State College. He currently lives in Manhattan, and teaches a creative writing workshop at Columbia University.
He is openly gay.
Bibliography
War Boy, Rob Weisbach Books, 2000. ISBN 0-688-17141-9
What We Do Is Secret, Villard, 2005. ISBN 0-8129-7309-7
Empire Made, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. (in press)
References
External links
the author's website | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"Evergreen State College"
]
} |
Thorn Kief Hillsbery is an American novelist. He is the author of War Boy and What We Do Is Secret, which was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award. He was born in Portland, Oregon, and attended Evergreen State College. He currently lives in Manhattan, and teaches a creative writing workshop at Columbia University.
He is openly gay.
Bibliography
War Boy, Rob Weisbach Books, 2000. ISBN 0-688-17141-9
What We Do Is Secret, Villard, 2005. ISBN 0-8129-7309-7
Empire Made, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. (in press)
References
External links
the author's website | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"novelist"
]
} |
Luna Thiel (born 26 November 1999) is a German athlete. She competed in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
External links
Luna Thiel at World Athletics | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Luna Thiel"
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Luna Thiel (born 26 November 1999) is a German athlete. She competed in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
External links
Luna Thiel at World Athletics | family name | {
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Thiel"
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Luna Thiel (born 26 November 1999) is a German athlete. She competed in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
External links
Luna Thiel at World Athletics | given name | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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Luna Thiel (born 26 November 1999) is a German athlete. She competed in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
External links
Luna Thiel at World Athletics | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
40
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Luna Thiel (born 26 November 1999) is a German athlete. She competed in the mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.
References
External links
Luna Thiel at World Athletics | married name | {
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0
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"text": [
"Luna Thiel"
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The Waianakarua River is a river in North Otago, New Zealand, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It is crossed by Highway 1 at Waianakarua, south of Herbert, by an old historic bridge.
The river has a catchment size of approximately 260 km2.The tiver has three main branches, simply known as the South, Middle, and North branches. All three branches flow from the slopes of the Horse Range. The South and Middle branches have their source in the hills between Morrisons and Dunback. The North branch rises in several small streams close to Morrisons, the longest of which is called Waddells Creek, which rises 10 km north of Morrisons close to the southern end of the Kakanui Range.
A notable archaeological site, a pre-European moa-hunter settlement, exists at Tai Rua, just north of the river's mouth.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
"Place name detail: Waianakarua River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009. | country | {
"answer_start": [
49
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"text": [
"New Zealand"
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} |
The Waianakarua River is a river in North Otago, New Zealand, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It is crossed by Highway 1 at Waianakarua, south of Herbert, by an old historic bridge.
The river has a catchment size of approximately 260 km2.The tiver has three main branches, simply known as the South, Middle, and North branches. All three branches flow from the slopes of the Horse Range. The South and Middle branches have their source in the hills between Morrisons and Dunback. The North branch rises in several small streams close to Morrisons, the longest of which is called Waddells Creek, which rises 10 km north of Morrisons close to the southern end of the Kakanui Range.
A notable archaeological site, a pre-European moa-hunter settlement, exists at Tai Rua, just north of the river's mouth.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
"Place name detail: Waianakarua River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009. | instance of | {
"answer_start": [
27
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"text": [
"river"
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} |
The Waianakarua River is a river in North Otago, New Zealand, flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It is crossed by Highway 1 at Waianakarua, south of Herbert, by an old historic bridge.
The river has a catchment size of approximately 260 km2.The tiver has three main branches, simply known as the South, Middle, and North branches. All three branches flow from the slopes of the Horse Range. The South and Middle branches have their source in the hills between Morrisons and Dunback. The North branch rises in several small streams close to Morrisons, the longest of which is called Waddells Creek, which rises 10 km north of Morrisons close to the southern end of the Kakanui Range.
A notable archaeological site, a pre-European moa-hunter settlement, exists at Tai Rua, just north of the river's mouth.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
"Place name detail: Waianakarua River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009. | mouth of the watercourse | {
"answer_start": [
79
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"text": [
"Pacific Ocean"
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Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | occupation | {
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Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | employer | {
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"University of Plymouth"
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Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | family name | {
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"text": [
"George"
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Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | given name | {
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"text": [
"Ken"
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Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
155
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"Cornish"
]
} |
Kenneth John George is a British oceanographer, poet, and linguist. He is noted as being the originator of Kernewek Kemmyn, an orthography for the revived Cornish language which he claims is more faithful to Middle Cornish phonology than its precursor, (Unified Cornish).
George has published over eighty items relating to Celtic linguistics, including several dictionaries of Cornish. His edition of the newly discovered Middle Cornish play Bewnans Ke was published by the Cornish Language Board in May 2006. George received a Commendation for this work in the 2007 Holyer an Gof awards. He has translated numerous hymns and songs into Cornish, and also the lyrics of The Magic Flute. He has composed a substantial amount of poetry in Cornish, including the full-length play Flogholeth Krist, in the style of the Ordinalia.
George lives in Cornwall. As well as English, he speaks Breton, French and Cornish. George was formerly Principal Lecturer in Ocean Science in the Institute of Marine Studies at the University of Plymouth.
George was made a Bard of Gorsedh Kernow in 1979, taking the Bardic name Profus an Mortyd ('Tide Predictor'). This reflected one of his research interests in oceanography, the other being numerical modelling. He has over fifty publications in the oceanographic field, including the textbook Tides for Marine Studies, which has sold over 1000 copies.
George is a Gorsedh Kernow representative committee member of the Kesva an Taves Kernewek (Cornish Language Board) which is a body promoting the Cornish language.George took early retirement in 2006, and has since been learning Japanese.
== References == | writing language | {
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Ian Forrester (born 1945) was a former judge in the General Court of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). He served from 7 October 2015 to 31 January 2020.
Education
Ian Forrester studied at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, between 1962 and 1967 and graduated with a Master of Arts in History and English Literature and a Bachelor of Laws. Later, in 1969, he graduated with a Master of Comparative Law from Tulane University, Louisiana, New Orleans.
Career
Prior to being appointed to the General Court, he practiced as a barrister in Scotland (with Maclay, Murray & Spens), and New York (with Davis Polk & Wardwell) until 1972, following which he appeared before the Court of Justice of the European Union in Brussels and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. He subsequently established Forrester & Norall, which merged with White & Case in 1997. In 2015, he established a pro bono programme at White & Case.
Selected casesIan Forrester appeared before the court in the following cases:
BBC et al. v Commission (Case T-70/89)
Tillack v Belgium (Case 20477/05)
== References == | occupation | {
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Sillas is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References == | country | {
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Sillas is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References == | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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Sillas is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References == | Commons category | {
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0
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Sillas is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References == | official name | {
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0
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Sillas is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gironde department
== References == | native label | {
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Peter J. Tobin (born 1944 in Bronx, New York) is an American businessman and philanthropist who is affiliated with the Republican Party. He has a wife Mary, a son Peter, and a daughter Kristin. He graduated with his Bachelor of Business Administration at St. John's University in 1965. Tobin was most recognized as the chief financial officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and CFO of Chemical Bank. He donated a generous amount to St. John's University, where the business school was renamed in his honor. He has led several companies through successful mergers and acquisitions and has had a very successful career.
Biography
Early life
Peter J. Tobin was born and raised in the Bronx borough of New York City by his two Irish immigrant parents. After graduating from St. Nicholas of Tolentine in the Bronx, his plan was to work during the day and attend school at night at Manhattan College. He was offered a full tuition scholarship from St. John's University through his local parish and decided to attend school there. He was unsure at the time about a field of study but a quick influence by one of his professors made him enroll as an accounting major in the College of Business Administration. Tobin graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. John's University in 1965. In 1966, Tobin married Mary Gamble of the Bronx, who he met at a dance in Yonkers and felt instantly in love.
Corporate life
After graduating from St. John's University in 1965, Tobin brought the school's Vincentian values to the corporate world. He began his career at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company, where he stayed until 1972 when he moved to Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank. There, he quickly moved up the corporate ladder, making it to senior Vice President by 1981, and named the CFO in 1985.In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank merged with Chemical Bank, and he remained the CFO. Five years later, Tobin played a pivotal role in the purchase of Chase Manhattan Bank. It was decided to drop the name Chemical Bank because Chase was better known around the world. At Chase, he remained the CFO for one year and then retired.
After his retirement in 1997, he became one of the most sought after banking professionals in the world. He became a dean at St. John's University, and continued his business role by serving on multiple corporate boards.
St. John’s University
In 1998 Tobin assumed the deanship at the College of Business at St. John's. During his time there he added 13 new programs, hired new faculty and renewed AACSB accreditation by the Internal Association for Management Education.
In 1999, Tobin and his wife Mary made a substantial donation of $10.25 million to St. John's University. The business school was then renamed to Peter J. Tobin College of Business for his generosity. This was the largest donation in the school's 129-year history. He was honored with the Spirit of Service Award and the honorary degree of Doctor of Commercial Science. He was also awarded the highest award that can be given to alumni, the Medal of Honor in 2000 by Donald J. Harrington, President of St. John's University.
Current
Tobin continues to be active in the business community, philanthropy. He has been a director at AllianceBernstein since 2000, AXA Financial since 1999, and CIT Group since 2002. In addition to being on these boards Tobin is a member of the New York City Independent Budget Office Advisory Board and on the board of the H.W. Wilson Company.
References
External links
The Tobin Story
St. John's University | Catholic, Vincentian, Metropolitan, Global
[1] | educated at | {
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Peter J. Tobin (born 1944 in Bronx, New York) is an American businessman and philanthropist who is affiliated with the Republican Party. He has a wife Mary, a son Peter, and a daughter Kristin. He graduated with his Bachelor of Business Administration at St. John's University in 1965. Tobin was most recognized as the chief financial officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and CFO of Chemical Bank. He donated a generous amount to St. John's University, where the business school was renamed in his honor. He has led several companies through successful mergers and acquisitions and has had a very successful career.
Biography
Early life
Peter J. Tobin was born and raised in the Bronx borough of New York City by his two Irish immigrant parents. After graduating from St. Nicholas of Tolentine in the Bronx, his plan was to work during the day and attend school at night at Manhattan College. He was offered a full tuition scholarship from St. John's University through his local parish and decided to attend school there. He was unsure at the time about a field of study but a quick influence by one of his professors made him enroll as an accounting major in the College of Business Administration. Tobin graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. John's University in 1965. In 1966, Tobin married Mary Gamble of the Bronx, who he met at a dance in Yonkers and felt instantly in love.
Corporate life
After graduating from St. John's University in 1965, Tobin brought the school's Vincentian values to the corporate world. He began his career at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company, where he stayed until 1972 when he moved to Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank. There, he quickly moved up the corporate ladder, making it to senior Vice President by 1981, and named the CFO in 1985.In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank merged with Chemical Bank, and he remained the CFO. Five years later, Tobin played a pivotal role in the purchase of Chase Manhattan Bank. It was decided to drop the name Chemical Bank because Chase was better known around the world. At Chase, he remained the CFO for one year and then retired.
After his retirement in 1997, he became one of the most sought after banking professionals in the world. He became a dean at St. John's University, and continued his business role by serving on multiple corporate boards.
St. John’s University
In 1998 Tobin assumed the deanship at the College of Business at St. John's. During his time there he added 13 new programs, hired new faculty and renewed AACSB accreditation by the Internal Association for Management Education.
In 1999, Tobin and his wife Mary made a substantial donation of $10.25 million to St. John's University. The business school was then renamed to Peter J. Tobin College of Business for his generosity. This was the largest donation in the school's 129-year history. He was honored with the Spirit of Service Award and the honorary degree of Doctor of Commercial Science. He was also awarded the highest award that can be given to alumni, the Medal of Honor in 2000 by Donald J. Harrington, President of St. John's University.
Current
Tobin continues to be active in the business community, philanthropy. He has been a director at AllianceBernstein since 2000, AXA Financial since 1999, and CIT Group since 2002. In addition to being on these boards Tobin is a member of the New York City Independent Budget Office Advisory Board and on the board of the H.W. Wilson Company.
References
External links
The Tobin Story
St. John's University | Catholic, Vincentian, Metropolitan, Global
[1] | family name | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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Peter J. Tobin (born 1944 in Bronx, New York) is an American businessman and philanthropist who is affiliated with the Republican Party. He has a wife Mary, a son Peter, and a daughter Kristin. He graduated with his Bachelor of Business Administration at St. John's University in 1965. Tobin was most recognized as the chief financial officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and CFO of Chemical Bank. He donated a generous amount to St. John's University, where the business school was renamed in his honor. He has led several companies through successful mergers and acquisitions and has had a very successful career.
Biography
Early life
Peter J. Tobin was born and raised in the Bronx borough of New York City by his two Irish immigrant parents. After graduating from St. Nicholas of Tolentine in the Bronx, his plan was to work during the day and attend school at night at Manhattan College. He was offered a full tuition scholarship from St. John's University through his local parish and decided to attend school there. He was unsure at the time about a field of study but a quick influence by one of his professors made him enroll as an accounting major in the College of Business Administration. Tobin graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. John's University in 1965. In 1966, Tobin married Mary Gamble of the Bronx, who he met at a dance in Yonkers and felt instantly in love.
Corporate life
After graduating from St. John's University in 1965, Tobin brought the school's Vincentian values to the corporate world. He began his career at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company, where he stayed until 1972 when he moved to Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank. There, he quickly moved up the corporate ladder, making it to senior Vice President by 1981, and named the CFO in 1985.In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank merged with Chemical Bank, and he remained the CFO. Five years later, Tobin played a pivotal role in the purchase of Chase Manhattan Bank. It was decided to drop the name Chemical Bank because Chase was better known around the world. At Chase, he remained the CFO for one year and then retired.
After his retirement in 1997, he became one of the most sought after banking professionals in the world. He became a dean at St. John's University, and continued his business role by serving on multiple corporate boards.
St. John’s University
In 1998 Tobin assumed the deanship at the College of Business at St. John's. During his time there he added 13 new programs, hired new faculty and renewed AACSB accreditation by the Internal Association for Management Education.
In 1999, Tobin and his wife Mary made a substantial donation of $10.25 million to St. John's University. The business school was then renamed to Peter J. Tobin College of Business for his generosity. This was the largest donation in the school's 129-year history. He was honored with the Spirit of Service Award and the honorary degree of Doctor of Commercial Science. He was also awarded the highest award that can be given to alumni, the Medal of Honor in 2000 by Donald J. Harrington, President of St. John's University.
Current
Tobin continues to be active in the business community, philanthropy. He has been a director at AllianceBernstein since 2000, AXA Financial since 1999, and CIT Group since 2002. In addition to being on these boards Tobin is a member of the New York City Independent Budget Office Advisory Board and on the board of the H.W. Wilson Company.
References
External links
The Tobin Story
St. John's University | Catholic, Vincentian, Metropolitan, Global
[1] | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Peter"
]
} |
Nuria Bages (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnuɾja ˈβaxes] born Nuria Bages Romo on December 23, 1950) is a Mexican actress better known for her work in television and the stage.
Active in Mexican television since the early 1980s, Bages became a household name after winning the role of Silvina in the long-running sitcom Dr. Cándido Pérez, opposite Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo. With the married Pinedo she had long and tumultuous sentimental relationship that ended after the show went off the air.
In 1993 she resumed her career in telenovelas playing María Inés in Los parientes probres and has remained active since.
Filmography
Films
Television
Awards and nominations
Premios TVyNovelas
References
External links
Nuria Bages at IMDb
Nuria Bages at the Mexican Telenovela Database | family name | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Bages"
]
} |
Nuria Bages (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnuɾja ˈβaxes] born Nuria Bages Romo on December 23, 1950) is a Mexican actress better known for her work in television and the stage.
Active in Mexican television since the early 1980s, Bages became a household name after winning the role of Silvina in the long-running sitcom Dr. Cándido Pérez, opposite Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo. With the married Pinedo she had long and tumultuous sentimental relationship that ended after the show went off the air.
In 1993 she resumed her career in telenovelas playing María Inés in Los parientes probres and has remained active since.
Filmography
Films
Television
Awards and nominations
Premios TVyNovelas
References
External links
Nuria Bages at IMDb
Nuria Bages at the Mexican Telenovela Database | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nuria"
]
} |
Nuria Bages (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnuɾja ˈβaxes] born Nuria Bages Romo on December 23, 1950) is a Mexican actress better known for her work in television and the stage.
Active in Mexican television since the early 1980s, Bages became a household name after winning the role of Silvina in the long-running sitcom Dr. Cándido Pérez, opposite Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo. With the married Pinedo she had long and tumultuous sentimental relationship that ended after the show went off the air.
In 1993 she resumed her career in telenovelas playing María Inés in Los parientes probres and has remained active since.
Filmography
Films
Television
Awards and nominations
Premios TVyNovelas
References
External links
Nuria Bages at IMDb
Nuria Bages at the Mexican Telenovela Database | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
731
],
"text": [
"Portadown"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | place of death | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"County Down"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | military branch | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"British Army"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | cause of death | {
"answer_start": [
9215
],
"text": [
"explosive device"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | family name | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Boyle"
]
} |
Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | given name | {
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Harris Boyle (1953 – 31 July 1975) was an Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier and a high-ranking member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary organisation. Boyle was implicated in the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, and took part in the attack at Buskhill, County Down when an armed UVF gang wearing British Army uniforms ambushed The Miami Showband at a bogus military checkpoint. The popular Irish cabaret band was driving home to Dublin after a performance in Banbridge. He was one of the two gunmen killed when the bomb they were loading onto the band's minibus exploded prematurely. He is sometimes referred to as Horace Boyle.
Ulster Volunteer Force and UDR link
Boyle was born in Portadown, County Armagh, and grew up in the working-class Killycomain estate. He was raised as a Protestant and attended Edenderry Primary School. On an unknown date, Boyle joined both the Portadown company of the UDR (as a part-time member) and the Portadown unit of the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade. He held the rank of major in the latter organisation, which at the time was commanded by Billy Hanna. Despite a vetting process, joint membership of the UDR and loyalist paramilitary organisations was common. Paramilitaries joined to obtain weapons, training and intelligence.Vetting procedures were carried out jointly by the military Intelligence Corps and the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Special Branch and if no intelligence was found to suggest unsuitability individuals were passed for recruitment and would remain as soldiers until the commanding officer was provided with intelligence enabling him to remove soldiers with paramilitary links or sympathies.The Hidden Hand: The Forgotten Massacre documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan bombings which was broadcast by Yorkshire Television in 1993 maintained that Boyle was second-in-command to Hanna. The brigade formed part of what later became known as the Glenanne gang. This was a violent loyalist group which operated out of a farm owned by RUC reservist James Mitchell, and comprised rogue elements of Northern Ireland's security forces as well as the UVF and to a lesser extent, the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). This loose alliance carried out sectarian attacks and killings of Catholics, often, although not always, those seen as upwardly mobile, during the 1970s.Boyle was charged with the possession of weapons and ammunition in suspicious circumstances on 9 September 1972 when he was 19 years old. He was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 17 May 1974. RUC Special Patrol Group officer John Weir named Billy Hanna, Robin Jackson and Davy Payne (UDA) as having planned and led one of the UVF teams that drove three bomb cars into Dublin's city centre during evening rush hour, killing 26 people. His allegations were published in 2003 in the Barron Report which was the findings of the official investigation into the bombings by Irish Supreme Court Justice Barron. According to submissions received by Mr. Justice Barron, the Monaghan bomb (which exploded 90 minutes after the Dublin bombs), was assembled at Boyle's home in Festival Road in the Killycomain estate.Hidden Hand reported that Boyle (along with Jackson and Hanna) was run as an agent by Captain Robert Nairac, the Military Intelligence Liaison officer attached to 14th Intelligence Company.: 136, 240 The programme named Boyle as one of the prime suspects in the Dublin car bombings.: 134 Former British soldier and psychological warfare operative Colin Wallace confirmed that Boyle had "close social links" to Captain Nairac.: 175–76 John Weir alleged that Boyle was part of the Glenanne gang who shot a PIRA volunteer (John Francis Green) dead near Castleblaney, County Monaghan on 10 January 1975.: 20
Miami Showband attack
Boyle was one of the Mid-Ulster Brigade UVF gang that carried out the attack against the popular Irish cabaret band, the Miami Showband on 31 July 1975. Author Martin Dillon suggested in his book God and the Gun: the Church and Irish Terrorism that Boyle was one of the leaders of the unit. At about 2.30 a.m., as the band was returning home to Dublin from a performance at the Castle Ballroom in Banbridge, their minibus (driven by trumpeter Brian McCoy) was stopped on the A-1 road at Buskhill, seven miles (11 km) north of Newry, at a bogus military checkpoint by UVF gunmen dressed in British Army uniforms. At least four of the other men, like Boyle, were serving members of the UDR. The band members were lined up with their hands on their heads facing a ditch and asked to give their names and addresses.Saxophonist Des McAlea, who survived the attack, later testified that Boyle had become angry at some of the other gunmen who had joked with the band members about the success of their performance that night. At this point, Boyle and Wesley Somerville went to the front of the minibus and placed a ten-pound time bomb under the driver's seat. This was meant to explode as the band drove through either Newry. or after they reached the Republic of Ireland, killing all five band members on board. According to The Dirty War by Martin Dillon, the plan behind the UVF bombing was to portray the band members as republicans smuggling explosives for the Provisional IRA. As the device tilted on its side, clumsy soldering on the clock which was used as a timer came apart and the bomb detonated prematurely. The bus was blown in half. The two loyalists, both at the centre of the explosion, took the full force of the blast and were killed instantly with their bodies hurled in opposite directions. Boyle's body landed in the road, fifty yards away from the front half of the destroyed vehicle. It was ripped in two and badly burned. Both men were decapitated and dismembered; one limbless torso was completely charred. Survivor Stephen Travers later saw a photograph of one of the dead men and described it: "He didn't have any head, just a black torso, no head, legs or arms." A severed arm with the tattoo "UVF Portadown" was later found a hundred yards from the scene. Boyle was 22 years old at the time of his death. He was unmarried and worked as a telephone wireman.The remaining UVF gunmen opened fire on the Miami Showband members who had been blown down into the field below the level of the road. Three of the band members were killed: trumpeter Brian McCoy, guitarist Tony Geraghty, and lead singer Fran O'Toole. Saxophone player Des McAlea and bassist Stephen Travers were both wounded, the latter having been shot with dum-dum bullets. Several days before the Showband attack, Mid-Ulster UVF leader Billy Hanna was shot dead, allegedly by Robin Jackson, who assumed command of the brigade. According to authors and journalists Martin Dillon, Paul Larkin and Joe Tiernan, Boyle had accompanied Jackson when the latter shot Hanna outside his home in Lurgan. Weir maintained that Jackson was an RUC Special Branch agent.: 136, 142 An international panel of inquiry (headed by Professor Douglass Cassel, formerly of Northwestern University School of Law), commissioned by the Pat Finucane Centre to investigate allegations of collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces, concluded there was credible evidence that Jackson was the principal perpetrator of the Miami Showband killings. Although questioned afterwards by the RUC, he never faced charges. Two serving UDR soldiers and one former UDR soldier: Lance-Corporal Thomas Crozier, Sergeant James McDowell, and John James Somerville (brother of Wesley) were given life sentences for the killings. At the time the Miami Showband attack occurred, the UVF was not an illegal organisation, the ban against them having been lifted in April 1974, by Merlyn Rees, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. The UVF would be proscribed by the British Government again in October 1975.
Aftermath
Within 12 hours of the attack, the UVF issued the following statement giving an account of the event:
A UVF patrol led by Major Boyle was suspicious of two vehicles, a minibus and a car parked near the border. Major Boyle ordered his patrol to apprehend the occupants for questioning. As they were being questioned, Major Boyle and Lieutenant Somerville began to search the minibus. As they began to enter the vehicle, a bomb was detonated and both men were killed outright. At the precise moment of the explosion, the patrol came under intense automatic fire from the occupants of the other vehicle. The patrol sergeant immediately ordered fire to be returned. Using self-loading rifles and sub-machine guns, the patrol returned fire killing three of their attackers and wounding another. The patrol later recovered two Armalite rifles and a pistol. The UVF maintains regular border patrols due to the continued activity of the Provisional IRA. The Mid-Ulster Battalion has been assisting South Down-South Armagh units since the IRA Forkhill boobytrap which killed four British soldiers. Three UVF members are being treated for gunshot wounds after last night but not in hospital.
It would appear that the UVF patrol surprised members of a terrorist organization transferring weapons the Miami Showband minibus and that an explosive device of some description was being carried by the Showband for an unlawful purpose. It is obvious, therefore, that the UVF patrol was justified in taking the action it did and that the killing of the three Showband members should be regarded as justifiable homicide. The Officers and Agents of the Ulster Central Intelligence Agency commend the UVF on their actions and tender their deepest sympathy to the relatives of the two Officers who died while attempting to remove the bomb from the minibus.
Boyle and Somerville were given UVF paramilitary funerals, complete with gun volleys. Eight women dressed in black walked in front of the cortege. The service was conducted by Free Presbyterian minister William McCrea, a Democratic Unionist (DUP) politician. The UVF journal Combat published sympathy letters from both the "A" Company of the 9th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment and the Protestant Action Force, a cover name used by the UVF.Two weeks after the Miami Showband attack, a popular Portadown disc jockey Norman "Mooch" Kerr (aged 28) was shot dead by an IRA gunman as he was packing up his equipment after a show he had put on at the Camrick Bar in Armagh. Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary organisation, he had been a friend of Boyle and the two were often seen together. Boyle had occasionally helped Kerr run his mobile disco. The IRA claimed it killed Kerr because he was an associate of Robert Nairac.According to Martin Dillon, Boyle and Wesley Somerville served as role models for Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader Billy Wright, and it was their violent deaths which motivated him to join the UVF in 1975. Wright took over the Mid-Ulster UVF Brigade from Robin Jackson in the early 1990s before going on to form the LVF. The RTÉ programme Today Tonight aired a 1987 documentary in which it was claimed that former UVF associates of Boyle revealed to the programme that Nairac detonated the bomb deliberately at Buskhill in order to eliminate Boyle, with whom he had carried out the Green assassination. Sunday Tribune journalist Emily O'Reilly noted that none of the three men convicted of the Miami Showband killings ever implicated Nairac in the attack or accused him of causing Boyle's death.There is a mural and memorial plaque dedicated to Boyle in Portadown's Killycomain housing estate, where he had grown up. About 100 people, 16 loyalist bands and a UVF military guard of honour were present at the mural's unveiling on 30 July 2005, following a parade through the estate. The plaque describes Boyle as having been "killed in action".
See also
Glenanne gang
Billy Hanna
Wesley Somerville
Other sources
Ryder, Chris (1991) The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?; ISBN 0-413-64800-1
== References == | allegiance | {
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Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | instance of | {
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Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | located in the administrative territorial entity | {
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"Southend-on-Sea"
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Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
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"Southend Victoria railway station"
]
} |
Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | number of platform tracks | {
"answer_start": [
324
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"text": [
"4"
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Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | UK railway station code | {
"answer_start": [
542
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"text": [
"SOV"
]
} |
Southend Victoria railway station is the eastern terminus of the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, a branch off the Great Eastern Main Line, and is one of the primary stations serving the resort city of Southend-on-Sea, Essex (the other is Southend Central on the London, Tilbury and Southend line). It is 41 miles 42 chains (66.83 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street; the preceding station on the line is Prittlewell. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is SSV; the station's three-letter station code is SOV. The station has four platforms each with an operational length for 12-coach trains.
History
The line from Wickford to Southend including this station was opened on 1 October 1889. There was a goods yard to the east of the station; it closed on 5 June 1967. The station area still has extensive carriage sidings: Down Carriage Sidings (North) 10 roads (known as The Klondyke sidings); Down Carriage Sidings (South) 3 roads plus a disused Royal Mail Terminal; Up Carriage Sidings (North) 3 roads (known as The Shute); Up Carriage Sidings (South) 2 roads.Electrification of the Shenfield to Southend Victoria line using 1.5 kV DC overhead line electrification (OLE) was completed on 31 December 1956. This was changed to 6.25 kV AC in November 1960 and to 25 kV AC on 25 January 1979.The station was named Southend for Westcliffe & Thorpe Bay from 1933 to 1949; from 1 May 1949 it was renamed Southend-on-Sea Victoria; and from 20 February 1969 it was finally changed to Southend Victoria.
Services
It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving it. The typical Monday to Saturday off-peak service is of three trains per hour to Liverpool Street (the services join the Great Eastern Main Line for London at the western terminus of Shenfield). On Sundays there are typically two trains per hour to Liverpool Street.
The city's other main station is Southend Central which provides services westbound to London Fenchurch Street and eastbound to Shoeburyness, operated by c2c.
References
External links
Train times and station information for Southend Victoria railway station from National Rail | historic county | {
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Vincent Phaladi Kobola (born 8 January 1985) is a South African soccer manager and former player who has been the manager of Baroka. As a player, Kobola played as a defender.
Playing career
He is a seasoned PSL player, having played local, top flight football for Moroka Swallows, Jomo Cosmos, University of Pretoria and Mpumalanga Black Aces.
Coaching career
Kobola decided to hang up his boots at the end of the 2017/18 season. On 25 August 2018, Kobola was appointed as the assistant manager of Eric Tinkler at Chippa United. In the beginning of December 2018, Tinkler was fired. A few days later, Kobola also left the club.On 30 January 2019, Eric Tinkler became the manager of Maritzburg United, and once again, he recruited Kobola as his assistant manager. He became assistant manager at Baroka, and four games before the end of the 2021–22 season he was promoted to manager. Baroka was relegated, but Kobola stayed on as manager. He was replaced in late 2022.
== References == | country of citizenship | {
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"text": [
"South Africa"
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Vincent Phaladi Kobola (born 8 January 1985) is a South African soccer manager and former player who has been the manager of Baroka. As a player, Kobola played as a defender.
Playing career
He is a seasoned PSL player, having played local, top flight football for Moroka Swallows, Jomo Cosmos, University of Pretoria and Mpumalanga Black Aces.
Coaching career
Kobola decided to hang up his boots at the end of the 2017/18 season. On 25 August 2018, Kobola was appointed as the assistant manager of Eric Tinkler at Chippa United. In the beginning of December 2018, Tinkler was fired. A few days later, Kobola also left the club.On 30 January 2019, Eric Tinkler became the manager of Maritzburg United, and once again, he recruited Kobola as his assistant manager. He became assistant manager at Baroka, and four games before the end of the 2021–22 season he was promoted to manager. Baroka was relegated, but Kobola stayed on as manager. He was replaced in late 2022.
== References == | position played on team / speciality | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"defender"
]
} |
Vincent Phaladi Kobola (born 8 January 1985) is a South African soccer manager and former player who has been the manager of Baroka. As a player, Kobola played as a defender.
Playing career
He is a seasoned PSL player, having played local, top flight football for Moroka Swallows, Jomo Cosmos, University of Pretoria and Mpumalanga Black Aces.
Coaching career
Kobola decided to hang up his boots at the end of the 2017/18 season. On 25 August 2018, Kobola was appointed as the assistant manager of Eric Tinkler at Chippa United. In the beginning of December 2018, Tinkler was fired. A few days later, Kobola also left the club.On 30 January 2019, Eric Tinkler became the manager of Maritzburg United, and once again, he recruited Kobola as his assistant manager. He became assistant manager at Baroka, and four games before the end of the 2021–22 season he was promoted to manager. Baroka was relegated, but Kobola stayed on as manager. He was replaced in late 2022.
== References == | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Vincent"
]
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The Audreys are an Australian blues and roots band which formed in Adelaide, in 2004 by founding mainstay, Taasha Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele. They have released four studio albums, Between Last Night and Us (February 2006), When the Flood Comes (April 2008), Sometimes the Stars (October 2010) and 'Til My Tears Roll Away (March 2014). Founding guitarist, Tristan Goodall, died on 2 July 2022, aged 48, of an unspecified illness.
Biography
2004–2005: Foundation and early years
A precursor to the Audreys started in Melbourne as a duo consisting of lead singer Taasha Coates and guitarist Tristan Goodall. Goodall had been a member of a band, the Milk, in Adelaide, from the early to mid-1990s. The pair had met in 1997 as university students in Adelaide. After finishing tertiary studies they moved to Melbourne where the duo played original pop songs and slowed-down cover versions of 1980s songs. An impromptu jam session with a bluegrass band at a winery in the Macedon Ranges, in mid-2003 inspired them to change direction from pop to folk and blues.The duo moved back to Adelaide, where they formed the Audreys in 2004 and first performed in June of that year. The original line-up had Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele, Cameron Goodall on guitar, bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Tristan Goodall on guitar and banjo and Michael Green (a.k.a. Mikey G) on violin, lap steel guitar and backing vocals. The group self-released a five-track extended play, You & Steve McQueen in 2005. It provided the singles, "Oh Honey" and "You & Steve McQueen". Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound, "a tuneful blend of alt-country and folk rock that had parallels with other roots rock acts" specifying fellow Australians, the Waifs, Claire Bowditch, Angus & Julia Stone and Mama Kin.
2006–2009: Between Last Night and Us & When the Flood Comes
The band's debut album Between Last Night and Us was released in February 2006, and featured the singles "Banjo & Violin", "Oh Honey" and "You and Steve McQueen". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, Between Last Night And Us won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, and its songs were used as the soundtrack for the 2007 ABC TV series, Rain Shadow.Their second album, When the Flood Comes, was released in April 2008, and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2008 it won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album. The album featured the single "Paradise City". Tracks "Small Things" and "Lay Me Down" have been included on movie and television program soundtracks both in Australia and the USA. "Small Things" was used as soundtrack music in the November 2010 episode of Neighbours, when Steph Scully was sentenced to 6 years in jail for the death of Ringo Brown. "Small Things" was also featured in an episode of the US series One Tree Hill (TV series).
The band have appeared at Australian festivals such as Bluesfest, WOMADelaide, Groovin' the Moo, Tamworth, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bass in the Grass, A Day on the Green, Woodford Folk Festival, Red Hill Harvest Festival, Port Fairy Folk Festival, The Great Escape, The East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, Southbound, Mossvale Music Festival, Great Southern Blues & Rockabilly Festival, The Falls Festival and the Adelaide leg of the Big Day Out in 2007. They have also toured overseas, including shows in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.
2010–2015: Sometimes the Stars & Til My Tears Roll Away
Following the departure of Cameron Goodall and Michael Green, Taasha Coates and Tristan Goodall continued as a duo and recorded their third album. The album included work from Tim Rogers, jazz pianist Paul Grabowsky, members of Tripod, and Michael Barker of the John Butler Trio. The duo once again worked under the guidance of producer, engineer and friend Shane O'Mara.In October 2010 The Audreys released their third album, titled Sometimes the Stars, which debuted at #28 on the ARIA charts. Following the release of the album, The Audreys toured throughout Australia in October, November and December 2010. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the group won their third ARIA award for Best Blues and Roots Album.
In March 2012, a 3CD box set called Collected was released, featuring the first three studio albums. The digital version included seven bonus tracks, including the song "Train Wreck Blues", which was released as a single.In March 2014, the group released their fourth album 'Til My Tears Roll Away, which peaked at number 32 on the ARIA Charts. The album was preceded by the lead single "My Darlin' Girl" in January 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, the band were again nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album.
2016–present: solo work
In 2016, Taasha Coates released her first solo record Taasha Coates and her Melancholy Sweethearts through ABC Music and produced by fellow Australian producer Shane Nicholson. The first single and video for the album was "This House Is Gonna Burn", a song about domestic violence. Overall the record has a harder edge than most of the material Taasha penned in the Audreys, though the artistic and thematic through lines are quite clear. Songs from the album are featured prominently in the ABC miniseries Pulse.Taasha lives in the Adelaide Hills with her two children. Tristan resided in Brisbane, and the Audreys still play often around Australia.On 16 September 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had "retired permanently from playing and touring" but that Coates had "created a new line-up to continue what we started" with his blessing, with more details to be announced subsequently.In July 2022, the Audreys announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had died on 2 July 2022, aged 48. He had been too ill to tour for the previous two years. Coates declared: "I have to say goodbye to my dearest friend, my musical soulmate, and my grief is almost unbearable."
Members
The band members are:
Taasha Coates – vocals, keyboards, melodica, harmonica, ukulele, guitarCurrent touring members:
Tom Kneebone – Acoustic and electric guitars, vocals
Flik Freeman – bass
Beej Barker – drumsPrevious members:
Tristan Goodall – Acoustic and electric guitars, banjo
Shane O'Mara – electric guitar
Rick Plant – bass
Ben Wiesner- drums
Michael Green – violin, vocals, lap steel
Toby Lang – drums, vocals
Lyndon Gray – double bass, vocals
Cameron Goodall – vocals, guitars, mandocello
David Ross MacDonald – drums
Grant Cummerford – bass
Brett Canning – bass, vocals
John (Bedge) Bedggood- keys, violin, vocals
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
EPs
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The Audreys have been nominated for four awards and have won three.
Fowler's Live Music Awards
The Fowler's Live Music Awards took place from 2012 to 2014 to "recognise success and achievement over the past 12 months [and] celebrate the great diversity of original live music" in South Australia. Since 2015 they're known as the South Australian Music Awards.
References
External links
The Audreys discography at Discogs
The Audreys at IMDb | genre | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"blues"
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} |
The Audreys are an Australian blues and roots band which formed in Adelaide, in 2004 by founding mainstay, Taasha Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele. They have released four studio albums, Between Last Night and Us (February 2006), When the Flood Comes (April 2008), Sometimes the Stars (October 2010) and 'Til My Tears Roll Away (March 2014). Founding guitarist, Tristan Goodall, died on 2 July 2022, aged 48, of an unspecified illness.
Biography
2004–2005: Foundation and early years
A precursor to the Audreys started in Melbourne as a duo consisting of lead singer Taasha Coates and guitarist Tristan Goodall. Goodall had been a member of a band, the Milk, in Adelaide, from the early to mid-1990s. The pair had met in 1997 as university students in Adelaide. After finishing tertiary studies they moved to Melbourne where the duo played original pop songs and slowed-down cover versions of 1980s songs. An impromptu jam session with a bluegrass band at a winery in the Macedon Ranges, in mid-2003 inspired them to change direction from pop to folk and blues.The duo moved back to Adelaide, where they formed the Audreys in 2004 and first performed in June of that year. The original line-up had Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele, Cameron Goodall on guitar, bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Tristan Goodall on guitar and banjo and Michael Green (a.k.a. Mikey G) on violin, lap steel guitar and backing vocals. The group self-released a five-track extended play, You & Steve McQueen in 2005. It provided the singles, "Oh Honey" and "You & Steve McQueen". Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound, "a tuneful blend of alt-country and folk rock that had parallels with other roots rock acts" specifying fellow Australians, the Waifs, Claire Bowditch, Angus & Julia Stone and Mama Kin.
2006–2009: Between Last Night and Us & When the Flood Comes
The band's debut album Between Last Night and Us was released in February 2006, and featured the singles "Banjo & Violin", "Oh Honey" and "You and Steve McQueen". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, Between Last Night And Us won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, and its songs were used as the soundtrack for the 2007 ABC TV series, Rain Shadow.Their second album, When the Flood Comes, was released in April 2008, and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2008 it won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album. The album featured the single "Paradise City". Tracks "Small Things" and "Lay Me Down" have been included on movie and television program soundtracks both in Australia and the USA. "Small Things" was used as soundtrack music in the November 2010 episode of Neighbours, when Steph Scully was sentenced to 6 years in jail for the death of Ringo Brown. "Small Things" was also featured in an episode of the US series One Tree Hill (TV series).
The band have appeared at Australian festivals such as Bluesfest, WOMADelaide, Groovin' the Moo, Tamworth, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bass in the Grass, A Day on the Green, Woodford Folk Festival, Red Hill Harvest Festival, Port Fairy Folk Festival, The Great Escape, The East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, Southbound, Mossvale Music Festival, Great Southern Blues & Rockabilly Festival, The Falls Festival and the Adelaide leg of the Big Day Out in 2007. They have also toured overseas, including shows in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.
2010–2015: Sometimes the Stars & Til My Tears Roll Away
Following the departure of Cameron Goodall and Michael Green, Taasha Coates and Tristan Goodall continued as a duo and recorded their third album. The album included work from Tim Rogers, jazz pianist Paul Grabowsky, members of Tripod, and Michael Barker of the John Butler Trio. The duo once again worked under the guidance of producer, engineer and friend Shane O'Mara.In October 2010 The Audreys released their third album, titled Sometimes the Stars, which debuted at #28 on the ARIA charts. Following the release of the album, The Audreys toured throughout Australia in October, November and December 2010. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the group won their third ARIA award for Best Blues and Roots Album.
In March 2012, a 3CD box set called Collected was released, featuring the first three studio albums. The digital version included seven bonus tracks, including the song "Train Wreck Blues", which was released as a single.In March 2014, the group released their fourth album 'Til My Tears Roll Away, which peaked at number 32 on the ARIA Charts. The album was preceded by the lead single "My Darlin' Girl" in January 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, the band were again nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album.
2016–present: solo work
In 2016, Taasha Coates released her first solo record Taasha Coates and her Melancholy Sweethearts through ABC Music and produced by fellow Australian producer Shane Nicholson. The first single and video for the album was "This House Is Gonna Burn", a song about domestic violence. Overall the record has a harder edge than most of the material Taasha penned in the Audreys, though the artistic and thematic through lines are quite clear. Songs from the album are featured prominently in the ABC miniseries Pulse.Taasha lives in the Adelaide Hills with her two children. Tristan resided in Brisbane, and the Audreys still play often around Australia.On 16 September 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had "retired permanently from playing and touring" but that Coates had "created a new line-up to continue what we started" with his blessing, with more details to be announced subsequently.In July 2022, the Audreys announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had died on 2 July 2022, aged 48. He had been too ill to tour for the previous two years. Coates declared: "I have to say goodbye to my dearest friend, my musical soulmate, and my grief is almost unbearable."
Members
The band members are:
Taasha Coates – vocals, keyboards, melodica, harmonica, ukulele, guitarCurrent touring members:
Tom Kneebone – Acoustic and electric guitars, vocals
Flik Freeman – bass
Beej Barker – drumsPrevious members:
Tristan Goodall – Acoustic and electric guitars, banjo
Shane O'Mara – electric guitar
Rick Plant – bass
Ben Wiesner- drums
Michael Green – violin, vocals, lap steel
Toby Lang – drums, vocals
Lyndon Gray – double bass, vocals
Cameron Goodall – vocals, guitars, mandocello
David Ross MacDonald – drums
Grant Cummerford – bass
Brett Canning – bass, vocals
John (Bedge) Bedggood- keys, violin, vocals
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
EPs
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The Audreys have been nominated for four awards and have won three.
Fowler's Live Music Awards
The Fowler's Live Music Awards took place from 2012 to 2014 to "recognise success and achievement over the past 12 months [and] celebrate the great diversity of original live music" in South Australia. Since 2015 they're known as the South Australian Music Awards.
References
External links
The Audreys discography at Discogs
The Audreys at IMDb | Commons category | {
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"The Audreys"
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The Audreys are an Australian blues and roots band which formed in Adelaide, in 2004 by founding mainstay, Taasha Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele. They have released four studio albums, Between Last Night and Us (February 2006), When the Flood Comes (April 2008), Sometimes the Stars (October 2010) and 'Til My Tears Roll Away (March 2014). Founding guitarist, Tristan Goodall, died on 2 July 2022, aged 48, of an unspecified illness.
Biography
2004–2005: Foundation and early years
A precursor to the Audreys started in Melbourne as a duo consisting of lead singer Taasha Coates and guitarist Tristan Goodall. Goodall had been a member of a band, the Milk, in Adelaide, from the early to mid-1990s. The pair had met in 1997 as university students in Adelaide. After finishing tertiary studies they moved to Melbourne where the duo played original pop songs and slowed-down cover versions of 1980s songs. An impromptu jam session with a bluegrass band at a winery in the Macedon Ranges, in mid-2003 inspired them to change direction from pop to folk and blues.The duo moved back to Adelaide, where they formed the Audreys in 2004 and first performed in June of that year. The original line-up had Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele, Cameron Goodall on guitar, bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Tristan Goodall on guitar and banjo and Michael Green (a.k.a. Mikey G) on violin, lap steel guitar and backing vocals. The group self-released a five-track extended play, You & Steve McQueen in 2005. It provided the singles, "Oh Honey" and "You & Steve McQueen". Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound, "a tuneful blend of alt-country and folk rock that had parallels with other roots rock acts" specifying fellow Australians, the Waifs, Claire Bowditch, Angus & Julia Stone and Mama Kin.
2006–2009: Between Last Night and Us & When the Flood Comes
The band's debut album Between Last Night and Us was released in February 2006, and featured the singles "Banjo & Violin", "Oh Honey" and "You and Steve McQueen". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, Between Last Night And Us won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, and its songs were used as the soundtrack for the 2007 ABC TV series, Rain Shadow.Their second album, When the Flood Comes, was released in April 2008, and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2008 it won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album. The album featured the single "Paradise City". Tracks "Small Things" and "Lay Me Down" have been included on movie and television program soundtracks both in Australia and the USA. "Small Things" was used as soundtrack music in the November 2010 episode of Neighbours, when Steph Scully was sentenced to 6 years in jail for the death of Ringo Brown. "Small Things" was also featured in an episode of the US series One Tree Hill (TV series).
The band have appeared at Australian festivals such as Bluesfest, WOMADelaide, Groovin' the Moo, Tamworth, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bass in the Grass, A Day on the Green, Woodford Folk Festival, Red Hill Harvest Festival, Port Fairy Folk Festival, The Great Escape, The East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, Southbound, Mossvale Music Festival, Great Southern Blues & Rockabilly Festival, The Falls Festival and the Adelaide leg of the Big Day Out in 2007. They have also toured overseas, including shows in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.
2010–2015: Sometimes the Stars & Til My Tears Roll Away
Following the departure of Cameron Goodall and Michael Green, Taasha Coates and Tristan Goodall continued as a duo and recorded their third album. The album included work from Tim Rogers, jazz pianist Paul Grabowsky, members of Tripod, and Michael Barker of the John Butler Trio. The duo once again worked under the guidance of producer, engineer and friend Shane O'Mara.In October 2010 The Audreys released their third album, titled Sometimes the Stars, which debuted at #28 on the ARIA charts. Following the release of the album, The Audreys toured throughout Australia in October, November and December 2010. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the group won their third ARIA award for Best Blues and Roots Album.
In March 2012, a 3CD box set called Collected was released, featuring the first three studio albums. The digital version included seven bonus tracks, including the song "Train Wreck Blues", which was released as a single.In March 2014, the group released their fourth album 'Til My Tears Roll Away, which peaked at number 32 on the ARIA Charts. The album was preceded by the lead single "My Darlin' Girl" in January 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, the band were again nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album.
2016–present: solo work
In 2016, Taasha Coates released her first solo record Taasha Coates and her Melancholy Sweethearts through ABC Music and produced by fellow Australian producer Shane Nicholson. The first single and video for the album was "This House Is Gonna Burn", a song about domestic violence. Overall the record has a harder edge than most of the material Taasha penned in the Audreys, though the artistic and thematic through lines are quite clear. Songs from the album are featured prominently in the ABC miniseries Pulse.Taasha lives in the Adelaide Hills with her two children. Tristan resided in Brisbane, and the Audreys still play often around Australia.On 16 September 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had "retired permanently from playing and touring" but that Coates had "created a new line-up to continue what we started" with his blessing, with more details to be announced subsequently.In July 2022, the Audreys announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had died on 2 July 2022, aged 48. He had been too ill to tour for the previous two years. Coates declared: "I have to say goodbye to my dearest friend, my musical soulmate, and my grief is almost unbearable."
Members
The band members are:
Taasha Coates – vocals, keyboards, melodica, harmonica, ukulele, guitarCurrent touring members:
Tom Kneebone – Acoustic and electric guitars, vocals
Flik Freeman – bass
Beej Barker – drumsPrevious members:
Tristan Goodall – Acoustic and electric guitars, banjo
Shane O'Mara – electric guitar
Rick Plant – bass
Ben Wiesner- drums
Michael Green – violin, vocals, lap steel
Toby Lang – drums, vocals
Lyndon Gray – double bass, vocals
Cameron Goodall – vocals, guitars, mandocello
David Ross MacDonald – drums
Grant Cummerford – bass
Brett Canning – bass, vocals
John (Bedge) Bedggood- keys, violin, vocals
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
EPs
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The Audreys have been nominated for four awards and have won three.
Fowler's Live Music Awards
The Fowler's Live Music Awards took place from 2012 to 2014 to "recognise success and achievement over the past 12 months [and] celebrate the great diversity of original live music" in South Australia. Since 2015 they're known as the South Australian Music Awards.
References
External links
The Audreys discography at Discogs
The Audreys at IMDb | country of origin | {
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"text": [
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The Audreys are an Australian blues and roots band which formed in Adelaide, in 2004 by founding mainstay, Taasha Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele. They have released four studio albums, Between Last Night and Us (February 2006), When the Flood Comes (April 2008), Sometimes the Stars (October 2010) and 'Til My Tears Roll Away (March 2014). Founding guitarist, Tristan Goodall, died on 2 July 2022, aged 48, of an unspecified illness.
Biography
2004–2005: Foundation and early years
A precursor to the Audreys started in Melbourne as a duo consisting of lead singer Taasha Coates and guitarist Tristan Goodall. Goodall had been a member of a band, the Milk, in Adelaide, from the early to mid-1990s. The pair had met in 1997 as university students in Adelaide. After finishing tertiary studies they moved to Melbourne where the duo played original pop songs and slowed-down cover versions of 1980s songs. An impromptu jam session with a bluegrass band at a winery in the Macedon Ranges, in mid-2003 inspired them to change direction from pop to folk and blues.The duo moved back to Adelaide, where they formed the Audreys in 2004 and first performed in June of that year. The original line-up had Coates on lead vocals, melodica, harmonica and ukulele, Cameron Goodall on guitar, bass guitar and backing vocals, his brother Tristan Goodall on guitar and banjo and Michael Green (a.k.a. Mikey G) on violin, lap steel guitar and backing vocals. The group self-released a five-track extended play, You & Steve McQueen in 2005. It provided the singles, "Oh Honey" and "You & Steve McQueen". Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described their sound, "a tuneful blend of alt-country and folk rock that had parallels with other roots rock acts" specifying fellow Australians, the Waifs, Claire Bowditch, Angus & Julia Stone and Mama Kin.
2006–2009: Between Last Night and Us & When the Flood Comes
The band's debut album Between Last Night and Us was released in February 2006, and featured the singles "Banjo & Violin", "Oh Honey" and "You and Steve McQueen". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2006, Between Last Night And Us won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, and its songs were used as the soundtrack for the 2007 ABC TV series, Rain Shadow.Their second album, When the Flood Comes, was released in April 2008, and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2008 it won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album. The album featured the single "Paradise City". Tracks "Small Things" and "Lay Me Down" have been included on movie and television program soundtracks both in Australia and the USA. "Small Things" was used as soundtrack music in the November 2010 episode of Neighbours, when Steph Scully was sentenced to 6 years in jail for the death of Ringo Brown. "Small Things" was also featured in an episode of the US series One Tree Hill (TV series).
The band have appeared at Australian festivals such as Bluesfest, WOMADelaide, Groovin' the Moo, Tamworth, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bass in the Grass, A Day on the Green, Woodford Folk Festival, Red Hill Harvest Festival, Port Fairy Folk Festival, The Great Escape, The East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, Southbound, Mossvale Music Festival, Great Southern Blues & Rockabilly Festival, The Falls Festival and the Adelaide leg of the Big Day Out in 2007. They have also toured overseas, including shows in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.
2010–2015: Sometimes the Stars & Til My Tears Roll Away
Following the departure of Cameron Goodall and Michael Green, Taasha Coates and Tristan Goodall continued as a duo and recorded their third album. The album included work from Tim Rogers, jazz pianist Paul Grabowsky, members of Tripod, and Michael Barker of the John Butler Trio. The duo once again worked under the guidance of producer, engineer and friend Shane O'Mara.In October 2010 The Audreys released their third album, titled Sometimes the Stars, which debuted at #28 on the ARIA charts. Following the release of the album, The Audreys toured throughout Australia in October, November and December 2010. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, the group won their third ARIA award for Best Blues and Roots Album.
In March 2012, a 3CD box set called Collected was released, featuring the first three studio albums. The digital version included seven bonus tracks, including the song "Train Wreck Blues", which was released as a single.In March 2014, the group released their fourth album 'Til My Tears Roll Away, which peaked at number 32 on the ARIA Charts. The album was preceded by the lead single "My Darlin' Girl" in January 2014. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, the band were again nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album.
2016–present: solo work
In 2016, Taasha Coates released her first solo record Taasha Coates and her Melancholy Sweethearts through ABC Music and produced by fellow Australian producer Shane Nicholson. The first single and video for the album was "This House Is Gonna Burn", a song about domestic violence. Overall the record has a harder edge than most of the material Taasha penned in the Audreys, though the artistic and thematic through lines are quite clear. Songs from the album are featured prominently in the ABC miniseries Pulse.Taasha lives in the Adelaide Hills with her two children. Tristan resided in Brisbane, and the Audreys still play often around Australia.On 16 September 2021, the band announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had "retired permanently from playing and touring" but that Coates had "created a new line-up to continue what we started" with his blessing, with more details to be announced subsequently.In July 2022, the Audreys announced via their Facebook page that Tristan Goodall had died on 2 July 2022, aged 48. He had been too ill to tour for the previous two years. Coates declared: "I have to say goodbye to my dearest friend, my musical soulmate, and my grief is almost unbearable."
Members
The band members are:
Taasha Coates – vocals, keyboards, melodica, harmonica, ukulele, guitarCurrent touring members:
Tom Kneebone – Acoustic and electric guitars, vocals
Flik Freeman – bass
Beej Barker – drumsPrevious members:
Tristan Goodall – Acoustic and electric guitars, banjo
Shane O'Mara – electric guitar
Rick Plant – bass
Ben Wiesner- drums
Michael Green – violin, vocals, lap steel
Toby Lang – drums, vocals
Lyndon Gray – double bass, vocals
Cameron Goodall – vocals, guitars, mandocello
David Ross MacDonald – drums
Grant Cummerford – bass
Brett Canning – bass, vocals
John (Bedge) Bedggood- keys, violin, vocals
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
EPs
Singles
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The Audreys have been nominated for four awards and have won three.
Fowler's Live Music Awards
The Fowler's Live Music Awards took place from 2012 to 2014 to "recognise success and achievement over the past 12 months [and] celebrate the great diversity of original live music" in South Australia. Since 2015 they're known as the South Australian Music Awards.
References
External links
The Audreys discography at Discogs
The Audreys at IMDb | location of formation | {
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Llŷr (Welsh: Llŷr Llediaith (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːr ˈɬɛðjaiθ]); Lleddiaith meaning "half-speech" or "half-language") is a figure in Welsh mythology, probably originally a deity, probably derived from Irish Ler ("the Sea"), father of Manannán mac Lir.
Other than his progeny and odd titbits, his identity remains obscure.
Llŷr appears as the father of Brân, Brânwen and Manawydan by Penarddun in the Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, the Second Branch of the Mabinogi.The Welsh Triads states that Llŷr was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and presumably, Penarddun subsequently married Euroswydd, giving birth by Euroswydd to her two younger sons, Nisien and Efnisien, as stated in the Second Branch.William Shakespeare's play King Lear is based on material taken secondhand (through Raphael Holinshed) from Geoffrey of Monmouth's mythical king King Leir, who has often been connected, but is likely unrelated, to Llŷr.
The House of Llŷr
(*) Unbordered names are figures not in Llŷr's line of descent, though perhaps members of the extended family.
(*) This stemma is subject to further elaboration. If the Beli above is to be equated with Beli Mawr then Caswallawn stands as Penarddun's sibling. But Bromwich observes that Penarddun should be emended to being the sister of Beli, which would bring consistency with statement elsewhere that Caswallawn and Brân are cousins.
See also
The House of Dôn
Notes
References
(Dictionaries)Mackillop, James (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192801201, p. 301, under "Llŷr".
Mountain, Harry (1998), Celtic Encyclopedia (preview), vol. 4, Universal-Publishers, pp. 929–, ISBN 978-1-58112-893-2
The New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stevens.(Texts)Bromwich, Rachel (1961), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads (snippet), Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Bromwich, Rachel (2006), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1386-8
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1993). The Mabinogion. London: Everyman. ISBN 9780460872973. | language of work or name | {
"answer_start": [
6
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Llŷr (Welsh: Llŷr Llediaith (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːr ˈɬɛðjaiθ]); Lleddiaith meaning "half-speech" or "half-language") is a figure in Welsh mythology, probably originally a deity, probably derived from Irish Ler ("the Sea"), father of Manannán mac Lir.
Other than his progeny and odd titbits, his identity remains obscure.
Llŷr appears as the father of Brân, Brânwen and Manawydan by Penarddun in the Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, the Second Branch of the Mabinogi.The Welsh Triads states that Llŷr was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and presumably, Penarddun subsequently married Euroswydd, giving birth by Euroswydd to her two younger sons, Nisien and Efnisien, as stated in the Second Branch.William Shakespeare's play King Lear is based on material taken secondhand (through Raphael Holinshed) from Geoffrey of Monmouth's mythical king King Leir, who has often been connected, but is likely unrelated, to Llŷr.
The House of Llŷr
(*) Unbordered names are figures not in Llŷr's line of descent, though perhaps members of the extended family.
(*) This stemma is subject to further elaboration. If the Beli above is to be equated with Beli Mawr then Caswallawn stands as Penarddun's sibling. But Bromwich observes that Penarddun should be emended to being the sister of Beli, which would bring consistency with statement elsewhere that Caswallawn and Brân are cousins.
See also
The House of Dôn
Notes
References
(Dictionaries)Mackillop, James (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192801201, p. 301, under "Llŷr".
Mountain, Harry (1998), Celtic Encyclopedia (preview), vol. 4, Universal-Publishers, pp. 929–, ISBN 978-1-58112-893-2
The New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stevens.(Texts)Bromwich, Rachel (1961), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads (snippet), Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Bromwich, Rachel (2006), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1386-8
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1993). The Mabinogion. London: Everyman. ISBN 9780460872973. | native label | {
"answer_start": [
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Llŷr (Welsh: Llŷr Llediaith (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːr ˈɬɛðjaiθ]); Lleddiaith meaning "half-speech" or "half-language") is a figure in Welsh mythology, probably originally a deity, probably derived from Irish Ler ("the Sea"), father of Manannán mac Lir.
Other than his progeny and odd titbits, his identity remains obscure.
Llŷr appears as the father of Brân, Brânwen and Manawydan by Penarddun in the Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, the Second Branch of the Mabinogi.The Welsh Triads states that Llŷr was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and presumably, Penarddun subsequently married Euroswydd, giving birth by Euroswydd to her two younger sons, Nisien and Efnisien, as stated in the Second Branch.William Shakespeare's play King Lear is based on material taken secondhand (through Raphael Holinshed) from Geoffrey of Monmouth's mythical king King Leir, who has often been connected, but is likely unrelated, to Llŷr.
The House of Llŷr
(*) Unbordered names are figures not in Llŷr's line of descent, though perhaps members of the extended family.
(*) This stemma is subject to further elaboration. If the Beli above is to be equated with Beli Mawr then Caswallawn stands as Penarddun's sibling. But Bromwich observes that Penarddun should be emended to being the sister of Beli, which would bring consistency with statement elsewhere that Caswallawn and Brân are cousins.
See also
The House of Dôn
Notes
References
(Dictionaries)Mackillop, James (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192801201, p. 301, under "Llŷr".
Mountain, Harry (1998), Celtic Encyclopedia (preview), vol. 4, Universal-Publishers, pp. 929–, ISBN 978-1-58112-893-2
The New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stevens.(Texts)Bromwich, Rachel (1961), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads (snippet), Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Bromwich, Rachel (2006), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1386-8
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1993). The Mabinogion. London: Everyman. ISBN 9780460872973. | spouse | {
"answer_start": [
388
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"text": [
"Penarddun"
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Llŷr (Welsh: Llŷr Llediaith (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːr ˈɬɛðjaiθ]); Lleddiaith meaning "half-speech" or "half-language") is a figure in Welsh mythology, probably originally a deity, probably derived from Irish Ler ("the Sea"), father of Manannán mac Lir.
Other than his progeny and odd titbits, his identity remains obscure.
Llŷr appears as the father of Brân, Brânwen and Manawydan by Penarddun in the Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, the Second Branch of the Mabinogi.The Welsh Triads states that Llŷr was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and presumably, Penarddun subsequently married Euroswydd, giving birth by Euroswydd to her two younger sons, Nisien and Efnisien, as stated in the Second Branch.William Shakespeare's play King Lear is based on material taken secondhand (through Raphael Holinshed) from Geoffrey of Monmouth's mythical king King Leir, who has often been connected, but is likely unrelated, to Llŷr.
The House of Llŷr
(*) Unbordered names are figures not in Llŷr's line of descent, though perhaps members of the extended family.
(*) This stemma is subject to further elaboration. If the Beli above is to be equated with Beli Mawr then Caswallawn stands as Penarddun's sibling. But Bromwich observes that Penarddun should be emended to being the sister of Beli, which would bring consistency with statement elsewhere that Caswallawn and Brân are cousins.
See also
The House of Dôn
Notes
References
(Dictionaries)Mackillop, James (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192801201, p. 301, under "Llŷr".
Mountain, Harry (1998), Celtic Encyclopedia (preview), vol. 4, Universal-Publishers, pp. 929–, ISBN 978-1-58112-893-2
The New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stevens.(Texts)Bromwich, Rachel (1961), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads (snippet), Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Bromwich, Rachel (2006), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1386-8
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1993). The Mabinogion. London: Everyman. ISBN 9780460872973. | present in work | {
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2019
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Llŷr (Welsh: Llŷr Llediaith (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɬɨːr ˈɬɛðjaiθ]); Lleddiaith meaning "half-speech" or "half-language") is a figure in Welsh mythology, probably originally a deity, probably derived from Irish Ler ("the Sea"), father of Manannán mac Lir.
Other than his progeny and odd titbits, his identity remains obscure.
Llŷr appears as the father of Brân, Brânwen and Manawydan by Penarddun in the Branwen, Daughter of Llyr, the Second Branch of the Mabinogi.The Welsh Triads states that Llŷr was imprisoned by Euroswydd, and presumably, Penarddun subsequently married Euroswydd, giving birth by Euroswydd to her two younger sons, Nisien and Efnisien, as stated in the Second Branch.William Shakespeare's play King Lear is based on material taken secondhand (through Raphael Holinshed) from Geoffrey of Monmouth's mythical king King Leir, who has often been connected, but is likely unrelated, to Llŷr.
The House of Llŷr
(*) Unbordered names are figures not in Llŷr's line of descent, though perhaps members of the extended family.
(*) This stemma is subject to further elaboration. If the Beli above is to be equated with Beli Mawr then Caswallawn stands as Penarddun's sibling. But Bromwich observes that Penarddun should be emended to being the sister of Beli, which would bring consistency with statement elsewhere that Caswallawn and Brân are cousins.
See also
The House of Dôn
Notes
References
(Dictionaries)Mackillop, James (1998), Dictionary of Celtic Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0192801201, p. 301, under "Llŷr".
Mountain, Harry (1998), Celtic Encyclopedia (preview), vol. 4, Universal-Publishers, pp. 929–, ISBN 978-1-58112-893-2
The New Companion to the Literature of Wales, Meic Stevens.(Texts)Bromwich, Rachel (1961), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads (snippet), Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Bromwich, Rachel (2006), Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-1386-8
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.
Jones, Gwyn; Jones, Thomas (1993). The Mabinogion. London: Everyman. ISBN 9780460872973. | connects with | {
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Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | place of birth | {
"answer_start": [
669
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"text": [
"Seoul"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | country of citizenship | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"South Korea"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | position held | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"Prime Minister of South Korea"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | native language | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Korean"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | occupation | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Goh Kun"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | family name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Go"
]
} |
Goh Kun (Hangul: 고건, Hanja: 高建, born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician who was Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and again from 2003 to 2004. He was also the acting President of South Korea at the time of Roh Moo-hyun's suspension.
Career
Goh began his career in civil service in the 1960s, when he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs as a probationary officer. He was promoted through various positions, including the Governor of South Jeolla (1975–1979), the Minister of Transportation (1980–1981) and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries (1981–1982).In 1985, Goh was elected as a Member of Parliament, before being appointed the mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990. He was later elected mayor of Seoul from 1998 to 2002.
He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004.He assumed the role of interim President following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, from March 12, 2004 until May 14, 2004, when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as President. He resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members.
In June 2006, Goh announced his candidacy for the presidential race.On January 16, 2007, he announced that he would no longer be a candidate for the presidential elections and that he would retire from political life. Despite his retirement, he was named head of social unity council by President Lee Myung-bak on December 21, 2009.
See also
Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun
References
External links
"Goh Attends Symposium for Formation of New Party"[Usurped!] - JoongAng Daily (September 12, 2005)
"Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea's Impeached President" - NY Times (May 14, 2004)
"North Korea Appeals for Help After Railway Explosion" - NY Times (April 24, 2004)
"3,000 Casualties Reported in North Korean Rail Blast" - NY Times (April 23, 2004)
"Impeachment Case to Go Forward in Seoul" - NY Times (April 17, 2004)
"Bullet Train Remakes Map of South Korea" - NY Times (April 2, 2004)
"Acting President Goh Kun Holds First Cabinet Meeting" - Chosun Ilbo (March 15, 2004)
"A Steady Hand Promises Calm Amid the Furor In South Korea" - NY Times (March 14, 2004)
"President's Impeachment Stirs Angry Protests in South Korea" - NY Times (March 13, 2004)
"Goh Says Firmer Stance Against North to Stay" - Chosun Ilbo (May 19, 2003)
"Korea Can't Afford to Cop Out on Corporate Reform" - Bloomberg Businessweek (March 30, 2003)
"Threats and Responses: Seoul; Musing on an Exodus of G.I.'s, South Korea Hails U.S. Presence" - NY Times (March 8, 2003)
"South Korea's New President Gets His Choice for Prime Minister" - NY Times (February 27, 2003)
"Goh Kun" - Bloomberg Businessweek (July 1, 2001)
"Seoul's Web of Anti-Correption" - Bloomberg Businessweek (June 24, 2001) | languages spoken, written or signed | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"Korean"
]
} |
Howard Smothers (born November 16, 1973) is a former American football offensive lineman who played three seasons in the Arena Football League with the Orlando Predators and Buffalo Destroyers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman and high school football at Jean Ribault High School.
Professional career
Smothers was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles with the 248th pick in the 1995 NFL Draft.
Orlando Predators
Smothers played for the Orlando Predators in 1998.
Buffalo Destroyers
Smothers played for the Buffalo Destroyers from 1999 to 2000. He was released by the Destroyers on February 13, 2001.
Personal life
His son, Howard Smothers, played college football at Prairie View A&M University.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats | educated at | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"Jean Ribault High School"
]
} |
Howard Smothers (born November 16, 1973) is a former American football offensive lineman who played three seasons in the Arena Football League with the Orlando Predators and Buffalo Destroyers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman and high school football at Jean Ribault High School.
Professional career
Smothers was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles with the 248th pick in the 1995 NFL Draft.
Orlando Predators
Smothers played for the Orlando Predators in 1998.
Buffalo Destroyers
Smothers played for the Buffalo Destroyers from 1999 to 2000. He was released by the Destroyers on February 13, 2001.
Personal life
His son, Howard Smothers, played college football at Prairie View A&M University.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats | position played on team / speciality | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"lineman"
]
} |
Howard Smothers (born November 16, 1973) is a former American football offensive lineman who played three seasons in the Arena Football League with the Orlando Predators and Buffalo Destroyers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman and high school football at Jean Ribault High School.
Professional career
Smothers was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles with the 248th pick in the 1995 NFL Draft.
Orlando Predators
Smothers played for the Orlando Predators in 1998.
Buffalo Destroyers
Smothers played for the Buffalo Destroyers from 1999 to 2000. He was released by the Destroyers on February 13, 2001.
Personal life
His son, Howard Smothers, played college football at Prairie View A&M University.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats | sport | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"American football"
]
} |
Howard Smothers (born November 16, 1973) is a former American football offensive lineman who played three seasons in the Arena Football League with the Orlando Predators and Buffalo Destroyers. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman and high school football at Jean Ribault High School.
Professional career
Smothers was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles with the 248th pick in the 1995 NFL Draft.
Orlando Predators
Smothers played for the Orlando Predators in 1998.
Buffalo Destroyers
Smothers played for the Buffalo Destroyers from 1999 to 2000. He was released by the Destroyers on February 13, 2001.
Personal life
His son, Howard Smothers, played college football at Prairie View A&M University.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats | given name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Howard"
]
} |
Pimaphera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was erected by Samuel E. Cassino and Louis W. Swett in 1927.
Species
Pimaphera percata Cassino & Swett, 1927
Pimaphera sparsaria (Walker, 1863)
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | taxon rank | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
} |
Pimaphera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was erected by Samuel E. Cassino and Louis W. Swett in 1927.
Species
Pimaphera percata Cassino & Swett, 1927
Pimaphera sparsaria (Walker, 1863)
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | parent taxon | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"Geometridae"
]
} |
Pimaphera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was erected by Samuel E. Cassino and Louis W. Swett in 1927.
Species
Pimaphera percata Cassino & Swett, 1927
Pimaphera sparsaria (Walker, 1863)
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | taxon name | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pimaphera"
]
} |
Pimaphera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was erected by Samuel E. Cassino and Louis W. Swett in 1927.
Species
Pimaphera percata Cassino & Swett, 1927
Pimaphera sparsaria (Walker, 1863)
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | Commons category | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pimaphera"
]
} |
Pimaphera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. The genus was erected by Samuel E. Cassino and Louis W. Swett in 1927.
Species
Pimaphera percata Cassino & Swett, 1927
Pimaphera sparsaria (Walker, 1863)
References
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Geometridae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London. | taxonomic type | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"Pimaphera percata"
]
} |
Anne Warfield Rawls (born November 20, 1950) is an American sociologist, social theorist and ethnomethodologist. She is Professor of Sociology at Bentley University, Professor for Interaction, Work and Information at the University of Siegen, Germany and Director of the Harold Garfinkel Archive, Newburyport, MA. Rawls has been teaching courses on social theory, social interaction, ethnomethodology and systemic Racism for over forty years. She has also written extensively on Émile Durkheim and Harold Garfinkel, explaining their argument that equality is needed to ground practices in democratic publics, and showing how inequality interferes with the cooperation and reflexivity necessary to successfully engage in complex practices.
Education and career
Rawls received her BA (1976), MA (1979), and PhD (1983) degrees from Boston University, where she studied sociology, philosophy, and classics. While still an undergraduate, she began developing original ideas about grounding a theory of ethics in interactionist sociology. She was particularly inspired by Immanuel Kant, whose notion of a Kingdom of Ends that is grounded in Social Contract had influenced the development of sociology, and by Erving Goffman, and Harold Garfinkel, whose 1975 seminar at Boston University she participated in, and with whom she would later collaborate extensively (see below). Goffman and Garfinkel both built on the notion that self and meaning depend on a collective commitment to the ground-rules of interaction, an idea related to Kant, which influenced her own argument that equality and reciprocity are necessary preconditions for making sense and self in society.Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race (see below) began in 1971 when she went to night school at Harvard University through an extension program founded by the Lowell family that was open to members of the greater Cambridge community and often taught by Harvard faculty. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Rawls was able to take courses with Ephraim Isaac (now at Princeton), who taught African religions and philosophy, and with Martin Kilson, Harvard’s first African American professor of government, who taught the history of Black politics in the US. Anne Rawls was also able to spend time with Hollis Lynch, then director of the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University, and with some of his students.
In 1973, at Wheelock College in Boston, Frances Chaput Waksler (a Boston University PhD, and student of George Psathas) introduced Rawls to sociology and the work of Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel, which led her to see how questions of race and justice could be approached through an interactionist sociology. This led her to Boston University in the fall of 1974 to study with George Psathas, Jeff Coulter, and then in 1975 with Harold Garfinkel (and Emanuel Schegloff). Harvey Sacks and Anita Pomerantz also taught at Boston University during this period.
Pursuing degrees in both philosophy and sociology, Rawls took courses in the Philosophy Department at BU with Alasdair MacIntyre, Thomas A. McCarthy, Bernard Elevitch, Erazim Kohák, and John Findlay. Through a cooperative program she was also able to study with Kurt Wolff, Gila Hayim, at Brandeis University and Dieter Henrich at Harvard. She also studied classical and medieval Latin with Emily Albu (pursuing research on women in the classical and medieval period). Yearly conferences in ethnomethodology brought students and colleagues from around the world to Boston University (including Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Gail Jefferson, Emanuel Schegloff, Christian Heath, Michael Lynch, Anita Pomerantz, David Sudnow, Charles and Marjorie Harness Goodwin, Wes Sharrock, John Heritage, Rod Watson, Douglas Maynard, Paul Drew, Alene Terasaki, John O’Neill, Jim Heap, and Lindsey Churchill). It was these meetings, and Garfinkel's presence at them in 1975, that eventually led to Rawls' collaborative relationship with Harold Garfinkel.
Rawls received an MA in Philosophy in 1976 and a PhD in Sociology in 1983. Her thesis, titled “Constitutive justice: An interactionist contribution to the understanding of social order and human value,” argues that social order is inseparable from social justice, and that a viable theory of ethics must be grounded in the constitutive requirements of interaction, which is where all social facts, including the self, are ultimately produced. Taking a social contract approach to social order, she argues that self is produced in society, and so cannot serve as its foundation. Instead, interaction and its ground-rules must be the primary unit of analysis.
After receiving her PhD, Rawls did a two-year NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship (1986–87) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Department of Psychiatry. Following a year at Michigan State University in 1988, she became assistant professor of sociology at Wayne State University in 1989, and was promoted to Associate professor the following year. She remained at Wayne until 2001, when she took a professorship at Bentley University. In 2008, she became director of the Garfinkel Archive, and since 2016 holds an additional Research Professorship of Socio-Informatics at the University of Siegen, Germany. She has also been Associate Researcher at the École des hautes études en sciences sociale in Paris (since 2010), and Senior Research Fellow at Yale University’s Center for Urban Ethnography (since 2015).
Research areas
Social Interaction and Interaction Orders
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Sociological Theory (Durkheim / Parsons / Goffman / Garfinkel)
Epistemology and its Intersection with Sociological Theory and Practice Theory
Inequalities of Race/Culture in Social Interaction
Social Justice/Inequality and the need for Moral Reciprocity in Interaction
Policing and Prison Inmate Societies: Power and Inequality in Social Interaction
History of Social Research: How Qualitative approaches to Praxeology got sidelined
Information Technology and Information Systems
The Social Self and the Presentation of Marginalized Identity
Rawls' major work
Interaction Order
One of Rawls’ most significant contributions to sociology is her theory of interaction order. In an influential 1987 article published in Sociological Theory, Rawls builds on Goffman’s argument that "Interaction order" is the sui generis site where meaning, self, and other social objects are achieved. Interaction orders consist of tacit, taken for granted rules, practices, and expectations that members of society use to coordinate their actions and make sense together. These rules and practices are not universal, but specific to particular settings and circumstances. Rawls' work on interaction order also builds on Emile Durkheim's (1893/1933) argument that society consists of social facts that must be continually made through constitutive practices in interaction (see below), Immanuel Kant's (1783) Kingdom of Ends, and Harold Garfinkel's (1967) specification of constitutive practices and their conditions of possibility in social interaction, which Garfinkel (1963) calls Trust Conditions. Interaction order is central to Rawls' arguments about race and equality (see below: Interaction Orders of Race).
Durkheim's Epistemology and Social Justice
Rawls has distinguished herself as one of the foremost contemporary interpreters of Émile Durkheim. In her article “Durkheim’s Epistemology: The Neglected Argument” and subsequent book, “Epistemology and Practice” Rawls challenges influential conceptions of Durkheim’s work, including the claims that his thought can be separated into an early “materialist” phase and a later “idealist” phase, that these phases were never fully reconciled, and that Durkheim lacks a coherent epistemology. Based on a close reading of Durkheim’s (1912) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Rawls argues that Durkheim does in fact have such an epistemology and that because he grounds it in an empirical analysis of the constitutive practices and expectations that make up society, he is able to solve the problems posed by Hume and Kant without falling into the traps of relativism or idealism. Durkheim’s approach, argues Rawls, supplants Kant’s philosophical epistemology with a sociological one rooted in the concrete empirical details of social life. Durkheim does this by showing how, what Kant called "the categories of the understanding" emerge through social processes, so that the primary unit of analysis is no longer the mind of the individual, but social interactions that produce social facts – including the individual as such. This move allowed Durkheim to resolve Hume's famous formulation of the problem of induction: people have a direct experience of creating social facts in interaction, of causing such facts to come into being, an experience that remains primary even as they later represent and transform it through accounts and beliefs about causal forces. Therefore, knowledge of social facts does not come through induction (or deduction).
In more recent work, Rawls develops her position that social justice is central to Durkheim’s work. Focusing on Durkheim’s Division of Labor in Society, she expounds and elaborates his argument that modern societies require equality in order to function. In contrast with traditional societies, which are held together by broadly shared meanings and traditions, diverse modern societies cannot take the existence of shared symbolic meaning for granted. Instead, meaning must be assembled "on the spot" in interaction via practices that belong to situations (like queues, classrooms, or scientific practices) that are shared by two or more participants. According to Rawls' argument, this requires that participants commit to the ground rules of an interaction order, and that Trust Conditions be met. It also requires that constitutive practices be equally accessible to all members of society, which in turn requires equality. Where practices are not equally accessible, people cannot cooperate to create social facts – including self – making interaction impossible and threatening the very foundations of society, which regularly has to be 'remade' by its members or it will cease to exist.
Collaboration with Harold Garfinkel, the Garfinkel Archive and "Media of Cooperation"
Rawls first met Garfinkel in 1975 at Boston University, where she participated in the summer seminar he was teaching. This marked the beginning of a relationship that would continue for the rest of Garfinkel’s life, and which eventually led to a collaboration that produced several publications – Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Seeing Sociologically (2006), and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008) – all of which are edited and introduced by Rawls.
Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Garfinkel’s first book since his landmark Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967), captures the major developments in his thinking and research over the previous three and a half decades. Seeing Sociologically (2006) and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008), on the other hand, reach back to the beginning of Garfinkel’s career: “Seeing Sociologically” was originally a dissertation proposal Garfinkel wrote in 1947, while “Toward a Sociological Theory of Information” was a lengthy research memo written while Garfinkel had a research/teaching appointment (with the Organizational Behavior Project) at Princeton (1951–53). Both of these works are important not only for the light they shed on Garfinkel’s early career, but for the theoretical framework they provide for understanding the work he would do later on, and for which he became famous, i.e. in particular Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967).
Harold Garfinkel Archive
In 2008, Rawls became director of the Garfinkel Archive. In this role, she manages all of the materials Garfinkel accumulated over his 72-year career (1939-2011), including manuscripts, correspondence, course materials, and audio and video recordings of meetings, seminars, and lectures. The Archive is located in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Recent publications from the Garfinkel Archive include Parsons’ Primer (2019) (for which Rawls co-authored an introduction with Jason Turowetz), and The History of Gulfport Field 1942 (2019) (co-edited with Michael Lynch). Written in 1962 but published for the first time in 2019, Parsons' Primer documents the little known collaboration between Garfinkel and Parsons and the mutual influences these scholars, who are traditionally placed on opposite ends of the sociological spectrum, had on one another’s work. In particular, it shows how Garfinkel and Parsons each put interaction at the center of their theories, and how this move embedded a radical critique of mainstream social theory, which tends to remain centered on individuals rather than on interactions (treating interaction in terms of connections between pre-existing individuals, rather than as the social rules and expectations that are used to make self and meaning in the first place). “A History of Gulfport Field 1942,” Garfinkel’s report to the U.S. military on the training of airplane mechanics during WW-II, can in important respects be considered the first "hybrid study" of work, an approach to the sociology of work that Garfinkel (1986) pioneered and would popularize in subsequent decades.
Collaborative Research Center "Media of Cooperation"
Since 2016, Rawls has been collaborating on projects involving the archive with faculty at the University of Siegen, where she is one of the principal investigators on a German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded grant "Media of Cooperation" (SFB-1187). The Collaborative Research Center is an interdisciplinary research association consisting of 14 projects and more than 60 researchers from the fields of media studies, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, German language and literature studies, computer sciences, and medicine, as well as history, education, jurisprudence, and engineering. At the center of the research is the exploration of digitally networked media and data practices. Media of cooperation focuses on the formation, history, and dissemination of digital media, that are understood as cooperatively produced conditions of cooperation.
Research interest and media-science challenge:
Scientific investigation of cooperative practices that arise in media and from which, vice versa, media arise.
The digitalization of the media transforms media practices and leads to new questions for media history and media theoryThe research center aims at the development of a digital praxeology, that is informed by Ethnomethodology and Garfinkel's research available in the Archive. Project area P ("Praxeology of media") is therefore reevaluating an ethnomethodological understanding of praxeology, contributing to the historicization of Science and Technology Studies as well as to the reflection of methods in Media Studies and Social Sciences. Currently three sub-projects in collaboration with Erhard Schüttpelz, Tristan Thielmann, Carolin Gerlitz, Anne Rawls, Michael Lynch, Christian Meyer, Clemens Knobloch, Patrick Sahle, Jason Chao, Andreas Mertgens, Jörn Preuß, Christian Erbacher, Andrea Ploder, James McElvenny, Philippe Sormani, Clemens Eisenmann, and Jason Turowetz are engaged with a "praxeology of media", investigating the "'Discovery Procedures' of Science and Technology Studies", the "History of audio-visual sequence analysis as a methodology", and "Digital Tools and Environments for Research".
Interaction Orders of Race
Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race began in 1971 (see Education and Career above).
“Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited*
In 2000, Rawls published “Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited* She argued that a theoretical explanation needs to be offered for why and how two groups of people, both speaking the same language and apparently occupying the same geographical space, could come to differ so significantly in their communicative expectations that they are not able to achieve mutual understanding. In offering this explanation, she argued that while “race” is a socially constructed phenomenon, it is very real in its consequences and that important phenomena of inequality result from the Interaction Order effects of “race” as a social construction. Consistent with her argument that Race is a socially constructed phenomenon Rawls capitalized Race terms in all of her publications to highlight their socially constructed character, a practice that will be followed here. The argument builds directly on the earlier papers on Interaction Order.
Tacit Racism
In July 2020, Anne W. Rawls and Waverly Duck published Tacit Racism with University of Chicago Press. Tacit Racism is about how Race in the United States has become deeply embedded in the taken-for-granted structures of day-to-day interaction, producing tacit forms of racism that go on every day – yet (mostly) remain hidden. Rawls and Duck identify features of interaction that developed separately because of racism and segregation that prevent equal access to interaction order in contemporary US society. They argue that through a number of factors, centering primarily on what W.E.B. Du Bois identified as "Double Consciousness", Black American Interaction Order expectations are more democratic and egalitarian that White American expectations. contrary to the general argument that assimilation would improve the current situation of racial inequality, Rawls and Duck argue that White Americans could learn some important lessons from Black Americans about the importance of equality. The book is also about the high cost of racism and inequality to society more generally. Rawls and Duck introduce and identify a set of interrelated phenomena they call “Interaction Orders of Race”, “Fractured Reflections” and “Submissive Civility” that provide novel ways of understanding Race in everyday interactions.
Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction
In the summer of 2020, Anne W. Rawls, Kevin Whitehead, and Waverly Duck wrote an introduction, curated and edited a free book: Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis (published October 2020). This book offers an introduction and collection of articles on topics related to Race, exclusion and category stigma. It opens with an overview of the significance of Race and racism in the development of ethnomethodology. In doing so, it considers a much-overlooked synergy between Harold Garfinkel and W.E.B. Du Bois – first mentioned twenty-years ago (Rawls 2000) – that treats Garfinkel’s focus on “troubles” as clues to taken-for-granted processes of exclusion, and what they reveal about “normality” as a way of producing something very much like what Du Bois called “double consciousness”. those who frequently experience trouble, Garfinkel argues, have a heightened awareness of social interaction that can be useful to social researchers. The importance of attending to formerly excluded minority voices, including those of Du Bois, Garfinkel and Durkheim is highlighted. The introduction summarizes Garfinkel’s research on Race and racism, and his argument about how categories are both created and used to structure inequality and exclusion; and then discusses Harvey Sacks’ research on how categorization works in actual interactions, and its relationship to Race and inequality.
Selected publications
Monographs
Rawls W. Anne; Duck, Waverly. 2020. Tacit Racism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rawls W. Anne; Durkheim, Émile. 2019. La Division du Travail Revisited: Vers une Théorie Sociologique de la Justice. Translated by Francesco Callegaro and Philip Chanial. Paris: Le Bord de l’ Eau.
Rawls W. Anne. 2004. Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. (Reprinted 2009)
Edited volumes and articles
2020, Editor (with Kevin Whitehead and Waverly Duck) Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
2019. Editor (with Mike Lynch), The History of Gulfport Field 1942, Volume II, Part II, a report written by Garfinkel for the Army Airforce in 1943. University of Siegen.
2019. Editor (with Jason Turowetz), Parsons’ Primer, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1962. Stuttgart: Springer.
2019. Editor of “Notes on language games as a source of methods for studying the formal properties of linguistic events”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1960 and previously unpublished. The European Journal of Social Theory. May.
2012. Editor of “The Red”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1947 and previously unpublished. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa 2012(1).
2008. Editor, Toward a Sociological Theory of Information, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1952. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2006. Editor, Seeing Sociologically, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1948. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2002. Editor, Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism, by Harold Garfinkel. Rowman and Littlefield Press: Boulder Colorado.
1989. Co-Editor, with D. Helm, T. Anderson and A. Meehan, Interactional Order: New Directions in the Study of Social Order. New York: Irvington Press.
Selected journal articles
2008 “Harold Garfinkel, Ethnomethodology and Workplace Studies.” Organization Studies . Special Symposium Issue. (29) 5: 701-732.
2000 “Race as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s ‘Double Consciousness’ Thesis Revisited.” Sociological Theory . 18(2): 239-272.
1996 “Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument.” American Journal of Sociology . Volume 102(2): 430-482.
1989 “Language, Self, and Social Order: a Re-evaluation of Goffman and Sacks.” Human Studies. Volume 12(1): 147-172.
1987 “The Interaction Order Sui Generis: Goffman's Contribution to Social Theory.” Sociological Theory. Volume 5(2): 136-149.
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Anne Warfield Rawls (born November 20, 1950) is an American sociologist, social theorist and ethnomethodologist. She is Professor of Sociology at Bentley University, Professor for Interaction, Work and Information at the University of Siegen, Germany and Director of the Harold Garfinkel Archive, Newburyport, MA. Rawls has been teaching courses on social theory, social interaction, ethnomethodology and systemic Racism for over forty years. She has also written extensively on Émile Durkheim and Harold Garfinkel, explaining their argument that equality is needed to ground practices in democratic publics, and showing how inequality interferes with the cooperation and reflexivity necessary to successfully engage in complex practices.
Education and career
Rawls received her BA (1976), MA (1979), and PhD (1983) degrees from Boston University, where she studied sociology, philosophy, and classics. While still an undergraduate, she began developing original ideas about grounding a theory of ethics in interactionist sociology. She was particularly inspired by Immanuel Kant, whose notion of a Kingdom of Ends that is grounded in Social Contract had influenced the development of sociology, and by Erving Goffman, and Harold Garfinkel, whose 1975 seminar at Boston University she participated in, and with whom she would later collaborate extensively (see below). Goffman and Garfinkel both built on the notion that self and meaning depend on a collective commitment to the ground-rules of interaction, an idea related to Kant, which influenced her own argument that equality and reciprocity are necessary preconditions for making sense and self in society.Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race (see below) began in 1971 when she went to night school at Harvard University through an extension program founded by the Lowell family that was open to members of the greater Cambridge community and often taught by Harvard faculty. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Rawls was able to take courses with Ephraim Isaac (now at Princeton), who taught African religions and philosophy, and with Martin Kilson, Harvard’s first African American professor of government, who taught the history of Black politics in the US. Anne Rawls was also able to spend time with Hollis Lynch, then director of the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University, and with some of his students.
In 1973, at Wheelock College in Boston, Frances Chaput Waksler (a Boston University PhD, and student of George Psathas) introduced Rawls to sociology and the work of Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel, which led her to see how questions of race and justice could be approached through an interactionist sociology. This led her to Boston University in the fall of 1974 to study with George Psathas, Jeff Coulter, and then in 1975 with Harold Garfinkel (and Emanuel Schegloff). Harvey Sacks and Anita Pomerantz also taught at Boston University during this period.
Pursuing degrees in both philosophy and sociology, Rawls took courses in the Philosophy Department at BU with Alasdair MacIntyre, Thomas A. McCarthy, Bernard Elevitch, Erazim Kohák, and John Findlay. Through a cooperative program she was also able to study with Kurt Wolff, Gila Hayim, at Brandeis University and Dieter Henrich at Harvard. She also studied classical and medieval Latin with Emily Albu (pursuing research on women in the classical and medieval period). Yearly conferences in ethnomethodology brought students and colleagues from around the world to Boston University (including Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Gail Jefferson, Emanuel Schegloff, Christian Heath, Michael Lynch, Anita Pomerantz, David Sudnow, Charles and Marjorie Harness Goodwin, Wes Sharrock, John Heritage, Rod Watson, Douglas Maynard, Paul Drew, Alene Terasaki, John O’Neill, Jim Heap, and Lindsey Churchill). It was these meetings, and Garfinkel's presence at them in 1975, that eventually led to Rawls' collaborative relationship with Harold Garfinkel.
Rawls received an MA in Philosophy in 1976 and a PhD in Sociology in 1983. Her thesis, titled “Constitutive justice: An interactionist contribution to the understanding of social order and human value,” argues that social order is inseparable from social justice, and that a viable theory of ethics must be grounded in the constitutive requirements of interaction, which is where all social facts, including the self, are ultimately produced. Taking a social contract approach to social order, she argues that self is produced in society, and so cannot serve as its foundation. Instead, interaction and its ground-rules must be the primary unit of analysis.
After receiving her PhD, Rawls did a two-year NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship (1986–87) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Department of Psychiatry. Following a year at Michigan State University in 1988, she became assistant professor of sociology at Wayne State University in 1989, and was promoted to Associate professor the following year. She remained at Wayne until 2001, when she took a professorship at Bentley University. In 2008, she became director of the Garfinkel Archive, and since 2016 holds an additional Research Professorship of Socio-Informatics at the University of Siegen, Germany. She has also been Associate Researcher at the École des hautes études en sciences sociale in Paris (since 2010), and Senior Research Fellow at Yale University’s Center for Urban Ethnography (since 2015).
Research areas
Social Interaction and Interaction Orders
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Sociological Theory (Durkheim / Parsons / Goffman / Garfinkel)
Epistemology and its Intersection with Sociological Theory and Practice Theory
Inequalities of Race/Culture in Social Interaction
Social Justice/Inequality and the need for Moral Reciprocity in Interaction
Policing and Prison Inmate Societies: Power and Inequality in Social Interaction
History of Social Research: How Qualitative approaches to Praxeology got sidelined
Information Technology and Information Systems
The Social Self and the Presentation of Marginalized Identity
Rawls' major work
Interaction Order
One of Rawls’ most significant contributions to sociology is her theory of interaction order. In an influential 1987 article published in Sociological Theory, Rawls builds on Goffman’s argument that "Interaction order" is the sui generis site where meaning, self, and other social objects are achieved. Interaction orders consist of tacit, taken for granted rules, practices, and expectations that members of society use to coordinate their actions and make sense together. These rules and practices are not universal, but specific to particular settings and circumstances. Rawls' work on interaction order also builds on Emile Durkheim's (1893/1933) argument that society consists of social facts that must be continually made through constitutive practices in interaction (see below), Immanuel Kant's (1783) Kingdom of Ends, and Harold Garfinkel's (1967) specification of constitutive practices and their conditions of possibility in social interaction, which Garfinkel (1963) calls Trust Conditions. Interaction order is central to Rawls' arguments about race and equality (see below: Interaction Orders of Race).
Durkheim's Epistemology and Social Justice
Rawls has distinguished herself as one of the foremost contemporary interpreters of Émile Durkheim. In her article “Durkheim’s Epistemology: The Neglected Argument” and subsequent book, “Epistemology and Practice” Rawls challenges influential conceptions of Durkheim’s work, including the claims that his thought can be separated into an early “materialist” phase and a later “idealist” phase, that these phases were never fully reconciled, and that Durkheim lacks a coherent epistemology. Based on a close reading of Durkheim’s (1912) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Rawls argues that Durkheim does in fact have such an epistemology and that because he grounds it in an empirical analysis of the constitutive practices and expectations that make up society, he is able to solve the problems posed by Hume and Kant without falling into the traps of relativism or idealism. Durkheim’s approach, argues Rawls, supplants Kant’s philosophical epistemology with a sociological one rooted in the concrete empirical details of social life. Durkheim does this by showing how, what Kant called "the categories of the understanding" emerge through social processes, so that the primary unit of analysis is no longer the mind of the individual, but social interactions that produce social facts – including the individual as such. This move allowed Durkheim to resolve Hume's famous formulation of the problem of induction: people have a direct experience of creating social facts in interaction, of causing such facts to come into being, an experience that remains primary even as they later represent and transform it through accounts and beliefs about causal forces. Therefore, knowledge of social facts does not come through induction (or deduction).
In more recent work, Rawls develops her position that social justice is central to Durkheim’s work. Focusing on Durkheim’s Division of Labor in Society, she expounds and elaborates his argument that modern societies require equality in order to function. In contrast with traditional societies, which are held together by broadly shared meanings and traditions, diverse modern societies cannot take the existence of shared symbolic meaning for granted. Instead, meaning must be assembled "on the spot" in interaction via practices that belong to situations (like queues, classrooms, or scientific practices) that are shared by two or more participants. According to Rawls' argument, this requires that participants commit to the ground rules of an interaction order, and that Trust Conditions be met. It also requires that constitutive practices be equally accessible to all members of society, which in turn requires equality. Where practices are not equally accessible, people cannot cooperate to create social facts – including self – making interaction impossible and threatening the very foundations of society, which regularly has to be 'remade' by its members or it will cease to exist.
Collaboration with Harold Garfinkel, the Garfinkel Archive and "Media of Cooperation"
Rawls first met Garfinkel in 1975 at Boston University, where she participated in the summer seminar he was teaching. This marked the beginning of a relationship that would continue for the rest of Garfinkel’s life, and which eventually led to a collaboration that produced several publications – Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Seeing Sociologically (2006), and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008) – all of which are edited and introduced by Rawls.
Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Garfinkel’s first book since his landmark Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967), captures the major developments in his thinking and research over the previous three and a half decades. Seeing Sociologically (2006) and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008), on the other hand, reach back to the beginning of Garfinkel’s career: “Seeing Sociologically” was originally a dissertation proposal Garfinkel wrote in 1947, while “Toward a Sociological Theory of Information” was a lengthy research memo written while Garfinkel had a research/teaching appointment (with the Organizational Behavior Project) at Princeton (1951–53). Both of these works are important not only for the light they shed on Garfinkel’s early career, but for the theoretical framework they provide for understanding the work he would do later on, and for which he became famous, i.e. in particular Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967).
Harold Garfinkel Archive
In 2008, Rawls became director of the Garfinkel Archive. In this role, she manages all of the materials Garfinkel accumulated over his 72-year career (1939-2011), including manuscripts, correspondence, course materials, and audio and video recordings of meetings, seminars, and lectures. The Archive is located in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Recent publications from the Garfinkel Archive include Parsons’ Primer (2019) (for which Rawls co-authored an introduction with Jason Turowetz), and The History of Gulfport Field 1942 (2019) (co-edited with Michael Lynch). Written in 1962 but published for the first time in 2019, Parsons' Primer documents the little known collaboration between Garfinkel and Parsons and the mutual influences these scholars, who are traditionally placed on opposite ends of the sociological spectrum, had on one another’s work. In particular, it shows how Garfinkel and Parsons each put interaction at the center of their theories, and how this move embedded a radical critique of mainstream social theory, which tends to remain centered on individuals rather than on interactions (treating interaction in terms of connections between pre-existing individuals, rather than as the social rules and expectations that are used to make self and meaning in the first place). “A History of Gulfport Field 1942,” Garfinkel’s report to the U.S. military on the training of airplane mechanics during WW-II, can in important respects be considered the first "hybrid study" of work, an approach to the sociology of work that Garfinkel (1986) pioneered and would popularize in subsequent decades.
Collaborative Research Center "Media of Cooperation"
Since 2016, Rawls has been collaborating on projects involving the archive with faculty at the University of Siegen, where she is one of the principal investigators on a German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded grant "Media of Cooperation" (SFB-1187). The Collaborative Research Center is an interdisciplinary research association consisting of 14 projects and more than 60 researchers from the fields of media studies, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, German language and literature studies, computer sciences, and medicine, as well as history, education, jurisprudence, and engineering. At the center of the research is the exploration of digitally networked media and data practices. Media of cooperation focuses on the formation, history, and dissemination of digital media, that are understood as cooperatively produced conditions of cooperation.
Research interest and media-science challenge:
Scientific investigation of cooperative practices that arise in media and from which, vice versa, media arise.
The digitalization of the media transforms media practices and leads to new questions for media history and media theoryThe research center aims at the development of a digital praxeology, that is informed by Ethnomethodology and Garfinkel's research available in the Archive. Project area P ("Praxeology of media") is therefore reevaluating an ethnomethodological understanding of praxeology, contributing to the historicization of Science and Technology Studies as well as to the reflection of methods in Media Studies and Social Sciences. Currently three sub-projects in collaboration with Erhard Schüttpelz, Tristan Thielmann, Carolin Gerlitz, Anne Rawls, Michael Lynch, Christian Meyer, Clemens Knobloch, Patrick Sahle, Jason Chao, Andreas Mertgens, Jörn Preuß, Christian Erbacher, Andrea Ploder, James McElvenny, Philippe Sormani, Clemens Eisenmann, and Jason Turowetz are engaged with a "praxeology of media", investigating the "'Discovery Procedures' of Science and Technology Studies", the "History of audio-visual sequence analysis as a methodology", and "Digital Tools and Environments for Research".
Interaction Orders of Race
Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race began in 1971 (see Education and Career above).
“Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited*
In 2000, Rawls published “Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited* She argued that a theoretical explanation needs to be offered for why and how two groups of people, both speaking the same language and apparently occupying the same geographical space, could come to differ so significantly in their communicative expectations that they are not able to achieve mutual understanding. In offering this explanation, she argued that while “race” is a socially constructed phenomenon, it is very real in its consequences and that important phenomena of inequality result from the Interaction Order effects of “race” as a social construction. Consistent with her argument that Race is a socially constructed phenomenon Rawls capitalized Race terms in all of her publications to highlight their socially constructed character, a practice that will be followed here. The argument builds directly on the earlier papers on Interaction Order.
Tacit Racism
In July 2020, Anne W. Rawls and Waverly Duck published Tacit Racism with University of Chicago Press. Tacit Racism is about how Race in the United States has become deeply embedded in the taken-for-granted structures of day-to-day interaction, producing tacit forms of racism that go on every day – yet (mostly) remain hidden. Rawls and Duck identify features of interaction that developed separately because of racism and segregation that prevent equal access to interaction order in contemporary US society. They argue that through a number of factors, centering primarily on what W.E.B. Du Bois identified as "Double Consciousness", Black American Interaction Order expectations are more democratic and egalitarian that White American expectations. contrary to the general argument that assimilation would improve the current situation of racial inequality, Rawls and Duck argue that White Americans could learn some important lessons from Black Americans about the importance of equality. The book is also about the high cost of racism and inequality to society more generally. Rawls and Duck introduce and identify a set of interrelated phenomena they call “Interaction Orders of Race”, “Fractured Reflections” and “Submissive Civility” that provide novel ways of understanding Race in everyday interactions.
Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction
In the summer of 2020, Anne W. Rawls, Kevin Whitehead, and Waverly Duck wrote an introduction, curated and edited a free book: Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis (published October 2020). This book offers an introduction and collection of articles on topics related to Race, exclusion and category stigma. It opens with an overview of the significance of Race and racism in the development of ethnomethodology. In doing so, it considers a much-overlooked synergy between Harold Garfinkel and W.E.B. Du Bois – first mentioned twenty-years ago (Rawls 2000) – that treats Garfinkel’s focus on “troubles” as clues to taken-for-granted processes of exclusion, and what they reveal about “normality” as a way of producing something very much like what Du Bois called “double consciousness”. those who frequently experience trouble, Garfinkel argues, have a heightened awareness of social interaction that can be useful to social researchers. The importance of attending to formerly excluded minority voices, including those of Du Bois, Garfinkel and Durkheim is highlighted. The introduction summarizes Garfinkel’s research on Race and racism, and his argument about how categories are both created and used to structure inequality and exclusion; and then discusses Harvey Sacks’ research on how categorization works in actual interactions, and its relationship to Race and inequality.
Selected publications
Monographs
Rawls W. Anne; Duck, Waverly. 2020. Tacit Racism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rawls W. Anne; Durkheim, Émile. 2019. La Division du Travail Revisited: Vers une Théorie Sociologique de la Justice. Translated by Francesco Callegaro and Philip Chanial. Paris: Le Bord de l’ Eau.
Rawls W. Anne. 2004. Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. (Reprinted 2009)
Edited volumes and articles
2020, Editor (with Kevin Whitehead and Waverly Duck) Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
2019. Editor (with Mike Lynch), The History of Gulfport Field 1942, Volume II, Part II, a report written by Garfinkel for the Army Airforce in 1943. University of Siegen.
2019. Editor (with Jason Turowetz), Parsons’ Primer, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1962. Stuttgart: Springer.
2019. Editor of “Notes on language games as a source of methods for studying the formal properties of linguistic events”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1960 and previously unpublished. The European Journal of Social Theory. May.
2012. Editor of “The Red”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1947 and previously unpublished. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa 2012(1).
2008. Editor, Toward a Sociological Theory of Information, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1952. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2006. Editor, Seeing Sociologically, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1948. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2002. Editor, Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism, by Harold Garfinkel. Rowman and Littlefield Press: Boulder Colorado.
1989. Co-Editor, with D. Helm, T. Anderson and A. Meehan, Interactional Order: New Directions in the Study of Social Order. New York: Irvington Press.
Selected journal articles
2008 “Harold Garfinkel, Ethnomethodology and Workplace Studies.” Organization Studies . Special Symposium Issue. (29) 5: 701-732.
2000 “Race as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s ‘Double Consciousness’ Thesis Revisited.” Sociological Theory . 18(2): 239-272.
1996 “Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument.” American Journal of Sociology . Volume 102(2): 430-482.
1989 “Language, Self, and Social Order: a Re-evaluation of Goffman and Sacks.” Human Studies. Volume 12(1): 147-172.
1987 “The Interaction Order Sui Generis: Goffman's Contribution to Social Theory.” Sociological Theory. Volume 5(2): 136-149.
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Anne Warfield Rawls (born November 20, 1950) is an American sociologist, social theorist and ethnomethodologist. She is Professor of Sociology at Bentley University, Professor for Interaction, Work and Information at the University of Siegen, Germany and Director of the Harold Garfinkel Archive, Newburyport, MA. Rawls has been teaching courses on social theory, social interaction, ethnomethodology and systemic Racism for over forty years. She has also written extensively on Émile Durkheim and Harold Garfinkel, explaining their argument that equality is needed to ground practices in democratic publics, and showing how inequality interferes with the cooperation and reflexivity necessary to successfully engage in complex practices.
Education and career
Rawls received her BA (1976), MA (1979), and PhD (1983) degrees from Boston University, where she studied sociology, philosophy, and classics. While still an undergraduate, she began developing original ideas about grounding a theory of ethics in interactionist sociology. She was particularly inspired by Immanuel Kant, whose notion of a Kingdom of Ends that is grounded in Social Contract had influenced the development of sociology, and by Erving Goffman, and Harold Garfinkel, whose 1975 seminar at Boston University she participated in, and with whom she would later collaborate extensively (see below). Goffman and Garfinkel both built on the notion that self and meaning depend on a collective commitment to the ground-rules of interaction, an idea related to Kant, which influenced her own argument that equality and reciprocity are necessary preconditions for making sense and self in society.Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race (see below) began in 1971 when she went to night school at Harvard University through an extension program founded by the Lowell family that was open to members of the greater Cambridge community and often taught by Harvard faculty. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Rawls was able to take courses with Ephraim Isaac (now at Princeton), who taught African religions and philosophy, and with Martin Kilson, Harvard’s first African American professor of government, who taught the history of Black politics in the US. Anne Rawls was also able to spend time with Hollis Lynch, then director of the Institute of African Studies at Columbia University, and with some of his students.
In 1973, at Wheelock College in Boston, Frances Chaput Waksler (a Boston University PhD, and student of George Psathas) introduced Rawls to sociology and the work of Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel, which led her to see how questions of race and justice could be approached through an interactionist sociology. This led her to Boston University in the fall of 1974 to study with George Psathas, Jeff Coulter, and then in 1975 with Harold Garfinkel (and Emanuel Schegloff). Harvey Sacks and Anita Pomerantz also taught at Boston University during this period.
Pursuing degrees in both philosophy and sociology, Rawls took courses in the Philosophy Department at BU with Alasdair MacIntyre, Thomas A. McCarthy, Bernard Elevitch, Erazim Kohák, and John Findlay. Through a cooperative program she was also able to study with Kurt Wolff, Gila Hayim, at Brandeis University and Dieter Henrich at Harvard. She also studied classical and medieval Latin with Emily Albu (pursuing research on women in the classical and medieval period). Yearly conferences in ethnomethodology brought students and colleagues from around the world to Boston University (including Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Gail Jefferson, Emanuel Schegloff, Christian Heath, Michael Lynch, Anita Pomerantz, David Sudnow, Charles and Marjorie Harness Goodwin, Wes Sharrock, John Heritage, Rod Watson, Douglas Maynard, Paul Drew, Alene Terasaki, John O’Neill, Jim Heap, and Lindsey Churchill). It was these meetings, and Garfinkel's presence at them in 1975, that eventually led to Rawls' collaborative relationship with Harold Garfinkel.
Rawls received an MA in Philosophy in 1976 and a PhD in Sociology in 1983. Her thesis, titled “Constitutive justice: An interactionist contribution to the understanding of social order and human value,” argues that social order is inseparable from social justice, and that a viable theory of ethics must be grounded in the constitutive requirements of interaction, which is where all social facts, including the self, are ultimately produced. Taking a social contract approach to social order, she argues that self is produced in society, and so cannot serve as its foundation. Instead, interaction and its ground-rules must be the primary unit of analysis.
After receiving her PhD, Rawls did a two-year NIMH Postdoctoral Fellowship (1986–87) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Department of Psychiatry. Following a year at Michigan State University in 1988, she became assistant professor of sociology at Wayne State University in 1989, and was promoted to Associate professor the following year. She remained at Wayne until 2001, when she took a professorship at Bentley University. In 2008, she became director of the Garfinkel Archive, and since 2016 holds an additional Research Professorship of Socio-Informatics at the University of Siegen, Germany. She has also been Associate Researcher at the École des hautes études en sciences sociale in Paris (since 2010), and Senior Research Fellow at Yale University’s Center for Urban Ethnography (since 2015).
Research areas
Social Interaction and Interaction Orders
Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis
Sociological Theory (Durkheim / Parsons / Goffman / Garfinkel)
Epistemology and its Intersection with Sociological Theory and Practice Theory
Inequalities of Race/Culture in Social Interaction
Social Justice/Inequality and the need for Moral Reciprocity in Interaction
Policing and Prison Inmate Societies: Power and Inequality in Social Interaction
History of Social Research: How Qualitative approaches to Praxeology got sidelined
Information Technology and Information Systems
The Social Self and the Presentation of Marginalized Identity
Rawls' major work
Interaction Order
One of Rawls’ most significant contributions to sociology is her theory of interaction order. In an influential 1987 article published in Sociological Theory, Rawls builds on Goffman’s argument that "Interaction order" is the sui generis site where meaning, self, and other social objects are achieved. Interaction orders consist of tacit, taken for granted rules, practices, and expectations that members of society use to coordinate their actions and make sense together. These rules and practices are not universal, but specific to particular settings and circumstances. Rawls' work on interaction order also builds on Emile Durkheim's (1893/1933) argument that society consists of social facts that must be continually made through constitutive practices in interaction (see below), Immanuel Kant's (1783) Kingdom of Ends, and Harold Garfinkel's (1967) specification of constitutive practices and their conditions of possibility in social interaction, which Garfinkel (1963) calls Trust Conditions. Interaction order is central to Rawls' arguments about race and equality (see below: Interaction Orders of Race).
Durkheim's Epistemology and Social Justice
Rawls has distinguished herself as one of the foremost contemporary interpreters of Émile Durkheim. In her article “Durkheim’s Epistemology: The Neglected Argument” and subsequent book, “Epistemology and Practice” Rawls challenges influential conceptions of Durkheim’s work, including the claims that his thought can be separated into an early “materialist” phase and a later “idealist” phase, that these phases were never fully reconciled, and that Durkheim lacks a coherent epistemology. Based on a close reading of Durkheim’s (1912) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Rawls argues that Durkheim does in fact have such an epistemology and that because he grounds it in an empirical analysis of the constitutive practices and expectations that make up society, he is able to solve the problems posed by Hume and Kant without falling into the traps of relativism or idealism. Durkheim’s approach, argues Rawls, supplants Kant’s philosophical epistemology with a sociological one rooted in the concrete empirical details of social life. Durkheim does this by showing how, what Kant called "the categories of the understanding" emerge through social processes, so that the primary unit of analysis is no longer the mind of the individual, but social interactions that produce social facts – including the individual as such. This move allowed Durkheim to resolve Hume's famous formulation of the problem of induction: people have a direct experience of creating social facts in interaction, of causing such facts to come into being, an experience that remains primary even as they later represent and transform it through accounts and beliefs about causal forces. Therefore, knowledge of social facts does not come through induction (or deduction).
In more recent work, Rawls develops her position that social justice is central to Durkheim’s work. Focusing on Durkheim’s Division of Labor in Society, she expounds and elaborates his argument that modern societies require equality in order to function. In contrast with traditional societies, which are held together by broadly shared meanings and traditions, diverse modern societies cannot take the existence of shared symbolic meaning for granted. Instead, meaning must be assembled "on the spot" in interaction via practices that belong to situations (like queues, classrooms, or scientific practices) that are shared by two or more participants. According to Rawls' argument, this requires that participants commit to the ground rules of an interaction order, and that Trust Conditions be met. It also requires that constitutive practices be equally accessible to all members of society, which in turn requires equality. Where practices are not equally accessible, people cannot cooperate to create social facts – including self – making interaction impossible and threatening the very foundations of society, which regularly has to be 'remade' by its members or it will cease to exist.
Collaboration with Harold Garfinkel, the Garfinkel Archive and "Media of Cooperation"
Rawls first met Garfinkel in 1975 at Boston University, where she participated in the summer seminar he was teaching. This marked the beginning of a relationship that would continue for the rest of Garfinkel’s life, and which eventually led to a collaboration that produced several publications – Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Seeing Sociologically (2006), and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008) – all of which are edited and introduced by Rawls.
Ethnomethodology’s Program (2002), Garfinkel’s first book since his landmark Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967), captures the major developments in his thinking and research over the previous three and a half decades. Seeing Sociologically (2006) and Toward a Sociological Theory of Information (2008), on the other hand, reach back to the beginning of Garfinkel’s career: “Seeing Sociologically” was originally a dissertation proposal Garfinkel wrote in 1947, while “Toward a Sociological Theory of Information” was a lengthy research memo written while Garfinkel had a research/teaching appointment (with the Organizational Behavior Project) at Princeton (1951–53). Both of these works are important not only for the light they shed on Garfinkel’s early career, but for the theoretical framework they provide for understanding the work he would do later on, and for which he became famous, i.e. in particular Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967).
Harold Garfinkel Archive
In 2008, Rawls became director of the Garfinkel Archive. In this role, she manages all of the materials Garfinkel accumulated over his 72-year career (1939-2011), including manuscripts, correspondence, course materials, and audio and video recordings of meetings, seminars, and lectures. The Archive is located in Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Recent publications from the Garfinkel Archive include Parsons’ Primer (2019) (for which Rawls co-authored an introduction with Jason Turowetz), and The History of Gulfport Field 1942 (2019) (co-edited with Michael Lynch). Written in 1962 but published for the first time in 2019, Parsons' Primer documents the little known collaboration between Garfinkel and Parsons and the mutual influences these scholars, who are traditionally placed on opposite ends of the sociological spectrum, had on one another’s work. In particular, it shows how Garfinkel and Parsons each put interaction at the center of their theories, and how this move embedded a radical critique of mainstream social theory, which tends to remain centered on individuals rather than on interactions (treating interaction in terms of connections between pre-existing individuals, rather than as the social rules and expectations that are used to make self and meaning in the first place). “A History of Gulfport Field 1942,” Garfinkel’s report to the U.S. military on the training of airplane mechanics during WW-II, can in important respects be considered the first "hybrid study" of work, an approach to the sociology of work that Garfinkel (1986) pioneered and would popularize in subsequent decades.
Collaborative Research Center "Media of Cooperation"
Since 2016, Rawls has been collaborating on projects involving the archive with faculty at the University of Siegen, where she is one of the principal investigators on a German Research Foundation (DFG)-funded grant "Media of Cooperation" (SFB-1187). The Collaborative Research Center is an interdisciplinary research association consisting of 14 projects and more than 60 researchers from the fields of media studies, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, German language and literature studies, computer sciences, and medicine, as well as history, education, jurisprudence, and engineering. At the center of the research is the exploration of digitally networked media and data practices. Media of cooperation focuses on the formation, history, and dissemination of digital media, that are understood as cooperatively produced conditions of cooperation.
Research interest and media-science challenge:
Scientific investigation of cooperative practices that arise in media and from which, vice versa, media arise.
The digitalization of the media transforms media practices and leads to new questions for media history and media theoryThe research center aims at the development of a digital praxeology, that is informed by Ethnomethodology and Garfinkel's research available in the Archive. Project area P ("Praxeology of media") is therefore reevaluating an ethnomethodological understanding of praxeology, contributing to the historicization of Science and Technology Studies as well as to the reflection of methods in Media Studies and Social Sciences. Currently three sub-projects in collaboration with Erhard Schüttpelz, Tristan Thielmann, Carolin Gerlitz, Anne Rawls, Michael Lynch, Christian Meyer, Clemens Knobloch, Patrick Sahle, Jason Chao, Andreas Mertgens, Jörn Preuß, Christian Erbacher, Andrea Ploder, James McElvenny, Philippe Sormani, Clemens Eisenmann, and Jason Turowetz are engaged with a "praxeology of media", investigating the "'Discovery Procedures' of Science and Technology Studies", the "History of audio-visual sequence analysis as a methodology", and "Digital Tools and Environments for Research".
Interaction Orders of Race
Anne Rawls' study of interaction orders of Race began in 1971 (see Education and Career above).
“Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited*
In 2000, Rawls published “Race” as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s “Double Consciousness” Thesis Revisited* She argued that a theoretical explanation needs to be offered for why and how two groups of people, both speaking the same language and apparently occupying the same geographical space, could come to differ so significantly in their communicative expectations that they are not able to achieve mutual understanding. In offering this explanation, she argued that while “race” is a socially constructed phenomenon, it is very real in its consequences and that important phenomena of inequality result from the Interaction Order effects of “race” as a social construction. Consistent with her argument that Race is a socially constructed phenomenon Rawls capitalized Race terms in all of her publications to highlight their socially constructed character, a practice that will be followed here. The argument builds directly on the earlier papers on Interaction Order.
Tacit Racism
In July 2020, Anne W. Rawls and Waverly Duck published Tacit Racism with University of Chicago Press. Tacit Racism is about how Race in the United States has become deeply embedded in the taken-for-granted structures of day-to-day interaction, producing tacit forms of racism that go on every day – yet (mostly) remain hidden. Rawls and Duck identify features of interaction that developed separately because of racism and segregation that prevent equal access to interaction order in contemporary US society. They argue that through a number of factors, centering primarily on what W.E.B. Du Bois identified as "Double Consciousness", Black American Interaction Order expectations are more democratic and egalitarian that White American expectations. contrary to the general argument that assimilation would improve the current situation of racial inequality, Rawls and Duck argue that White Americans could learn some important lessons from Black Americans about the importance of equality. The book is also about the high cost of racism and inequality to society more generally. Rawls and Duck introduce and identify a set of interrelated phenomena they call “Interaction Orders of Race”, “Fractured Reflections” and “Submissive Civility” that provide novel ways of understanding Race in everyday interactions.
Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction
In the summer of 2020, Anne W. Rawls, Kevin Whitehead, and Waverly Duck wrote an introduction, curated and edited a free book: Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis (published October 2020). This book offers an introduction and collection of articles on topics related to Race, exclusion and category stigma. It opens with an overview of the significance of Race and racism in the development of ethnomethodology. In doing so, it considers a much-overlooked synergy between Harold Garfinkel and W.E.B. Du Bois – first mentioned twenty-years ago (Rawls 2000) – that treats Garfinkel’s focus on “troubles” as clues to taken-for-granted processes of exclusion, and what they reveal about “normality” as a way of producing something very much like what Du Bois called “double consciousness”. those who frequently experience trouble, Garfinkel argues, have a heightened awareness of social interaction that can be useful to social researchers. The importance of attending to formerly excluded minority voices, including those of Du Bois, Garfinkel and Durkheim is highlighted. The introduction summarizes Garfinkel’s research on Race and racism, and his argument about how categories are both created and used to structure inequality and exclusion; and then discusses Harvey Sacks’ research on how categorization works in actual interactions, and its relationship to Race and inequality.
Selected publications
Monographs
Rawls W. Anne; Duck, Waverly. 2020. Tacit Racism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rawls W. Anne; Durkheim, Émile. 2019. La Division du Travail Revisited: Vers une Théorie Sociologique de la Justice. Translated by Francesco Callegaro and Philip Chanial. Paris: Le Bord de l’ Eau.
Rawls W. Anne. 2004. Epistemology and Practice: Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. (Reprinted 2009)
Edited volumes and articles
2020, Editor (with Kevin Whitehead and Waverly Duck) Black Lives Matter: Ethnomethodological and Conversation Analytic Studies of Race and Systemic Racism in Everyday Interaction with Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
2019. Editor (with Mike Lynch), The History of Gulfport Field 1942, Volume II, Part II, a report written by Garfinkel for the Army Airforce in 1943. University of Siegen.
2019. Editor (with Jason Turowetz), Parsons’ Primer, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1962. Stuttgart: Springer.
2019. Editor of “Notes on language games as a source of methods for studying the formal properties of linguistic events”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1960 and previously unpublished. The European Journal of Social Theory. May.
2012. Editor of “The Red”, by Garfinkel, an article written in 1947 and previously unpublished. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa 2012(1).
2008. Editor, Toward a Sociological Theory of Information, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1952. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2006. Editor, Seeing Sociologically, by Harold Garfinkel, a manuscript written in 1948. Paradigm Publishers: Boulder Colorado.
2002. Editor, Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism, by Harold Garfinkel. Rowman and Littlefield Press: Boulder Colorado.
1989. Co-Editor, with D. Helm, T. Anderson and A. Meehan, Interactional Order: New Directions in the Study of Social Order. New York: Irvington Press.
Selected journal articles
2008 “Harold Garfinkel, Ethnomethodology and Workplace Studies.” Organization Studies . Special Symposium Issue. (29) 5: 701-732.
2000 “Race as an Interaction Order Phenomenon: W.E.B. Du Bois’s ‘Double Consciousness’ Thesis Revisited.” Sociological Theory . 18(2): 239-272.
1996 “Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument.” American Journal of Sociology . Volume 102(2): 430-482.
1989 “Language, Self, and Social Order: a Re-evaluation of Goffman and Sacks.” Human Studies. Volume 12(1): 147-172.
1987 “The Interaction Order Sui Generis: Goffman's Contribution to Social Theory.” Sociological Theory. Volume 5(2): 136-149.
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The Ally Sloper Awards was an annual awards ceremony recognising veteran British comic creators, initiated by the comics historian Denis Gifford in 1976. From 1978, they were awarded under the auspices of the Association of Comic Enthusiasts, also founded by Gifford.
The awards were named after Ally Sloper, the nineteenth-century British comic character championed by Gifford as the world's first comic character. Gifford also launched and edited an Ally Sloper 'comic magazine' in 1976 (published by Alan Class Comics). The award itself was a figurine of Ally Sloper, based on brass doorstops that were produced as merchandising in the nineteenth century.Prize-giving of the first Ally Sloper Awards for comics creators took place at Gifford's Comics 101 comics convention, held March 19–21, 1976, at the Mount Royal Hotel, London, with TV comedian Bob Monkhouse presenting. The 1981 "Hall of Fame" award was presented at Comicon '81.
Predecessors
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, joke awards, known as the Sloper Award of Merit, had been issued while Ally Sloper was at the peak of his popularity, to topical figures such as Scott of the Antarctic, and others who made the news for unusual achievement.
Award winners
1976
Best British Newspaper Strip Cartoon Artist: Steve Dowling – for Garth in The Daily Mirror
First British Science Fiction Artist: Stanley White – for Ian on Mu in Mickey Mouse Weekly (1936)
Best British Strip Cartoon Artist: Frank Hampson – for Dan Dare in Eagle (1950s)
IPC sponsored award for outstanding work in their own publications: Don Lawrence – for The Trigan Empire in Ranger and Look and Learn
Gold Award: Terry Wakefield and his father George (Billy) Wakefield – for strips in Tiny Tots, Bubbles, Tip Top, Butterfly and Joker, amongst other titles.
1980
Lifetime achievement: Hugh McNeill (was to receive the award but died the day before the announcement was made)
1981
Lifetime achievement: Ernest Shaw
1982
Lifetime Achievement: Fred Robinson
See also
Eagle Award
Ally Sloper
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The Ally Sloper Awards was an annual awards ceremony recognising veteran British comic creators, initiated by the comics historian Denis Gifford in 1976. From 1978, they were awarded under the auspices of the Association of Comic Enthusiasts, also founded by Gifford.
The awards were named after Ally Sloper, the nineteenth-century British comic character championed by Gifford as the world's first comic character. Gifford also launched and edited an Ally Sloper 'comic magazine' in 1976 (published by Alan Class Comics). The award itself was a figurine of Ally Sloper, based on brass doorstops that were produced as merchandising in the nineteenth century.Prize-giving of the first Ally Sloper Awards for comics creators took place at Gifford's Comics 101 comics convention, held March 19–21, 1976, at the Mount Royal Hotel, London, with TV comedian Bob Monkhouse presenting. The 1981 "Hall of Fame" award was presented at Comicon '81.
Predecessors
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, joke awards, known as the Sloper Award of Merit, had been issued while Ally Sloper was at the peak of his popularity, to topical figures such as Scott of the Antarctic, and others who made the news for unusual achievement.
Award winners
1976
Best British Newspaper Strip Cartoon Artist: Steve Dowling – for Garth in The Daily Mirror
First British Science Fiction Artist: Stanley White – for Ian on Mu in Mickey Mouse Weekly (1936)
Best British Strip Cartoon Artist: Frank Hampson – for Dan Dare in Eagle (1950s)
IPC sponsored award for outstanding work in their own publications: Don Lawrence – for The Trigan Empire in Ranger and Look and Learn
Gold Award: Terry Wakefield and his father George (Billy) Wakefield – for strips in Tiny Tots, Bubbles, Tip Top, Butterfly and Joker, amongst other titles.
1980
Lifetime achievement: Hugh McNeill (was to receive the award but died the day before the announcement was made)
1981
Lifetime achievement: Ernest Shaw
1982
Lifetime Achievement: Fred Robinson
See also
Eagle Award
Ally Sloper
== References == | followed by | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | place of birth | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | place of death | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | country of citizenship | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | native language | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | occupation | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | Commons category | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | given name | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | languages spoken, written or signed | {
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Henri Tisot (1 June 1937 – 6 August 2011) was a French actor, writer, and humorist. He was best known for playing Adolf Hitler in the farcical film The Fuhrer Runs Amok, for his parodies of the speeches of General Charles de Gaulle, and for the television series La trilogie marseillaise.Henri Tisot was born in La Seyne-sur-Mer. He died at the age of 74 in Sanary-sur-Mer, Var, France.
Work
Film
Television
References
External links
Henri Tisot at the Internet Broadway Database | name in native language | {
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