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Gallium arsenates have been widely used in the manufacturing of communication and LED optical electronics products. Hydrogen arsenate gas is one of the compounds that chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process used. Wastewater containing soluble arsenic is generated due to waste gas wash by scrubbers. Currently, the conventional precipitation method is able to treat wastewater containing arsenic. However, it generates a large amount of hazardous sludge, which cannot be disposed of easily and economically; and a wastewater containing arsenic in excess of 10 mg/L, which is much higher than the regulated effluent concentration of 0.5 mg/L. It is, therefore, readily apparent that the development of an environmentally friendly method of treating the arsenic-containing wastewater is urgently called for.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,493 discloses a process for the removal of metals, in particular heavy metals, from the wastewater in the form of their sulfides by mixing the wastewater with a water-soluble sulfide. According to the invention the metal-containing wastewater is thoroughly mixed with the water-soluble sulfide at a suitable pH in a reactor of the fluidized bed type provided with an appropriate bed material, on which the metal sulfide crystallizes out, whereby the thus obtained bed material covered with crystalline metal sulfide is removed from the reactor and new bed material is added to the reactor from time to time. Usually as water-soluble sulfide, an alkali metal sulfide, alkali metal hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide or ferrous sulfide is used, whereas the use of sodium sulfide, sodium hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfide or potassium hydrogen sulfide is preferred. According to this prior art process, the following metals: Ni, Sr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ag, Pb, Cd, Hg, Co, Mn, Te, Sn, In, Bi or Sb may be removed. However, only Hg was removed from water at a pH value of 4–10 as shown in the examples disclosed in this prior art.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,662 discloses a process of removing heavy metals (arsenic, tin and lead) from aqueous solutions (groundwater) by precipitation of a salt thereof, wherein an oxidizing agent (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid) is optionally used to increase the valence of said metal, and a precipitation-enhancing agent (calcium sulfate, arsenic trioxide, calcium arsenate or cupric oxide) is added to maximize particle size of the precipitate and to facilitate its separation from said solution. This prior art process will generate sludge with water content of 60–80%, which is not only bulky but also difficult to be resourced due to various contaminations contained therein. | {
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この４月にサラリーマンとしての生活をはじめました。相変わらず職場では全くモテていないものの、一応何とか遅刻もせずに働いております。
４月というわけで、お偉い人が何を思ったか新入社員を集めて、ありがた〜い御講話をお垂れなさったりされますわ。まぁ、この御講話が素晴らしくってですね、テープに録音して不眠症の方に配りたいくらいなんですわ。一体どういう脳みそをしていると、この程度のことをこれだけ大勢の人間集めて、こんなに長時間話せるな、やっぱり出世するには厚顔無恥であるべきなのかなと、考えさせられる次第であります。
まぁ、今回は、この手のエラーイ人に向けてですね、どうすれば、新入社員が睡魔との猛烈なバトルをせずにすむ講話になるかを話しておこうと思います。
そこの偉い人。良く聞いておくように。寝たら承知しねぇ。
1.講話と会話は違うことを自覚しろ
一対一で話しているときに、どんなにツマラン話をしたところで、相手を眠らすことはなかなか困難。これは何でかというと、会話はキャッチボールだから。こっちが投げて、相手が取って、また投げ返して。そういうわけで相手も寝てられないわけ。また、キャッチボールってことは、誰に投げているかがはっきりしているわけだ。さすがに「自分に話しているんだ」と思っていれば寝にくい。
ところが、講話というのはキャッチボールじゃない。一対多。いわば単にボールを見せびらかしているだけな訳。そりゃ、普通のボールを何時間も見せたら寝るわな。
そういうわけで、講話をするなら、まず聞いている連中が関心を持つようなボールを持ってこなきゃいかん。どうやって関心を持たせるかはこれ以降に書く。
そして、会話と同様に相手からもアクションをさせることが必要。典型的なのは、「このなかで○○な人手を上げてー」とか「そこの君、これなんでだと思う？」といった質問。これがあるだけで、グッと寝る奴は減る。
2.抽象的な話は止めろ
ノーベル賞物の画期的大発見を語るならともかく、どうせお前らレベルは、たいしたことを語れないわけ。せいぜい「人間関係を大切に」とか「社会人として責任感を持とう」とかだろ？そんなもん、誰でもできるわ、クソたわけ。
こういう話を皆様が始めますと、私の脳内には羊さんたちが、めーめーと溢れかえり、さながら朝の新宿駅の様相を呈する訳ですよ。だって、知ってる話だもん。今更いらねぇ話だもん。
そもそも、あんたもその歳になって、何で、こんなあったり前の話をしなきゃと思うわけ？それは、きっと、その教訓に関連した、それなりに苦い経験があるからでしょ。じゃ、何でそれを話さないんだよ。
あんたらお偉方が新入社員に勝っているものって「年季が入っている」ってことでしょ。経験ですよ、経験。これに関しては、間違いなくあんたたちの勝ち。例えあなたが、エクセルちんぷんかんぷんでも、社会経験はあんたの勝ち。それじゃ、その経験を話してよ。俺聞いたことないから。
就職活動の自己PRってのは、単に抽象的発言を並べてもダメなわけ。実際に、どんな苦労をして、どう考え、どう対処したか、ってことを具体的に語って初めて自己PR。それと同じ。
あんたが、若いころに経験した苦労話をしろや。聞いている連中が「うわ、それ、俺の身にも起こるかも」って思わせろ。「それ、困るなー」って悩まさせろ。そういう話を踏まえてなら、結論が多少、しょぼいもんでもOK。ちゃんと聞いていられる。
もちろん、「人間関係なんて、どーでもいいんだよ！」とか「責任をどう逃れるかが出世できるかの分かれ道！」といったような変わった結論なら、抽象論でも、そこそこ聞いていられるけどね。
3.偉い人の格言なんかいらねぇ
すーぐ、偉い人の格言を出す奴がいるんだよね。哲学者とか、伝説的経営者とか、戦国武将とかの。
あのね。格言ってのは、その人の人生や行動とセットになって始めて意味を成すわけ。「人の一生は重荷を負うて遠き道を行くが如し」なんてのは徳川家康が言うから意味があるわけで、３歳児が言っても説得力がないでしょう。せめて、そいつの人生の説明を加えて使ってくれ。でも、できることなら自分の人生を語ってくれよ。他人の話じゃなく。
大体、過去の偉い人の格言を援用するのは、「こんな有名な人も、僕チンと同じ事言ってんだよー」って言いたいわけでしょ？んなもん、長々と語ることか。アクセント程度でいいんだよ、格言なんぞ。
4.長く話すな
一時間くらい話す奴がいるんだけど、お前ら何でそんなにヒマなの？偉い奴が暇な会社ってどうなのよ。まとめてから来い。せいぜい、20分だろ。
まぁ、こんな感じかね。分かったか、会社の偉い連中よ。今後は、上司としての自覚を持って講話をたれるように。以上！ | {
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---
abstract: 'The standing wave nodes of nonradial oscillations on a neutron star crust will drift with a definite angle velocity around rotational pole due to the rotation of neutron stars. This is called the nonradial oscillation node precession of neutron stars. This article estimated the precession velocity and pointed out that it merely lies on the star’s rotation velocity and the angular order of spherical harmonic $l$ by one order approximation. If we suppose that oscillations effect the particles’ escaping from the polar cap of a neutron star, so that the antinode and node areas of the standing waves have different radiative intensity, several unusual conclusions are acquired by reviewing the observation of pulsars which had already been taken as neutron stars. For example, the drifting subpulse period $P_{3}$ can be gotten from the width of subpulses and order $l$; the larger velocity drift may produce the peak structure of average pulse profiles; the dissimilar radiation phenomena between neighboring periods generated from drift provide a reasonable explanation of interpulses which have been found on some pulsars.'
author:
- |
[Haochen Li]{}\
[Physics Department, Washington University]{}\
[St. Louis, MO 63143]{}
date: 'March 28, 2001'
title: The Nonradial Oscillation Node Precession of Neutron Stars
---
=-2mm =-1.50mm =6.7in =8.5in
Introduction
============
####
Boriakoff (1976) had detected quasi-periodic micropulsations within the subpulses of PSR 2016+28, and inclined to take it as nonradial oscillations of neutron stars. In the pulsar polar cap model (Radhakrishnan and Cooke 1969) the radio pulse is produced by the coherent radiation of particles escaping from a certain surface area of the star(polar cap)along the magnetic field lines. Because of the high particle velocity, the radiation is emitted in a narrow cone, the axis of which coincide with the velocity vector of particles, which is tangential to the magnetic field lines. Since these are periodically distorted by the star’s vibration, the radiation cone will periodically change directions, switching on and off the radiopulse illumination of the observer(modulation). Van Horn (1980) pointed out that rotating, magnetized neutron stars can support a rich variety of oscillation modes and firstly suggested a possible association of subpulse drift and torsional oscillations. The special terms of the neutron stars are considered for calculating one order approximation of the frequency split of the torsional oscillations in Section 2. And using this result, we will discuss phenomena such as drifting subpulses, average pulse profiles and interpulses of pulsars in Section 3. Section 4 is the summary.
Theory of Neutron Star Oscillation Node Precession
==================================================
####
Ruderman (1968) firstly pointed out torsional oscillation modes of neutron star crusts. Hansen and Cioffi (1980) calculated the periods of those for a range of stellar models and found those associated with fundamental modes have periods of around 20 ms. We can use this result to estimate the lowest frequency of torsional oscillation of neutron stars as$$\omega_{0}={\frac{2\pi}{20ms}}=100\pi s^{-1}.$$ The rotation angular velocity of neutron star can be considered as $2\pi s^{-1}$, thus the ratio is $$\epsilon={\frac{\Omega}{\omega_{0}}}=0.02.$$ We can see that although the angular velocity of neutron star rotation is much larger than that of common stars, it is still small compared with the frequency of self-oscillation. This inspires us that the oscillation node precession theory which has been established on other heavenly bodies can be used on neutron stars (also because the torsional oscillation is little sensitive to sphere models, see Van Horn 1980, and its results is simple). That is, we can take rotation effect as perturbation to solve the sphere oscillation equations just as Ledoux (1951) did on gaseous stars and MacDonald and Ness (1961) did on the earth, and the frequency of free oscillation of sphere crust is the sum of the undisturbed frequency plus the perturbation frequency:$$\omega=\omega_{0}+\omega^{1}.$$ As one order approximation for torsional oscillation,$$\omega^{1}={\frac{m}{l(l+1)}}\Omega,$$ where $l$ and $m$ are integers denoting angular orders of spherical harmonic. As the theory of oscillation of stars (Ledoux 1951) and the earth(MacDonald and Ness 1961) has noted, each value of $m$ has two travelling waves associated with it. In the case of the earth one wave travels eastward, and its rate of travel is decreased by the angular velocity of earth rotation; the other travels westward, and its rate is faster. The waves corresponded with neighboring values of $m$ have relative angular velocity $${\frac{\Omega}{l(l+1)}}.$$ The combined effect is to produce a standing-wave pattern that for a given value of $m$ moves westward with the angular velocity $${\frac{\Omega}{l(l+1)}}$$ of its nodes, which is well known in seismology as the node precession of oscillations. And this is just the result we will use next to recur to the attempt which Van Horn (1980) had made to connect the torsional oscillation of rotating neutron stars with the observation phenomena of pulsars.
Discussion
==========
Drifting Subpulses
------------------
####
We suppose that the node and antinode of the standing wave separately correspond with those of subpulse radiate wave pattern, i.e., drifting subpulses reflect the node precession. Then the degrees of subpulse drift in one period of a pulsar rotation (Manchester and Taylor 1977) is $$D_{\phi}={\frac{\Omega}{l(l+1)}} P_{1}={\frac{360}{l(l+1)}},$$ where $P_{1}$ is the pulsar rotational period and 360 of longitude are equal to one pulsar period. We can see that when $D_{\phi}$ is smaller than the width of subpulses (the drifting subpulse observation results are exactly so, see Manchester and Taylor 1977), then we get the subpulse drifting-band spacing $$P_{3}={\frac{\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}}\times360}{D_{\phi}}}={\frac{l(l+1)}{\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}}}$$(in units of $P_{1}$),where $P_{2}$ is the subpulse period (converted from degrees of longitude). We calculated the values of $P_{3}$ for several pulsars using the observational data from Van Horn(1980) and Wright and Fowler(1981). The results are listed in Table 1. Note that these are acquired with larger values of $l$, with which the values of $P_{3}$ increase. Several proximal values have been enumerated in the table for compare. The difference between theoretical and observational values probably due to error and disconsidering of the coupling of several values of $l$. The different values of $P_{3}$ in one pulsar are deemed to mode switch of different $l$.
Average Pulses
--------------
####
Theoretically we have no reasons to believe that the drifting pace of subpulses is always small. Then, for convenience we define drifting rate as $$V={\frac{\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}}{l(l+1)}},$$ which represents drift space (in units of $P_{2}$) in each rotational period of a pulsar. Because we could not find the integer drifting space (integer $V$), so the practically observed rate $V'$ rest with the decimal part of $V$. For example, if $V=3/2$ or $1/2$, then $V'=1/2$; if $V=5/3$, then $V'=2/3$ or $-1/3$(minus sign represents opposite drift direction). Here it implies that ${\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}}$ is integer which goes on the fact that it here represents the node number of the standing wave along the longitude of the sphere. When $l=1$ or $2$(the fundamental mode which the oscillation is most likely on), it is easy to determine that $V'$ will frequently get $1/2$, $1/6$, $2/6$(the same as $4/6$), etc. Unlike the smaller drifting pace discussed in Section 3.1, these values of $V'$ are too great to be detected as the drift we commonly mean (we do not know whether PSR 2303+30 listed in Table 1. belongs to these small $l$ modes). But in this situation subpulses will appear more frequently at the several fixures in the general radiate windows. The average pulse profiles imitated by computer program through adding a great many drifting periods show peak structures as displayed in Fig.1.
Interpulses
-----------
####
If the pulses of pulsars can embody the node precession of standing waves around the longitude of neutron stars, then according to the observed drifting pace $V'$ discussed above, it must have the circumstances that neighboring periods of pulses have different observational pictures especially when the standing wave length is longer than the general radiate window. For instance, once we see a pulse which practically is a fraction of the standing wave length(a node or nearby), then next period we see the antinode or nearby($V'=1/2$ is very common), therefore the different intensity pulses alternately occur along with the integral periods of rotation. This can give an natural explanation of interpulses (Manchester and Taylor 1977). The weaker pulse will be surely inclined to the nearby node(or antinode) area which should have stronger radiation. That is why the degrees between neighboring pulses are not exactly 180(Manchester and Taylor 1977). If this is true, it means that the real periods of the interpulse pulsars are only half of those we believe now.
Summary
=======
####
The sphere free oscillation has been proved by theory and observation to be a very common phenomena in the world of stars and planets. Many prior works have supposed this happens on neutron stars which have so great density and so rapid rotation (Cheng and Ruderman 1980; Harding and Tademaru 1981; McDermott, Van Horn, and Hansen 1988; Cordes, Weisberg, and Hankins 1990). Although the mechanism of radiation affected by oscillation has not been clearly discussed ( which obviously is a very important problem), it gives a very natural explanation to drifting subpulse phenomena, the generalization of which reasonably gives clear pictures of pulsar’s fundamental observation facts such as average pulse profile, interpulse, etc. The theory also has great potential in explanation of mode changing, micropulses, and glitches which maybe the author will discuss later.
####
It should be pointed out that although the theoretic values of $P_{3}$ we get in Section 3.1 using bigger $l$ are in good agreement with the observation values(see Table 1.), it does not mean that the actual oscillation orders are always high. The lower modes (small $l$) are not considered in the calculating of $P_{3}$ is because the larger scale drift devote little observational effect(this can be seen from the discussion of Section 3.2). Actually it is most probable that more than one mode of oscillation are simultaneously sustained on the star crust, and the observation phenomena is only the coupling of these modes. In mode switching, the dominant precession rate changes sequentially. The advanced job need to determine the relationship of $l$, $m$ and the width of subpulses, so that we can know exactly the parameters of the stars’ oscillation and more detailed knowledge about a given pulsar.
####
I wish to thank Xinji Wu and Xiaofei Chen of Peking University for the helpful discussions.
Boriakoff, V. 1976, Ap.J. Lett., [**208**]{}, L43. Cheng, A. F., and Ruderman, M. A. 1980, Ap.J., [**235**]{}, 576. Cordes, J. M., Weisberg, J. M., and Hankins T.H.1990, A.J., [**100**]{}, 1882. Hansen, C. J., and Cioffi, D. F. 1980, Ap.J., [**238**]{}, 740. Harding, A.K., and Tadermaru, E. 1981, Ap.J., [**243**]{}, 597. Ledoux, P. 1951, Ap.J., [**114**]{}, 373. MacDonald, G.J.F., and Ness, N. F. 1961, J.Geophys.Res., [**66**]{}, 1865. McDermott, P. N., Van Horn, H. M., and Hansen C. J. 1988, Ap.J., [**325**]{}, 725. Manchester, R. N., and Taylor, J. H.1977, Pulsars (San Francisco: Freeman). Radhakrishnan, V., and Cooke, D. J. 1969 Ap.Lett., [**3**]{}, 225. Ruderman, M. A. 1968, Nature, [**218**]{}, 1128 Van Horn, H. M. 1980, Ap.J., [**236**]{}, 899. Wright, G. A. E., and Fowler, L. A. 1981, IAU Symposium 95, Pulsars, ed. W. Sieber and R. Wielebinski, p.211
Fig.1. The sketch maps of average pulse formed by great pace drifting. The abscissa is longitude and the ordinate is intensity, and the numbers only have relative meaning. 1) is single pulse which indicates our suppose that there are only two gaussian subpulses in one general pulse window and this measures up the observational fact; 2)-3) are both average pulses with $V'=1$, distinct at the original positions; 4)-6) are $V'=1/2$, $2/6$, $1/20$ separately. The adding times are all $10^{4}$. It is obvious that the figures will keep stable on more adding times.
Table 1. The periods of drifting subpulses.
PSR $P_{1}$(s) $P_{2}$(ms) ${\frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}}$ $l$ $P_{3}$(Theory) $P_{3}$(Observation)
--------- ------------ ------------- ------------------------- ----- ----------------- ----------------------
19 18
1944+17 0.440 21 21 20 20 20
21 22
8 4.2
9 5.3
10 6.5 4.5
0031-07 0.943 55 17 11 7.8 6.8
12 9.2 12.5
13 11
14 12
15 14
8 1.7 2.11
0943+10 1.097 26 42 9 2.1 or
10 2.6 1.90
16 10
0809+74 1.292 50 26 17 12 11.0
18 13
18 3.8
1919+21 1.337 15 89 19 4.3 4.2
20 4.7
18 5.9
0301+19 1.387 24 58 19 6.6 6.4
20 7.2
13 1.7
2303+30 1.575 15 105 14 2.0 $\approx2$
15 2.3
8 2.14
1237+25 1.38 41.0 33.7 9 2.67 $2.8\pm0.1$
10 3.26
| {
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We didn’t expect it to come as soon as it did, but Google’s first solely self-branded smartphone, the Google Pixel, is finally here. In light of how mature the smartphone market has become in the last few years, it’s hard for a new phone to stand out as something that takes anything more than a few baby steps forward. This phone isn’t that much different. But what is different is that it isn’t just any Android phone made by one of Google’s partners. This one is Google’s, and that’s special.
It’s special because Google really has made an effort at building a good top-to-bottom user experience. It’s special because Google has made some clear — in some cases major — improvements to its software and how it works with the hardware. It’s special because it has a great camera. It’s special because it’s the first Android phone to ship with the Google Assistant. It’s special because it’s the first Daydream-ready smartphone. It’s special because it’s the best portal to Google’s services, full stop.
But most of all, I think the Pixel is special because it seems to me that Google’s newly-rebirthed smartphone line has a lot of potential. Yes, there are some things that this phone doesn’t have. But what phone doesn’t? Let’s talk about what the Pixel has going for it.
SO WHAT IS THE PIXEL?
The Pixel is a new smartphone, and as the company says, it’s #madebyGoogle. It’s the spiritual successor to the Nexus line of old, but with at least one key external difference: there’s no co-branding from another manufacturer. We know that the device was actually manufactured by HTC, but Google is truly claiming this phone as their own. In its marketing, Google is positioning the phone as “Phone by Google” to make sure this is clear. This is Google’s baby.
The Pixel has a 5-inch FHD AMOLED display, and the Pixel XL has a slightly larger 5.5-inch QHD AMOLED display, but other than that they’re mostly the same. You’ll find a quad-core 64-bit Snapdragon 821 SoC, 4GB of RAM, 12.3MP and 8MP cameras, 32GB of storage, and the usual Bluetooth, NFC, and other connectivity interfaces. The Pixel has a 2,770 mAh battery, while the XL has a 3,450mAh battery. But battery life expectancy is not much different between them — the Pixel XL is a little better.
Unfortunately, we didn’t get a review unit for the standard Pixel yet, so this review is solely of the Pixel XL. That shouldn’t matter much, though, because as I just mentioned, the only differences between the two phones are battery life and their display sizes/resolutions. The experience you actually receive with both phones should be nearly identical with the exception of size, because unlike the tricks Apple is pulling with the iPhone 7 Plus, Google isn’t packing any special features in XL to get you to upgrade. It is truly a matter of size preference with the Pixel, and little more.
HARDWARE BUILD |
The Google Pixel doesn’t exactly have the most stunning a smartphone has ever had, but it’s definitely not bad. It’s going to draw comparisons to its competitors, though — that’s for sure. First, the phone will almost certainly be compared to the iPhone thanks to its antenna lines and large top-and-bottom front bezels. That bottom bezel, sans a home button like the iPhone, is probably the most unsightly part of the Pixel. It’s just a huge chin.
The other comparison that this phone will likely draw is to HTC phones, and for good reason. Forget the fact that the antenna line design that many will say the Pixel copies from the iPhone was actually first introduced by HTC. The phone bears some resemblance to the HTC 10, with its sharp edges and side bezels. While it’s definitely not a “copy” by any means, the Pixel does feel a lot like a mix between the iPhone 6S and the HTC 10. It doesn’t have a standout design like the Galaxy S7 edge.
Glass back
But it does have one hardware design feature that’s completely unique. The back of the phone is actually one third glass, fused together with the rest of the aluminum unibody. While there’s little or no functional purpose to this (Google says it serves to even further improve cellular reception), it does do a good job of giving the Pixel its own outer appearance. If you see a phone with a glass-backed top third like this, it’s guaranteed to be a Pixel (at least for now). And that’s good for Google.
Pixel Imprint
Sitting atop this glass back is the what was previously known as Nexus Imprint. “Pixel Imprint” is really just the fancy name for the Pixel’s fingerprint scanner. There’s nothing particularly interesting here, but I have to say I’m a huge fan of the smooth glass rear fingerprint sensors. They feel really nice and — at least in my experience — I tend to find them a bit faster and more accurate than others. But that’s not saying much in 2016, because pretty much all phones have lightning fast fingerprint sensors.
Size and feel in the hand
Like I said, I’ve only really had my hands on the Pixel Xl, so I can’t really comment on the smaller model. But in size, I think the Pixel XL hits a sweet spot for me. Phones like the iPhone 6S Plus or the Huawei Nexus 6P have always been a bit on the big side for me, and the size of the standard iPhone or the Nexus 5X is a bit small. The Pixel XL manages to pack a 5.5-inch display in a body that’s smaller than the iPhone 6S Plus, and that’s a plus for me. But it’s no Galaxy S7 edge, which manages to pack that display in an even smaller form factor.
The Pixel XL feels really good in the hand. It has nicely curved edges on the backside, so it feels a lot more like an iPhone and less like the sharper-edged Galaxy devices from Samsung or the HTC 10. I prefer that, but as I said, this phone is probably more vulnerable than any of the entire history of Nexus phones to be compared to the iPhone. I don’t mind that personally, but it’s just the reality of things.
There’s a headphone jack!
It’s kind of sad that I have to even mention this, but if this is a deciding factor for you, you’ll be glad to hear that the Pixel has a nice headphone jack located right at the top-left side. Personally this wasn’t a big deal to me, and I haven’t really had much problem using an adapter when necessary with the Moto Z, but I understand that this is a deal-breaker for some. I hope that changes soon, because in my humble opinion, it’s about time we move on from the 3.5mm jack. But it’s there if you need it!
Good displays
While the Pixel doesn’t have the best screens on a smartphone, they’re adequate or better than adequate. And I think you may find this to be a theme throughout this review. In many aspects, the Pixel is “safe” in terms of hardware. Like many phones, it’s not the best in direct sunlight, but this phone gets brighter than the Moto Z for example. It’s more than enough to get the job done, though. I was happy with the colors and vibrance of the display when watching videos and playing games.
Fast charging
The Pixel has great fast charging. Google says that it can get up to 7 hours of use from only 15 minutes of charging on both the Pixel and Pixel XL, and can attest to this. In fact, I woke up at 7 AM one morning and the phone was completely dead from the night before. I had to be out the house at 8 AM. I plugged in the phone and gave it about a half hour of juice, and that charge got me through the whole day.
Speaker & microphones
The main earpiece speaker is nice and crisp on the Pixel XL, and I couldn’t ask for more in terms of call quality. But with phones like the iPhone 7 and other Android phones having had stereo speakers for years, it feels like a bit of a downgrade to go to a single bottom-firing mono speaker with the Google Pixel. This is something that’s kind of nitpicky to me (but might be important to you!), but it’s nonetheless unfortunate considering the phone’s price point.
But that one speaker sounds fine. I know that this review is full of Galaxy S7 edge comparisons (I apologize, I just think it’s a good benchmark since it’s one of the most popular and best Android phones of the year), but this is yet another case where I would put the two phones about on par with each other. If you have an S7 edge laying around (or you have a friend with one), just try playing music through its single speaker. That’s about what you’re getting with the Pixel.
Vibration motor
This is just an exercise I like to do every time I review a phone, so bear with me. I’ve found a hobby in obsessing over the vibration motors of phones, and there are some clear winners and losers in the smartphone realm. The clear undefeated champion when it comes to vibration motors — and I say this unapologetically — is the iPhone 7, which barely beats the iPhone 6S.
Clear losers include the Nexus 5X and Nexus 6P, so I think I was justifiably nervous about how this phone would turn out. Thankfully, I’m glad to report that the Pixel has turned out just fine in this area. The motor is no Taptic Engine by any means, but it’s nice and precise and doesn’t produce any audible buzzing when you tap buttons. It’s still pretty weak, but it’s about average compared to other Android phones like the Galaxy S7 edge.
It’s not waterproof
One of the biggest downsides of this phone’s hardware is that it’s just not waterproof. That’s something that is becoming more and more expected lately at this price point, but you’re sadly not going to find it here. In fact, the Pixel is rated IP53 for dust and water resistance, so that means it’s pretty well dust resistant, but it’s only going to be able to take a splash or two of water before some amount of damage is done. In the coming days we’ll probably see lots of water dunk tests done on the phone, so stay tuned as we find out exactly how water resistant it is compared to other Android phones.
SOFTWARE |
I’ve long been a fan of “stock” Android, so I’m more than ecstatic to be able to talk about the Google Pixel’s software. I almost always have to list “crappy customized OEM ROM” in the list of downsides when I review Android phones, but I’m glad to say that the Google Pixel is one of only a few exceptions of the year. Yes, 3rd party Android customizations have gotten better in recent years, but they still almost always find a way to get on my nerves. Not so with the Pixel. Its UI is fantastic.
Google Assistant
The big software selling point for the Pixel — at least for now — is the inclusion of the Google Assistant as a baked in feature on the OS level. It’s still unknown when — if ever — older Nexus devices will have the same integration, so Pixel seems like it will be the only way to get this feature for a while. Replacing the hollow home, multitasking, and back navigation icons of previous versions, the Pixel goes with solid white and the middle one is even more special. Tap and hold it to get some dancing colored bubbles.
But tapping and holding it does more than just give you an undeniably-Googley animation. This gesture invokes the Google Assistant, which is basically the voice features we’re all familiar with from Google Now with a far more intelligent and personal helper built on top. Think Apple’s Siri, but Assistant — in my experience — has far better word recognition and accuracy. And of course Google Assistant is powered by Google, so it has access to all kinds of information that Siri might not be able to grab for you.
The big thing with Assistant in comparison to Google Now, though, is that is has much deeper control over your phone and it can help you in much more intelligent ways. Assistant can play your news (from your selected sources of course), you can get a summary of your upcoming day, it can learn things about you (try telling it your favorite color!), it can play games with you, and more.
You can also tell Google Assistant to do things that you’re familiar with from using Google Now. You can use it manage your shopping list in Google Keep, you can use it make a phone call you can use it to control Google Play Music (and soon other services), you can use it to control your phone’s flashlight, and of course you can get smart answers from Google. Also of note, is that the Google Now on Tap features are still present with Assistant. Simply tap and hold and then scroll down.
Allo and Duo
Unsurprisingly, Google is using the Pixel and Pixel XL to push its newly-launched duo of messaging apps, Allo and Duo. The phone also ships with both pre-installed, and disables Hangouts by default for most users. If you’re a Project Fi user, the phone will detect that you — obviously — need Hangouts when you first set up the phone and won’t disable it. Adding to the awesome software features of the Pixel, Google is throwing in unlimited full resolution storage of videos and photos in Google Photos.
Pixel Launcher
One big thing to note here is the Pixel Launcher, which is landing officially for the first time on the Pixel and Pixel XL. It’s an evolution of the long-popular Google Now Launcher (which I’m a big fan of in the first place), and adds some useful features and tweaks. The most obvious is a permanent weather and time widget on the home screen, but the new launcher also has a new app drawer, an easy-to-use Google button in the top-left, and some visual tweaks to make the Pixel unique.
Circular icons
The most obvious visual tweak that comes hand in hand with the Pixel launcher, is that almost all of Google’s stock applications come with a set of stylized circular icons on the Pixel. It’s a common misconception that this is part of the Pixel Launcher itself (the rounded icons will stick around no matter which launcher you use), but of course using a third-party launcher will allow you to apply icon packs to make them look however you want.
Personally, I haven’t decided whether or not I like the new icons. When I first saw them in the leaked images of the Pixel home screen, I had a knee jerk negative reaction, but I have to say that they’ve grown on me in the last several days. Uniformity in size and design is a good thing, I think, but my biggest complaint is that despite Google’s best efforts there’s still inconsistencies.
A few of Google’s own apps still don’t have circular icons — Allo, Duo and Keep to name a few — and apps that you download from the Play Store aren’t just going to be automatically re-themed to look good alongside Google’s circular icon set. Another thing that bugs me is Google’s inconsistency with the circular icons. Some of them — like Maps and Calculator — fill the whole circle, while others look oddly empty surrounded with whiteness. Would be nice if Google would commit one way or the other.
Google Photos
Google Photos isn’t new of course, but the Pixel — as was long expected — ships with some extra Google Photos goodness beyond how great the app already is. Instead of taking up Google Drive space, photos and videos taken with the Pixel will be added to your Google Photos app in their full resolution for free. It’s unlimited full-resolution storage and backup for all of your photos and videos (even videos in 4K!). That’s unprecedented and alone is a pretty compelling selling point for the Pixel.
“Moves”
There’s a new section in the Settings app called “Moves,” which includes some quick gestures for accessing functions of your phone. Currently the section has three options, including “Jump to camera” for double tapping the power button to open the camera, and “Flip camera” for switching between front-facing and rear-facing camera with the flick of a wrist. The most notable option, though, is the “Swipe for notifications” option which lets you swipe down on the fingerprint sensor to pull down the notification shade. You might remember this feature from the Honor 8 and other Huawei phones.
Daydream-ready!
Another huge software upside with the Pixel and Pixel XL is that they are the first Daydream-ready Android phones. This doesn’t mean much yet, because Google’s Daydream View headset hasn’t even shipped yet (we’ll be getting ours for review soon!), but it’s a big plus if you see that as something that you might be interested in later this year. I tried out Daydream at the Google event on October 4th, and I was impressed to say the least. It’s a nice middle ground between PSVR and Cardboard.
Google Support
Another great software addition with the Pixel and Pixel XL is a new Support tab in the Settings app. If you ever run into any problems with your Pixel, Google has added the ability to quickly contact support via a phone call or a chat. While that might be a deciding feature for enthusiasts, I could see the average smartphone user being enticed by this. It’s definitely nice to have support on call if you ever need it.
Wallpapers
Another addition that might go unnoticed by some is the wide selection of some great high-quality wallpapers on the Pixel and Pixel XL. Of course you can choose from your own photos, but there are also “Live Earth” wallpapers of different locations around the world that move as you interact with your phone, “Live data” wallpapers that change based on the time or weather conditions, and some galleries of other high-quality images that are built in. You can also turn on a “daily wallpaper” that changes every day. Overall, these are solid improvements, and keep your phone feeling fresh.
PERFORMANCE |
Benchmarks
I’m not a huge fan of benchmarks, because I don’t think they very well capture how well a phone performs in real life. But I think it’s worth noting that the Google Pixel XL has landed — at least based on my tests — as one of the most powerful phones ever analyzed by Geekbench. In single core, it was only consistently beaten by the Galaxy S7 edge, the Galaxy S7, and the Xiaomi Mi 5. In multi-core, it was only consistently beaten by the Galaxy S7 edge, the Galaxy S7, and the Galaxy Note 7.
Camera performance
One of my biggest praises of the Pixel and Pixel XL is the camera app’s performance. The Nexus devices were long plagued with low-quality cameras and bad camera performance, and Google has basically fixed these problems completely with the Pixel. In fact, the camera might be my favorite part of the phone. It’s super fast, there’s no lag, and the viewfinder consistently pops up in 1 or 2 seconds flat. And that brings us to the cameras themselves, which are also impressive to say the least…
CAMERAS |
When Google announced the Pixel, the company claimed that it has the best camera on a smartphone, at least according to the latest DxOMark scores. As of the time of this review, the Google Pixel has beaten the HTC 10, the Galaxy S7 edge, the Sony Xperia X Performance, the Moto Z, and the iPhone 7 to name a few. It’s worth noting that the iPhone 7 Plus has yet to be reviewed by DxOMark, but the Pixel nonetheless should be a step up compared to all of the other Android flagships. Is it?
Check out the following photos, but please understand that I’m not a photographer by any means. I would take these as an example of what the average person would be taking with the Pixel on a daily basis, not as some of the best that the Pixel can take:
Well, we don’t have every single Android phone on hand to compare it to, but we do have a Galaxy S7 edge, one of the next -best Android phones according to DxO. Based on my initial impressions over the last few days, DxO’s benchmark holds up pretty well. The Pixel does indeed have one of the best cameras I’ve ever used on a smartphone — based purely on looking at the photos. But as someone who isn’t really picky about their photos in the first place, I’d be fine with the Galaxy S7.
EIS is the new OIS (almost)
One thing that I have to rave about is this phone’s EIS when recording video. The lack of OIS on this phone was one of the biggest “don’t knock it ’til you try” moments I’ve had in my many few years of reviewing phones. The lack of OIS was one of the biggest “really, Google?” moments for me at the October 4th announcement event, but I have been proven so wrong. The EIS that Google is packing on this phone is borderline magic in my opinion — I think it even beats hardware OIS in some cases.
CONCLUSION |
Switching to Pixel
If you’re on the fence about making the switch because switching from the “other side” (read: an iPhone) sounds difficult, Google has you covered. The Pixel comes with an OTG dongle, which might sound unfamiliar, but it’s just a little adapter used for plugging in your other phone directly to the Pixel. If you’re coming from an iPhone, you can just plug it straight into your new phone and Google will walk you through moving over all your data when you first set up the phone.
Live Cases
Another interesting tidbit that is worth mentioning is that Google offers some really nice first-party cases to go with your Pixel or Pixel XL. They’ve been around since around the time of the launch of the Nexus 5X and Nexus 6P, and let you customize your phone and make it your own. You can create a Live Case with a Google Maps silhouette of your favorite place, you can create a case using a photo you upload, or you can pick from a pre-selected gallery of art. These cases aren’t cheap, but — on top of being customizable — they also add functionality to your phone with an extra button on the back.
Value
This is a Google-made package from top to bottom, and yeah, it has its compromises, but it very well could be the start of something great. That’s what I think is so special about it. The idea of what Google might be able to accomplish going forward is exciting, and the Pixel is a glimpse at a future where Google’s own hardware competes with the Samsungs and Apples of the world — and maybe even wins.
Sadly, though, the package you get with the Pixel comes at a cost. The standard Pixel starts at $650, and the Pixel XL starts at $769. You can get financing through either Verizon or the Google Store, but these phones are unlocked and will work with most major carriers. At these prices, the phones aren’t a no brainer. But I also don’t think it’s an outrageous asking price either — especially if you manage to get one of those limited edition blue models and you get affordable cellular service through Project Fi.
The elephant(s) in the room, I think, are the Chinese-made budget offerings like the OnePlus 3. In terms of raw specifications, the OnePlus 3 is very comparable to the Pixel — and in some ways better. It’s also a whole 2 or 3 Benjamins cheaper. Honestly, it’s a difficult situation. The Pixel really is great. And in some ways it’s one of the best phones ever. Early — and perhaps exclusive — access to Google’s latest software features is hard to pass up for some. It has near-stock Android with valuable software additions on top and reliable performance. It has the Snapdragon 821. But is it worth the extra cash?
I can’t answer that question for you. I think for me, the answer is yes. I would pick this phone over most Android phones. But I’m also a big fan of Google software, and I prefer to use Android the way Google intends it. None of the other OEMs can offer this flavor of Android that has this degree of Google’s mark and influence. All things considered, these phones aren’t perfect. But no phones are, and if you’re one who loves Google’s software and services as much as I do, they might be the imperfect phones for you.
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Check out 9to5Google on YouTube for more news: | {
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Gustavo Cañete
Gustavo Cañete (born April 4, 1977 in Salamanca, Spain) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for Espoli of the Serie A of Ecuador.
Teams
Cerro Porteño 1997-1998
América 1999
Atlante 1999-2000
Guaraní 2000-2001
Veracruz 2002
12 de Octubre 2003
Tigrillos 2003-2004
San Luis Potosí 2004-2005
3 de Febrero 2005-2006
Millonarios 2007
Deportivo Pereira 2007
Deportivo Azogues 2008
Espoli 2009–present
External links
Profile at BDFA
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Paraguayan footballers
Category:Paraguay under-20 international footballers
Category:Paraguayan expatriate footballers
Category:12 de Octubre footballers
Category:Cerro Porteño players
Category:Club Guaraní players
Category:Club América footballers
Category:Atlante F.C. footballers
Category:C.D. Veracruz footballers
Category:San Luis F.C. players
Category:C.D. ESPOLI footballers
Category:3 de Febrero players
Category:Millonarios F.C. footballers
Category:Deportivo Pereira footballers
Category:Liga MX players
Category:Categoría Primera A players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Category:Expatriate footballers in Ecuador
Category:Expatriate footballers in Colombia
Category:Association footballers not categorized by position | {
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ABOUT US
The doctrinal standards of the Methodist Church of the Bahamas are as follows:
The Methodist Church of the Bahamas claims and cherishes its place in the Church universal, which is the Body of Christ. It rejoices in the inheritance of the apostolic faith and loyally accepts the fundamental principles of the historic creeds and of the Protestant Reformation.It ever remembers that in the providence of God Methodism was raised up by God to spread scriptural holiness throughout the land by the proclamation of the evangelical faith and declares its unfaltering resolve to be true to its divinely appointed mission.The doctrines of the evangelical faith which Methodism has held from the beginning and still holds are based upon the divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures. The Methodist Church of the Bahamas acknowledges this revelation as the supreme rule of faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church of the Bahamas both ministers and lay persons are pledged are contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and the first four volumes of his sermons.Wesley's "Notes on the New Testament" and "The 44 Sermons" are not intended to impose a system of formal or speculative theology on Methodist preachers, but to set up standards of preaching and belief which should secure loyalty to the fundamental truths of the gospel of redemption and ensure the continued witness of the Church to the realities of the Christian experience of salvation. Christ's ministers in the Church are stewards in the household of God and shepherds of His flock. Some are called and ordained to this sole occupation and have a principal and directing part in these great duties but they hold no ministry differing in kind from that which is common to all the Lord's people and they have no exclusive title to the preaching of the gospel or the care of souls. These ministries are shared with them by others to whom also the Spirit divides gifts severally as the Spirit wills. It is the universal conviction of the Methodist people that the office of Christian ministry depends upon the call of God who bestows the gifts of the Spirit the grace and the fruit which indicates those whom He has chosen.Those whom the Methodist Church of the Bahamas recognizes as called of God and therefore receives into its ministry shall be ordained by the imposition of hands as expressive of the Church's recognition of the minister's personal call.The Methodist Church of the Bahamas holds the doctrine of the ministry of all Christians and consequently believes that no ministry exists which belongs exclusively to a particular order or group of persons but in the exercise of its corporate life and worship special qualifications for the discharge of special duties are required and thus the principle of representative selection is recognized.The Methodist Church of the Bahamas recognizes two sacraments namely Baptism and the Lord's Supper as of divine appointment and of perpetual obligation of which it is the privilege and duty of members of the Methodist Church of the Bahamas to avail themselves. | {
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Vehicle Safety Quiz
The Articulate e-Learning Heroes Challenge of the week #159 was to design how multiple choice quizzes are used in e-Learning. I decided to use “show me, tell me” vehicle safety questions that driving examiners can ask in a car driving test. | {
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The ultimate objectives are (1) to place our understanding of the mode of action of the peptide antibiotics and hormones on a conformational basis and (2) to develop the spectroscopic approach to the study of conformation and conformational averaging in peptides. The experimental approach involves the combined use of (a) solid phase peptide synthesis (b) correlation, double resonance, and difference NMR spectroscopy (c) fluorescence and circular dichroism (d) thin film and equilibrium dialysis and (e) model building. In addition, we intend to investigate the interaction of the peptide antibiotics and hormones with a view to understanding (a) the sites for detergent and fluorescent probe binding (b) the rates and mechanism of cleavage by crystallographically defined proteases and (c) the structure and thermodynamics of peptide micelle formation. The availability of conformationally characterized peptides lends those studies uniqueness; they also have considerable importance for control and regulation of hormone levels--hormone homeostasis. | {
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IHS Markit (Nasdaq: INFO) is pleased to announce its support for MEF as an analyst partner at the MEF18 networking event, held October 29 to November 2, 2018, at the JW Marriott LA LIVE in Los Angeles, California.
Despite unabated network usage, global telecom revenue is on track to grow just 1.1 percent in 2017 over the prior year, according to a new report by business information provider IHS Markit (Nasdaq: INFO).
IHS Markit (Nasdaq: INFO), a world leader in critical information, analytics and solutions, conducted in-depth interviews with global service providers that have deployed software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) or will do so in the future and found that respondents identified Cisco/Tail-f, Nokia and Ciena—including Cyan—as the top SDN vendors.
As service providers seek service agility and operational efficiency in their networks to stay competitive, the global market for carrier software-defined networking (SDN) software, hardware and services is expected to grow from $103 million in 2014 to $5.7 billion in 2019, according to IHS (NYSE: IHS).
IHS (NYSE: IHS) conducted in-depth interviews with telecom carriers around the world to determine their plans for evaluating and deploying network functions virtualization (NFV) and found that 35 percent are planning to deploy NFV in 2015.
IHS conducted in-depth interviews with telecom carriers around the world to determine their plans for evaluating and deploying network functions virtualization (NFV) and found that 35 percent are planning to deploy NFV in 2015.
Architectural changes based on virtualization and packet-optical technologies will hold the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of the worldwide service provider router and switch market to 2.1 percent over the 5 years from 2014 to 2019, according IHS.
Infonetics Research, now part of IHS Inc, released excerpts from its 2014 Telecommunications Equipment Vendor Scorecard, which profiles and analyzes the 6 leading suppliers of telecom infrastructure, software and services. | {
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Lille Egholm
Lille Egholm is a small privately-owned Danish island in the South Funen Archipelago, lying 150 meters southeast of Store Egholm.
Lille Egholm covers an area of 0.04 km².
References
Category:Danish islands in the Baltic
Category:Islands of Denmark | {
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Stationers' Register
The Stationers’ Register was a record book maintained by the Stationers' Company of London. The company is a trade guild given a royal charter in 1557 to regulate the various professions associated with the publishing industry, including printers, bookbinders, booksellers, and publishers in England. The Register itself allowed publishers to document their right to produce a particular printed work, and constituted an early form of copyright law. The Company's charter gave it the right to seize illicit editions and bar the publication of unlicensed books.
For the study of English literature of the later sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries—for the Elizabethan era, the Jacobean era, the Caroline era, and especially for English Renaissance theatre—the Stationers' Register is a crucial and essential resource: it provides factual information and hard data that is available nowhere else. Together with the records of the Master of the Revels (which relate to dramatic performance rather than publication), the Stationers' Register supplies many of the certain facts scholars possess on the works of William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and all of their immediate predecessors, contemporaries, and successors.
By paying a fee of 4 to 6 pence, a bookseller could register his right to publish a given work. One example: the Stationers' Register reveals that on 26 November 1607, the stationers John Busby and Nathaniel Butter claimed the right to print "A booke called Master William Shakespeare his historye of Kinge Lear, as yt was played before the Kinges maiestie at Whitehall vppon Sainct Stephens night at Christmas Last, by his maiesties servantes playinge vsually at the Globe on the Banksyde." (They paid sixpence.)
Enforcement of regulations in this historical era was never as thorough as in the modern world; books were sometimes published without registration, and other irregularities also occurred. In some cases, the companies of actors appear to have registered plays through co-operative stationers, with the express purpose of forestalling the publication of a play when publication was not in their interest.
In 1710, the Copyright Act or Statute of Anne entered into force, superseding company provisions pertaining to the Register. The company continued to offer some form of registration of works until February 2000.
References
Sources
Arber, Edward, ed. A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London 1554–1640 A.D. 5 Volumes, London, privately printed, 1875–94.
Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
Eyre, G. E. B., and G. R. Rivington, eds. A Transcript of the Registers of the Worshipful Company of Stationers from 1640–1708. 3 Volumes, London, privately printed, 1913–14.
Greg, W. W., and E. Boswell, eds. Records of the Court of the Stationer's Company, 1576 to 1602. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1930.
Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Baltimore, Penguin, 1964.
Jackson, William A., ed. Records of the Court of the Stationers' Company 1602 to 1640. London, The Bibliographical Society, 1957.
External links
The Stationers' Company Register (1556–1695) Official site of the Stationers' Company in its current incarnation
2011–2013 project led by Giles Bergel.
Category:Bibliography
Category:English Renaissance plays
Category:Media in the United Kingdom | {
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One of the two states in the country that still exert total government control over the booze business soon could be handing the reins of the liquor industry back to the private sector.
A Republican-backed plan to privatize Pennsylvania's 600 state-operated liquor stores won historic support this week, advancing out of the House and marking the closest the state has come to unraveling its Depression-era -- and some say antiquated -- system.
"We're actually telling our citizens that we know you're adults and you should have the ability to choose, and you should have convenience," Republican Gov. Tom Corbett, who supports the bill, said at a news conference.
Pennsylvania and Utah stand alone as the only states that control the wholesale and retail arms of the liquor business. Both would be sold under the Republican plan, which faces opposition from Democrats and union critics, who say it could cost 5,000 jobs.
Lawmakers have tried before, and failed, to privatize the industry, but on Thursday the state House approved the bill on a 105-90 vote after about seven hours of debate. No Democrats supported it.
The bill would give existing beer distributors the priority in purchasing 1,200 wine and spirits licenses. It also would allow groceries to sell wine and enshrine their current ability -- won through court rulings -- to sell takeout beer.
The bill now heads to the Senate side, where it likely will face changes, according to MyFoxPhilly.com.
Corbett and other Republican supporters argue that the state's system is outdated and that the liquor business is not a function of government. They say private businesses would improve customer service, create jobs and put an end to a Depression-era system of state control that was almost unheard of across the country. They said sales would increase in part by recapturing customers from Pennsylvania who purchase wine and liquor from other states, particularly New Jersey.
Democrats warn, though, that it would put thousands of state store employees out of work, cost more and generate less revenue than supporters predict and that it would make alcohol more widely available, bringing with it a range of social problems.
"This is not a business-friendly bill," Democratic state Rep. Margo Davidson said. "This measure has the potential to destroy small businesses and ravage communities."
Both sides said the proposal was likely to see changes in the state Senate, where the Republican leader said discussions would soon begin regarding how that chamber will respond.
Corbett said the fees from the licenses -- at least hundreds of millions, perhaps as much as $1.1 billion -- should go to improving public education.
But the bill does not dictate how the money is spent, only that it should be deposited in a special account. Legislative officials said the spending would be determined in separate, future legislation.
Democrats were skeptical of the revenue projections.
"To get to that $1.1 billion, you'd almost have to have a perfect storm," said Rep. Joe Markosek, the ranking Democrat on the Appropriations Committee. "Something far lower is far more likely to occur."
Under the bill, the state would continue to operate liquor stores in otherwise underserved markets until the number of stores dips below 100. It provides for special job placement benefits for displaced Liquor Control Board employees. State taxes, including the 18 percent Johnstown Flood Tax, would continue to be levied, and supporters noted that the private retail operators would also be contributing payroll and business taxes.
It also provides a system by which those buying licenses can finance them over four years.
The Associated Press contributed to this report. | {
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This renewal proposal continues our exploration of the vasa vasorum (the microvessels perfusing the arterial wall) in coronary artery disease. The long-term objective is to clarify the role of solute transport across the arterial wall in the initiation and/or progression of atherosclerosis. The relevance of this knowledge to the mission of NHLBI is that it should provide insight into possible early treatments to arrest or reverse arthrosclerosis and thereby reduce major public health problems resulting from advanced atherosclerosis causing coronary artery stenosis and myocardial infarction. This proposal is designed to test the overall hypothesis that the vasa vasorum can play an important role in the initiation of coronary atherogenesis by virtue of disturbed solute transport within the arterial wall occurring prior to cellular invasion and/or proliferation. So far the question of mere association of changes in vasa vasorum (W) with early atherogenesis has already been answered in the affirmative by our studies. What remains to be determined is to what extent the W actually play a primary or facilitating role in the initiation of the artherosclerotic process or merely respond to that process. Our approach is based primarily on use of micro-CT-based imaging methods including our novel, in-house developed, cryostatic micro-CT method and also by in-vitro characterization of isolated W contractile state. This will involve analysis of coronary arteries of pigs with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia or renal artery stenosis (stent-induced) arterial hypertension, both being risk factors for atherogenesis. AIM I: Explore individual W trees' perfusion territories', function in terms of location, shape, size and washin/washout characteristics. The 3D geometry and solute transport localized function of these territories will form the basis for understanding of lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. AIM II: Explore the role of endothelial permeability in the W and coronary artery using cryostatic micro-CT scans. Use micro embolism to cause acute occlusion of single W near their origin to evaluate the ability of W contiguous in perfusion territories, to compensate for the localized loss of perfusion. AIM III: Following chronic recovery from micro-embolization of some of the W, the relationship between location and size of coronary arterial wall perfusion-voids on the one hand and histologically localized 'lipid1 deposits on the other will be a direct test of the pathological consequences of alterations in solute transport characteristics of W. The specific significance of this proposal is that if W play an important role in the initiation or progression of atherosclerosis, a possible therapeutic benefit that may result from acquiring this new information is that either stimulation (or inhibition; depending on our findings) of vasculogenesis of W could retard the onset and/or severity of atherosclerosis. | {
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3 years( again)
Jan 19, 2005
dr.young I wrote to you asking abpot my vl and tcells a month ago.thank you fore your response.I was asking you why my tcells have increased so much over the past 3 years from 240 to 1350 and my vl went from 704,000 to 200. you mentioned that the concern is that such a low viral load might lead to some resistance.I did forget to mention that in the past 3 years my cd4's have always increased but there where a few times that my vl increased also.one of my tests revealed that my vl went frome like 900 to like 2500 i dont remember the excact numbers.at that time i told my doctor i wanted a resistance test wich came back that i wasnt resistant to my meds.my next test my vl was back down again.also my latest labs where my vl went from 170 to 800 and my cd4's went from 1350 to 1170.a couple points to note: 1 I did my blood work a 7am and ii herd thet your cd4's are lower in the morning then afternoon,2 it seems to me when i do my labs after haveing been sick with the flue or a cold my numbers seem to be worse and 3 these latest labs that i gave you i did in nov of 2004 after being ill for awhile.( cold i think )and at 7am,I am retesting in feb just to see whats going on if infact these increases in vl and decreases in cd4's infact where do to being ill.so my question is what do you think about being ill affecting your numbers and about the fluctuation in vl over the years with my test saying i had no resistance?
Response from Dr. Young
Hello again, 3 years,
You're correct on all points-- there is a lot of variability to the viral load test, and illness (even something as insignificant as a cold) or immunizations can cause small increases in the measurement. The later nearly always occurs in the abscence of resistance. Such could be the case when your viral load is higher.
I certainly recommend that patients defer getting their viral load and CD4 cell counts during periods of such illness; wait a couple of weeks before getting the tests done.
That said, it's rather unlikely that you're always sick when your lab tests are done-- I still am puzzled about cases like yours, but rest assured that there are others like you.
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Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.
The Body is a service of Remedy Health Media, LLC, 750 3rd Avenue, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10017. The Body and its logos are trademarks of Remedy Health Media, LLC, and its subsidiaries, which owns the copyright of The Body's homepage, topic pages, page designs and HTML code. General Disclaimer: The Body is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice or professional services. The information provided through The Body should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or a disease. It is not a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you may have a health problem, consult your health care provider. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
/**
* Durandal 2.0.1 Copyright (c) 2012 Blue Spire Consulting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
* Available via the MIT license.
* see: http://durandaljs.com or https://github.com/BlueSpire/Durandal for details.
*/
/**
* The viewLocator module collaborates with the viewEngine module to provide views (literally dom sub-trees) to other parts of the framework as needed. The primary consumer of the viewLocator is the composition module.
* @module viewLocator
* @requires system
* @requires viewEngine
*/
define(['durandal/system', 'durandal/viewEngine'], function (system, viewEngine) {
function findInElements(nodes, url) {
for (var i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
var current = nodes[i];
var existingUrl = current.getAttribute('data-view');
if (existingUrl == url) {
return current;
}
}
}
function escape(str) {
return (str + '').replace(/([\\\.\+\*\?\[\^\]\$\(\)\{\}\=\!\<\>\|\:])/g, "\\$1");
}
/**
* @class ViewLocatorModule
* @static
*/
return {
/**
* Allows you to set up a convention for mapping module folders to view folders. It is a convenience method that customizes `convertModuleIdToViewId` and `translateViewIdToArea` under the covers.
* @method useConvention
* @param {string} [modulesPath] A string to match in the path and replace with the viewsPath. If not specified, the match is 'viewmodels'.
* @param {string} [viewsPath] The replacement for the modulesPath. If not specified, the replacement is 'views'.
* @param {string} [areasPath] Partial views are mapped to the "views" folder if not specified. Use this parameter to change their location.
*/
useConvention: function(modulesPath, viewsPath, areasPath) {
modulesPath = modulesPath || 'viewmodels';
viewsPath = viewsPath || 'views';
areasPath = areasPath || viewsPath;
var reg = new RegExp(escape(modulesPath), 'gi');
this.convertModuleIdToViewId = function (moduleId) {
return moduleId.replace(reg, viewsPath);
};
this.translateViewIdToArea = function (viewId, area) {
if (!area || area == 'partial') {
return areasPath + '/' + viewId;
}
return areasPath + '/' + area + '/' + viewId;
};
},
/**
* Maps an object instance to a view instance.
* @method locateViewForObject
* @param {object} obj The object to locate the view for.
* @param {string} [area] The area to translate the view to.
* @param {DOMElement[]} [elementsToSearch] An existing set of elements to search first.
* @return {Promise} A promise of the view.
*/
locateViewForObject: function(obj, area, elementsToSearch) {
var view;
if (obj.getView) {
view = obj.getView();
if (view) {
return this.locateView(view, area, elementsToSearch);
}
}
if (obj.viewUrl) {
return this.locateView(obj.viewUrl, area, elementsToSearch);
}
var id = system.getModuleId(obj);
if (id) {
return this.locateView(this.convertModuleIdToViewId(id), area, elementsToSearch);
}
return this.locateView(this.determineFallbackViewId(obj), area, elementsToSearch);
},
/**
* Converts a module id into a view id. By default the ids are the same.
* @method convertModuleIdToViewId
* @param {string} moduleId The module id.
* @return {string} The view id.
*/
convertModuleIdToViewId: function(moduleId) {
return moduleId;
},
/**
* If no view id can be determined, this function is called to genreate one. By default it attempts to determine the object's type and use that.
* @method determineFallbackViewId
* @param {object} obj The object to determine the fallback id for.
* @return {string} The view id.
*/
determineFallbackViewId: function (obj) {
var funcNameRegex = /function (.{1,})\(/;
var results = (funcNameRegex).exec((obj).constructor.toString());
var typeName = (results && results.length > 1) ? results[1] : "";
return 'views/' + typeName;
},
/**
* Takes a view id and translates it into a particular area. By default, no translation occurs.
* @method translateViewIdToArea
* @param {string} viewId The view id.
* @param {string} area The area to translate the view to.
* @return {string} The translated view id.
*/
translateViewIdToArea: function (viewId, area) {
return viewId;
},
/**
* Locates the specified view.
* @method locateView
* @param {string|DOMElement} viewOrUrlOrId A view, view url or view id to locate.
* @param {string} [area] The area to translate the view to.
* @param {DOMElement[]} [elementsToSearch] An existing set of elements to search first.
* @return {Promise} A promise of the view.
*/
locateView: function(viewOrUrlOrId, area, elementsToSearch) {
if (typeof viewOrUrlOrId === 'string') {
var viewId;
if (viewEngine.isViewUrl(viewOrUrlOrId)) {
viewId = viewEngine.convertViewUrlToViewId(viewOrUrlOrId);
} else {
viewId = viewOrUrlOrId;
}
if (area) {
viewId = this.translateViewIdToArea(viewId, area);
}
if (elementsToSearch) {
var existing = findInElements(elementsToSearch, viewId);
if (existing) {
return system.defer(function(dfd) {
dfd.resolve(existing);
}).promise();
}
}
return viewEngine.createView(viewId);
}
return system.defer(function(dfd) {
dfd.resolve(viewOrUrlOrId);
}).promise();
}
};
});
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
The mechanism for emergence of viral drug-resistance.
Antiviral drug was firstly reported regarding thiosemicarbazones developed for poxviruses in 1951. Then, human beings have been developed antiviral drugs using the latest technolo- gies including drug-design by computer, selection from huge compounds, antibodies and ge- nome editing. However, drug-resistant viruses always emerge because viruses are able to easily mutate. Although Favipiravir, which is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, became a hot topic by having antiviral activity to several viruses including ebolavirus, viral drug-resistance would have been appeared by mutation in chikungunya virus. In this paper, the herpesvirus, HIV and influenza virus were focused to introduce development of antiviral drugs and the mechanism for emergence of drug-resistance. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
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strict warning: Declaration of publishing_options_facet::build_root_categories_query() should be compatible with faceted_search_facet::build_root_categories_query() in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/faceted_search/publishing_options_facets.module on line 165.
strict warning: Declaration of taxonomy_facet::build_root_categories_query() should be compatible with faceted_search_facet::build_root_categories_query() in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/faceted_search/taxonomy_facets.module on line 402.
strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 879.
strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_filter::options_validate() should be compatible with views_handler::options_validate($form, &$form_state) in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter.inc on line 589.
strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_filter::options_submit() should be compatible with views_handler::options_submit($form, &$form_state) in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter.inc on line 589.
strict warning: Declaration of views_handler_filter_boolean_operator::value_validate() should be compatible with views_handler_filter::value_validate($form, &$form_state) in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/handlers/views_handler_filter_boolean_operator.inc on line 149.
strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_row::options_validate() should be compatible with views_plugin::options_validate(&$form, &$form_state) in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_row.inc on line 135.
strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_row::options_submit() should be compatible with views_plugin::options_submit(&$form, &$form_state) in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_row.inc on line 135.
strict warning: Non-static method view::load_views() should not be called statically in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 837.
strict warning: Non-static method view::db_objects() should not be called statically in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/includes/view.inc on line 1367.
strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 879.
strict warning: Declaration of views_plugin_style_default::options() should be compatible with views_object::options() in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/plugins/views_plugin_style_default.inc on line 25.
strict warning: Non-static method view::load() should not be called statically in /home/eurolink/public_html/shop/sites/all/modules/views/views.module on line 879. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Daredevil season 3 is coming red hot into New York Comic-Con, as the early trailers and marketing have promised that this third season will truly be something remarkable.
The panel opens with Marvel TV Head Jeph Loeb, who teased that we will see something we've never seen before. We started off with an awesome new sizzle reel of Marvel Netflix Universe, using footage from the latest seasons of Luke Cage, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist and Punisher - and ending with a quick tease of Daredevil Season 3 footage.
Loeb takes time to thank the fans for making that Marvel Netflix sizzle reel possible.
New showrunner Erik Oleson is brought out first, then new cast members Jay Ali (Agent Nadeem), Joanne Whalley (Sister Maggie), Wilson Bethel ("Dex" or maybe "Bullseye???) - as well as returning cast members Elden Henson (Foggy), Deborah Ann Woll (Karen Page), Vincent D'Onofrio (Wilson Fisk) and Charlie Cox (Matt Murdock / Daredevil).
Loeb starts off by revealing that Charlie Cox got married last week, and introduces his wife, Sam Thomas, who is in the crowd. Unfortunately there's not time for a honeymoon, as Cox and Henson are going on an international promotional tour for Daredevil right after this.
The first question Loeb asks is where Cox is as the season begins - and what his relationship with Sister Maggie is all about. Cox jokes about all the messed up things that have happened to Matt Murdock in season 1, 2, and The Defenders, and says by the start of season 3, Matt is at his lowest point yet. He praises Whalley and the energy she brought to the role and set, and is excited to show fans that story.
Whalley confesses to being a fish out of water who never read a comic and understands nothing about Comic-Con. She says she thought the experience would be "a bit dodgy," but has truly been surprised by how great and talented here castmates and crew are.
Loeb presents new footage:
The clips sees Matt Murdock laid out in the convent, with Sister Maggie attending to his wounds. Maggie and Matt's conversation hints at his past being raised in the convent, and she confirms she knows he's Daredevil. She asks if he faked his blindness, and at first Matt is sarcastic with her, but then confesses to how his powers work, when she asks if she's being unfair. Matt seems to think he's done being Daredevil, as he's def in one ear and injured in key places, but Maggie assures him he'll be on his feet again - even if "The Devil of Hell's Kitchen" is done. When his wounds are dressed, Sister Maggie hints that when Matt is more healed, he must go.
Olsen describes the orverarching themes of season 3 - both telling an intimate character story, and a metaphorical one about "narcissistic tyrants who use fear to divide." And how friendship, faith, and bravery can conquer those forces. He teases how even side stories for Karen and Foggy are crucial this season, adding themes like the importance of the free press and social justice through the law. A second clip is shown at Foggy's family's butcher shop, as Karen has apparently heard rumor of a vigilante in a black suit operating in Hell's Kitchen, and is convinced Matt is back in action. However, Karen can't convince Foggy, who at first tells her Matt is "gone" until he says outright that Matt is "dead" when Karen pushes him. Karen storms out, and Foggy's family is left shaking their heads. Woll says for Karen, holding on to that hope of Matt being alive as a way of staying out of a spiral into an abyss.
Jay Ali's Agent Nadeem is revealed as being the FBI agent who's put in charge of Wilson Fisk. A clip is shown where Nadeem is meeting with Fisk in prison, but his skeptical that Fisk will respond to him. Fisk stares at the man and asks if he has anyone in his life he loves and would do anything for. Nadeem thinks it's a threat - but actually, Fisk is referring to Vanessa, and the scene ends with him saying "I want to make a deal." Ali jokes that things go very well for Nadeem by taking that deal. However, it seems like they will not. D'Onofrio describes Fisk's power to see a "disease" in people that he can stoke, in order to get what he wants: Vanessa. He then references the "gnat" who is constantly bothering him.
Cox takes the gnat comment in stride, praising D'Onofrio and his return, which helps elevate his own game.
Next, Loeb teases that we need to see some action, and asks Olsen if he has any to share. Olsen states that he wanted to have sequences with real consequences; wanted Daredevil to lose some fights; and boasts that he has topped the Marvel Netflix "Hallway Fight Sequence" tradition. He reveals that the crew had to stop filming for a whole day, just to rehearse.
...Instead, Loeb shares a different scene, in which Matt Murdock surprises Marvel Netlfix shady lawyer Ben Donovan in his car, to get info on Wilson Fisk and how he cut a deal with the FBI. Donovan reveals that Vanessa is the reason, but Matt is interrupted as FBI agents come onto the scene. Matt then uses a combination of stealth and combat to take down the agents and get away.
A second scene is show in which Nadeem is transporting Fisk via SUV convoy, but the convoy is ambushed by Albanian hitmen looking for payback. The scene is shown from Fisk's POV, as the truck has flipped, and all the FBI agents are blown away. Just when it looks like Fisk is dead, "Dex" appears and takes down every assailant with precision and brutality. A full trailer of his character is shown, and Loeb and Bethel confirm: This is the Marvel Cinematic Universe Bullseye!
WATCH: The Daredevil Season 3 Bullseye Trailer HERE!
Charlie Cox immediately drew the Bullseye target on Bethel's forehead, while Loeb called it the "worst kept secret at Marvel." Olsen describes how he wanted this to be a full origin story for a character as iconic as Bullseye, weighing the light and dark of Dex until he ultimately slides into the abyss. Bethel teases that Dex's mind and backstory gets "weird," and Olsen adds that Marvel let them really delve deep into creating their version of the character.
In between Bethel getting teased about how ridiculous he looks with the target on his head, D'Onofrio teases how the Kingpin gets into Dex's head to help push him towards Bullseye, describing the intensity that he and Bethel managed to create, and the "100% effort" they put in. When it's revealed that Nadeem and Dex are friends, Ali jokes that his character "will have a lot to answer for," between aiding Kingpin, and helping create Bullseye.
The Q&A revealed how the Fisk voice was created; the awesome scripts and story Olsen has for season 3; the epic hallway fight of this season; and Karen's revelatory backstory. We also get the usual "Are the Defenders Coming Back?" and "When will the Marvel Netflix characters be in the MCU?" which ended badly with a belligerent fan pestering Loeb.
We ended with two final surprises, which Loeb unveiled: A Daredevil Bullseye fight!
The sequence takes place in the New York Bulletin newsroom, as Foggy enters to meet Karen, only to find all the reporters slaughtered. "Daredevil" is standing over one of the bodies, and when he sees Foggy, he tosses a billy club aimed right at Foggy's heart. The club is caught by the real Matt Murodck at the last second, and after sizing each other up, Matt asks the impostor "Who are you?" to which Dex/Bullseye responds, "Daredevil." The two brawl all over the newsroom; Whenever Matt is up close, he gains the upper hand; whenever there's any distance, Bullseye picks him apart using whatever office supplies are in reach. A cat-and-mouse game of hide and seek results in some crazy Bullseye trick shots that keep knocking Matt around; finally Murdock uses a false target or two to get in close, and goes for the KO. He almost wins, but Bullseye reaches nearby pair of scissors, which he tosses into Matt's collarbone. Matt goes down and Bullseye drops a supply shelf on him and knocks him out with a brutal boot to the face. We're left with sirens int the distance while Bullseye stands triumphantly - with nothing standing between him, Karen, Foggy, and the rest of the reporters hiding in a back office. It doesn't look good, folks...
Daredevil season 3 premieres on Netflix starting on October 19th. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Comparison of acid reduction in antiulcer operations.
Three acid-reducing operations have recently been described for the laparoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer disease. These consist of a posterior truncal vagotomy combined with either (1) an anterior seromyotomy (SERO), (2) an anterior highly selective vagotomy (AHSV), or (3) a linear stapled lesser curvature excision (STAP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiologic effects of these procedures in terms of basal and maximal acid outputs. Fifty New Zealand rabbits were prospectively randomized into five open laparotomy groups (n = 10): a control group without vagal manipulation (CON), a bilateral truncal vagotomy with pyloromyotomy group (VP), a SERO group, an AHSV group, and a STAP group. All animals underwent placement of a gastrostomy tube for subsequent gastric secretory analysis. On postoperative day 6, basal acid outputs (BAO) and maximal acid outputs (MAO) following IV pentagastrin stimulation (30 microg/kg/h) were measured. Results were compared statistically using the ANOVA method. Pentagastrin stimulation was associated with a significant increase in MAO in the CON group (p < 0.05 vs BAO); however, this response was effectively blunted in all the experimental groups. There were no differences in BAO or MAO between any of the vagotomized groups (SERO, HSV, STAP, VP). We conclude that the three acid-reducing procedures modified for laparoscopy are equally efficacious in reducing gastric acid secretion and that they compare favorably with VP. To our knowledge, this is the first report comparing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion between these new acid-reducing techniques. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Is decreased appetite for food a physiological consequence of alcohol consumption?
Despite the overwhelming evidence linking alcohol to the development of disease, the contribution of alcohol toxicity to ill health remains controversial. One of the major problems facing researchers is the fact that alcoholic beverages, which contribute little to the nutritional requirements of the body, are often substituted for food and nutritional deficiency alone can promote cell damage. Long-term alcohol intake can decrease the total amount of food consumed when food is freely available and the alcoholic individual is often held accountable for their irregular eating behaviour. Assessment of meal composition has highlighted that appetite for food-containing carbohydrate (in particular) is altered in moderate-heavy drinkers but at present there is insufficient biochemical evidence to confirm or deny this observation. The biochemical processes associated with appetite are many and it would be impossible to address all of these events in a single paper. Therefore, the aim of this review will be to focus on one of the major biochemical markers of appetite for carbohydrate in order to put forward the suggestion that a decreased appetite for food could be a physiological consequence of consuming some forms of alcohol. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
"(Man) blessed are those who can give without remembering, and take without forgetting." "Amen." "(Mum) Amen." "Thanks, Effy, but you know this is the best birthday present I couId have." "A nice family meal." "A chance to have a bit of quality time." "Ah, isn't that lovely?" "Ha, you know, this reminds me of when I was a boy and my Auntie MabeI, when she was carving the chicken, she always used to wear these Ioose-fitting tops..." "Yes, I think we've all heard this one, haven't we?" "It's a joke, Anthea, an anecdote." "And my dad, your grandfather, God rest his soul," ""What would you Iike, David?" she used to say, and he'd look right down her front and say," ""I'd Iike breast, please, and then maybe a bit of leg and stuffing."" "LAUGHS AWKWARDLY" "I mean, he'd basically growl at her." "You see, that's a difficult dad." " No-one thinks you're difficult, Jim." " Ha!" "And then MabeI would get to me." "Ah, what could I ask for?" "I scoured my brain and came up with, "Thigh, please, MabeI."" "I basically asked for the only thing I couId think of that was non-sexuaI." " Thigh!" " Thighs can be sexy." "That's not true." "You'd be surprised, you can do a Iot with thighs, Dad." "No, you can't." "CARVING KNIFE WHIRS" "Look, I'm sorry." "What is so sexy about thighs?" "I mean, what on earth can you do with a thigh?" "please not..." "Not in front of Effy, Jim." "AII right." "What would everyone like?" "A bit of thigh, please, Dad." "No!" "Not yet!" "Did I say do it yet?" "No, look, Jim!" "Effy's rolled a five." "Oh, yes, well, er, right, well, jolly good." "AII right, we'II treat that as your go, Effy." "Er, so you got a five..." "Oh, God, I can't understand these rules." "They've translated them from Korean." "SIGHS HEAVILY" "Jim, maybe we shouldn't play a game." "Fine." "Fucking fine." "Fucking, fucking fine." "So what shall we do, then?" "Just sit, shall we?" "Yes, we can just sit, yeah, and I'II see if I can find some nice... biscuits, OK?" "Oh, I hate it when your mother's like this." "(On TV)" " help me!" " What's wrong?" "Any luck with it?" "Never mind." "Good night, love." "Night, sweetheart." "(On TV) There's nothing there." "What's wrong?" "RINGING TONE" "(Chris) 'Tony." "You all right, man?" "How's it going?" "'" "What's everyone doing tonight?" "'Um, well, there's a few people coming round to mine." "'But it's a homework thing, really.'" "Is michelle coming?" "'Yeah." "Yeah, but it's for a class that you're not in..." "'Um..." "'Er...biology..." "'You're not in it.'" "It's fine, Chris." "I'm not invited, right?" "'I just..." "I don't think you'd enjoy it, really." "You know?" "'" "Yeah." "I know." "(Sid) 'I'm asleep or just too bored to speak to you, so leave a message.'" "Is this now officially silent treatment you're giving me?" "michelle broke up with me, remember?" "still, if you think this is gonna piss me off, then you're wrong." "I actually quite like it." "I'm just gonna keep on filling up your voicemail with all sorts of shit... (Jim) I'm never neurotic." "Dads always check up on their baby girls, that's what we do." "Look, she's asleep." "Come on, Iet's go to bed." "Bed?" "But it's early." "Panorama." "I don't think that I've given you my birthday present yet." " Auntie MabeI?" " Mmm." "actually, she was a neighbour, not a real blood relative." "I know exactly what she was." "I'II fetch the turkey baster and you...wash your bits." "(Maxxie) 'I dunno." "I'm probably not even going." "'You're breaking up, Tony.'" "FAKES INTERFERENCE" "(JaI) 'She doesn't want to see you, Tony." "Leave us alone.'" "(girl) I wasn't sure what to wear." "Can you believe I borrowed this top from my mum?" "Though Davey, when I wore my mum's fishnets to the school disco thing, said that was well rough cos women used to wear fishnets without knickers at orgies or whatever, so, Iike, my mum would have got stuff on it." "Davey calls it lady juice." "Can you believe he called it lady juice?" "And he says by wearing the tights, her stuff would have rubbed off on me." "Though I wore knickers, and I don't think my mum went to many orgies." "I mean, she grew up in Luton." "I don't think many orgies happen in Luton." "Don't!" "He's gross!" "I'm a bit scared." "Are you scared, Effy?" "I keep tasting sick in my mouth." "I think it's cos I'm excited and nervous." "Do you ever get that?" "Tasting sick in your mouth, Iike you've got hiccups but you haven't." "Do you ever get that, Effy?" "Do you?" "Did I tell you about Davey trying to finger me?" "Effy!" "You came!" "I mean, cool, I mean..." "I wasn't sure you would." "Hi." "It's my last day and they're fucking wankers to work for." "So you know, break, take, steal..." "Anarchy and all that." "Mad." "So this is it?" "really?" "Oh, this is Spencer." "A mate of mine." "Hi, I'm julie and this is Effy." "Do people call you Spence?" "No." "They don't." "I've heard a Iot about you, Effy." "Not all of it good." "You heard anything about me?" "Wanna ride?" "shall I get on too?" "We're here together!" " Big Issue!" " Bit late for you, isn't it, Kenny?" "Last week's edition." "Drunks are usually too generous to notice." "Who you out with?" "On my own tonight." "Listen, you don't fancy a beer?" "Sorry, beer's not really my drink." "Now, once you've tasted a Pinot Grigio, hops just lose their allure." "Right, OK." "Do you want a hand...selling?" "Where's all your mates, then, Tone?" "fallen on hard times, have you?" "Something like that." "well, no offence, but the sooner I get these sold, the sooner I can get home to the missus for cocoa and cuddles." "And I'm not going to get much sold standing next to a posh lad, am I?" "Right." "OK." "No worries." "See you later." "Ta-ta." "Big Issue, fella?" "SIREN WAILS" "(Spencer) It's the fucking cops!" "Do you think they'II give us a joint cell?" "MOBILE RINGS" "hello." "'This is police Sergeant bill Hughes." "'Am I speaking to Tony Stonem?" "'" "What?" "clifton Branch police station." "Marjorie Watts." "How may I help you?" " Um..." " Sorry, I rushed it." "I'II go again." "clifton Branch police station." "Marjorie Watts." "How can I help you?" "Hi, Marjorie." "I'm here to pick up elizabeth Stonem." "She's been arrested." "Okey-dokey." "I'II check that for you." "Just missed her." "Her brother's picked her up already." " I'm her brother." " Her other brother." "I'm her only brother." "OK, her boyfriend pretending to be her brother's picked her up already." "She just left with a fat lad." "Ladies, your carriage awaits." "Come on, chop-chop." "Effy!" "Eff..." "ENGINE STARTS" "That was fun." "Unexpected, but fun." " So fucking hard to keep a straight face." " You did well for a fat fuck." "You're so lucky, Effy." "I can't believe it." "Remember when I tried to get arrested for kissing that police officer?" "normally I would have been with her." "We're always getting into trouble together at school." "tell them..." "Does she ever stop?" "Anyone want some?" "What is it?" "(julie) We're known as the cheeky girls." "Not that we're Romanian or, you know, show off our pants!" "(Spencer) 'Hi, this is Effy's phone." "She's currently cruising 'at 35,000 feet and there's definitely turbulence ahead.'" "What?" "It's, uh..." "Tony." "Effy?" "What's going on?" "SIRENS WAIL" "Look, oi!" "Can we get some concentration here, please?" "I know it seems hard, right, but think about it." "This - this could lead to, you know, celebrity." "A place in the Guinness Book Of Records is hardly celebrity." "But it is!" "Right, I fucking love that book!" "will you stop eating the tools?" "It's not my fault you decided to go for sugar cube pyramids." "Oh, hi." "What's this - some kind of retro LSD thing?" "Oh, no." "It's kinda that homework thing I was telling you about..." "The, er...biology." "Hi, michelle." "hello, Tony." "Look, don't worry, I'm not gonna stay." "I just needed Sid for a minute." " I'm busy." " Yeah, I can see that, Sid." "Go on." "Let's have a go, then." "Ah..." "Ah..." "Fucking hell, guys, you know how to have a good time, don't you?" "I don't want this to be difficult." "If you want to stay, you can stay." "No, it's fine." "You made the divorce terms clear and I intend to stick to them." "please don't be a bastard." "Look, don't get so upset about it, OK?" "I'm sorry I spoilt your beautiful evening." "I'II go." "Sid?" "well, go on, then." "Go see what he wants." "Don't feel you have to, Sid." "I'm gonna go." "But only to tell him to leave, right?" "You should leave, Tony." "No-one wants you here." "Shit!" "You OK?" "I tried ringing, but you haven't answered your phone all week." " Did you get beaten up?" " Effy's missing." "We need to look for her." "Effy?" "Is this another one of your games?" "Yeah, Sid, it's a game." "'Hi, this is Effy's phone." "She's currently cruising 'at 35,000 feet and there's definitely turbulence ahead.'" "This sounds a bit weird, Tony." "It's fine." "We'II nick your dad's car, drive around a bit, spot her, take her home, we can go for a pint." "Shit!" "What?" "It's Cassie." " She was there." " So where's she gone?" "flown off on her broomstick?" "She's still in the loony bin." "No, she was there." "Maybe she's haunting you, cos she tried to kill herself because of you." "Hang on." "You want to nick my dad's car?" "Why can't we nick your dad's instead?" "Because, Sid, my dad has central locking, a sophisticated alarm system and probably thinks a spell in prison would do me good." "Whereas your dad has a 20-year-oId car, Neighbourhood Watch and won't prosecute." "LAUGHTER" "I bet you ten quid I know who you're thinking about." "There's times I think me and Tony are gonna get back together." "And just like that, I'm ten quid richer." "There's a sort of thing, though, isn't there?" "First loves?" "You think Tony loves you?" "No, I don't." "Sorry, that sounded far less harsh in my head." "Don't worry about it." "michelle." "Wait up." "Listen, I'm off to a Iate-nighter at the sports club." "Fancy coming?" "A quick drink?" " Can you not take a hint?" " Come on." "You must have worked out by now that I didn't do it." "You had porno pictures of your sister on your phone." "How fucked up are you?" " Someone set me up!" " Yeah, right, Josh." "Look, the party'II be a laugh." "michelle!" "please!" "Fuck it." "Go." "Good decision." "Fucked-up is an understatement." "He's got nice wheels, though..." "for a nutter." "Shut up!" " (Spencer) Home!" " (Kevin) This place is fucking brilliant." "(julie) It's like WonkaIand." "(Spencer) This is where the rich kids come to die." "welcome to my world." "I feel a bit rough!" "Kevin, I think you should take julie to the bathroom." "Come on." "Let's get you cleaned up." "finally, we're alone." "Not quite." "Jesus Christ." "Fuck!" "I wondered when you were going to turn up." "hello, Effy." "I'm Jesus Christ." "Anything?" "Nothing." "BoIIocks!" "You know, she may be having a bit of fun, a joke at your expense." "That's not her style." "No, I know Effy." "She's cleverer than this." "In fact, she's the cleverest fucking person I know." "I don't know anyone like her." "(Sid) Cass?" "Look, I'm worried about her." "I just..." "Even if we're looking in the same places twice..." " Cassie, she was..." " please, Sid?" "OK." "MOBILE RINGS" " Effy?" " (Josh) 'Hey, Tone." "'You've gotta come to this party down at CumberIand Basin." "'We're flying the virgin highway.'" " Who is this?" " 'Effy says hi.'" "What?" "Put Effy on the phone!" "hello?" "Fuck!" "Come on, Sid." "Looks a bit...spooky." "You're not still afraid of the dark?" "You still sleep with that night light on, don't you?" "It's not a night light." "It's a gIow-in-the-dark Batman." "It's retro." "Effy!" "Effy!" "Effy!" "Effy!" "Effy!" "Eff...y!" "No, I don't think she's here." " Doesn't look like much of a party, does it?" " No." "Effy!" "Effy!" "only if you want some." "Course she fucking wants it." "There we go." "Dr Stock's marvellous medicine." "Sometimes I think I was born backwards, you know?" "Come out of my mum the wrong way." "I hear words go past me backwards." "The people I should love I hate." "And the people I hate..." "Ow!" "Fuck!" "AII the help I've ever given you, and you've been fucking useless tonight." "I've been good." "You've been useless." "You're always fucking useless." "Take michelle." "I worked fucking hard to create a shagging opportunity for you." "Then you went pussy." "No..." "Instead, she ends up with this Josh, a complete fucking knob, who I have to sort, so that's your fault, too." "Sort?" "What did you do?" "Put naked pictures of abigail on his phone." "Made sure michelle could see them." "Made sure everyone could see them." "It was quite funny." "Funny?" "That's sick." "His sister." "Why did you do that?" "You know what, Tony?" "Sometimes I don't know why we're friends any more." "It's weird, isn't it?" "I'm from Mars, you're from Venus." "I do things, you worry about them." "I sleep with girls, you persuade them to attempt suicide." "Don't." "Are you bunching your fists at me, Sid?" "If you wanna hit me, go right ahead." "Ow!" "I said a punch, not a bitch slap!" "I can't believe you slapped me!" "That's hilarious!" "Sid, you'd better not be crying." "I'm not crying cos you punched me." "You're crying for the kids in Africa?" "You know I used to so look up to you, don't you?" "Of course I did!" "You were at home every night wanking your brains out." ""Someday I'II be like Tony." "And now I can think of nothing worse than being you!" "You've always been selfish, I always understood that." "You did things because you wanted something - fine." "Makes sense." "But now, now you do things because you can!" "You fuck with people... ..and I don't get why." "You've got no friends, no girlfriend, only your parents left." "Not even Effy is answering your calls." "You're right, she is clever." "Every time you talk, Sid," "little flecks of spit are coming out of your mouth and they're going on my face." "Sid?" "Sid!" "Don't be a little girl." "What?" "Ef...?" "ECHOEY LAUGHTER" "Who the fuck is doing this?" "!" "Sid." "Sid!" "How the hell am I going to get out of here?" "You're one of them, aren't you?" "RINGING TONE" "'Hi, this is Cass." "'Don't bother leaving a message because I'm not listening.'" "I know you're there, Cassie." "I mean, I think I know you're there." "I mean, I want you to be there." "I'm at RocatiIIo's." "I want to speak to you, and I think you want to speak to me." "MOBILE RINGS" "I didn't have to answer, Tony." "I'm grateful that you did." " 'OK.'" " OK." "'So how come you called me?" "'" "I dunno." "I'II tell you why you rang." "It's because you miss me." "It's because I'm the only person you can really talk to." "Yeah, michelle." "That's right, this is all about you." "'WeII, isn't it?" "'" "Not tonight." "No." "Are you OK, Tony?" "No." "What's the matter?" "'Effy's missing." "Sid's meant to help me find her but he's fucked off." "'Now I'm at some posh wanker night at the Ston Eaton sports club 'and I don't know what to do.'" "This is the weirdest fucking night of my Iife." "What do you want me to do, Tony?" "'Nothing." "'I gotta go.'" "You know it's, Iike, two in the morning, don't you?" "You're the one that's been following me round all night." "You've got a black eye growing, did you know that?" " Tony punched me." " Wow!" "really?" "That's excellent." "Is it?" "We did a course on it at the centre - separation anxiety." "He's worried he's losing you." "well, I just did leave him." "I mean, literally." "And then I..." "I wanted to see you." "Do you want to kiss me, Sid?" "OK." "So this is where you lean in." "cool." "Yeah." "I'm sorry, I'm usually better than that." "It's..." "No, it was lovely." "No, my rhythm was out and my teeth, they kept getting in the way." "could I...try again?" "only if you don't ask." "MOBILE RINGS" "Who is it?" "Um, kind of weirdly, michelle." "Answer it." "Sid?" "I'm worried about Tony." "'Tony?" "Don't worry about him.'" "I just spoke to him." "He sounded strange, in a real mess." "michelle, can I ring you back?" "He's at some Ston Eaton sports place." " Where?" " 'Ston Eaton." "Something weird's going on.'" "I'm in the middle of something." "'You know the sports club?" "'" "The place Josh and his mates hang out." "please, Sid." "Just check he's OK?" "Josh?" "'Yeah.'" "OK." "I'm leaving now." "It's Tony." "He's in trouble." "Tony." " Oh." " I'm really sorry." "I've got to go." "Do you?" "Kiss me again." "No, Sid." "I won't." "Effy?" "Effy?" "Wahey!" " OK, I'II see your 50 and I'II raise you..." " Raise or fold, man." " Don't waste my time." " I'II see you." "(Josh) Tony." "Hi." "Fancy some poker?" "Five-card stud." "I'm looking for my sister." "Oh." "She's over there." "Effy." "Shit." "Effy!" "hello..." "Effy, Effy." "What happened?" "!" "Effy, Effy." "What happened?" "Someone call an ambulance." "Effy." "Oh, fuck!" "hello?" "Yeah?" "My sis... .." "ambulance." " 'How can I help?" "'" " My sister's overdosed, I think." "'Can you tell me where you are?" "'" "Where are we?" "Where the fuck...?" "Oi, where are we?" "I'II give them directions." "What the fuck are you doing?" "OK, Iet's make a deal." "We'II call an ambulance as soon as you fuck your sister." "Three from the top, please, mate." "You're joking!" "well, factually it's true." "So, um..." "no, not a joke." "More a funny fact." "Get out of my fucking way!" "Don't worry, it's not her first time." "You won't be taking her virginity." "Right, Spence?" "She's my sister, you sick fuck!" "You put porno pictures of my sister on my phone and I make you fuck your sister!" "Is this about michelle?" "You really think michelle is worth this?" "I'm so sorry I can't get one up, I can't..." "I keep going soft!" "please." "Whatever I did, I'm sorry." "I promise," "I'II get you back with michelle." "I'II do anything, I promise!" "Effy." "(Spencer) Josh, mate." "Josh." "(Josh) Shut the fuck up, Spence." "I want you to fuck her." "No, you can't mean that!" " Do you want me to play with it a bit?" " I can't." " help you out?" " I really can't." "Then you're a shit brother." " She's dying over there, Tony!" " I promise..." "You'd better get hard!" "please..." "please..." "Beg me." "I beg you." "I beg you, I beg you..." "please... (Josh) well, you only needed to ask." "Here endeth the lesson." "(Sid) Tony?" "What's happened?" "What the fuck's happened to her?" "It's all my fault." "OK." "It's OK." "Let's just get her to a hospital, OK?" "I don't know why I couldn't feel before" "Faith in a world I can't believe in any more" "I'm tired of being here" "I'm tired of being wrong" "The universe keeps turning" "Where do I belong?" "You don't remember me" "But I remember you" "I lie awake, trying not to think of you" "The way I let you down" "The way I did you wrong" "The universe keeps turning" "Where do I belong?" "(Jim) Do you think she can hear us?" "(Anthea) I don't know, darling." "(Jim) Effy, love?" "Her hands are cold." "(Anthea) well, maybe best let her sleep." "She can hear you, Dad." "That's enough from you." "Doctor..." "Sorry, is she...?" "Oh." "It's all looking fine." "It's good, yes." "I'd go as far as great." "These kids are remarkably resilient creatures, you know?" "It's all gone, and whatever hasn't will be out in a few days." "One way or the other." "She took some very clean, pure pharmaceuticals." "Right, OK." "I'II leave you be." "So I suppose we should congratulate you for getting her clean drugs." "You think this was me?" "She was with you!" "I wasn't, I was..." "Don't deny it!" "Tony, she's your little sister!" "I know." "I know." "But, listen...for a second..." "No." "I've had enough of listening to you." "We all have!" "You and your horrid little ways, always at other people's expense." "Hang on." "That's enough." "What?" "He loves Effy." "Don't you think this is hard enough?" "And who the fuck are you?" "I'm his best friend!" "And I'm his fucking father!" "I know what you are." "Come on, Tony." "We're going." "I wanna stay with Effy." "Come on, mate." "Ah!" "Fuck!" "Thank you, Sid." "It's OK." "They're free." "No, I mean really, thank you." "Yeah, I know what you mean, Tony." " She's gonna be OK." " Yeah." "I'm sorry." "OK." "Thing is..." "I know I can be a wanker sometimes... but everyone likes that, don't they?" "BaII-busting, turning heads wherever I go." "people like that." " And I Iike people liking that." " We don't have to do this now." "But then..." "I start to feel...distorted because... ..because I'm more than that." "I don't wanna be a wanker." "I don't, Sid." "Effy knows that." "She loves me for who I really am." "God, I sound like fucking lionel Richie." "I quite like lionel Richie." "AII I know is, when I was scared tonight, and I was a bit...a Iot..." "I wanted you there." "Effy's different." "I sort of own her cos she's my sister, but with you..." "I just really wanted you there." "And then you were in the car." "The thing is, Tony, you sort of own me, too." "mostly in a good way." "Come on, I'm taking you for breakfast." "You do know it's 4am, don't you?" "Yeah, I know." "Do you reckon we'II find us anywhere that'II do us a curry?" "I've got a real craving for curry." | {
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Influence of sex-linked feathering phenotypes of parents and progeny upon lymphoid leukosis virus infection status and egg production.
Data were collected on egg production, livability, lymphoid leukosis virus and antibody incidence, and hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells for slow- and fast-feathering female progeny from slow- and fast-feathering dams with known lymphoid leukosis virus infection status. Analyses of these results indicate that when the offspring or the dams are of the slow-feathering type, the offspring experience an increased rate of horizontal infection. This infection seemingly leads to an immunologically tolerant condition with an inability to produce specific lymphoid leukosis virus antibodies, thereby allowing the viremia to persist. This immunologically tolerant condition, which also occurs in the progeny of virus positive dams due to congenital transmission, is associated with depressed egg production performance. However, a hypothesized lack of immunological competence was not found in the hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells late in life. Our results suggest that fast-feathering progeny of slow-feathering dams may also be adversely influenced by increased congenital infection from their dams. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
It gets worse. When Patton saw the picture of Thicke with his hand on another woman’s backside at one of the VMA after parties, she supposedly “went nuclear.”
The couple reportedly never recovered. Last week, Paula told Robin it was over, but he is trying desperately to win her back, but will it twerk? The singer confirmed the rumors to TMZ, telling the site, "I'm just trying to get her back." See the video below. | {
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This past Tuesday, I had two photo sessions planned.First, with the amazing vocalist Jo Wymer in Freehold (previews coming soon!).. Later that day, with the adorable Katie and Nick scheduled to get married this coming fall. That morning I looked out the window.. and saw huge sheets of fog everywhere. I knew I’d be safe with Jo’s session, because it was very inland. Katie and Nick took off work that day for the occasion so I knew I’d be have to work with the fog.. not against it. I was... Read The Rest → | {
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Q:
DQ currents of BLDC
I am trying to apply FOC scheme with SVPWM for controlling a BLDC and comparing the resuls with trapezoidal commutation. I have my BLDC model and it is working correctly with trapezoidal commutation. My sign convention is positive speed CCW and when the motor is turning CCW, stators are located as A-B-C, stator A is located at electrical 0 degree. When i drive the motor with trapezoidal commutation i am measuring the phase currents and applying the DQ transformation to measured currents. When i apply the transformation i can see that trapezoidal commutation forces D current to stay as close as to zero, however Q has negative value under this sign convention.
The thing that i am trying to understand is if i force D current to be zero in FOC (as it suggested in all papers), Q current supposed to have negative reference for positive speed but in the suggested FOC schemes, Q reference is generated with speed reference and has positive sign for positive speed references. When i apply the FOC scheme it simply does not work because of this problem, Q goes negative for positive set points whereas controller tries to drive Q to a positive value.
A:
Nice show. Your Clarke/Park seem to work properly. You have almost zero Id and almost constant Iq with ripples, which is normal if you run in six-step commutation.
From my intuition, you have wrong current measurements. Everything behaves as the phasor diagram is flipped, that means that Ia = -Ia, I =-Ib, Ic = -Ic. Could be current sensor swapped, or the opamp measuring configuration.
| {
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This invention relates generally to gas generant materials. More particularly, this invention relates to the manufacture of gas generant formulations such as may be suited for use in the inflation of automotive inflatable restraint airbag to cushions.
It is well known to protect a vehicle occupant using a cushion or bag, e.g., an xe2x80x9cairbag cushion,xe2x80x9d that is inflated or expanded with gas when the vehicle encounters sudden deceleration, such as in the event of a collision. In such systems, the airbag cushion is normally housed in an uninflated and folded condition to minimize space requirements. Upon actuation of the system, the cushion begins to be inflated, in a matter of no more than a few milliseconds, with gas produced or supplied by a device commonly referred to as an xe2x80x9cinflator.xe2x80x9d
While many types of inflator devices have been disclosed in the art for use in the inflating of one or more inflatable restraint system airbag cushions, inflator devices which rely on the combustion of a pyrotechnic, fuel and oxidizer combination or other form of gas generant to produce or at least in part form the inflation gas issuing forth therefrom have been commonly employed in conjunction with vehicular inflatable restraint airbag cushions.
Sodium azide has been a commonly accepted and used gas generating material. While the use of sodium azide and certain other azide-based gas generant materials meets current industry specifications, guidelines and standards, such use may involve or raise potential concerns such as involving one or more of the handling, supply and disposal of such materials.
The development of safe gas generant material alternatives to sodium azide for commercial application in inflatable restraint systems commonly involves the oftentimes conflicting goals or objectives of increasing the gas output of the gas generant material while reducing or minimizing the costs associated with the gas generant material, including the costs associated with ingredients and the processing thereof.
The incorporation and use of ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer in such gas generant formulations has been found to be one generally cost-effective approach for exceeding the current state of the art gas generant formulation gas yield of about three moles of gas per 100 grams of gas generant formulation. In particular, ammonium nitrate is relatively inexpensive and, when burned with guanidine nitrate fuel, generally combusts to all gaseous species resulting in gas yields approaching 4 moles of gas per 100 grams of material.
Unfortunately, the general incorporation and use of ammonium nitrate in pyrotechnic gas generant formulations has generally been subject to certain difficulties. For example, ammonium nitrate-containing pyrotechnic gas generant formulations have commonly been subject to one or more of the following shortcomings: low burn rates, burn rates exhibiting a high sensitivity to pressure, as well as to phase or other changes in crystalline structure such as may be associated with volumetric expansion of various forms of such formulations, such as may occur during temperature cycling over the normally expected or anticipated range of storage conditions, e.g., temperatures of about xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C. to about 110xc2x0 C. Such phase or structural changes may result in physical degradation of the form of the gas generant formulation such as when such gas generant formulation has been shaped or formed into tablets, wafers or other selected shape or form. Further, such changes, even when relatively minute, can strongly influence the physical properties of a corresponding gas generant material and, in turn, strongly affect the burn rate of the generant material. Unless checked, such changes in structure may result in such performance variations in the gas generant materials incorporating such ammonium nitrate as to render the gas generant material unacceptable for typical inflatable restraint system applications.
In view thereof, efforts have been directed to minimizing or eliminating such volume expansion during normal temperature cycling and the effects thereof. In particular, it has been found that the incorporation of a minimum of about 15 wt. % (based on total oxidizer content) of a transition metal diammine dinitrate such as copper diammine dinitrate, nickel diammine dinitrate or zinc diammine dinitrate, for example, in ammonium nitrate, may serve to phase stabilize the mixture and minimize or eliminate volumetric expansion during normal temperature cycling associated with such inflatable restraint applications. Further, ammonium nitrate stabilized with such transition metal diammine dinitrates are typically advantageously less hygroscopic than ammonium nitrate phase stabilized by other methods and the use of such transition metal diammine dinitrates has also been found to result in combustion products which form a more easily filterable clinker.
Ammonium nitrate phase stabilization via the incorporation of such transition metal diammine dinitrates, however, is typically at the cost of an associated reduction in gas yield. For example, the gas yield of a typical formulation containing guanidine nitrate, silicon dioxide (5 wt. %) and ammonium nitrate stabilized with 15 wt. % (based on total oxidizer) of such transition metal diammine dinitrate is about 3.8 moles of gas per 100 grams of gas generant material.
The gas generant formulation incorporation of such transition metal diammine dinitrates at levels greater than 15 wt. % (of the total oxidizer) has been found to increase burn rate and reduce pressure sensitivity of a corresponding gas generant formulation to levels realistic for typical inflatable restraint system applications. The maximum effect on burn rate has been found to generally occur when 100% of the oxidizer is composed of the transition metal diammine dinitrate. The gas yield of a typical formulation containing guanidine nitrate, silicon dioxide (5 wt. %) and such transition metal diammine dinitrate as 100% of the oxidizer is about 3.3 moles of gas per 100 grams of gas generant material, well above the current state of the art gas generant formulation gas yield of about 3 moles of gas per 100 grams of gas generant formulation.
A traditional method of incorporating such a transition metal diammine dinitrate into ammonium nitrate is to react the corresponding metal oxide with ammonium nitrate. For example, for the incorporation of copper diammine dinitrate, cupric oxide and ammonium nitrate can be reacted according to the following reaction:
CuO+2NH4NO3xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(1)
This reaction occurs at elevated temperatures (e.g., in excess of 140xc2x0 C.) in either a solid state reaction or in an ammonium nitrate melt. The rate of such a solid state reaction is temperature dependent and under normal processing conditions (a processing temperature of about 170xc2x0 C.), such reaction typically requires, dependent on the rate of heat transfer achieved, about 30 minutes to 2 hours to complete. As will be appreciated, such extended processing times typically can render such processing regimes commercially unattractive or not feasible. Further, the conducting of such reaction in an ammonium nitrate melt generally requires specialized equipment since the material would normally have to be melted, reacted, and cooled, returning to a solid form, while simultaneously being granulated. In the case of either such solid state or melt processing regimes, the temperature required to perform such reactions is only about 20xc2x0 C. to about 30xc2x0 C. below the temperature at which such corresponding pyrotechnic formulations may begin to decompose. Thus, such processing may not afford a thermal safety margin as sufficiently large as may be desired, particularly for large scale applications. Further, such high temperature heat treatments can constitute an added processing step that may detrimentally affect process economics.
Thus, there has been a need and a demand for a method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate which desirably avoids such high temperature processing. In particular, there has been a need and a demand for a method of making such a gas generant formulation and which can desirably be implemented within typical or existing processing equipment and such as may be accomplished over a relatively short time period, such as may be desired in a typical commercial application.
To that end, the above-identified prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/454,041 discloses an improved method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate. In accordance with one preferred embodiment disclosed therein, such a method includes the steps of:
combining at least a nitrate of at least one transition metal with an ammonia source in an aqueous slurry to form a corresponding reaction mixture;
forming a spray dryable precursor to the gas generant formulation, the precursor comprising the aqueous slurry reaction mixture, a gas generant formulation fuel component and a sufficient quantity of water to render the precursor spray dryable; and
spray drying the precursor to form a gas generant powder containing a diammine dinitrate of the at least one transition metal.
In particular, an appropriate metal nitrate (such as cupric nitrate) can be reacted with an appropriate ammonia source (such as ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium carbamate) in a concentrated water solution to form a desired metal diammine dinitrate.
In addition, there is a need and a demand for a method of making ammonium nitrate phase stabilized via the presence of a selected metal diammine dinitrate and which method avoids undesirably high processing temperatures, i.e., processing temperatures which are undesirably near the decomposition temperature of ammonium nitrate, and which avoids isolation of metal tetrammine nitrate complexes such as may raise shipping and handling concerns.
To that end, the above-identified prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/454,958 discloses a method of making phase stabilized ammonium nitrate which includes drying and heat treating an aqueous slurry containing ammonium nitrate and a combination of at least one transition metal nitrate and an ammonia source to form a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In the slurry, the ammonia source is present in at least a stoichiometric amount relative to the at least one transition metal nitrate for formation of a corresponding transition metal diammine dinitrate.
While such methods of making a gas generant formulation which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate and such methods of making phase stabilized ammonium nitrate may desirably reduce the equipment and processing costs associated with the production and supply of the respective gas generant formulations and phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, there is a continuing need and demand for alternative processing schemes for the production and supply of gas generant formulations which contain such transition metal diammine dinitrate and for ammonium nitrate phase stabilized via the inclusion of a suitable phase stabilizing amount or proportion of a desired metal diammine dinitrate. In particular, there is a need and a demand for alternative such processing schemes such as may permit the use of alternative, potentially lower cost, raw materials, preferably without significantly detrimentally impacting the processing costs associated therewith.
A general object of one aspect of the invention is to provide an improved method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate.
A general object of another aspect of the invention is to provide an improved method of making phase stabilized ammonium nitrate as well as an improved resulting phase stabilized ammonium nitrate.
A more specific objective of the invention is to overcome one or more of the problems described above.
The general object of at least one aspect of the invention can be attained, at least in part, through a method which includes the steps of:
combining at least an ammine carbonate of at least one transition metal with nitric acid in the presence of water to form a corresponding reaction mixture;
forming a spray dryable precursor to the gas generant formulation, the precursor comprising the reaction mixture, a gas generant formulation fuel component and a sufficient quantity of water to render the precursor spray dryable; and
spray drying the precursor to form a gas generant powder containing a diammine dinitrate of the at least one transition metal.
As detailed below, certain preferred embodiments of the invention may also include a relatively mild heat treatment of the processed material, either as a part of the spray drying or subsequent to such spray drying.
The prior art generally fails to provide a method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate which method while desirably avoiding high temperature processing such as processing at temperatures undesirably near the decomposition temperature of corresponding pyrotechnic formulations and which method can desirably be implemented within typical or existing processing equipment and/or within relatively short processing time periods further utilizes or permits the use of alternative raw materials such as may reduce either or both material or processing costs.
The invention further comprehends a method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a gas generant fuel component and an oxidizer component comprising at least one transition metal diammine dinitrate selected from the group consisting of copper diammine dinitrate, zinc diammine dinitrate and combinations thereof. In accordance with one preferred embodiment, such method includes the steps of:
combining an ammine carbonate of at least one transition metal elected from the group consisting of copper, zinc and mixtures thereof with nitric acid in the presence of water and in relative amounts to form a corresponding reaction mixture containing nitric acid in no more than a stoichiometric amount for reaction of the ammine carbonate and the nitric acid to form a corresponding diammine dinitrate;
forming a precursor to a spray dryable gas generant formulation, the precursor comprising the aqueous reaction mixture, additional gas generant formulation components including at least one gas generating fuel material and at least one performance additive selected from the group of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and combinations thereof, and a sufficient quantity of water to form a spray dryable gas generant formulation precursor slurry; and
spray drying the gas generant formulation precursor slurry to form a gas generant powder; and
heating the gas generant powder to a temperature in the range of about 125xc2x0 C. to about 135xc2x0 C. to form a gas generant formulation which contains a gas generant fuel component and an oxidizer component comprising a diammine dinitrate of the at least one transition metal.
In accordance with still another embodiment of the invention, a method of making a gas generant formulation which contains a gas generant fuel component and an oxidizer component including at least one transition metal diammine dinitrate selected from the group of copper diammine dinitrate, zinc diammine dinitrate and combinations thereof is provided. Such method includes the step of combining a quantity of at least one ammine carbonate of a transition metal elected from the group consisting of copper, zinc and mixtures thereof with a quantity of nitric acid in the presence of water to form a corresponding reaction mixture. In such reaction mixture, the quantity of the transition metal ammine carbonate and the quantity of nitric acid are in relative amounts sufficient such that the reaction mixture contains no free nitric acid after reaction of the at least one ammine carbonate with the nitric acid.
A precursor to a spray dryable gas generant formulation is formed. The precursor includes the reaction mixture, additional gas generant formulation components including at least one gas generating fuel material and at least one performance additive, and a sufficient quantity of water to form a spray dryable gas generant formulation precursor slurry. In particular, the at least one gas generating fuel material can desirably be selected from the group consisting of oxygenated nitrogen-containing organic compounds, organic compounds with a high nitrogen content, complexes of at least one transition metal and combinations thereof. The at least one gas generating fuel is included in the precursor in an amount sufficient that about 20 wt. % to about 70 wt. % of the gas generant formulation constitutes such fuel material. The at least one performance additive is preferably selected from the group of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and combinations thereof. More particularly, the precursor contains between about 30 wt. % to about 35 wt. % water.
The gas generant formulation precursor slurry is subsequently spray dried to form a gas generant powder. The gas generant powder in turn is heated to a temperature in the range of about 125xc2x0 C. to about 135xc2x0 C. to form a heat treated gas generant powder which contains about 30 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of an oxidizer component, wherein the transition metal diammine dinitrate constitutes about 15 wt. % to about 100 wt. % of the oxidizer component.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of making a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, such method includes drying and heat treating an aqueous slurry containing ammonium nitrate and a combination of at least one transition metal ammine carbonate and nitric acid to form a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In the slurry, the nitric acid is present in more than a stoichiometric amount relative to the at least one transition metal ammine carbonate for formation of the a corresponding transition metal diammine dinitrate.
The invention, in accordance with another alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, still further comprehends a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In particular, such phase stabilized ammonium nitrate is desirably made by drying and heat treating an aqueous slurry containing ammonium nitrate and a combination of at least one transition metal ammine carbonate and nitric acid, present in no more than a stoichiometric amount relative to the at least one transition metal ammine carbonate for formation of a corresponding transition metal diammine dinitrate.
Other objects and advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended claims.
The present invention provides an improved method of making a gas generant formulation. In particular, the invention provides an improved method of making a gas generant material which contains a transition metal diammine dinitrate and which such gas generant material may desirably be used in the inflation of inflatable devices such as vehicle occupant restraint airbag cushions.
Gas generant materials and formulations prepared in accordance with the invention typically include an oxidizer component including, at least in part, a transition metal diammine nitrate oxidizer material, a gas generating fuel component and, if desired, at least one performance additive such as in the form of a metal oxide such as added to improve either or both slag formation or burn rate properties or qualitites. For example, such improved slag formation can be useful in either or both facilitating retention within an inflator device of certain combustion reaction products whose presence in airbag cushion inflation fluids is generally undesired and providing or resulting in a generally more uniform flow of inflation fluid from such an inflator device. Burn rate property or quality improvements realizable through such additive inclusion include such resulting gas generant materials or formulations exhibiting improved or increased burn rates.
In accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the invention, between about 30 wt. % and about 60 wt. % of the subject gas generant material constitutes such an oxidizer component. In particular, gas generant materials and formulations in accordance with the invention advantageously contain an oxidizer component of which at least 15 wt. % up to about 100 wt. % is composed of a transition metal diammine nitrate oxidizer material, prepared as described herein. Preferred transition metal diammine nitrate oxidizer materials for use in the practice of the invention include copper diammine dinitrate, zinc diammine dinitrate and combinations thereof. If desired, the balance of the oxidizer component of the subject gas generant materials may constitute a suitable supplemental oxidizer material, such as ammonium nitrate in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention.
In accordance with a preferred practice of the invention, such transition metal diammine nitrate oxidizer materials are preferably formed during processing in a manner such as avoids or eliminates the need for subsequent high temperature treatment undesirably near the decomposition temperature associated with the such corresponding pyrotechnic formulations. Further, practice of the invention desirably avoids extended durations of heating, such as may be associated with at least certain prior art techniques.
As disclosed in the prior pending patent application Ser. No. 09/454,041 identified above, such transition metal diammine dinitrates, such as where the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, zinc and combinations thereof, have been found to be advantageously formed during a process in which the corresponding transition metal nitrate is combined with an ammonia source in an aqueous slurry such as to form a reaction mixture and which reaction mixture is processed as described herein.
In particular, the metal nitrate can desirably be combined with a stoichiometric amount or more of ammonia from one or more of the following sources: ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium carbamate, ammonium hydroxide, anhydrous ammonia or mixtures thereof, relative to the corresponding metal diammine dinitrate such as in accordance with the following reactions relative to the formation of copper diammine dinitrate:
a) via ammonium bicarbonate,
Cu(NO3)2xc2x72.5H2O+2NH4HCO3xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+2CO2+4.5H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(2)
b) via ammonium carbonate,
Cu(NO3)2xc2x72.5H2O+(NH4)2CO3xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+CO2+3.5H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(3)
c) via ammonium carbamate,
Cu(NO3)2xc2x72.5H2O+NH2CO2NH4xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+CO2+2.5H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(4)
d) via ammonium hydroxide,
Cu(NO3)2xc2x72.5H2O+2NH4OHxe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+4.5H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(5)
e) via anhydrous ammonia,
Cu(NO3)2xc2x72.5H2O+2NH3xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+2.5H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(6)
In accordance with a particularly preferred practice of such embodiment, such reaction mixtures desirably provide or result in at least two moles of ammonia per mole of metal provided by the metal nitrate. Further, while the reactions (2)-(6) have been shown above employing cupric nitrate in the 2.5-hydrate form, the broader practice of the invention is not necessarily limited by the particular hydrate form of the ingredients. For example, similar reactions can be shown employing cupric nitrate trihydrate.
Now, in a new embodiment, such metal diammine dinitrates, such as where the metal is a transition metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc and combinations thereof, have been found to be advantageously formed during a process in which the corresponding transition metal ammine carbonate is combined with nitric acid in the presence of water to form a corresponding reaction mixture and which reaction mixture is subsequently processed as described herein.
In particular, the metal ammine carbonate can desirably be combined with a stoichiometric amount or more of nitric acid, relative to the corresponding metal diammine dinitrate such as in accordance with the following reactions relative to the formation of copper diammine dinitrate:
Cu(NH3)2CO3+2HNO3xe2x86x92Cu(NH3)2(NO3)2+CO2+H2Oxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(7)
In accordance with a particularly preferred practice of such embodiment, such reaction mixtures desirably provide or result in at least two moles of nitrate per mole of metal provided by the metal ammine carbonate.
As will be appreciated, copper diammine carbonate (CDC) can be relatively easily prepared by dissolving copper metal in ammonium hydroxide and bubbling carbon dioxide through the resulting mixture. The CDC precipitates from the mixture and can be isolated and purified. Further, nitric acid is a relatively low cost chemical, readily available on the open market. Thus, at current chemical costs, the raw material costs for copper diammine dinitrate production via such a CDC/nitric acid method is about 20% less than the raw material costs associated with copper diammine dinitrate production via the cupric nitrate/ammonium carbonate method described above, with the labor and equipment costs for both methods being about the same.
In accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the invention, between about 20 wt. % and about 70 wt. % of the subject gas generant material constitutes such a gas generating fuel component. Preferred fuel materials for use in the practice of the invention are non-azide in nature. Groups or categories of fuels useful in the practice of the invention include one or more various oxygenated nitrogen-containing organic compounds, one or more organic compounds with a high nitrogen content, and one or more complexes of at least one transition metal. Specific examples of oxygenated nitrogen-containing organic compounds useful in the practice of the invention include guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine nitrate, triaminoguanidine nitrate, nitroguanidine, nitrotriazalone and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of organic compounds with a high nitrogen content useful in the practice of the invention include dicyandiamide, triazalone, tetrazoles, triazoles and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of transition metal complexes useful in the practice of the invention include transition metal complexes of tetrazoles and triazoles, transition metal nitrate complexes of nitrogen containing organic compounds and mixtures thereof. In particular, such complexes of transition metals such as copper, cobalt, and zinc, for example, can be used. As will be appreciated, the gas generating fuel component of particular gas generant compositions in accordance with the invention may be comprised of individual such fuel materials or combinations thereof.
Gas generant materials or formulations prepared in accordance with the invention may additionally desirably contain one or more performance additives such as in the form of a metal oxide such as added to improve either or both slag formation or burn rate properties or qualitites. Particular examples of suitable such performance additives are aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide. In practice, such additives may desirably be included in relative amounts of between about 2 wt. % and about 10 wt. % of the gas generant formulation. The incorporation and use of such silicon and aluminum oxide materials are particularly effective in facilitating the production of a slag material which is relatively easily filtered from the gas stream of an airbag inflator.
In accordance with the invention, such gas generant formulations can desirably be made via a method which includes combining a transition metal nitrate with an ammonia source in an aqueous slurry or, alternatively, combining a transition metal ammine carbonate with nitric acid in the presence of water, such as to form a corresponding reaction mixture, such as described above, and forming a spray dryable precursor to the gas generant formulation, the precursor including the reaction mixture, desired additional gas generant formulation components including at least a gas generating fuel and a sufficient quantity of water to render the precursor spray dryable. While the broader practice of the invention is not limited by the specific amount of water added during such processing, it has been found generally desirable that water be added in sufficient quantity that the spray dryable gas generant formulation precursor slurry contains between about 30 wt. % and about 35 wt. % water.
It will be appreciated that various processing arrangements are available whereby such a spray dryable precursor can be formed or arrived at. For example, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, such spray dryable precursor is formed via the above-identified aqueous slurry reaction mixture being prepared such as to contain the desired quantity of water to render the precursor spray dryable.
Alternatively, an additional quantity of water may be required to be added to the aqueous slurry reaction mixture to render a spray dryable precursor.
In accordance with one preferred practice of the invention, it is generally desirable that additional gas generant formulation components such as either or both a gas generating fuel material and, if used, a performance additive, such as described above, be added to the above-identified aqueous slurry reaction mixture, such as after completion of reaction of the combined transition metal ammine carbonate and nitric acid, such as evidenced by the completion of the evolution of carbon dioxide therefrom. Such post-reaction addition is generally preferred as the possibility of undesired reaction between one or more of such additional gas generant formulation components, either alone or in combination with either or both the transition metal ammine carbonate and nitric acid can accordingly be avoided or limited.
The spray dryable precursor can then be appropriately spray dried, in a manner such as is known in the art and so as to form a gas generant powder containing a diammine dinitrate of the at least one transition metal.
Following such spray drying and as detailed below in the examples, a relatively minor or mild heat treatment (i.e., heating of the material to a temperature of no more than about 135xc2x0 C., e.g., a temperature of approximately 125-130xc2x0 C. and holding the heated material at that temperature for a duration of at least approximately 5 minutes) of the material resulting upon such spray drying, may be desired or required in order to ensure or complete conversion of the transition metal species to the desired transition metal diammine dinitrate and such has been found to remain in a stable form.
The application of more severe heat treatment processing (i.e., processing involving either or both heating the material to a higher temperature, such as a temperature in excess of or greater than 135xc2x0 C., or for significantly longer periods of time, such as for durations of 10 minutes or more) is generally not preferred or desired. In particular, such more severe heat treatment processing generally has associated therewith correspondingly higher processing costs without necessarily providing or resulting in concomitant processing or product benefits or improvements.
Those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will appreciate that post-spray dry heating can desirably be avoided where, for example, sufficient heat treatment is achieved or realized during the drying process. Alternatively, however, such heating can be relatively easily implemented into a processing scheme such as via in-line fluid bed dryers such as may be incorporated between a spray-dry tower and an associated collection bin, for example. In either case, such heat treatment is generally either or both at significantly lower processing temperatures or for significantly shorter durations than associated with prior art processing techniques.
The resulting gas generant powder can be appropriately processed or shaped, such as by being tableted or wafered, for example and is generally known in the art, and such as may be desired for particular applications of such a gas generant formulation.
While the invention has been described above with reference to the making or processing of gas generant formulations which contain a transition metal diammine dinitrate, it will be appreciated that the invention can, if desired, be applied to the making or processing of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In particular, the invention can be applied to provide a method of making a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate such as may desirably be used in gas generant formulations such as used in the inflation of inflatable devices such as vehicle occupant restraint airbag cushions.
In accordance with this aspect of the invention, a metal ammine carbonate, particularly a transition metal ammine carbonate, such as described above, is combined with nitric acid, the nitric acid present in no more than a stoichiometric amount relative to the at least one transition metal ammine carbonate for formation of the a corresponding transition metal diammine dinitrate, to form a first precursor.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, a second precursor to the phase stabilized ammonium nitrate is formed to contain the first precursor and ammonium nitrate. As further detailed below, such second precursor desirably is in the form of a slurry, e.g., an aqueous slurry. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided, such precursor can be arrived at by various techniques or specific processing steps without deviating from the general principles and guidelines herein provided. For example, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the ammonium nitrate in the xe2x80x9csecond precursorxe2x80x9d or a desired portion thereof may be added to the first precursor material, prepared as described above. In accordance with an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, the ammonium nitrate or a desired portion thereof may simply be added to or included in the aqueous slurry from which the first precursor, as described above, is formed or produced. In particular, the presence of ammonium nitrate in such slurry mix is believed to advantageously serve to stabilize such metal diammine dinitrate or various related forms such as may be formed therein from subsequent, undesired reactions, for example, from subsequent hydrolysis reaction.
This precursor slurry is, in turn, dried and heated to form a phase stabilized ammonium nitrate. In particular, such phase stabilized ammonium nitrate desirably contains a phase stabilizing quantity or relative proportion of the diammine dinitrate of the transition metal of the nitrate used above. In practice, the relative proportion of such transition metal diammine dinitrate required to be present in ammonium nitrate to effect desired phase stabilization will typically vary dependent on the particular application and conditions of operation. In general, however, such phase stabilizing quantity or proportion of transition metal diammine dinitrate typically constitutes the transition metal diammine dinitrate being present in the ammonium nitrate in a relative amount of at least about 1 wt. %, preferably at least about 10 wt. % and, most preferably, at least about 15 wt. %. For example, in typical vehicle occupant inflatable restraint system applications, the inclusion of at least about 15 wt. % of such transition metal diammine dinitrate in ammonium nitrate is generally desired to achieve a desired level of ammonium nitrate phase stabilization such as may avoid unacceptable performance variations in corresponding gas generant materials as such as would otherwise render such gas generant materials unacceptable for typical inflatable restraint system applications.
In particular, such drying treatment can be variously accomplished, as those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will appreciate. For example, tray drying such as involving the use of a vacuum or convection oven, for example, can be used. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, such precursor slurry is desirably spray dried such as to form a precursor to the phase stabilized ammonium nitrate and which precursor desirably has the form of a powder. As will be appreciated, spray drying may advantageously provide or result in high processing throughputs while avoiding subjecting the treated materials to elevated temperatures for prolonged periods of time.
Following such spray drying and as described above, a relatively minor or mild heat treatment (i.e., heating of the material to a temperature of no more than about 135xc2x0 C., e.g., a temperature of approximately 125-130xc2x0 C. and holding the heated material at that temperature for a duration of at least approximately 5 minutes) of the material resulting upon such spray drying, may be desired or required in order to ensure or complete conversion of the transition metal species to the desired transition metal diammine dinitrate and such has been found to remain in a stable form. As will be appreciated, such subsequent heat treatment can desirably be accomplished in a solid state, thus desirably simplifying processing and handling, for example.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, such drying and heating can desirably be conducted or accomplished in a single processing step such as where sufficient heat treating of the processed material is accomplished during the drying process. In an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, such drying and heating are conducted or accomplished in separate processing steps, such as may be conducted in sequence. In accordance with one such alternative embodiment, such relatively minor or mild heat treatment can be relatively easily implemented into a processing scheme such as via in-line fluid bed dryers such as may be incorporated between a spray-dry tower and an associated collection bin, for example. In either case, such heat treatment is generally either or both at significantly lower processing temperatures or for significantly shorter durations than associated with prior art processing techniques.
The application of more severe heat treatment processing (i.e., processing involving either or both heating the material to a higher temperature, such as a temperature in excess of or greater than 135xc2x0 C., or for significantly longer periods of time, such as for durations of 10 minutes or more) is generally not preferred or desired. In particular, such more severe heat treatment processing generally has associated therewith correspondingly higher processing costs without necessarily providing or resulting in concomitant processing or product benefits or improvements.
Those skilled in the art and guided by the teachings herein provided will appreciate that post-spray dry heating can desirably be avoided where, for example, sufficient heat treatment is achieved or realized during the drying process. Alternatively, however, such heating can be relatively easily implemented into a processing scheme such as via in-line fluid bed dryers such as may be incorporated between a spray-dry tower and an associated collection bin, as described above.
In accordance with a preferred practice of the invention, the resulting phase stabilized ammonium nitrate powder desirably contains a phase stabilizing quantity or proportion of the diammine dinitrate of the associated transition metal, as detailed above.
As will be appreciated, such phase stabilized ammonium nitrate can find various applications. For example, such phase stabilized ammonium nitrate can find application in various gas generant formulations such as used in association with inflatable restraint systems and such as otherwise known in the art. In particular, such phase stabilized ammonium nitrate can be easily implemented into various gas generant formulations such as those prepared or produced via extrusion or granulation, for example.
Such a processing method allows for preparation of metal diammine dinitrate phase stabilized ammonium nitrate without isolation of explosive metal tetrammine nitrate complexes. Further, the final relatively mild heat treatment, such as may be desired to ensure complete formation of metal diammine dinitrate, can desirably be done or preformed in a solid state, not in a melt. Thus, facilitating and permitting the preparation of phase stabilized ammonium nitrate, in accordance with the invention, via the use or processing of existing spray dry/fluid bed dryer equipment. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
The goal of this application is to develop a research network for "Harmonization of cross-national studies of aging to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)." This network will support the development of new international studies with harmonized data, maintain harmonization and data development among existing comparable studies, and develop a cross-national research agenda. Harmonization of cross-national studies of aging to the HRS is one of the specific targeted emerging research areas identified under the PAR-09-233 Network Infrastructure Support for Emerging Behavioral and Social Research Areas in Aging. To foster cross-national studies of aging, we propose to develop a research network, bringing together leading scientists, data producers, and users ofthe HRS family of surveys. Through the proposed network support activities, we will accomplish the following five aims: (Aim 1) Organize an annual harmonization meeting, bringing together the principal investigators of all HRS-family surveys. The purpose of these meetings will be to maintain and improve harmonization among existing HRS-family surveys and to support development of new HRS-like surveys. (Aim 2) Document the comparability, prepare harmonized measures, and provide training on the HRS family of surveys. Using the HRS User Guides and the RAND HRS documentation as a model, we will prepare documentation about the concepts, measures, and questions in each HRS-family survey as well as on their comparability in seven specific domains (e.g,, labor force participation and retirement, chronic diseases). (Aim 3) Support small-scale pilots for establishing cross-nafional comparability. (Aim 4) Create network opportunities for users of the HRS family of surveys through biennial user conferences and the Internet discussion board, and provide technical support for users. (Aim 5) Disseminate the resources developed for harmonization (e.g., user manuals, conference proceedings) and the findings from cross national studies using the HRS family of surveys through public websites including those of RAND and each of the surveys. RELEVANCE (See instructions): The proposed research network activities will facilitate harmonization of the HRS family of surveys and cross-national studies on aging, health, and retirement. These network activities will provide immediate benefits for the producers and users of the HRS family of surveys and broader benefits for the entire research community. | {
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
} |
Water-curable compositions based on thermoplastic polymers having hydrolyzable silane moieties are becoming increasingly interesting as environmental, health and safety concerns increase for other curing technologies. Such compositions have excellent properties of weather-, chemical- and water-resistance, since the alkoxysilyl group is connected to the polymer chain by a carbon-silicon bond, rather than a labile carbon-oxygen-silicon linkage; therefore water-, alkali- and acid-resistance are remarkably improved compared to a system with silicates or silanes added by physical mixing. One disadvantage of water-curable silylated polymer compositions, however, is that they tend to crosslink, especially if dispersed in water, under normal conditions of preparation, handling and storage. As a result, the relatively poor shelf life of such compositions has tended to limit their wide commercial acceptance and has kept the use of silylated polymers to those with very low silane concentrations, typically less than 1.0 weight percent, in waterborne polymeric products.
Modification of water-curable compositions to alleviate the problem of premature crosslinking is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,930 which teaches relatively water-stable, melt-processable, thermoplastic polymers with hydrolyzable silane moieties. These silylated polymers are only activated or made readily water-curable by the reaction herewith of an organotitanate having at least one readily hydrolyzable group, which ester exchanges with an ester group of the silane. Although the titanate functions as a silanol condensation catalyst, it is dispersed in the alkylene-acrylate solid matrix, not in water.
Unexamined Japanese Patent Application No. 6025502 teaches a composition comprising a polymer emulsion obtained by adding a tin catalyst (a diorganotin carboxylate) which is insoluble in water, to silylated vinyl polymers after emulsion polymerization. The addition of a water insoluble tin catalyst, however, is not suitable for such films because defects result from the heterogeneous catalysts and the emulsion polymer mixtures, such as formation of craters and granular particles on the surface and uneven crosslinkage in the film structure. Moreover, the silanes taught therein have alkoxy groups of at least eight carbons long and generally of a straight chain.
This Japanese patent application also teaches non-discriminate curing catalysts generally used for silane/ester hydrolysis and condensation reactions. Similar examples of catalysts for silane ester and silanol-containing compositions can be found in the literature, which disclose catalysts dissolved in organic solvent-based systems to ensure a proper cure.
For example, it has long been known that diorganotin dicarboxylates are catalysts for polymerization of organosilicon compounds. However, in spite of their proven utility, the diorganotin dicarboxylates suffer from several disadvantages. One is the relative instability of the compound as shown by loss of activity upon standing, particularly under moist conditions. The phenomenon is even more pronounced when the catalyst is in the form of an aqueous emulsion. Many tin compounds may also undergo hydrolysis during prolonged storage and revert to catalytically inactive forms.
Thus, it is clear that there is the need for one component, water-based dispersed silylated polymeric systems that have good stability during storage in water and which produce films of good quality upon application and drying. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
[Alcohol drinking behavior in a sample of students].
In 1988 we interviewed approximately a quarter (n = 395) of the female students enrolled at Ulm/D. University in order to get knowledge of their alcohol-drinking habits. There was no selection of whom we asked. The results encourage us to the conclusion that we might have got a representative survey. Of the students inquired about 11% lived abstinently, less than 2% consumed alcohol daily, most of all took alcohol repeatedly per month. The predominant part of the students questioned, stated an intake of less than 40 g alcohol per day. The average quantity of alcohol consumed per month was smaller than with a group of female students interviewed in Spain as well as with a group of young women comparable in age in Northern Germany. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Recent advances in fluorescent and colorimetric conjugated polymer-based biosensors.
Conjugated polymers recently have drawn much attention as an emerging sensory material due to their meritorious signal amplification, convenient optical detection, readily tunable properties, and easy fabrication. We review the molecular design principles of sensory conjugated polymer recognition events, which can trigger conformational change of the conjugated polymer, induce intermolecular aggregation, or change the distance between the conjugated polymer as an energy donor and the reporter dye molecule as an energy acceptor. These recognition/detection mechanisms result in mainly three types of measurable signal generation: turn on or turn off fluorescence, or change in either visible color or fluorescence emission color of the conjugated polymer. In this article, we highlight recent advances in fluorescent and colorimetric conjugated polymer-based biosensors. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Solve RTL children ordering in Chrome
In the following MWE, a span and a div are placed inside an RTL div, and their order is swapped in Firefox but not in Chrome (no idea what it shows in IE...).
<html>
<body>
<div dir="rtl">
<span id="empty-span"></span>
<div>This is arabic!</div>
</div>
<script>
var anchorEl = document.getElementById('empty-span');
var anchorRect = anchorEl.getBoundingClientRect();
console.log(anchorRect);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Firefox places the span to the right of the div, while Chrome keeps it to the left. (The exact value shown in the console depends on your screen size.)
Firefox:
ClientRect {left: 700, right: 700, ...}
Chrome:
ClientRect {left: 8, right: 8, ...}
I need the Firefox behavior, because the span is the target of a tooltip that should be placed near the text. I'm fairly new to web development, so what is the best approach: use another type of hidden element to anchor the tooltip, place the span differently depending on the browser, or what?
Just for clarity, there's no dir="rtl" attribute in fact, but the problem shows in Arabic and Hebrew locales. I just used it so people won't need to change their default language to reproduce.
A:
In my opinion, handling of the dir attribute isn't especially well specified, which could explain why different browsers handle your situation differently. I'm guessing that since your <span> element is empty, and since it is retaining its default display property of inline, it no defined dimensions on the page. Chrome is optimizing by simply not bothering to apply the rtl formatting to it. When you change the display property to inline-block, you're giving the <span> a height and width, albeit 0. Chrome is "smart" enough to optimize when the element has no height and width defined, but it doesn't go the extra step of optimizing when the element has a defined height and width of 0. That's just a guess, though.
FWIW, I've found the CSS direction property to be more reliable than the dir attribute.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles mediated co-delivery of paclitaxel and tetrandrine for overcoming multidrug resistance.
The objective of the study is to fabricate multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for achieving co-delivery of conventional antitumor drug paclitaxel (PTX) and the multidrug resistance reversal agent tetrandrine (TET) expecting to overcome multidrug resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells. The nanoparticles were facile to prepare by self-assemble in situ drug loading approach. Namely, PTX and TET were solubilized in the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles and simultaneously silica resources hydrolyze and condense to form nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles, denoted as PTX/TET-CTAB@MSN, exhibited pH-responsive release property with more easily released in the weak acidic environment. Studies on cellular uptake of nanoparticles demonstrated TET could markedly increase intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the PTX/TET-CTAB@MSN suppressed tumor cells growth more efficiently than only delivery of PTX (PTX-CTAB@MSN) or the free PTX. Moreover, the nanoparticle loading drugs with a PTX/TET molar ratio of 4.4:1 completely reversed the resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells to PTX and the resistance reversion index was 72.3. Mechanism research showed that both TET and CTAB could arrest MCF-7/ADR cells at G1 phase; and besides PTX arrested cells at G2 phase. This nanocarrier might have important potential in clinical implications for co-delivery of multiple drugs to overcome MDR. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
There has been a significant need in many fields for high quantum efficiency, high speed response light detectors, particularly in the blue and near ultraviolet, (200 to 500 nm) as well as for particle detection, and low-energy X-rays. In many applications there is a further need for miniature, portable, rugged, field ready devices, which drives requirements away from photomultiplier tubes and towards solid state devices. In many applications requiring such solid state devices there is a need for relatively large surface area devices. Larger area devices intrinsically have lower signal to noise (SNR) and longer response time than smaller area devices.
Many nuclear detection devices utilize scintillators that convert nuclear energy to light. Most scintillators emit light in the region of 200 to 500 nm. This light must be read or monitored with an appropriate light detector. In many applications a scintillating crystal or ceramic is mounted directly onto a solid state detector such as an avalanche photodiode. This method of direct coupling significantly improves the efficiency of detection. In medical applications such as PET and CT scanning high sensitivity and short response time are required to reduce the patient's exposure to radiation as much as possible. Thus, there is a critical need in nuclear medicine for high quantum efficiency, high speed response, and often large surface area devices.
In other medical applications where detectors are in direct contact with the patient there is the further requirement that the bias voltage that drives the device be as low as possible for reasons of patient safety.
There is also a need for high quantum efficiency, high speed response, and often large surface area light detectors in military applications, such as tracking, targeting, and ranging devices. This is particularly the case for daylight applications where military operations are conducted in the presence of large amounts of visible and infrared light. The human eye has little sensitivity at wavelengths below 400 nm. For laser exposure, there is an “eye safe” UVA region between 315 and 400 nm (ideal, for instance, for operation with tripled Nd:YAG lasers at 355 nm or with solid state lasers emitting in this spectral band region). Solar radiation is minimal in the UVA band and can be significantly further reduced by use of appropriate band pass or short pass filters. These filters can, in many instances, be directly coated onto the detector or an appropriate filter can be placed in the path of incoming light. For tracking and targeting applications it may also be advantageous to use positional sensitive detectors, based on arrays of detectors and/or proportional detectors.
Scientific research instrumentation often requires high quantum efficiency, high speed response, and often large surface area devices in the spectral region between 200 and 1050 nm. Such applications include, but are not limited to, radiation detectors employing scintillators, radiation detectors based upon Cherenkov radiation, radiation detectors for X-ray detection, radiation detectors for ionizing particle detection and astronomical measurements in this spectral region.
Over the past two decades, free-space optical communication (FSOC) has proven to be a viable way to transfer large packets of digital information. Capable of achieving Gbit/s transfer rates over several km, relatively compact systems for local area networks are commercially available. However, the technology required to deploy robust system architectures, such as those used on temporary or mobile platforms operating in a range of daylight and temperature conditions, has yet to be fully realized.
A significant operational barrier for FSOC is the need to maintain eye-safety, which limits the permissible signal power and thus system ranging capabilities. Poor weather conditions, the need for direct line-of-sight, and interference with solar radiation within the receiver's line-of-sight are also factors that can significantly degrade the system performance. Despite these factors, FSOC offers significant advantages over commonly used microwave links. These advantages include: smaller size, weight and power requirements for the transmitter and receiver; higher immunity to electromagnetic interference; faster data transfer rates; and higher security due to directionality.
Such optical communication systems consist of two primary components; namely the transmitter and the receiver. Medium-range FSOC systems have been realized thanks to advances in laser transmitter and LED technology in the ultraviolet (UV). Compared to systems that utilize red or near-IR sources, the advantages of using a UV source include higher permissible transmission levels and reduced interference from solar radiation. Strong absorption and Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere greatly reduces the solar background in the deep UV (wavelengths<280 nm). However, this same scattering and absorption may also reduce the distance over which the communication signal can be relayed, particularly at sea level where water content is high. As a result, the use of deep UV has been proposed for short range non-line of sight (NLOS) operations where the scattered light is used to relay the signal around objects [2]. For medium to long range communications, therefore, longer wavelengths near the blue-UV region of the spectrum (350 to 380 nm) are preferred.
The advantage created by recent advances in transmitter technology for UV FSOC has been dampened by the lag in the development of matching receiver technology for the UV. In particular, the highest quantum efficiency (QE) (the ratio between the number of photon-induced electrons collected and the number of incident photons) is approximately 50% for detectors at UN wavelengths, compared to >90% at the longer wavelengths. Table 1 compares the QE of various large-area UV-blue sensitive detectors when operated in proportional mode at the common laser wavelength of 355 nm (Nd:YAG).
TABLE 1Detector typeGainQE (at 355 nm)Silicon detector 150%Avalanche Photodiode20050%Photomultiplier Tube 10625%Silicon Carbide 1<10%
Silicon detectors have the highest QEs at 355 nm, which is two to three times higher than photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and six to seven times higher than silicon carbide detectors, which have a peak response at shorter wavelengths. Silicon p-i-n photodiodes are compact, rugged high-speed optical receivers that are relatively inexpensive and require low operating bias. However, their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is much lower than detectors with internal gain structures, such as APD's or PMTs. As a result, post-amplification circuits are often needed to generate appropriate signal outputs, further reducing the SNR.
Avalanche photodiodes (APD's), like the PMTs, exhibit internal gain created by impact ionization, when a strong electric field is present in the detector. However, APD's are much thinner than PMTs, which increases design flexibility, enabling improved light collection geometries. Unlike the PMT, the APD is very rugged, does not require a recovery period (several to tens of minutes) following intense illumination from an unexpected signal or background source, can be operated in magnetic fields, and can be mass produced at low costs. As a result, APD's are often the detector of choice for field-ready instrumentation such as FSOC.
An exemplary APD is depicted in FIG. 1. The substrate contains different regions that correspond to differing amounts of dopant present in that region. For example, an APD may include a photosensitive neutral drift p-region 100 located at, or adjacent to, the top surface of the APD. A depleted p-region 102 may be located beneath the neutral drift region. A depleted n-region 104 may be located beneath the depleted p-region. A neutral n-region 106 may be located beneath the depleted n-region. In some cases the APD may also include a passivation layer 108 disposed on top of the neutral drift p-region. During use an electrical potential may be applied to the APD such that when a photon is absorbed by the photosensitive neutral drift p-region, an electron-hole pair is formed at photon absorption site 110. Due to the applied electrical potential the charge carriers, i.e. the electron and hole, move in opposite directions within the APD. This initial migration of a charge carrier towards the bottom of the APD is indicated by arrow 112 which corresponds to minority carrier transport. As the charge carrier is accelerated due to the applied electrical potential it causes additional electron hole pairs to be formed within the depleted p-region and depleted n-region due to impact ionization which then exhibit similar behavior. This process is referred to as avalanche breakdown and is indicated by enlarged arrow 114. This phenomenon is responsible for the signal gain exhibited by avalanche photodiodes. After passing through the depleted p-region and depleted n-region the generated charge carriers undergo majority carrier transport to the neutral n-region which includes electrical contacts for outputting the generated electrical signal. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
What do we wish most for our children? Next to being healthy, we want them to be happy, of course. Fortunately, a wide array of scientific studies show that happiness is a learned behavior, a muscle we can help our children build and maintain.
Drawing on what psychology, sociology, and neuroscience have proven about confidence, gratefulness, and optimism, and using her own chaotic and often hilarious real-world adventures as a mom to demonstrate dos and don’ts in action, Christine Carter, PhD, executive director of UC Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center, boils the process down to ten simple happiness-inducing steps.
With great wit, wisdom, and compassion, Carter covers the day-to-day pressure points of parenting—how best to discipline, get kids to school and activities on time, and get dinner on the table—as well as the more elusive issues of helping children build healthy friendships and develop emotional intelligence. In these ten key steps, she helps you interact confidently and consistently with your kids to foster the skills, habits, and mindsets that will set the stage for positive emotions now and into their adolescence and beyond. You will discover
the best way avoid raising a brat—changing bad habits into good ones;
tips on how to change your kids’ attitude into gratitude;
the trap of trying to be perfect—and how to stay clear of its pitfalls;
the right way to praise kids—and why too much of the wrong kind can be just as bad as not enough;
the spirit of kindness—how to raise kind, compassionate, and loving children; and
strategies for inspiring kids to do boring (but necessary) tasks—and become more self-motivated in the process.
Complete with a series of “try this” tips, secrets, and strategies, Raising Happiness is a one-of-a-kind resource that will help you instill joy in your kids—and, in the process, become more joyful yourself.
Download and start listening now!
bf3q
Quotes & Awards
“This collection of research, personal stories, and advice couldn’t be more smoothly organized and accessible. With Emily Durante’s sunny performance making it sound even more appealing, it’s an audio message that will help parents open up to new possibilities for helping their kids—and themselves.”
[ShoppingCartItemsAddedOnMerge] audiobook(s) were left in your cart from a previous visit, and saved to your account for your convenience. You may view or remove these audiobooks on the shopping cart page. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
#include <elle/das/tuple.hh>
#include <elle/test.hh>
#include <elle/serialization/json.hh>
#include <elle/das/Symbol.hh>
#include <elle/das/serializer.hh>
ELLE_DAS_SYMBOL(foo);
ELLE_DAS_SYMBOL(bar);
static
void
basics()
{
auto t = elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = "lol");
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(t.foo, 3);
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(t.bar, "lol");
}
static
void
move()
{
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = elle::make_unique<int>(42),
bar = std::vector<int>());
auto f = elle::make_unique<int>(42);
auto b = std::vector<int>();
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = std::move(f), bar = b);
}
static
void
print()
{
auto t = elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = "lol");
BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(elle::sprintf("%s", t), "(foo = 3, bar = lol)");
}
static
void
serialize()
{
auto t = elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"));
auto s = elle::serialization::json::serialize(t);
auto j = elle::json::read(s.string());
BOOST_CHECK(j["foo"] == 3);
BOOST_CHECK(j["bar"] == "lol");
auto d = elle::serialization::json::deserialize<decltype(t)>(s);
BOOST_CHECK(d.foo == t.foo);
BOOST_CHECK(d.bar == t.bar);
}
static
void
hash()
{
using elle::das::make_tuple;
BOOST_TEST(
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple()) ==
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple()));
BOOST_TEST(
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"))) ==
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"))));
BOOST_TEST(
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"))) !=
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 4, bar = std::string("lol"))));
BOOST_TEST(
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"))) !=
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("bar"))));
BOOST_TEST(
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol"))) !=
hash_value(elle::das::make_tuple(bar = std::string("lol"), foo = 3)));
}
static
void
compare()
{
BOOST_TEST(
elle::das::make_tuple() ==
elle::das::make_tuple());
BOOST_TEST(
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol")) ==
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol")));
BOOST_TEST(
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol")) !=
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 4, bar = std::string("lol")));
BOOST_TEST(
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("lol")) !=
elle::das::make_tuple(foo = 3, bar = std::string("bar")));
}
/*-------.
| Driver |
`-------*/
ELLE_TEST_SUITE()
{
auto& master = boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite();
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(basics));
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(move));
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(print));
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(serialize));
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(hash));
master.add(BOOST_TEST_CASE(compare));
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Questions or Need Help Related to The Hunting Report Newsletter.Call us at 800-272-5656 or 305-253-5301
Search:
HuntingReport.com
This news bulletin was sent exclusively to Email Extra subscribers of The Hunting Report at least 24 hours prior to becoming available to other viewers.
printer-friendly version
New Move To open Hunting In Zambia
(posted December 17, 2001)
In a move that appears to signal a reopening of hunting next year,
the Zambia National Tender Board today officially asked safari operators
to submit bids for the control of the country's hunting concessions.
The deadline for submitting bids is January 4. "I'm definitely
taking this to mean hunting will reopen next year," Mike Faddy
told The Hunting Report this morning. Faddy is head of the Zambia
Professional Hunters Association, and he has his finger on the pulse
of hunting developments.
The other good news on hunting in Zambia is, a Director General
of Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) has finally been named. We hope
to have more information on the new director as early as tomorrow.
Suffice it to say, the new director is getting rave reviews so far.
The call for tenders is directly related to his being named, according
to sources we spoke with this morning.
ZAWA, you'll recall, is the new quasi-private organization that
was slated to take over all wildlife-related matters in Zambia more
than a year ago, which is when the old National Parks Department
was disbanded. Since then, Zambia has been without any kind of game
department at all. The European Union during this period has had
millions of dollars ready to help ZAWA get rolling, but has refused
to release the funds until a director general and support staff
are in place. Presumably those funds will now be released. If so,
Zambia's wildlife programs could be on their way to a complete recovery
shortly.
To be sure, there are some open questions still. The most important
revolves around the possible impact of the presidential election,
which is slated for December 27. Will the current tender process
be acceptable to whoever wins the election? Or will still another
tender process be initiated by the winner? No one we spoke with
had any idea how to answer those questions. In fact, no one we have
spoken with for months has been willing to predict just who will
win the election. It's no secret that the closure of hunting in
Zambia was linked to presidential politics. Surely, its reopening
will be too.
The other open question at this point is the condition of Zambia's
game. With no game department in place for more than a year, and
with concessions empty of personnel for an entire summer, poaching
has been widespread.
Doubts and questions aside, the underlying news here is good. A
definitive move has been made toward the reopening of hunting in
Zambia. We're hoping for the best, and we are keeping our fingers
crossed. More details soon. - Don Causey.
Get important news bulletins like this sent directly to your email 24 hours before anyone else sees them, plus unlimited access to our database of hunt reports and past articles, a special expanded electronic version of our newsletter and more! Upgrade your Hunting Report subscription to Email Extra today. Click here for more information. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Self-assembled high-strength hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/chitosan composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering.
Graphene hydrogel has shown greatly potentials in bone tissue engineering recently, but it is relatively weak in the practical use. Here we report a facile method to synthesize high strength composite graphene hydrogel. Graphene oxide (GO), hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (NPs) and chitosan (CS) self-assemble into a 3-dimensional hydrogel with the assistance of crosslinking agent genipin (GNP) for CS and reducing agent sodium ascorbate (NaVC) for GO simultaneously. The dense and oriented microstructure of the resulted composite gel endows it with high mechanical strength, high fixing capacity of HA and high porosity. These properties together with the good biocompatibility make the ternary composite gel a promising material for bone tissue engineering. Such a simultaneous crosslinking and reduction strategy can also be applied to produce a variety of 3D graphene-polymer based nanocomposites for biomaterials, energy storage materials and adsorbent materials. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
From dissipative dynamics to studies of heat transfer at the nanoscale: analysis of the spin-boson model.
We study in a unified manner the dissipative dynamics and the transfer of heat in the two-bath spin-boson model. We use the Bloch-Redfield (BR) formalism, valid in the very weak system-bath coupling limit, the noninteracting-blip approximation (NIBA), applicable in the nonadiabatic limit, and iterative, numerically exact path integral tools. These methodologies were originally developed for the description of the dissipative dynamics of a quantum system, and here they are applied to explore the problem of quantum energy transport in a nonequilibrium setting. Specifically, we study the weak-to-intermediate system-bath coupling regime at high temperatures kBT/ħ > ε, with ε as the characteristic frequency of the two-state system. The BR formalism and NIBA can lead to close results for the dynamics of the reduced density matrix (RDM) in a certain range of parameters. However, relatively small deviations in the RDM dynamics propagate into significant qualitative discrepancies in the transport behavior. Similarly, beyond the strict nonadiabatic limit NIBA's prediction for the heat current is qualitatively incorrect: It fails to capture the turnover behavior of the current with tunneling energy and temperature. Thus, techniques that proved meaningful for describing the RDM dynamics, to some extent even beyond their rigorous range of validity, should be used with great caution in heat transfer calculations, because qualitative-serious failures develop once parameters are mildly stretched beyond the techniques' working assumptions. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
“We are not alone in the universe. And I aim to prove it.” - Peter Davenport | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Circuitry for the positioning of the electron beam in CRT display systems such as exemplified by the M. S. Granberg, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,434,135 and 3,489,946 includes X and Y deflection coil current drive systems of various designs. These prior art systems include digital logic that selectively switches in or out constant current sources of individually fixed but separately different incremental current magnitudes or levels such that the desired deflection-determining current level is caused to flow through the X (and Y) deflection coil.
In CRT display systems, the cathode ray tube face is usually a flat surface. Equal increments of deflection-determining current move the electron beam along the face in increasing incremental lengths for increasing distances away from the center of the face producing a distortion called the "pin-cushion" or "non-linear effect." Prior art CRT display systems have included various correction features to compensate for such distortion. Aslo included were constant current drivers and electronic switches to maintain fixed increments of deflection-determining current and to prevent switching induced transients that further distort the display. The present invention is directed toward a CRT display system that eliminates these above noted causes of display distortion. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
Q:
Creating object in C++
I am new to C++. Here's my problem.
I declare bus, stepper as private instances in the h file:
class Motor_control
{
public:
...
private:
IICBus bus ;
IICStepper stepper ;
IICStepper stepper_r ;
IICStepper stepper_l ;
};
And then initiate them in the constructor
Motor_control::Motor_control(){
IICBus bus ("/dev/i2c-2",0,"");
IICStepper stepper (bus,0x00, "Global addr");
IICStepper stepper_r (bus,0x6e, "Stepper Modul");
IICStepper stepper_l (bus,0x66, "Stepper Modul");
}
IICStepper was declared in .cpp:
IICStepper::IICStepper(IICBus& bus, int addr, const string& name) : IICBase(bus,addr, name) { } in cpp
and in .h:
class IICStepper : public IICBase { public: IICStepper(IICBus& bus, int addr, const std::string& name); virtual ~IICStepper(){}; ...}
It compalins
../src/Motor_control.h:15: error: no matching function for call to 'IICStepper::IICStepper()'
../src/Stepper.h:41: note: candidates are: IICStepper::IICStepper(IICBus&, int, const std::string&)
../src/Stepper.h:38: note: IICStepper::IICStepper(const IICStepper&)
../src/Motor_control.h:15: error: no matching function for call to 'IICBus::IICBus()'
../src/Bus.h:28: note: candidates are: IICBus::IICBus(const std::string&, int, const std::string&)
../src/Bus.h:17: note: IICBus::IICBus(const IICBus&)
../src/Motor_control.h:15: error: no matching function for call to 'IICStepper::IICStepper()'
../src/Stepper.h:41: note: candidates are: IICStepper::IICStepper(IICBus&, int, const std::string&)
../src/Stepper.h:38: note: IICStepper::IICStepper(const IICStepper&)
../src/Motor_control.h:15: error: no matching function for call to 'IICStepper::IICStepper()'
../src/Stepper.h:41: note: candidates are: IICStepper::IICStepper(IICBus&, int, const std::string&)
../src/Stepper.h:38: note: IICStepper::IICStepper(const IICStepper&)
../src/Motor_control.h:15: error: no matching function for call to 'IICStepper::IICStepper()'
../src/Stepper.h:41: note: candidates are: IICStepper::IICStepper(IICBus&, int, const std::string&)
../src/Stepper.h:38: note: IICStepper::IICStepper(const IICStepper&)
A:
Before the constructor body enters, all user types are initialized. Because you don't have default constructors for IICStepper, you'll get the errors.
You need to use initializer lists:
Motor_control::Motor_control() :
bus("/dev/i2c-2", 0, ""),
stepper(bus, 0, "Global addr"),
stepper_r(bus, 0x6e, "Stepper Modul"),
stepper_l(bus, 0x66, "Stepper Modul")
{
}
Your version not only doesn't initialize the members, it creates new temporary objects which you never use afterwards.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Border problem: A pipeline of children
Jul. 15, 2014
|
A teenage boy looks out the window of his sleeping area on June 19, 2014, at the Instituto Nacional del Migracion, a municipal shelter in Reynosa, Mexico, for child migrants that is receiving growing numbers of children caught by Mexican authorities and will be deported to their countries of origin. / David Wallace, David Wallace/The Republic
by USA TODAY Network, USA TODAY
by USA TODAY Network, USA TODAY
According to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency, more than 47,000 unaccompanied children have crossed the border into the U.S. in the past fiscal year, a number that could double in the coming months. The vast majority of these kids are coming from the troubled Central American countries of Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala.
The Arizona Republic has a team of journalists reporting from Central America and the McAllen, Texas-Mexico border working on a project that will attempt to fill in this pipeline from the impoverished neighborhoods these kids are leaving, to the Mexican-Guatemala border, then the rugged journey to the Rio Grande and the raft ride across the river, where they are almost immediately picked up by the Border Patrol.
Reporter Bob Ortega and photographer Michael Chow are reporting from Central America, based in San Salvador and Guatemala.
Reporter Daniel Gonzalez and photographer David Wallace are reporting from the Rio Grande Valley, both sides of the border, based in McAllen, Texas.
Upcoming stories:
Finding shelter. Many of the kids stop in shelters before they cross into the U.S. We will paint a picture with photos and words of the scene there. Do they know where their parents are? What do they expect in America?
Videos:
The team is making daily videos from reporting locales available via the Gannett Video Production Center (VPC). | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Schools' actual budget becomes clearer
A final accounting shows that cuts made in December were important.
For the past year, the most important question facing the Hernando County school system has been about the health of the district's budget.
It was a year during which the district had three budget directors: one who said the sky was falling, another who said there were no worries and a third who tried to sort out the truth.
It was a year in which then-superintendent John Sanders and the School Board at times didn't know whom to believe or where things stood. Eventually, they sought a middle road, agreeing in December to cut their budget back by $2.4-million.
Now, a final accounting of the books shows that the December cuts were much-needed but that a financial meltdown feared by some never materialized. In short:
The district spent $85.5-million last year on day-to-day expenses, about $100,000 less than the revenue it took in.
Before the cuts, the board was on pace to spend about $2-million more than it took in.
The cuts not only brought the budget in line but also added $143,000 to the district's slim rainy day reserve, which now stands at $1.3-million.
Medical costs in the school district's self-funded health insurance plan outstripped the money put into the plan by $2.9-million, creating an internal debt that must be repaid with cash that could otherwise be spent on the classroom.
The new numbers bring clarity to a budget that was anything but clear in the past year.
The fog developed when budget director Vince Benedict, who resigned last summer for health reasons, and Sara Perez, his successor, came to vastly different conclusions about the district's financial state.
Benedict, a veteran who relied on his experience and his insight as much as raw data, predicted that 2000-2001 would be a tight year. But, with some routine adjustments, he predicted that his final budget would prove accurate.
Perez, who put her faith in hard numbers instead of gut feelings, said Benedict's original budget was on pace to spend $5.9-million above its expected revenues.
Carol MacLeod, a former auditor who took over the budget office in December after Perez resigned for family reasons, was asked to sort out the truth.
By then, the board had cut its budget, enacted a hiring freeze and put strict limits on new spending. The cuts weren't devastating. But they were far more drastic than Benedict's past practice of covering shortfalls in one area of the budget with surpluses from other parts.
Jo Ann Hartge, who was president of the Hernando Classroom Teachers Association last year, said cuts meant the district wouldn't pay for substitute teacher's aides when regulars were out sick, leaving teachers to fly solo in crowded classrooms.
They meant that a handful of teachers working outside the classroom, including two that taught rookie teachers survival skills and helped struggling veterans improve, had to fill teaching vacancies. Their previous jobs were simply eliminated.
For a time, Hartge said, it also meant that supplies ranging from workbook materials to art supplies were hard to get and professional training was reduced. Toward the end of the year, things eased up some. But, Hartge said, "I don't want to repeat that again."
MacLeod has refused to declare a winner in the Perez-Benedict debate. But she has some thoughts on the problems in the budget.
Benedict, who was on chemotherapy for bladder and prostate cancer at the time, didn't leave any clear documentation of what early adjustments Perez needed to make to the budget.
At the same time, MacLeod said people overreacted to Perez's worst-case prediction that the budget was $5.9-million out of line. Even Perez knew that routine retirements and resignations would result in less-than-expected payroll spending, she said.
In the end, MacLeod said the school district was never in a budget "crisis." Budgets are spending plans, she said, and they are not etched in stone. By definition, they require constant tweaking. But she agrees that a $2.4-million cut is nothing to laugh at.
"I would have hoped we would have done our front-end work better so we wouldn't have needed to do that," MacLeod said. "But there is nothing wrong with that."
The school district faces two financial audits in the next few months that are mandated by the state. And MacLeod plans to give a clearer view of where the December cuts were made.
Both should shed further light on the budget.
For now, the district has an $86.8-million budget, slightly larger than last year's. But schools have been ordered to cut back on spending money they have discretion over -- one final safeguard to keep history from repeating itself.
- Times staff writer Robert King covers education in Hernando County and can be reached at 754-6127. Send e-mail to rking@sptimes.com. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
CSS to rotate an image/icon(spinner) in IE11
Css to convert an icon/image into spinner
add following properties to the class of that icon/image
.spinner{
-webkit-animation: load3 1.4s infinite linear;
animation: load3 1.4s infinite linear;
-ms-transform: translateZ(0);
transform: translateZ(0);
}
A:
add this to your CSS and you'll have a rotating image
@keyframes load3 {
from {
-ms-transform: rotate(0deg);
-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);
-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);
-o-transform: rotate(0deg);
transform: rotate(0deg);
}
to {
-ms-transform: rotate(360deg);
-moz-transform: rotate(360deg);
-webkit-transform: rotate(360deg);
-o-transform: rotate(360deg);
transform: rotate(360deg);
}
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
In 5 Minutes, He Lets the Blind See - laex
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/opinion/sunday/in-5-minutes-he-lets-the-blind-see.html?_r=0
======
Elte
My mom used to tell me about a similar procedure she would perform to help
people with cateracts in Africa 30 years ago, so I'm a bit confused. I'm not
saying this isn't awesome or special, just a bit curious what has changed to
make it particularly special _now_.
EDIT: So I asked her, it seems the main difference is the new lens they're
putting in. With a cateract the lens is clouded and the essence of this
procedure is cutting out that lens so that light reaches the retina once more.
30 years back they did not have new lenses to put in though, so (quote) "we
would send everyone home with +10 glasses". She also recalls the expeditions
into Nepal going into the mountains to operate cateracts 14 consecutive days
full time even back then (takes a while to get up to 100.000 I suppose :]).
So it used to be they were getting people who saw nothing to see something.
Now they get people who see nothing to see really well, which is of course
huge.
~~~
eps
Lower cost, probably. But if your mom is around, perhaps just ask her instead
of HN?
~~~
Elte
That e-mail went out before I posted here, and I fully intend on providing the
answer myself ;). Should've probably made that more obvious. EDIT: Updated
with the answer!
------
stevetrewick
Quite a few things bug me about this piece.
>I’m on my annual win-a-trip journey, in which I take a university student
with me on a trip to the developing world to cover underreported issues.
Firstly, I don't think this is 'under reported', I've seen at least two full
length documentaries about this procedure in Nepal, the project has its own
Facebook page [0] and a Google search for 'Nepal cataract' turns up lots of
trad media results.
Secondly, if the author has taken a student to cover things, why aren't e
reading the student's piece ?
Lastly, the author - like most people who haven't undergone this type of
surgery - falls into the trap of breathlessly hailing this as a miraculous
cure for blindness. It's not. While the restored sight is absolutely better
than having cataracts and will indeed cheer you up in the immediate term, the
vision provided by the replacement lenses is a far cry from a person's natural
vision, for one thing these lenses have a fixed focus. Another issue is the
limited life span - eventually they fur up, but don't go hard like UV induced
cataracts - which necessitates replacement or laser surgery.
Humans - particularly the kind that live up mountains in Nepal - are adaptable
and can cope, but as someone who has had this surgery (and the follow up laser
surgery) it annoys me that reportage routinely fails to mention these kinds of
things.
In this particular case, it is also quite peculiar that the author fails to
point out that handing out a $5 pair of sunglasses would prevent the cataracts
in the first place (these are pretty much all UV induced). Education and
prevention in this respect _are_ very much under reported.
[0]
[https://www.facebook.com/cureblindness/](https://www.facebook.com/cureblindness/)
~~~
IkmoIkmo
> handing out a $5 pair of sunglasses would prevent the cataracts in the first
> place (these are pretty much all UV induced).
I've also heard that vitamin sufficiency prevents UV induced cataracts, is
this true and on what scale would vitamins be sufficient? Introducing a
particular crop with the particular vitamin to the local farmers, potentially
a GMO crop, or selling supplements or adding vitamins to food (e.g. in the
Netherlands I know virtually all bread has government-encouraged iodine to
prevent iodine deficiency illnesses and effects, not sure if it's a worldwide
standard, but iodising table salt is common practice for the majority of the
world, too) might be a practical alternative.
------
curiousAl
Modern (science-based) medicine is a miracle of biblical proportions.
~~~
fasteo
Cataract surgery is not exactly modern medicine. There are records [1] of
cataract surgery as far as 2500 BC, that is, more than 4000 years ago.
[1] [http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/42710/InTech-
The_history_of_c...](http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/42710/InTech-
The_history_of_cataract_surgery.pdf)
~~~
afsina
Removing the infected lens is something, replacing it with an artificial
intraocular lens implant is something else.
------
pmontra
Bypass of the NY login: original text from
[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&sl=en&tl=es&u=h...](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=es&sl=en&tl=es&u=http:%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fin-5-minutes-
he-lets-the-blind-see.html%3F_r%3D0&anno=2&sandbox=1)
------
rokhayakebe
This guy needs a kickstarter, or GoFundMe, or some other easy way to give him
$25. Imagine a "LET'S FREAKING END CATARACT BLINDNESS" movement.
~~~
_mgr
[http://www.hollows.org.nz](http://www.hollows.org.nz)
The Fred Hollows Foundation has been doing this since at least 1992 around the
world including Nepal where Dr. Hollows and Dr. Ruit worked closely together.
Unfortunately Dr. Hollows passed away years ago but the foundation continues
his work.
------
Kiro
I can recommend "Inside North Korea" (National Geographic) where he's treating
cataracts in NK.
------
ck2
I'm curious what $25 per eye translates into American healthcare prices?
$1000? $2500?
~~~
psykovsky
$25,000 probably.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
TDP-43 regulates endogenous retrovirus-K viral protein accumulation.
The concomitant expression of neuronal TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and human endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) is a hallmark of ALS. Since the involvement of TDP-43 in retrovirus replication remains controversial, we sought to evaluate whether TDP-43 exerts an effect on ERVK expression. In this study, TDP-43 bound the ERVK promoter in the context of inflammation or proteasome inhibition, with no effect on ERVK transcription. However, over-expression of ALS-associated aggregating forms of TDP-43, but not wild-type TDP-43, significantly enhanced ERVK viral protein accumulation. Human astrocytes and neurons further demonstrated cell-type specific differences in their ability to express and clear ERVK proteins during inflammation and proteasome inhibition. Astrocytes, but not neurons, were able to clear excess ERVK proteins through stress granule formation and autophagy. In vitro findings were validated in autopsy motor cortex tissue from patients with ALS and neuro-normal controls. We further confirmed marked enhancement of ERVK in cortical neurons of patients with ALS. Despite evidence of enhanced stress granule and autophagic response in ALS cortical neurons, these cells failed to clear excess ERVK protein accumulation. This highlights how multiple cellular pathways, in conjunction with disease-associated mutations, can converge to modulate the expression and clearance of viral gene products from genomic elements such as ERVK. In ALS, ERVK protein aggregation is a novel aspect of TDP-43 misregulation contributing towards the pathology of this neurodegenerative disease. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Murder of Anni Dewani
Anni Ninna Dewani (née Hindocha; 12 March 1982 – 13 November 2010) was a Swedish woman of Indian origin who was murdered while on her honeymoon in South Africa after the taxi in which she and her husband were travelling was hijacked.
Arrests were made in the days following the crime; hijackers Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Xolile Mngeni, and hotel receptionist Monde Mbolombo admitted to their involvement in an unintentionally fatal robbery and kidnapping. Facing life in prison, Qwabe and Mbolombo later changed their stories to allege the crime had been a premeditated murder for hire at the behest of Anni's husband Shrien Dewani. Taxi driver Zola Tongo initially claimed to be an innocent victim of the incident but, faced with the weight of evidence implicating him in the crime and in the wake of his fellow conspirators' allegations of a "murder for hire" plot, he too changed his story to allege the husband was the instigator. Attractive plea bargains were offered to the conspirators in exchange for future testimony in legal proceedings related to the crime. The allegation of the husband's involvement made global headlines; Shrien Dewani's supporters emphatically denied the accusations, saying it was "ludicrous" to suggest he had solicited an attack on his wife from the first taxi driver he met within hours of their arrival in Cape Town.
Zola Tongo pleaded guilty to murder in December 2010 and was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Mziwamadoda Qwabe pleaded guilty to murder in August 2012 and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Xolile Mngeni was tried and convicted of murder in November 2012 and was sentenced to life in prison. Monde Mbolombo admitted his involvement but was offered immunity in exchange for testimony against the other men alleged to have been involved in the crime.
South African prosecutors formulated charges against Shrien Dewani based on the later-discredited confessions of Tongo, Qwabe and Mbolombo, who were found to have committed perjury. Charges were brought on the basis Anni had been the victim of a premeditated kidnapping and murder for hire that was staged to appear as a random carjacking at the alleged behest of her husband. Following a long legal battle, Shrien was extradited from the UK to South Africa to face trial. He was exonerated by a Western Cape High Court, which in December 2014 ruled there was no credible evidence to support the allegations against him nor to support the allegation the crime was a premeditated murder for hire.
Background
Anni Dewani
The Hindocha family was forced to leave Uganda in the early 1970s after the country's president Idi Amin expelled all Asians living there. They were granted residence in Sweden and settled in Mariestad, where their daughter Anni was born and raised.
Marriage
Anni Hindocha met Shrien Dewani in London in 2009; they maintained a long-distance relationship until Hindocha moved to the UK in March 2010, where they became engaged in May that year. The couple, whose relationship was sometimes troubled, married at Lake Powai near Mumbai, India, on 29 October 2010. They were planning to hold a civil ceremony in the UK in 2011 for friends who could not attend their wedding in India.
Robbery, kidnapping and murder
After landing at Cape Town International Airport on 7 November 2010, Dewani and her husband took a domestic flight and stayed at Kruger National Park for four nights. On 12 November, the couple returned to Cape Town International Airport, where they met and engaged taxi driver Zola Tongo to drive them to the five-star Cape Grace Hotel.
On 13 November, having retained Tongo as a tour guide, the couple were driven through the city in his VW Sharan into Gugulethu. Tongo drove past a BBQ restaurant (Mzolis) and they continued to Surfside Restaurant in Strand, where the couple dined. After their meal, Tongo drove the Dewanis back into Gugulethu. Shortly after turning off the main road, two armed men hijacked the vehicle. After driving a short distance, Tongo was ejected from the taxi. Shrien Dewani was robbed of his money, wallet, designer watch and mobile telephone, and after being driven for about 20 minutes, he was also ejected from the vehicle. On the street, a bystander assisted him by calling the police.
At 07:50 on 14 November, in Lingelethu West, Anni Dewani was found dead in the back of the VW Sharan taxi. She had suffered a single gunshot wound to her neck. Police later confirmed Anni's Giorgio Armani wristwatch, a white-gold and diamond bracelet, her handbag and her BlackBerry mobile telephone were missing, and assumed they were stolen. The items stolen in the robbery had an estimated value of R90,000.
Post-mortem examination, repatriation and cremation
Anni Dewani's body was taken to a Cape Town hospital. The post-mortem examination revealed bruising on her inner leg, indicating she had been involved in a struggle. It also indicated she had died from a single gunshot that passed through her hand and neck, severing an artery. There was no sign of sexual assault. On 17 November, Dewani's body was released by the South African authorities and returned to the United Kingdom on a British Airways flight, accompanied by her husband. Six months after her death, in a Hindu ceremony, her family scattered her ashes in her favourite area of the Vänern lake, close to her home town, Mariestad, Sweden.
Investigation: sequence of arrests and confessions
As a result of a palm print found on the abandoned taxi, Xolile Mngeni was arrested on Tuesday 16 November 2010. Mngeni made a videotaped confession in the presence of Captain Jonker of the South African Police Service, admitting involvement in a hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping operation. He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims and said Qwabe shot Anni Dewani during a struggle for her handbag.
Mziwamadoda Qwabe was arrested at around 01:00 on Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of a tip-off from a trusted township informant. After initial denials, Qwabe was allowed to consult with arrested co-conspirators Mbolombo and Mngeni, and subsequently admitted involvement in the hijack, armed robbery and kidnapping. He described Shrien and Anni Dewani as victims. He changed his story during an interview recorded at 17:21 that day, saying the incident was a murder planned at the behest of Shrien Dewani.
Monde Mbolombo was arrested in the early hours of Thursday 18 November 2010 as a result of Qwabe providing his name to the police. After initially denying involvement, Mbolombo made a recorded confession at 16:30, admitting arranging a hijacking and armed robbery operation. The confession did not mention a planned murder or Shrien Dewani's involvement. The following day, Mbolombo changed his story, saying the operation was a planned murder at the behest of Shrien Dewani.
Taxi driver Zola Tongo reported the hijacking to a police station in Gugulethu after he was ejected from the vehicle, and made a statement saying he was an unknowing victim. On 17 November, Tongo gave a statement to Officer Hendrikse of the SAPS, again saying he was an innocent victim. The following day, Tongo appointed attorney William De Grass, and on Saturday 20 November he surrendered to police and said the operation was a planned murder that was staged to appear as a random hijacking at the behest of Shrien Dewani.
Media coverage
In South Africa, there was much media coverage of the case following the discovery of the body. With an economy reliant on tourism, tour operators reported an immediate drop in bookings as potential visitors became aware of the country's murder rate; on average, 46 per day. There were also concerns the killing would negate the goodwill resulting from the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The assignment of the Police Hawks team, and the early arrests, conviction and statement implicating Shrien Dewani led to increased media coverage.
BBC Panorama episode
An episode of the BBC television documentary series Panorama in March 2012 reported that the original South African post-mortem report showed the bullet that killed Anni Dewani had passed through her left hand followed by her chest, and that the wound on her neck was an exit wound. The report said the bullet left "an irregular gunshot exit wound", which suggested there had been a struggle. A second Panorama programme broadcast in September 2013 revisited the case and highlighted numerous inconsistencies between the physical evidence, witness testimony, and the South African prosecutors' purported version of events. In particular it said the forensic evidence had not been collected properly and that it indicated an accidental shooting during a struggle rather than a deliberate killing.
Trials, convictions and sentencing
Plea bargains
Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Zola Tongo were offered reduced sentences in exchange for guilty pleas and the promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime. These plea deals were granted in accordance with Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act. Monde Mbolombo was granted full immunity from prosecution in exchange for his promise of truthful testimony against Shrien Dewani and in other criminal proceedings related to the crime. This plea deal was granted in accordance with Section 204 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
Conviction and sentencing of Zola Tongo
On 7 December 2010, Zola Tongo appeared in the Western Cape High Court; in accordance with his plea deal under Section 105A of the Criminal Procedure Act, he pleaded guilty to the armed robbery, kidnapping and murder of Anni Dewani—crimes he alleged were committed at the behest of Shrien Dewani. According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Tongo was sentenced to 18 years in prison, contingent on him testifying truthfully against Dewani in any future legal proceedings.
Tongo was expected to give evidence in the trials of Mngeni and Qwabe in 2011 and 2012. Qwabe avoided trial by pleading guilty pursuant to a Section 105A plea deal. Tongo was not called as a witness at Mngeni's trial in 2012.
, Tongo was serving his 18-year sentence in Malmesbury Prison, and will be eligible for release in 2019.
Conviction and sentencing of Mziwamadoda Qwabe
In pre-trial hearings on 18 February at Wynberg Magistrates Court, counsel for Mziwamadoda Qwabe said the court was unable to provide a fair trial for his client. Thabo Nogemane said, "I am instructed that some unknown police officer assaulted him by means of a big torch. He was hit all over his body. He said the statement was a suggestion put to him by the police. They already had the allegations so they told him: 'Just sign here'. I wouldn't refer to it as a confession, just a statement." According to the terms of his Section 105A agreement, Qwabe was sentenced to 25 years in prison, contingent on him testifying truthfully in future legal proceedings relating to the case. Qwabe will be eligible for release in 2027.
Trial of Xolile Mngeni and surrounding events
In 2011, Mngeni's lawyer Vusi Tshabalala said his client had been suffocated with a plastic bag before signing a statement admitting his involvement in the killing, further saying police resorted to "irregular methods" because of the pressure they were under to solve the high-profile case. The start of Mngeni's trial was delayed, and on 13 June 2011 it was announced he had undergone brain surgery to remove a tumour.
Despite having admitted to his role in the robbery and kidnapping of Anni Dewani in a videotaped confession, Mngeni pleaded not guilty at the start of his 2012 trial, saying he had an alibi and was not at the scene of the crime. Mngeni's lawyers said his initial confession should be ruled inadmissible as evidence because it was allegedly extracted using torture. Justice Robert Henney ruled against Mngeni and said the confession was admissible. Before testifying in the Mngeni trial, key witness Monde Mbolombo read out a prepared statement confessing to lying in his two previous affidavits and promised to tell the truth when testifying.
On 19 November 2012, Mngeni was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in jail. The court accepted Mziwamadoda Qwabe's and Monde Mbolombo's version of events, according to which the crime was a contract killing. Mngeni was ruled to have been the person who shot Anni Dewani. The court's findings were superseded by the judgement in the later trial of Shrien Dewani, in which the court found the earlier determinations had been made on the basis of flawed forensic evidence, and perjury of Qwabe and Mbolombo, the two key witnesses.
In July 2014, it was confirmed that a medical parole application had been made for Mngeni, who was terminally ill with a brain tumour. He was denied parole and died in jail at the Goodwood Centre of Excellence on 18 October 2014.
Extradition and trial of Shrien Dewani
After a long legal battle, Shrien Dewani was extradited from the United Kingdom to South Africa on 7 April 2014. Upon arrival he was arrested, charged and ordered to stand trial for allegedly arranging the murder of his wife. He was charged with five offences; conspiracy to commit kidnapping, robbery with aggravating circumstances, murder, kidnapping and obstructing the administration of justice. He pleaded not guilty to all five charges.
Dewani's trial began on 6 October 2014. Under cross examination, the key witnesses who alleged Dewani's involvement—Zola Tongo, Mziwamadoda Qwabe and Monde Mbolombo—contradicted their previous statements and each other on most of the key elements of the "murder for hire" story. Tongo and Mbolombo were found to have fabricated telephone calls and text messages that did not exist and refused to identify a fifth conspirator referred to in taped recordings. Qwabe refused to explain to the court why Anni was driven into a residential area.
On 24 November 2014, after the close of the prosecution's case, Dewani's counsel argued for the case to be dismissed under Section 174 of the Criminal Procedure Act, citing a lack of credible evidence linking his client to the crime. On 8 December, the application for dismissal under Section 174 was granted by the Honourable Judge Traverso; Dewani was acquitted and exonerated of all involvement with the crimes. In her judgement, Traverso ruled there was no credible evidence linking Shrien Dewani to the crime and explained her ruling by saying:
The court overturned the finding of Justice Henney in the Mngeni trial, ruling that Xolile Mngeni could not have been the person who shot Anni, and that some of the key conclusions reached in the 2012 Mngeni trial were erroneous, being based on flawed forensic evidence and the admitted lies of Monde Mbolombo. The court also ruled that Monde Mbolombo had again committed perjury and would not be granted indemnity from prosecution. Judge Traverso said, "Before Mr. Mbolombo proceeded with his evidence, he delivered a pre-prepared speech which, from the record, appears to be virtually identical to a similarly emotive speech which he gave the court in the Mngeni trial, before blatantly lying about material aspects."
Monde Mbolombo
Monde Mbolombo has not been prosecuted or punished for his self-confessed role in the crime, nor for his self-confessed perjury whilst testifying. On 19 November 2015 the Director of Public Prosecutions decided Mbolombo could not be prosecuted.
Complaint about judicial conduct
On 22 January 2015, a complaint was lodged by the Higher Education Transformation Network (HETN), alleging judicial bias and prejudiced behaviour of Judge Traverso in the trial of Shrien Dewani. On 25 April that year, a Judicial Conduct Committee dismissed the HETN's complaint, describing it as "frivolous" and lacking in substance. The National Prosecuting Authority declined to appeal the judgement or lodge any complaint against Judge Traverso.
Coroner's inquest
After Shrien Dewani's exoneration in December 2014, Anni Dewani's family asked for a coroner's court in the UK to reopen the inquest into her death and to compel Dewani to publicly answer questions. On 9 September 2015, at Brent Coroner's Court in North London, Coroner Andrew Walker said he did not consider a full inquest was appropriate because a criminal trial had been conducted in South Africa. On 9 October, Walker confirmed there was insufficient cause to resume an inquest. He told the court he was prohibited from reaching a conclusion that was inconsistent with the findings of the South African courts.
Hindocha family statement
On 4 August 2018, Anni Hindocha's uncle, acting as spokesperson for the Hindocha family in response to media reports of Shrien Dewani's same-sex relationship, said: "We accept he did not murder Anni, but he lied to us and had a very secret gay life. He owes us an apology for his lies".
References
Category:2010 crimes in South Africa
Category:2010 in England
Category:Deaths by firearm in South Africa
Category:2010 murders in Africa
Category:People murdered in South Africa
Category:Swedish murder victims
Category:Swedish people murdered abroad
Category:Deaths by person
Category:Kidnappings in South Africa
Category:Swedish people of Indian descent
Category:2010s murders in South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Warner Brothers Pictures/YouTube
“The clown wasn’t in the scenes that were shot here, but there was a red balloon used in one of the scenes. When they were done shooting, some of the helium had come out and the balloon was left behind and was bobbing up and down in our driveway. My son ran out to play with it and I immediately warned him ‘don't touch that — it's not just any balloon.'"
The West Montrose Covered Bridge plays a large part in the historical significance of Waterloo Region. As the oldest and only remaining covered bridge in Ontario, the “Kissing Bridge” is a rare and cherished piece of Ontario history. Local historian Rych Mills explains why this bridge is significant to the region’s history.
Warner Brothers Pictures/YouTube
“The West Montrose Covered Bridge is one of the two great iconic symbols of Waterloo county region. That bridge was never destroyed by high winds or floods; it's a survivor. When people can put their hands on the bridge and drive through it, they fall in love with it. That's why it's popular. It gives you an experience beyond a picture.”
Last summer, film crews for It chose to shoot several of their scenes in southern Ontario. West Montrose, Port Hope and Elora became the backdrop for many sections during the film. Mills theorizes why the crew chose West Montrose Covered Bridge as one of their set pieces: “They likely chose that bridge for its dramatic look more than its historical significance. Having a clown in a covered bridge would be quite scary.”
The Kissing Bridge isn’t the only historical landmark featured in the It trailer as the Elora Quarry also makes a cameo within the preview for the movie. In one shot, the actors in the film jump into the quarry — an activity which in real life is frowned upon due to safety concerns.
Warner Brothers Pictures/YouTube
Ian Hunter photo
It’s unsure how much screen time will be devoted to these locations in the full-length movie. Regardless of how brief the scenes may be in the movie It, witnessing these local landmarks in a feature Hollywood film may pique the interest of local residents.
Especially in the case of the West Montrose Covered Bridge, visiting a beloved historical site is like being transported back in time. If anything, Brun hopes this film raises awareness for these historical sites and gives moviegoers a new appreciation for these local treasures.
“After watching the movie, people might Google the West Montrose Covered Bridge and they'll soon realize it's the last of its kind in Ontario. They really should come see it because it's an important part of Ontario’s history.” | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
@echo off
reg Query "HKLM\Hardware\Description\System\CentralProcessor\0" | find /i "x86" > NUL && set UNAME=i686 || set UNAME=amd64
set PATH=%PATH%;C:\Program Files\7-Zip;C:\Program Files\Git\bin
FOR /F "tokens=1 delims=" %%A in ('git describe --abbrev^=0 --tags') do SET VERSION=%%A
set DIR=%0\..\..
set DISTNAME=glitch-windows-%UNAME%-%VERSION%
set DISTDIR=%DIR%\dist\%DISTNAME%
mkdir %DISTDIR%
windres -i %DIR%\dist\glitch.rc -O coff -o %DIR%\cmd\glitch\glitch_rc.syso
go generate github.com/naivesound/glitch/cmd/glitch
go test github.com/naivesound/glitch/...
go vet github.com/naivesound/glitch/...
go build -ldflags "-H windowsgui" -o %DISTDIR%\glitch.exe github.com/naivesound/glitch/cmd/glitch
copy /y %DIR%\LICENSE %DISTDIR%\LICENSE.txt
xcopy /y %DIR%\API.md %DISTDIR%
xcopy /i /y %DIR%\examples %DISTDIR%\examples
xcopy /i /y %DIR%\samples %DISTDIR%\samples
cd %DIR%/dist
7z a %DISTNAME%.zip %DISTNAME%
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Bacterial colonisation in the gut of Phlebotomus duboseqi (Diptera: Psychodidae): transtadial passage and the role of female diet.
Bacteria isolated from the gut of different developmental stages of Philebotomus duboseqi Neveu-Lcmaire, 1906 belonged almost all to aerobic or facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods. In females, the highest bacterial counts were observed two days after bloodfeeding; seven days after bloodfeeding the bacterial counts returned to pre-feeding levels. Most isolates were identified phenotypically as Ochrobactrum sp. The distinctiveness and homogeneity of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Ochrobactrum isolates indicated that they belonged to a single strain (designated AK). This strain was acquired by larvae from food and passaged transtadially: it was isolated from the guts of fourth-instar larvae shortly before pupation, from pupae as well from newly emerged females. Most other bacteria found in females were acquired from the sugar solution fed to adults. To determine if the midgut lectin activity may serve as antibacterial agent females were membrane-fed on blood with addition of inhibitory carbohydrates. No significant differences in bacterial infections were found between experimental and control groups and we suppose that the lectin activity has no effect on gram-negative bacteria present in sandfly gut. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Rapidshare premium download (c#)
Is there a way to download a file using a rapidshare premium account with c# or java?
A:
RapidShare has an API you might want to look into.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Vitamin B12-binding proteins in serum and plasma in various disorders. Effect of anticoagulants.
Because of recent developments in the study of vitamin B12-binding proteins, the levels of the three serum binders were compared in serum and plasma samples from subjects with various disorders. The results allow the following conclusions: (1) As previously reported, transcobalamin (TC) III and to a lesser extent TC I are artifactually elevated in serum. The appear to be released in vitro during the clotting process, presumably from granulocytes. (2) Blood cells of patients with polycythemia vera release exceedingly large amounts of TC I and TC III in vitro. (3) The above findings support, but do not prove, at least a partial granulocytic source of TC I. Nevertheless, factors other than granulocytes influence TC I levels, as disorders characterized by increased TC I (most prominently chronic myelogenous leukemia but also several cases of cancer) manifest relatively little cellular release of TC I in vitro. (4) Despite the serum artifact, the serum abnormalities described in various conditions were seen in plasma also, even though the actual values of themselves were lower in plasma. The chief exception was TC III, which was elevated in plasma only in polycythemia vera (and in a few cases of leukocytosis). (5) EDTA-NaF anticoagulant is not suitable, as it causes plasma dilution, thus explaining previous reports of TC II level differences between serum and plasma. EDTA is therefore a preferable anticoagulant for vitamin B12-binding protein studies, although it too may not be ideal. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a drive unit for a hybrid vehicle.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrically driven vehicles conventionally have been provided with a drive unit including a drive motor, a generator-motor and an inverter unit. Further, in the inverter for the drive motor formed by a bridge circuit, direct current supplied from a battery is converted into three phase alternating current, and the alternating current is supplied to the drive motor. Further, by an inverter for the generator-motor, formed by a bridge circuit, three phase alternating current supplied from the generator-motor is converted into direct current and the direct current is supplied to the battery.
A pulse-width modulating signal is generated by the control unit and that signal is output to the respective bridge circuits to thereby switch transistors of the respective bridge circuits.
However, it has previously been necessary to provide for separate connection of an inverter to the drive motor and of an inverter to the generator-motor and, accordingly, the drive unit must be sufficiently sized to accommodate such connections.
Further, with a smoothing condenser, common to the respective bridge circuits, for stabilizing voltage generated when the transistors of the respective bridge circuits are switched ON and OFF, the lead wires connecting the respective transistors with the drive motor and the generator-motor are lengthy and the wiring is complicated.
Further, particularly in a drive unit in which a drive motor and a generator-motor are arranged on two different axes, there is no design integrating the inverter for the drive motor, the inverter for the generator-motor and the drive unit casing so that the drive unit is necessarily large-sized. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
This is a hybrid collective/class action FLSA/Pennsylvania state minimum wage law case arising from work in the gas fields of our region. The Court has previously written on matters related to this case, including substantial recitations of the underlying facts, so they will not be repeated here.
By prior Order, the Court authorized the mailing of notice of FLSA opt-in procedures to certain current and former employees of the Defendant related to certain of its Pennsylvania operations, and its facility in Decatur, Texas. The opt-in period will soon expire, and the Court directed the parties to meet and confer and to then submit a proposed case management order relating to further pretrial activities, including discovery. Counsel has met to do that, and while many matters relative to such an Order have been agreed upon, not all were, so the Court convened an extensive status conference with counsel in an effort to resolve those open issues. Some were, and some were not, and after consideration of the positions and proposals of each party, the Court will enter the Third Amended Case Management Order ("Order") of this date.
The Court provides this Opinion in order to explain its rulings on some of the disputed matters, and to set out its further expectations of counsel.
Counsel for the Plaintiffs has urged the Court to permit somewhat more limited discovery followed by comparatively prompt summary judgment practice as to the application (or not) of the "Motor Carrier Exemption" to the FLSA in this case, contending that doing it that way would protect the material interests of the parties, would foster fruitful settlement discussions, and would minimize anticipated costs. Counsel for the Defendants, on the other hand, says that unless and until discovery as to a significant portion of the actual/potential claimants occurs, his clients cannot fairly and accurately assess the likelihood or magnitude of liability, [1] something necessary both to defend the case and to be in any position to meaningfully think about (let alone discuss) potential settlement. Defendants also point out that for quite some time now, the Plaintiffs have propounded, and the Defendants have responded to, lots of "paper" discovery (100 interrogatories and requests for production of documents). Without saying so directly, the Defendants seem to contend that just as they are getting into the discovery they think that they need to both size up and fully litigate or settle the case, the Plaintiffs are urging that discovery now be truncated, when doing so would be inappropriate and would materially prejudice them.[2]
Given the current status of this case, the discovery and proceedings to date, the procedural posture of the proceedings, the complexity of the factual and legal issues resolved and to be resolved, and what the Plaintiffs say may well be the amount in controversy, the Court concludes that the Defendants have somewhat the better of the argument, and that further discovery as authorized by the Order is appropriate to permit the parties to prepare and advance their claims and defenses, which will also facilitate meaningful ADR proceedings.
The currently open issues seem to come in several categories: pretty significant (location of depositions), somewhat important (the number of certain discovery requests and dates for amendments to pleadings), rather unusual (what to do if deponents just don't show up as noticed?), and essentially meaningless (must reply briefs to summary judgment motions coming months from now be filed, if at all, in 14 or 20 days?).
As to the identity and location of depositions, the Court will direct that counsel meet and confer (a teleconference or video conference is OK), and come up with a "master list" of all anticipated deponents for both sides. Once that is done, counsel should endeavor to group them by day/series of days to cut down on travel costs for all concerned, and also to determine whether they can be handled by video, [3] and if not, where is the most logical, fair, economical place for those depositions.
As to "in-person" depositions, if they are to occur, they should be done where they are most logical, convenient and cost-effective. While the Defendant is correct in the broader sense that plaintiffs should ordinarily be deposed in the judicial district where an action is pending, that is not necessarily the case here. The nature of the business and operations involved here presumed that crews will move around. While those persons that opt-in as Plaintiffs in a FLSA case are just that, "party plaintiffs" (to use the verbiage of 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)), if they are no longer present here, and there is no reasonable anticipation that they will be returning here in the near future, and it is reasonable to depose them along with other deponents in a single location elsewhere, that may be the "just, speedy, and inexpensive" thing to do.[4] By the same token, such persons are, by statute, "party plaintiffs", so they have some responsibility to participate in the lawsuit that they have joined. The long and short of it is that counsel should apply logic and reason to resolving such locational matters, and any thorny issue as to such matters as to which reasonable minds could differ can be resolved by the Court.
As to the number of "paper" discovery requests, the Court has considered the proposals of each side, and the Order issued this date strikes what is in the Court's judgment the appropriate balance of interests given the nature and context of the case.
The parties have attempted to address the circumstance of a deponent failing to appear for a noticed deposition. As the Court observed at a recent status conference, just not showing up at a deposition is a new concept for the Court, and one not countenanced by the Civil Rules. The Order issued by the Court provides what appears to be a mechanism for the parties to confirm the dates/time/attendance of depositions and deponents that is structured to avoid the incurring of unnecessary costs and preparation. In these regards, the Court would also note that it expects any party or witness of a party in this litigation to show up when and where they are supposed to be, absent extenuating, unavoidable/unexpected circumstances. That is one of the responsibilities of being a party in a federal lawsuit, and it will be enforced here.
As to the "date" for the filing of any motions for leave to file amended pleadings, the Court believes that prevailing Circuit law requires that it give rather wide latitude for the filing of such motions. Of course, any such motion may well be met with vigorous opposition if the proposed amendment causes real prejudice to the substantial rights of a party, would result in the avoidable duplication or delay in the disposition of the case, complication or repetition of discovery, or other issues that the law recognizes are properly considered in the grant or denial (or limitation) of any amendment effort. Should such a motion be filed, any opposing party will be given plenty of time to respond, and the Court will then rule on the merits of such motion to amend.
Finally, the Court has in the Order resolved the minor, rather meaningless differences in timelines for the filing of briefs that would be due months from now.
The Court finds and concludes that the Third Amended Case Management Order Dated this date complies with the applicable provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, does not prejudice the material interests of the parties, is consistent with the nature and context of this civil action, and furthers the just, speedy and inexpensive disposition of this action.
An appropriate Order will be entered.
Our website includes the main text of the court's opinion but does not include the
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Last Thursday at Comic-Con, Guillermo del Toro (Hellboy, Pan’s Labyrinth) announced that he will co-write and produce–and may also direct–a movie based on Disney’s Haunted Mansion attraction. He also took pains to emphasize that it will have no relationship to that hideous Eddie Murphy thing.* And thank gawd for that.
It’s apparently going to be family-oriented but “scary.” Walt Disney Studios also unveiled a new piece of artwork for the movie (seen above, with a larger version at the Disney blog), which looks promising.
I’m assuming the story will be based on the whole “phantom bride” thing that’s hinted at in Disneyland’s version of the ride and fleshed out more fully in EuroDisney’s Phantom Manor. Given del Toro’s fantastical imagery in his other movies, this could really be pretty cool. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
How to check if QSpinBox value changed by keyboard or buttons(mouse wheel)
I need to set spinbox value to one of 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 if value changed by spinbox buttons or mouse wheel or up or down keys. But if value changed by keyboard I need other behavior.
Here is my code for buttons, mouse wheel, up and down keys.
void Dlg::onValueChanged(int value)
{
if (value > _value)
value = (value - 1) * 10;
value = log10(value);
value = _Pow_int(10, value);
_ui->spinBoxs->setValue(_value = value);
}
How can I make other behavior for value changing by keyboard?
A:
In this case I think you will have create your custom spinbox derived from QSpinBox. And you will need to reimplement at least the following functions:
virtual void keyPressEvent( QKeyEvent* event );
virtual void wheelEvent( QWheelEvent* event );
with your specification.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Feedback wanted: Any demand for 18x24 Business Model Canvas posters? - mgav
http://aintnojive.com/
======
mgav
@rman666 - Thank you! Yes, I wanted to print the free PDF on Friday last week,
so I looked on the Kinkos website (and a host of others) and all showed $45-
to $50- for one 20x24 poster, which seemed ridiculous and made me think there
might be something here. Based your experience, it's now obvious there isn't.
I'll zip to Kinkos, spend $4 and be on my way. THANK YOU AGAIN!
------
mgav
Thank you for generously sharing your feedback about whether anyone wants
these or not (better to find out now, before buying inventory)
------
rman666
The BMC is a free PDF. I took it to FedEx (Kinko's) and they printed it 18x24
for $4.
| {
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
} |
Everyone knows there are gays and lesbians in everybodys family. And no office would be complete without a sassy gay character. And just about every other kid in high school is wresting with his sexuality. I know. I watch TV.
Except it isnt true, and the Centers for Disease Control just proved it. A new comprehensive study by the CDC with over 33,000 participants has confirmed earlier estimates; less than 3 percent of the U.S. population self-identifies as gay, lesbian or bisexual. Earlier, much smaller-scale surveys have put that number at 4 percent.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), published July 15 by the CDC, was the first large-scale study of its kind. Data was collected from the Census Bureau, as The Washington Post reported, and 33,557 adults between the ages of 18 and 64 participated in the study, which included in-person interviews as well as follow-up phone questions.
The NHIS study found that, while 96.6 percent of adults identified as straight, 1.6 percent identified as gay or lesbian, and 0.7 percent called themselves bisexual. 1.1 percent responded I dont know or said they were something else not listed.
That sure doesnt sound like society according to Hollywood, or the news media, which have young Americans convinced 30 percent of the population is gay.
Maybe thats because gay characters pop up in just about every product out of Hollywood. Men dress as women, give lap dances to other men and even get married in national awards shows likethe Grammys and Tony Awards. Media festivals likeSouth by Southwest and Sundance celebrate gay sex and all other kinds of relationships as completely normal. TV shows like Modern Family, The New Normal and The Fosters attempt to show that gay families are just as common and normal as any other family.
The news media does their part too. CNN has a particularly cozy relationship with GLAAD, the gay speech police. CNNs Paul Begala claimed in 2011, One out of 10 Americans is gay...At Least 10 percent of us are gay or lesbian. The media attacks businesses and churches as being out of step with reality, and calls for childrens organizations like the Boy Scouts to include gay scout leaders.
Meanwhile the media highlights stories of transgender toddlers and invokes pity for the handful of gay students who go to Christian colleges and are open about their sexuality, then complain when they are asked to abide by the schools religious rules.
Gay activists who say hateful things get a pass from the media too. Take Dan Savage, who has said all kinds of vile comments towards conservatives, Christians, and women, yet the media ignores his hate. The moment a Christian refers to the Bible on homosexuality, the media relentlessly attacks the person, their family, and tries to take away their livelihood. They did that with Phil Robertson of Duck Dynasty and Chic-Fil-As Dan Cathy.
A much higher percentage of the population believes marriage should be between man and a woman. The annual March for Marriage is the largest march of its kind yet themedia refuse to report on it each year.
I'm really getting tired of being reminded that about 3% of men like to ---- other men everywhere I turn. All the time, everywhere. Can't watch TV, can't see a movie, can't go to the store, can't go to work, can't watch a damn cartoon even!
"Have a nice day 'cause about 3% of men like to ---- other men!" "Would you like a free appetizer? We're having a special because about 3% of men like to ---- other men." "The all new 2015 POS Sedan! Because about 3% of men like to ---- other men!" "On the next "All My Widgets" Steve and Kim discuss how about 3% of men like to ---- other men." "And now the news. Our top story again tonight- Approximately 3% of men still like to ---- other men." At work- "This month is '3% of Men Like to ---- Other Men' Month."
It's really getting aggravating. Seriously. It is now literally impossible for me to go 24hrs and not be reminded by something or someone that anal sex between dudes is a 'thing.' And I bet gay advocates think that is just peachy.
The word “gay” is misunderstood. It is a self-identifier. It is possible that the number of men that have or have had sex with another man is 10% and the number of “gay” people are still 2%. So really, it is all about how the question is asked. Young, “heterosexual” women have been having sex with each other at high rates for about 20 years. Now, young heterosexual men are doing it and that is of particular concern given the public health fallout.
Well, it would be fair to say that whatever the answer is, politics is not it.
I say that the answer is faith, which is something that goes beyond “religion” and even transcends it. I used to think people were quibbling who made a distinction between faith and religion, but now I know from experience it isn’t a quibble. Religion is all outward. It doesn’t guarantee that there is anything in the heart behind it. Faith is inward... in fact it results when you actually believe that God loves you. Religion could be a response to a conviction that either God does not care or is chiefly bent on hating you.
19
posted on 07/15/2014 11:08:58 AM PDT
by HiTech RedNeck
(Embrace the Lion of Judah and He will roar for you and teach you to roar too. See my page.)
I don’t call them “gay”. That is a bastardazation of the word. Similar to the rainbow flag. I call them queers. And so do a lot of FReepers. The word gay and the rainbow has been usurped by the homos and is now engrained with the connection of that life style. The same way the swastija became synonomis with the Nazi party. It’s inseperable. I prefer to call them what they really call themselves, queers. And as for their use of the term gay marriage, THAT is a huge misnomer. Whatever it is, it IS NOT a true marriage.
31
posted on 07/15/2014 11:56:14 AM PDT
by NCC-1701
(You have your fear, which might become reality; and you have Godzilla, which IS reality.)
Everyone knows there are gays and lesbians in everybodys family. And no office would be complete without a sassy gay character. And just about every other kid in high school is wresting with his sexuality. I know. I watch TV.
Except it isnt true, and the Centers for Disease Control just proved it. A new comprehensive study by the CDC with over 33,000 participants has confirmed earlier estimates; less than 3 percent of the U.S. population self-identifies as gay, lesbian or bisexual. Earlier, much smaller-scale surveys have put that number at 4 percent.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), published July 15 by the CDC, was the first large-scale study of its kind. Data was collected from the Census Bureau, as The Washington Post reported, and 33,557 adults between the ages of 18 and 64 participated in the study, which included in-person interviews as well as follow-up phone questions.
The NHIS study found that, while 96.6 percent of adults identified as straight, 1.6 percent identified as gay or lesbian, and 0.7 percent called themselves bisexual. 1.1 percent responded I dont know or said they were something else not listed.
Maybe thats because gay characters pop up in just about every product out of Hollywood. Men dress as women, give lap dances to other men and even get married in national awards shows likethe Grammys and Tony Awards. Media festivals likeSouth by Southwest and Sundance celebrate gay sex and all other kinds of relationships as completely normal. TV shows like Modern Family, The New Normal and The Fosters attempt to show that gay families are just as common and normal as any other family.
Meanwhile the media highlights stories of transgender toddlers and invokes pity for the handful of gay students who go to Christian colleges and are open about their sexuality, then complain when they are asked to abide by the schools religious rules.
Gay activists who say hateful things get a pass from the media too. Take Dan Savage, who has said all kinds of vile comments towards conservatives, Christians, and women, yet the media ignores his hate. The moment a Christian refers to the Bible on homosexuality, the media relentlessly attacks the person, their family, and tries to take away their livelihood. They did that with Phil Robertson of Duck Dynasty and Chic-Fil-As Dan Cathy.
A much higher percentage of the population believes marriage should be between man and a woman. The annual March for Marriage is the largest march of its kind yet themedia refuse to report on it each year.
But Major League Baseball just deemed that 3% so important to America's game that Bud Selig named Billy Bean as Ambassador for Inclusion. Not a single major leaguer identifies himself as gay, but Bean is desperately needed to "help create educational initiatives against sexism, homophobia and prejudice, presenting at annual events like the winter meetings and rookie career development program."
It’s less than 1%. And that 1% has changed what the definition of marriage was since the beginning of recorded history. None of this degenerate, immoral garbage would would have happened if not for the election of the homosexual in the White House, wiht an assist from the spineless, worthless republicans cowering down to him like a dog in heat.
Disclaimer:
Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual
posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its
management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the
exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Russia's Syria pullback: A catalyst for peace? By Jim Muir
BBC News Published duration 15 March 2016 Related Topics Syrian civil war
image copyright AP image caption Russia has organised welcoming ceremonies for its troops arriving home from Syria
Vladimir Putin's decision to pull much of his forces and air power out of Syria took the world by surprise. But it really should not have.
He has done exactly what he said he would do when he staged his surprise intervention nearly six months ago.
At that time, he said he had two goals: To stabilise the situation of the Syrian government, and to prepare the way for a "compromise political settlement" of a crisis that is now five years old.
It may be unusual for world leaders to mean what they say, or to say what they really mean, especially when it comes to wars, where thin ends often become fat wedges.
But Mr Putin's intervention in Syria made perfect sense from Russia's point of view, and so now does his decision to de-escalate.
It was never really about the militants of self-styled Islamic State (IS), though that was a large part of the cover story and took on greater significance after the bomb explosion on a Russian airliner over Sinai at the end of October.
image copyright EPA image caption President Putin's forces have shored up government areas against rebel attacks, signalling they will not allow the Syrian government to be overthrown or Damascus to be overrun
image copyright AP image caption Russian air power has played a key role in checking rebel advances in Syria
image copyright AFP image caption There is now a more level playing field between the forces of President Assad and the rebels
The Russian intervention was prompted above all by the fact that the Saudis, Turks, Qataris and probably Americans had stepped up and co-ordinated their support for rebel groups, which were also increasingly pulling together and starting to pose a real threat to the government of President Bashar al-Assad.
The Russians, and President Assad's Iranian allies too, risked losing their strategic investment in Damascus. So both stepped up their involvement.
The result is now a level playing field. With Russian and Iranian help, the Syrian forces have straightened out their defensive lines, regained some strategic territory, and put the rebels on the back foot.
But overall victory could only have been achieved at a massive cost which neither Russia nor Iran could afford, with every chance that it would lead to an open-ended sectarian war with a strong regional dimension.
The Russians could very easily have found themselves bogged down in something reminiscent of their ill-fated Afghan expedition, facing the same array of jihadists backed by the Saudis and their allies - in all probability some of the actual veterans from the Afghan academy of jihadism.
President Assad, flushed with borrowed success, may have wanted to go all the way, apparently imagining his minority Alawite-dominated government could simply re-impose its control over the Sunni majority as though the past five years and more than a quarter of a million deaths had not happened.
image copyright AP image caption Both the Russians and the Iranians are eager not to get bogged down in Syria
image copyright AP image caption The ambitions of Saudi Arabia and other backers of the rebels have been quashed by the Russian intervention
But the Russians clearly judged that to be a disaster course. They saw their job as being to shore up the government areas, signal unmistakably that they would not allow the government to be overthrown or Damascus overrun, and hand over to a rebalanced political process.
For Bashar al-Assad, the message is clear: He will have to curb his enthusiasm.
Can he expect greater indulgence from the Iranians? The signs so far are negative.
Seen from Tehran, the prospect of trying to use Iraqi, Lebanese and other Shia proxy militias, and increasingly their own assets, to control the entire Sunni heartland straddling Iraq and Syria - including IS and rebel-held areas - opens up a daunting prospect of unending turmoil, just as it would for the Russians.
So it is back to Geneva. The prospects there may not look bright, but they are certainly better than they ever have been before, because pretty much all the outside players are finally on the same song sheet, above all the Russians and Americans.
The ambitions of Saudi Arabia and other backers of the rebels must have been quashed by the Russian intervention, and held back by the knowledge that a further lurch of the balance in the rebels' favour would trigger another limited counter-move by President Putin.
That in no way guarantees that an end to the war is at hand. There could be a long period of strategically limited combat, or an indefinite extension of the current relative truce, without it translating into a stable settlement.
But there is strong momentum, especially from the Americans and their allies, to push a settlement that would allow all parties to turn against IS.
For that to happen, the Russians would have to deliver the Syrian government side and also Iran, while the US would have to rein in its currently somewhat headstrong regional allies, notably the Saudis.
President Putin has done something the Americans could not have: Recalibrated the situation on the ground, and set himself up as a key player in the settlement game.
But what kind of settlement could work?
The idea of straightforward democracy in a united Syria would not, from Russia and Iran's viewpoints.
They would lose their strategic investment, because that would empower the majority Sunnis, just as it did with the majority Shia in Iraq.
At present the only formula that looks viable for holding both countries together and satisfying the outside powers is a loose confederation, with a great deal of power devolved to regions, on a largely sectarian basis.
More on the Syria conflict
image copyright AFP | {
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} |
Q:
Why is a (non-)degenerate semiconductor called (non-)degenerate?
In a non-degenerate semiconductor with (Ec-Ef) > 4kT separation, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be used for simplification. I do not get why the term non-degenerate is used in this context? Degeneracy refers to multiple states having equal energies. Does the term degeneracy have different meanings in different contexts? Points where different bands cross are also referred to as degenerate points. At high dopings, dopants also form a band which can interact with the semiconductor bands. Is this interaction (band crossing) causing the degeneracy leading to a the term degenerate semiconductor? Can someone shed some light on this concept of degeneracy?
Thanks
A:
When used in reference to a semiconductor, the term "degenerate" means that it is doped so much that the material has metallic properties such as a Fermi surface and high electrical conductivity.
To be strictly correct, it is more appropiate to say that the semiconductor "has degenerate electron statistics" when said statistics are only appropiately described by a Fermi-Dirac distribution at thermal equilibrium, which is the case when the semiconductor is highly doped. However, the phrase "degenerate semiconductor" is considered acceptable shorthand for the term "semiconductor with degenerate electron statistics".
Evidently, this concept of degeneracy is different from the degeneracy of energy states, in which the term is also often used in solid-state physics. However, the degeneracy of the energy of the eigenstates of a Hamiltonian is just an instance of a broader mathematical concept of degeneracy, which applies when multiple members of a set share a common characteristic, such as the value of their energy. Off the top of my head, a classical system of coupled harmonic oscillators may have degenerate oscillation modes, sharing a common frequency. Propagating electromagnetic modes in a waveguide can be said to be degenerate if they have the same propagation constant.
The concept of degenerate electron bands, as you say, is then that of two different bands which share states with common Bloch wave vector (up to the addition of a reciprocal lattice vector) and energy. This concept is clearly different from that of the degeneracy of the electron statistics of a doped semiconductor, which, again, qualifies if Fermi-Dirac statistics are necessary to describe the occupation of electronic states in thermal equilibrium.
| {
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Elysa Gardner
@elysagardner, USA TODAY
Geoffrey Holder, a multifaceted artist whose impact on dance, design and pop culture was felt for more than four decades, was, by his own admission, best known for pitching a soft drink.
Holder, who died Sunday at 84 after a bout with pneumonia, became a familiar figure in the '70s and '80s as the face and voice of 7Up ads. A native of the West Indies with an expressive face and booming baritone, he would pop up against tropical backgrounds, trumpeting the "absolutely marvelous" taste of the product — always stressing the "ahhh," to emphasize his distinctive accent.
Successful as they were, those ads didn't hint at the talents of the man who appeared in them. An accomplished dancer and choreographer, he also distinguished himself as a painter, sculptor, photographer, costume designer and composer. He created dances, music and costumes in his work for such prestigious companies such as Alvin Ailey and the Dance Theater of Harlem, and in 1975 won Tony Awards both for choreography and costume design for his work on The Wiz, an all-black adaptation of The Wizard Of Oz that he also directed.
In that show and with other projects, Holder brought the traditions he had absorbed as a student of art and dance in Trinidad and a young artist in New York to his craft with a seamless energy, long before the term "multiculturalism" had become part of the pop vernacular.
Holder's career on Broadway stretched back to 1954, when he appeared in the musical House of Flowers, a collaboration between Truman Capote and Harold Arlen. His next Main Stem appearance was in a historic 1957 revival of Waiting For Godot, in which he played Lucky.
Holder appeared again in the 1964 revue Josephine Baker. For his post-Wiz return, 1978's Timbuktu!, Holder charged himself with direction, choreography, costume design and even the illustration of the Playbill program cover.
He was also a prolific screen actor, his noted roles including a Voodoo-practicing villain in the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die and the ruler of a floating island in 1967's Doctor Dolittle. Holder returned to his musical background in a 1982 film adaptation of Annie, playing the good-natured bodyguard and servant Punjab.
Whatever element of caricature may have existed in some of the roles Holder took on, the vivacity and accessible elegance that informed his creative work was always present, and palpable. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
Contents
Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Manabendra Narayan Larma founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) on February 15, 1972, seeking to build an organization representing all the tribal peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma was elected to the BangladeshJatiya Sangsad, the national legislature of Bangladesh as a candidate of the PCJSS in 1973.[4] When Larma's continued efforts to make the government recognize the rights of the tribal peoples through political discussions had failed,[5] Larma and the PCJSS began organizing the Shanti Bahini (Peace Corps), an armed force operating in the Hill Tracts area. It was formed in 1972 and fought for many years against the government.[6]
Members of Shanti Bahini in Khagrachari on 5 May 1994.
Shanti Bahini began attacking Bangladesh Army convoys in 1977.[7] They carried out kidnappings and extortion.[8][9][10] Larma subsequently went into hiding from government security forces.[8][10] Factionalism within the PCJS weakened Larma's standing and he was assassinated on November 10, 1983.[8][10] On 23 June 1981 the Shanti Bahini attacked a camp of Bangladesh rifles, killing 13 people. They later captured and executed 24 members of the Bangladesh rifles.[11] In the 1980s the Government of Bangladesh started to provide land for thousands of landless Bengali . Many Bengali were forced to move to secure regions because of the insurgency, abandoning their land to the tribal communities.[12] On 29 April 1986, Shanti Bahini massacred 19 Bengali.[13][14] On 26 June 1989 the Shanti Bahini burned down villages where inhabitants had voted in Bangladeshi elections.[15] In 1996 Shanti Bahini abducted and killed 30 Bengali.[16] On 9 September 1996, the Shanti Bahini massacred a group of Bengali woodcutters, who were under the impression they'd been called to a meeting.[17] Members of Shanti Bahini extorted some four million dollars from the local population in the name of toll collection.[18]
The Shanti Bahini abandoned militancy when the Bangladesh Awami League negotiated the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord between the government and the PCJSS on 2 December 1997.[19] Members of Shanti Bahini surrendered their weapons in a stadium in Khagrachari. The treaty saw the lifting of nighttime curfew and the return of 50 thousand refugees.[20] However, some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group.[21] Some of those who opposed the peace treaty formed the United People's Democratic Front as an alternate to the PCJSS.[22] The treaty was also criticised by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[23] and has not been fully implemented.[24] Some members of Shanti Bahini became police officers after the peace treaty. On November 2012, two of those members of Bangladesh police were arrested for stealing ammunition from the police.[25] On August 2014 Indian security forces arrested members of Shanti Bahini, two Bangladeshi and three Indian nationals, with weapons in Mizoram.[26]
The spokesman for the Shanti Bahini, Bimal Chakma alleged Indian involvement by stating that after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the removal of Bangladesh Awami League from power in 1975, [27] India provided support and shelter to the members of Shanti Bahini.[28][29][30] Members of Shanti Bahini were trained in Chakrata, India.[31][32] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Phase-dependent excitation and ionization in the multiphoton ionization regime.
We theoretically study the dependence of atomic excitation and ionization on the carrier envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses in the multiphoton ionization regime. Our theoretical results for the hydrogen atom based on the solution of the 3D time-dependent Schrödinger equation show that the strong phase dependence can be seen in not only total ionization, but also bound-state population under the weak laser intensity regime. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
How to do in-code bindings on Windows Phone 8
I'm trying to do in-code binding on Windows Phone 8, like in the question "How to do CreateBindingSet() on Windows Phone?"
How to do CreateBindingSet() on Windows Phone?
I think I have done the steps as suggested by Stuart, but I keep getting exception error or output error
"MvxBind:Warning: 9,86 Failed to create target binding for binding _update for TextUpdate"
In Droid it works very well, so what am I doing wrong, missing or don't see?
Any suggestions?
I have the following setup in the Phone part.
Setup.cs:
using Cirrious.CrossCore.Platform;
using Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared;
using Cirrious.MvvmCross.ViewModels;
using Cirrious.MvvmCross.WindowsPhone.Platform;
using Microsoft.Phone.Controls;
namespace DCS.Phone
{
public class Setup : MvxPhoneSetup
{
public Setup(PhoneApplicationFrame rootFrame) : base(rootFrame)
{
}
protected override IMvxApplication CreateApp()
{
return new Core.App();
}
protected override IMvxTrace CreateDebugTrace()
{
return new DebugTrace();
}
protected override void InitializeLastChance()
{
base.InitializeLastChance();
var builder = new MvxWindowsBindingBuilder();
builder.DoRegistration();
}
}
}
ServerView.xaml:
<views:MvxPhonePage
x:Class="DCS.Phone.Views.ServerView"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:phone="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Phone.Controls;assembly=Microsoft.Phone"
xmlns:shell="clr-namespace:Microsoft.Phone.Shell;assembly=Microsoft.Phone"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:views="clr-namespace:Cirrious.MvvmCross.WindowsPhone.Views;assembly=Cirrious.MvvmCross.WindowsPhone"
xmlns:converters="clr-namespace:DCS.Phone.Converters"
FontFamily="{StaticResource PhoneFontFamilyNormal}"
FontSize="{StaticResource PhoneFontSizeNormal}"
Foreground="{StaticResource PhoneForegroundBrush}"
SupportedOrientations="Portrait" Orientation="Portrait"
mc:Ignorable="d"
shell:SystemTray.IsVisible="True">
<!--LayoutRoot is the root grid where all page content is placed-->
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="Transparent">
<!--used as dummy bool to call Update callback through converter -->
<CheckBox x:Name ="DummyUpdated" Height ="0" Width ="0" Content="" Visibility="Visible" IsChecked="{Binding TextUpdate, Converter={StaticResource Update }, ConverterParameter=ServerView}"></CheckBox>
<ScrollViewer x:Name="ScrollView" Height="760" Width ="480" VerticalAlignment="Top">
<Canvas x:Name="View" Top="0" Left="0" Margin ="0" Background="Transparent" Height="Auto" Width ="Auto"/>
</ScrollViewer>
</Grid>
</views:MvxPhonePage>
ServerView.xaml.cs:
using System.Windows;
using Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext;
using Cirrious.MvvmCross.WindowsPhone.Views;
using DCS.Core;
using DCS.Core.ViewModels;
using DCS.Phone.Controls;
namespace DCS.Phone.Views
{
public partial class ServerView : MvxPhonePage,IMvxBindingContextOwner
{
private bool _isUpdating;
private bool _update;
private DcsText _text;
private DcsInput _input;
private DcsList _list;
private DcsButton _button;
public IMvxBindingContext BindingContext { get; set; }
public ServerView(){
InitializeComponent();
BindingContext = new MvxBindingContext();
Loaded += new RoutedEventHandler(MainPage_Loaded);
}
private void MainPage_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e){
CreateControls();
}
private void CreateControls() {
//User controls
_text = new DcsText(View);
_input = new DcsInput(View, View, DummyUpdated);
_list = new DcsList(View);
_button = new DcsButton(View);
//Bindings
var set = this.CreateBindingSet<ServerView, ServerViewModel>();
set.Bind(this).For(v => v._update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxButton; i++){
set.Bind(_button.Button[i]).To(vm => vm.ButtonCommand).CommandParameter(i);
}
set.Apply();
AppTrace.Trace(string.Format("OnCreate Finish"));
}
protected override void OnNavigatedTo(System.Windows.Navigation.NavigationEventArgs e){
base.OnNavigatedTo(e);
BindingContext.DataContext = this.ViewModel;
}
}
}
I get the following errors when I try to do set.Apply();
Exception at set.Apply();
var set = this.CreateBindingSet<ServerView, ServerViewModel>();
for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxButton; i++){
set.Bind(_button.Button[i]).To(vm => vm.ButtonCommand).CommandParameter(i);
}
set.Apply();
System.NullReferenceException was unhandled by user code
HResult=-2147467261
Message=Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
Source=Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsPhone
StackTrace:
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared.MvxDependencyPropertyExtensionMethods.EnsureIsDependencyPropertyName(String& dependencyPropertyName)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared.MvxDependencyPropertyExtensionMethods.FindDependencyPropertyInfo(Type type, String dependencyPropertyName)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared.MvxDependencyPropertyExtensionMethods.FindDependencyProperty(Type type, String name)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared.MvxBinding.MvxWindowsTargetBindingFactoryRegistry.TryCreatePropertyDependencyBasedBinding(Object target, String targetName, IMvxTargetBinding& binding)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsShared.MvxBinding.MvxWindowsTargetBindingFactoryRegistry.TryCreateReflectionBasedBinding(Object target, String targetName, IMvxTargetBinding& binding)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.Bindings.Target.Construction.MvxTargetBindingFactoryRegistry.CreateBinding(Object target, String targetName)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.Bindings.MvxFullBinding.CreateTargetBinding(Object target)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.Bindings.MvxFullBinding..ctor(MvxBindingRequest bindingRequest)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.Binders.MvxFromTextBinder.BindSingle(MvxBindingRequest bindingRequest)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.Binders.MvxFromTextBinder.<>c__DisplayClass1.<Bind>b__0(MvxBindingDescription description)
at System.Linq.Enumerable.WhereSelectArrayIterator`2.MoveNext()
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext.MvxBindingContextOwnerExtensions.AddBindings(IMvxBindingContextOwner view, IEnumerable`1 bindings, Object clearKey)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext.MvxBindingContextOwnerExtensions.AddBindings(IMvxBindingContextOwner view, Object target, IEnumerable`1 bindingDescriptions, Object clearKey)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext.MvxBindingContextOwnerExtensions.AddBinding(IMvxBindingContextOwner view, Object target, MvxBindingDescription bindingDescription, Object clearKey)
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext.MvxBaseFluentBindingDescription`1.Apply()
at Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding.BindingContext.MvxFluentBindingDescriptionSet`2.Apply()
at DCS.Phone.Views.ServerView.CreateControls()
at DCS.Phone.Views.ServerView.MainPage_Loaded(Object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
at MS.Internal.CoreInvokeHandler.InvokeEventHandler(Int32 typeIndex, Delegate handlerDelegate, Object sender, Object args)
at MS.Internal.JoltHelper.FireEvent(IntPtr unmanagedObj, IntPtr unmanagedObjArgs, Int32 argsTypeIndex, Int32 actualArgsTypeIndex, String eventName)
InnerException:
Output at set.Apply();
var set = this.CreateBindingSet<ServerView, ServerViewModel>();
set.Bind(this).For(v => v._update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Apply();
MvxBind:Warning: 9,86 Failed to create target binding for binding _update for TextUpdate
Just to clerify.
set.Bind(this).For(v => v._update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
gave the warning on set.Apply()
MvxBind:Warning: 9,86 Failed to create target binding for binding _update for TextUpdate
Using the public bool Update did solve the set.Apply() problem, but I don't get the binding.
In Droid all these are working
set.Bind(this).For("_update").To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Bind("_update").To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Bind(this).For(v=>v._update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Bind(this).For(v=>v.Update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Bind("Update").To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
set.Bind(_button.Button[i]).To(vm => vm.ButtonCommand).CommandParameter(i);
gave the exception:
A:
Looking at the stack trace, the code is failing on: https://github.com/MvvmCross/MvvmCross/blob/v3.1/Cirrious/Cirrious.MvvmCross.BindingEx.WindowsPhone/MvxDependencyPropertyExtensionMethods.cs#L113
private static void EnsureIsDependencyPropertyName(ref string dependencyPropertyName)
{
if (!dependencyPropertyName.EndsWith("Property"))
dependencyPropertyName += "Property";
}
So this would suggest that the dependencyPropertyName name being passed to the method is null.
My guess is that this is because _update is not a property and not public. MvvmCross binding works on properties - and .Net security forces it to only work with public (although you could use internal with a little assembly:InternalsVisibleTo code).
Try replacing _update with a public property with both get and set access - e.g.:
public bool Update {
get { return _update; }
set { _update = value; /* do something with the new value? */ }
}
with:
set.Bind(this).For(v => v.Update).To(vm => vm.TextUpdate).OneWay().WithConversion("Update", this);
Aside: In non-Windows binding this problem would result in a much nicer error message - Empty binding target passed to MvxTargetBindingFactoryRegistry from https://github.com/MvvmCross/MvvmCross/blob/v3.1/Cirrious/Cirrious.MvvmCross.Binding/Bindings/Target/Construction/MvxTargetBindingFactoryRegistry.cs#L34 - will put on the todo list for Windows too.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
// Copyright 2001-2019 Crytek GmbH / Crytek Group. All rights reserved.
#pragma once
namespace Designer
{
class Model;
enum ECompilerFlag
{
eCompiler_CastShadow = BIT(1),
eCompiler_Physicalize = BIT(2),
eCompiler_General = eCompiler_CastShadow | eCompiler_Physicalize
};
//! This class plays a role of creating engine resources used for rendering and physicalizing out of the Designer::Model instance.
class ModelCompiler : public _i_reference_target_t
{
public:
ModelCompiler(int nCompilerFlag);
ModelCompiler(const ModelCompiler& compiler);
virtual ~ModelCompiler();
bool IsValid() const;
void Compile(CBaseObject* pBaseObject, Model* pModel, ShelfID shelfID = eShelf_Any, bool bUpdateOnlyRenderNode = false);
void DeleteAllRenderNodes();
void DeleteRenderNode(ShelfID shelfID);
IRenderNode* GetRenderNode() { return m_pRenderNode[0]; }
void UpdateHighlightPassState(bool bSelected, bool bHighlighted);
bool GetIStatObj(_smart_ptr<IStatObj>* pStatObj);
bool CreateIndexdMesh(Model* pModel, IIndexedMesh* pMesh, bool bCreateBackFaces);
void SaveToCgf(const char* filename);
void SetViewDistRatio(int nViewDistRatio) { m_viewDistRatio = nViewDistRatio; }
int GetViewDistRatio() const { return m_viewDistRatio; }
void SetRenderFlags(uint64 nRenderFlag) { m_RenderFlags = nRenderFlag; }
uint64 GetRenderFlags() const { return m_RenderFlags; }
void SetStaticObjFlags(int nStaticObjFlag);
int GetStaticObjFlags();
void SetSelected(bool bSelect);
void AddFlags(int nFlags) { m_nCompilerFlag |= nFlags; }
void RemoveFlags(int nFlags) { m_nCompilerFlag &= (~nFlags); }
bool CheckFlags(int nFlags) const { return (m_nCompilerFlag & nFlags) ? true : false; }
void SaveMesh(CArchive& ar, CBaseObject* pObj, Model* pModel);
bool LoadMesh(CArchive& ar, CBaseObject* pObj, Model* pModel);
bool SaveMesh(int nVersion, std::vector<char>& buffer, CBaseObject* pObj, Model* pModel);
bool LoadMesh(int nVersion, std::vector<char>& buffer, CBaseObject* pObj, Model* pModel);
private:
bool UpdateMesh(CBaseObject* pBaseObject, Model* pModel, ShelfID nShelf);
void UpdateRenderNode(CBaseObject* pBaseObject, ShelfID nShelf);
void RemoveStatObj(ShelfID nShelf);
void CreateStatObj(ShelfID nShelf);
IMaterial* GetMaterialFromBaseObj(CBaseObject* pObj) const;
void InvalidateStatObj(IStatObj* pStatObj, bool bPhysics);
private:
mutable IStatObj* m_pStatObj[cShelfMax];
mutable IRenderNode* m_pRenderNode[cShelfMax];
uint64 m_RenderFlags;
int m_viewDistRatio;
int m_nCompilerFlag;
};
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Welcome to the best KC Chiefs site on the internet. You can view any post as a visitor, but you are required to register before you can post. Click the register link above, it only takes 30 seconds to start chatting with Chiefs fans from all over the world! Enjoy your stay!
The ONLY political and religious thread allowed on Chiefscrowd
0
Clinton, McCain emerge as comeback winners in New Hampshire primary
WASHINGTON - Democrat Hillary Clinton pulled off an unexpected narrow victory in New Hampshire on Tuesday, dramatically rescuing her bid for the White House in a tense battle with Barack Obama.
Clinton, who's fighting to become the first woman in the Oval Office, mounted a surprisingly strong showing after bracing for a second defeat following her devastating third-place showing in Iowa.
Republican John McCain also nabbed a major comeback victory, putting him solidly back in his party's nomination race.
While Obama, vying to make history as the first black U.S. president, scored big among independents and voters between 18 and 24, Clinton attracted lower-income voters and seniors and did best among voters citing the economy as their top concern.
But a big factor for Clinton was women voters, who had gone over to Obama in large numbers in Iowa. Nearly half in New Hampshire were once again supporting her, while Obama got only a third.
You can come to Germany and see how we treat our people better with paying about the same tax rate as in some states in the USA. You all saying it is going to get bad, no matter who won or lost, the United States needs to be United.
"A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until the majority discovers it can vote itself largess out of the public treasury. After that, the majority always votes for the candidate promising the most benefits with the result the democracy collapses because of the loose fiscal policy ensuing, always to be followed by a dictatorship, then a monarchy." Make no mistake; this was a vote for more handouts by the permanently dependent. Until they finish burying the Constitution, which Obama will do as fast as he can, it's still the best country in the world.
"A democracy cannot exist as a permanent form of government. It can only exist until the majority discovers it can vote itself largess out of the public treasury. After that, the majority always votes for the candidate promising the most benefits with the result the democracy collapses because of the loose fiscal policy ensuing, always to be followed by a dictatorship, then a monarchy." Make no mistake; this was a vote for more handouts by the permanently dependent. Until they finish burying the Constitution, which Obama will do as fast as he can, it's still the best country in the world.
You guy make it sound like the end of the USA. It just needs politicians to meet in the middle, on all sides of the issues. I also think if the republicans would leave religion out of politics, then they would have a good chance in 2016.
You guy make it sound like the end of the USA. It just needs politicians to meet in the middle, on all sides of the issues. I also think if the republicans would leave religion out of politics, then they would have a good chance in 2016.
I personally believe that we are well on our way, look closely at Greece; I believe that could well be us in four years.
We have a president who touts getting Bin Laden and then hangs four of our own out to dry in Libya and the media by in large gives him a pass because the mere insinuation of impropriety on the administrations part is "offensive" to the President. Well, sometimes the truth hurts, and here's the truth as I understand it: The consulate was denied the security forces required to protect it despite numerous requests. In spite of using the term "terror" in his address to the nation in the White House rose garden Obama and his surrogates spent nearly the next two weeks blaming a spontaneous "protest", which never happened, that had gotten out of control over some ridiculous You Tube video. As far as I'm concerned the president can be offended all he wants to but it doesn't change the facts in the matter.
Lastly, unless everyone thinks we'll be just fine going 20+ trillion dollars in debt and maintaining trillion dollar deficits over the course of the next four years, selling more and more debt to China and devaluation our own currency by simply printing more money, then we are headed for ruins IMO.
The House Speaker and the rest of the Republicans want to keep their jobs so they'll cower in the corner with their tails tucked between their legs to protect what’s left of their genitals allowing the President to run roughshod all over them being unfettered and unchecked now that he doesn't have to worry about re-election. Obama now has more "flexibility" to lighten up on the Iran sanctions for Putin making the world a more dangerous place. I'm not real optimistic about our country's future.
That attack in Libya was not the first attack that killed Americans at an Embassy. It happened many times before and it will happen again no matter who is President. It is sad and it sucks but if these groups, terrorist or not, want to attack us, they will.
I just see how we are too far to either the left side or the right side. If we do not get back to the middle, then we will end up like Greece. The USA does not have a "Germany" to bail them out so I truly believe in being fiscal conservative. At the same time though we have to pay for the things that are and have been on the books before Obama became President, the other 10t debt.
No, I do not want more debt so we should cut the social programs and put in check and controls making sure only those who really need it get it. Still though, we have to pay and I rather see the Bush tax cuts for those making more than 250k to go back up that 3%. I just do not believe the budget can be balanced just on reducing the social programs alone.
Like I said, if we do not get to the middle, then the future of the USA will not be a good one.
That attack in Libya was not the first attack that killed Americans at an Embassy. It happened many times before and it will happen again no matter who is President. It is sad and it sucks but if these groups, terrorist or not, want to attack us, they will.
I just see how we are too far to either the left side or the right side. If we do not get back to the middle, then we will end up like Greece. The USA does not have a "Germany" to bail them out so I truly believe in being fiscal conservative. At the same time though we have to pay for the things that are and have been on the books before Obama became President, the other 10t debt.
No, I do not want more debt so we should cut the social programs and put in check and controls making sure only those who really need it get it. Still though, we have to pay and I rather see the Bush tax cuts for those making more than 250k to go back up that 3%. I just do not believe the budget can be balanced just on reducing the social programs alone.
Like I said, if we do not get to the middle, then the future of the USA will not be a good one.
Agreed, but that doesn't excuse ignoring and denying the need for additional security even after several requests for it.
I agree that the approach needs to be increased tax revenue combined with spending cuts. However, this can be done by doing away with loopholes rather than raising the tax rate which has a way of "tickling down" to those of us making under that 250k.
...And that first ten trillion you make mention of was racked up by all the other Presidents in US history combined. The last 6+ trillion is new debt racked up by Obama in just the last four years. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Buddleja alternifolia
Buddleja alternifolia, known as alternate-leaved butterfly-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the figwort family, which is endemic to Gansu, China. A substantial deciduous shrub growing to tall and wide, it bears grey-green leaves and graceful pendent racemes of scented lilac flowers in summer.
Description
B. alternifolia is a vigorous deciduous shrub reaching tall with long, slender, pendulous stems. The leaves are alternate, entire, and lanceolate, 4–10 cm long by 0.6–1 cm wide, glabrous and dark green above. The inflorescences of the plants in cultivation are bright lilac-purple, and comprise flowers so densely crowded in clusters along the branch as to often obscure it. However, specimens from the Tsangpo valley in Tibet originally named B. tsetangensis by Marquand have creamy flowers. Flowering occurs in early summer; the flowers are fragrant, but less so than other buddlejas. 2n = 38.
In its native territory it grows along river banks in thickets at elevations of .
Taxonomy
In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank two species, B. legendrei and B. tsetangensis, as B. alternifolia on the basis of the similarity in the individual flowers, dismissing the variations in plant structure, flower colour and leaf as attributable to environmental factors. It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China published in 1996. Until DNA analysis can prove otherwise, it is this classification which is accepted here.
Cultivation
In the West this plant was first described and named by the Russian botanist Carl Maximowicz in 1880. It was not introduced to cultivation in the West until 1915, by Purdom and Farrer.
The species has become very common in cultivation, a popular shrub for the larger garden, and is readily available from most garden centres in the UK. Fully hardy, it prefers a sunny position and loamy soil; pruning should immediately follow flowering. Like most buddlejas, the species is easily propagated from cuttings. Hardiness: RHS H5, USDA zones 7 – 9.
B. alternifolia was accorded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (record 674) in 1993.
Cultivars
Buddleja alternifolia ‘Argentea’.
References
Hillier & Sons. (1977). Hilliers' Manual of Trees and Shrubs. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK
alternifolia
Category:Flora of China | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
About Pathophilia
Allergan Files “Free-Speech” Complaint Against Govt
The latest in the conflict between Constitutionally granted free speech and the government’s prohibition of off-label drug discussions by pharma.
Last week, Allergan, maker of Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA), announced a suit against the US government, seeking “declaratory relief” from such long-time federally mandated off-label speech restrictions.* The complaint, filed in US District Court for the District of Columbia, specifically applies to the sharing of information about Botox Therapeutic (not Botox Cosmetic) and recent requirements of the FDA’s Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program. In its complaint, the company is represented by Paul Clement, former Solicitor General and a current partner in the DC law firm of King & Spalding.
Allergan’s suit was filed with respect to the FDA’s REMS program for botulinum toxin products. The program was instituted this year because of postmarketing reports of toxin spread after injections for off-label conditions—namely, spasticity in children with cerebral palsy and arm spasticity in adults. In the program, the FDA requires manufacturers to create a “communication plan” that provides information to physicians about the risk of the distant spread of botulinum toxin after local injection.
But Allergan argues that the FDA’s required communication plan puts the company in a double bind—effectively mandating proactive discussions about the safety of off-label Botox Therapeutic, while simultaneously prohibiting proactive off-label discussions. Allergan claims that it cannot reasonably abide by the FDA’s REMS program for Botox Therapeutic (ie, “proactively provide comprehensive information to physicians about these off-label uses [emphasis added]”) without fear of prosecution. The company writes, “Allergan seeks a judgment that would permit it to provide currently available and truthful information to doctors for common off-label uses of [Botox].”
In a conference call on Friday, Allergan’s General Counsel, Douglas Ingram, provided additional information about the complaint and fielded questions. Ingram stressed that the company’s suit applies to the provision of “truthful,” “nonmisleading,” and “comprehensive” information about the off-label uses of Botox Therapeutic. Ingram would not comment on a recent investigation of the company by the US Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of Georgia, which issued a subpoena in March to the California-based firm regarding the alleged off-label promotion of Botox for headache. Both Ingram and Allergan CEO, David Pyott, stressed that the company’s current complaint does not relate to alleged past activities. Ingram also declined to comment on Pfizer’s recent record-breaking $2.3-billion settlement with the government concerning off-label drug promotion.
* Mandated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. The FDCA dictates that an approved drug is “misbranded,” if it is marketed (in interstate commerce) for an unapproved use. The act stipulates that the product’s approved label, in this case, does not provide “adequate directions for use.”
A native East Tennessean, Barbara Martin is a formerly practicing, board-certified neurologist who received her BS (psychology, summa cum laude) and MD from Duke University before completing her postgraduate training (internship, residency, fellowship) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She has worked in academia, private practice, medical publishing, drug market research, and continuing medical education (CME). For the last 3 years, she has worked in a freelance capacity as a medical writer, analyst, and consultant. Follow Dr. Barbara Martin on Google + and Twitter. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Response surface optimization and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from Nelumbo nucifera leaves.
Dynamic high pressure microfluidization (DHPM)-assisted extraction (DHPMAE) of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaves polysaccharides (LLPs) was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions were: liquid/solid ratio of 35:1 (v/m, mL/g), processing pressure of 180 MPa, processed two times, extraction temperature of 76°C, extraction time of 50 min. Under the optimal extraction conditions, DHPMAE produced a higher polysaccharides yield (6.31%) than leaching (2.95%). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that DHPM could reduce the particles size and make the surface more unconsolidated. The LLPs prepared by both methods showed similar FT-IR spectrum, and were consisted of the same monosaccharides, including rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose. The content of each monosaccharide in extracts, however, was quite different. The average molecular weight of LLPs prepared by DHPMAE is 550 kDa, smaller than 578 kDa obtained by leaching. The LLPs prepared by DHPMAE exhibited stronger DPPH scavenging ability (IC50 value of 0.38 mg/mL), HO scavenging ability (IC50 value of 0.61 mg/mL) and reducing power. Therefore, DHPMAE can be a promising alternative to traditional extraction techniques for polysaccharides from plants, and lotus leaves might be a potential resource of natural antioxidants. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Benefits of App-Based Mobile Research
Mobile Research: The Next Chapter
Research has certainly come a long way. From in-person interviews, to mailers, to phone centers; researchers have always been quick to harness new technologies. Yes, we still get the occasional phone survey, but research has largely relocated to the internet.
In the past, joining an online survey panel became a great way to make a few extra bucks and researchers gained direct access to respondents. But, these traditional panels aren’t without issues–
They tend to have a shallow reach, and it is difficult to fill them with a truly representative sample.
Their panelist can be “professional” survey takers, who know they are taking part in research.
Clever respondents can game the system, and commit fraud which hurts the value of your data.
To avoid these issues, many researchers are turning to mobile research. Mobile is the next chapter; and what better way to reach people than with the apps they use everyday?
Mobile research conducted with app-recruited respondents has many benefits. Here are just a few:
Broad Reach
Research done through mobile apps has been proven to reach a broad and diverse set of respondents. Everyone is plugged in. PEW research found that more than 95% of adults in the US have a cellphone, and the majority of those are smartphones.
Adults are also spending more and more time on those devices. People are spending almost twice as many hours on digital devices than they were in 2008, with more than half of that growth on mobile.
More people are spending more time on their phones, and this represents a great opportunity in research. We no longer have to rely on hand-picked or self-selecting groups of respondents that don’t represent the public’s real views. Since apps are so widely used, we can harness their broad reach to get our surveys into the hands of real people.
Professional Panelists vs App Survey-Takers
Respondents on traditional survey panels tend to take survey after survey. We all know that practice makes perfect, but with data you don’t want perfect; you want the truth. Many “professional panelists” are able to navigate questions more intelligently and manipulate the process to gain rewards. This sometimes leads to insincere results.
In comparison, app survey-takers are often new to the process and only take surveys every so often. These respondents tend to put more thought into how they answer, and are often more expressive. The experience of participating in research is still novel, and so their responses are more natural.
Virtual Rewards Means Less Fraud
Respondents taking surveys through mobile apps are awarded virtual rewards, such as in-game items or virtual currency. They are rewarded instantly, so there is no waiting for a monthly pay-out or gift card to come in the mail.
Instant in-app rewards are a great incentive, because they harness the power of useful (and sometimes addictive!) apps, while discouraging fraud. When the reward can only be spent in the app, people are much less likely to game the system.
Good News for Research
This new approach provides access to groups of people who were difficult to engage before, allows us to engage those users in a more natural way, and cuts down on fraud. This is great news for researchers who can use mobile app-recruited respondents to avoid the issues inherent in traditional panels. If you are interested in seeing the results for yourself email us, or go DIY with our easy to use tool. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls of adolescents and adults from two atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia).
The atoll of Hao, part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia, hosted an air base which was used by France Air Force and Naval Aviation during the nuclear tests. Following the publication of a report in 2012 indicating widespread contamination of the atoll, we conducted a biomonitoring survey to assess the exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of Hao residents and residents of Makemo, a nearby atoll without any known sources of industrial pollution. Adults and adolescents (≥12 years) randomly sampled from Hao (n = 275) and Makemo (n = 268) provided blood samples for contaminant analyses. Whole blood samples were analysed for cadmium, lead and total mercury by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of PCBs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to document lifestyle and a food-frequency questionnaire was used to document dietary habits. Concentrations of contaminants were compared between atolls and associations with sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the participants were investigated. A significantly higher mean (geometric) of blood lead concentration was observed in Hao compared to Makemo (3.75 vs 3.40 μg/L, P = 0.02), whereas similar concentrations were noted for cadmium (0.49 vs 0.50 μg/L, P = 0.58) and mercury (11.4 vs 11.5 μg/L, P = 0.78). Mean total PCBs plasma concentration was significantly higher in Hao than in Makemo participants (0.75 vs 0.32 μg/L, P < 0.001). A significant proportion of participants exceeded toxicological reference values for mercury and lead in both atolls. The higher body burden of PCBs and Pb in Hao compared to Makemo residents may be linked to past air base activities in Hao. According to international standards, PCBs exposure is low; however, exposure to both mercury and lead is high and further investigations are required to identify specific sources of exposure. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
The Gears of War movie adaptation is moving ahead with Battleship and Ted producer Scott Stuber helming the long-delayed project.
Variety reports that Stuber will be co-developing the script with Epic Games, though no specific writer, distributor or "talent" has been secured. That being said, Stuber and Universal are about to begin talks shortly.
Of course, these talks may not ever result in anything, as was the case with the Halo and BioShock films due to "creative differences between the film studio and video game company," according to Variety.
While Stuber's only credit making a movie based on a game was the almost universally slagged Battleship, he's backed some good movies, too. Like Role Models. Now that I mention it, anyone else think Seann William Scott would make a pretty good Baird? I don't see Paul Rudd making a good Marcus, though. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
After you choose your school, the next most important decision you need to make is which computer you'll have for the next four years. Start your short list with these top-rated, value-focused laptops.
Powerful virtualization utilities let you run Windows and all its apps on your OS X or Linux system, host older versions of Windows on newer systems, isolate your main operating system by running a virtual OS in a sandbox, and much more. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Thursday, December 13, 2012
Breaking Her Stunned And Traumatized Silence
Quick roundup - US initial claims continue to bounce around frenetically, but that is because of seasonal adjustment. Actual claims, allowing for the Thanksgiving delay in processing, are pretty steady. They are not very different from the prior year's. This is the current release, and with it I grumpily concede that claims are in the 380s rather than the 370s where I wanted them to be. While not dire, this is an unfavorable development.All-important inventories to sales ratios - Total business remains where it has been cycling, which obscures the unhappy fact that the reason we are seeing the slow down in production-type PMIs is that it is cycling - businesses are notching down employment in order to keep it cycling. The forward impetus you get by looking at wholesalers, and there we get news of another downward notch. Again, not dire, but again, unfavorable.Wholesalers adjust their buys so that inventory doesn't accumulate too much, which then passes through to manufacturers.Retail sales for November were okay, but not if you were a department store or a grocery chain operator. There is an obvious slowing in YoY gains for retail sales. Table 2 gives you rolling three month comparisons YoY and for the previous 3 months. The YoY is now 4.3%, but the previous 3 months is 2%. This data is not price-adjusted, of course. There is a relatively high current error in this report for each month's data, but the three-month totals should have much less variance. Grocery store sales dropped in November in comparison to October, which is a sign that consumers aren't that flush. Food spending dropped in Q4 last year as well; consumers cut their food expenditures to pay for other spending. This, btw, is the biggest single indicator that we are in a recession, and it is truly an amazing one, due to the continued expansion of the SNAP (food stamp) program. It is Table 2.3.6, real-dollar food and beverages purchased for off-premises consumption, and since Q2 2011 it has not moved. But the population has increased and our subsidy for food has increased. SNAP expenditures continue to rise by month, and they are roughly equivalent to a 1.5% payroll tax cut.
In fiscal year 2012, we spent 74.6 billion on SNAP, which is 9% of the total annualized BEA reported off-premises food consumption. (Table 2.3.5). In comparison, in fiscal year 2008 we spent 34.6 billion versus 740 billion total, or 4.7%. If this doesn't scare you witless, nothing will. Your mind is gone. You have exited the reality highway. You have achieved the nirvana of total mental drift, and you are floating in a warm sea of disassociation. There is also WIC, which at 4.8 billion in FY 2012 gets us to more like 9.5% of basic food expenditures.All this money, and the increasing population is buying less food per capita? This is Japanese-style deflation. The following BEA-generated chart shows CURRENT-dollar food trends:
It might be time to stop importing immigrants that need government subsidies to feed themselves. All we are doing is crushing the working-class population into the ground. In this context, it's easy to see why the Fed is launching a Treasury bond-buying program, which at an annual total of 540 billion, would amount to funding close to half the fiscal year 2012 federal deficit. But the reality is that any measure which does not restore the ability of the general population to buy food at at least a continuous per-capita level is doomed to fail as an economic stimulus. I do have one favorable thing to say of MMT versus current more mainstream economics - the MMTers generally do seem to really get that a theoretical increase in the money supply does not equate to an actual increase in the money supply. You can dump "money" into the system all day long, but without a circulating mechanism, the "money" does not exist in fact. Another aspect of our current future expectations is that GASB is gradually tightening up the standards for government pensions. The current change in standards will fully take effect in 2014, and it will force higher contribution levels for government pensions, which will further cramp a lot of state and local governmental budgets. Of course there is a loophole which would allow and indeed force marginally funded plans to use a higher discount rate for the first-pass calculation in order to avoid the forced low-end discount rate. But some plans don't have this option, and this should be an adventure in fiscal reality.
Well, I could write more, but I think I have come to the conclusion that the best way to proceed is to focus on real money supply in the context of theory and evidence. We can discuss what I think is happening to it, what MMT thinks it is, and what the Fed thinks it is doing to it!
We've gone to the lowest price food goods we can go...next stop is the dumpster behind the store...lol. Probably should've started there, the trip would've been shorter.I look forward to seeing your take on the MMT'ers and their (nominal versus real) financial prestidigitation. It's a neat trick, their use of operational identities as their proof of "theory" while unmooring the feedback between the nominal and the real economy. Global 3-card monte...AnonPA
TJ, I think you're right. Most of the people I know, myself included, are in a state of low confidence. Lots of money in CDs, MMAs, bonds, under the mattresses, and in gold/silver.
IMO, a restoration of confidence would release a torrent of investing and spending. Only one thing standing in its way - government policy. The regulations to strangle coal, tight formation fracking, and even regular oil/gas production are now ready to go.
A small businessman of my acquaintance has a big cash hoard. He's waiting for something that gives him the confidence to put it to work. Imagine that multiplied by millions of small businesses. Sure, it could cause another bubble. But that would be a nice problem to have compared to another four years of stagnation.
Jimmy - it's not clear that the Fed alone can produce inflation, but your comments point out why some of the Fed Heads are worried about inflation. Once the fire starts, at 4 Trillion in how does the Fed get out? Trying to pull that much money out of the economy could only be done over a period of years, so likely the Fed would raise rates. It would be messy to say the least, and very resistant to attempts at calibration.
Of course, our problems are not likely to clear up so one may doubt an explosion of confidence.
The biggest fallacy of MMT, I don’t even know why we are talking about this, is that all the money printing goes to bonds first to finance government spending. If money printing is so good then just print it and deposit it to the US Treasury’s bank account at the Federal Reserve Bank. That goes for all the other 12 central banks that are printing. Just think of all the world resources that go into managing all that debt (and all that trauma) that could be diverted to more productive uses.
I guess as long as the Velocity of money is not zero the more the Fed pumps in the more it should help the economy. That said I think the velocity of money may be structurally zero.
As I've commented before we've passed the tipping point with the reelection of Obama. The class warfare he preaches will do nothing but widen the gulf between the haves and have nots. Pity. As in the "Only Nixon can go to China" theme he could sort out spending and entitlements but he's too wrapped up in the hate the rich meme to see the light or seize the opportunity.
Obama doesn't realize that Fed stimulus actually widens the income gap. He can try to ram through tax increases for the top 10%, but if he doesn't get the budget balanced and federal regulation/control reduced (and he is incapable of such) then there will be no choice but more Fed money printing which essentially undoes any income gap compression the tax increases would enable. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Q:
listen for any div that goes from display: none to display:block
Is there any way to listen for elements being shown or hidden?
I would like categorically to--whenever an element goes from hidden to shown--put focus on the first input element within the newly shown element
I thought of attaching a click event to everything and putting it at the top of the document, thinking that would trigger before anything and I could track whether the clicked element's next("div") (or something) would have a css display property of none, then setting a small timeout, then setting the focus, but I get undefined when I try to access that CSS property
$("html").on("click", "body", function(){
alert($(this).next("div").css("display")); //undefined
});
Is there a way to do this?
A:
You can try something like this (it’s kind of a hack). If you monkey-patch the css/show/hide/toggle prototypes in jQuery, you can test if the element changes it’s :hidden attribute after a "tick" (I used 4ms). If it does, it has changed it’s visibility. This might not work as expected for animations etc, but should work fine otherwise.
DEMO: http://jsfiddle.net/Bh6dA/
$.each(['show','hide','css','toggle'], function(i, fn) {
var o = $.fn[fn];
$.fn[fn] = function() {
this.each(function() {
var $this = $(this),
isHidden = $this.is(':hidden');
setTimeout(function() {
if( isHidden !== $this.is(':hidden') ) {
$this.trigger('showhide', isHidden);
}
},4);
});
return o.apply(this, arguments);
};
})
Now, just listen for the showhide event:
$('div').on('showhide', function(e, visible) {
if ( visible ) {
$(this).find('input:first').focus();
}
});
Tada!
PS: I love monkeypatching
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
1. Field of the Invention
The present application relates to measuring devices, more specifically to coordinate measurement machines.
2. Description of the Related Art
Portable coordinate measurement machines (PCMMs) such as articulated arm PCMMs can be used to perform a variety of measurement and coordinate acquisition tasks. In one common commercially-available PCMM, an articulated arm having three transfer members connected by articulating joints allows easy movement of a probe head or tip about seven axes to take various measurements. In operation, when the probe head or tip contacts an object the PCMM outputs to a processing unit data regarding the orientation of the transfer members and articulating joints on the articulated arm. This data would then be translated into a measurement of a position at the probe head or tip.
Typical uses for such devices generally relate to manufacturing inspection and quality control. In these applications, measurements are typically taken only when a measuring point on the arm is in contact with an article to be measured. Contact can be indicated by strain-gauges, static charge, or user-input. Such devices have been commercially successful. Still there is a general need to continue to increase the accuracy of such instruments. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
simple interesting this coat hook design is the result of a challenge to take an everyday object u0026 remold rebuild repurpose it create entirely new item while using and interesting coat hooks bored panda. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
// for linear algebra.
//
// Copyright (C) 2012 Giacomo Po <gpo@ucla.edu>
// Copyright (C) 2011 Gael Guennebaud <g.gael@free.fr>
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
#include <cmath>
#include "../../test/sparse_solver.h"
#include <Eigen/IterativeSolvers>
template<typename T> void test_minres_T()
{
// Identity preconditioner
MINRES<SparseMatrix<T>, Lower, IdentityPreconditioner > minres_colmajor_lower_I;
MINRES<SparseMatrix<T>, Upper, IdentityPreconditioner > minres_colmajor_upper_I;
// Diagonal preconditioner
MINRES<SparseMatrix<T>, Lower, DiagonalPreconditioner<T> > minres_colmajor_lower_diag;
MINRES<SparseMatrix<T>, Upper, DiagonalPreconditioner<T> > minres_colmajor_upper_diag;
MINRES<SparseMatrix<T>, Lower|Upper, DiagonalPreconditioner<T> > minres_colmajor_uplo_diag;
// call tests for SPD matrix
CALL_SUBTEST( check_sparse_spd_solving(minres_colmajor_lower_I) );
CALL_SUBTEST( check_sparse_spd_solving(minres_colmajor_upper_I) );
CALL_SUBTEST( check_sparse_spd_solving(minres_colmajor_lower_diag) );
CALL_SUBTEST( check_sparse_spd_solving(minres_colmajor_upper_diag) );
CALL_SUBTEST( check_sparse_spd_solving(minres_colmajor_uplo_diag) );
// TO DO: symmetric semi-definite matrix
// TO DO: symmetric indefinite matrix
}
void test_minres()
{
CALL_SUBTEST_1(test_minres_T<double>());
// CALL_SUBTEST_2(test_minres_T<std::compex<double> >());
}
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in placental tissue of pre-eclampsia: up-regulation of obesity-related genes.
Susceptibility genes present in both mother and fetus most likely contribute to the risk of pre-eclampsia. Placental biopsies were therefore investigated by high-density DNA microarray analysis to determine genes differentially regulated within chorionic villous tissue in pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancy. The pooled RNAs of pre-eclamptic and normotensive subjects were hybridized to the HuGeneFL array representing sequences from approximately 5600 full-length human cDNAs. The differentially expressed genes that were detected could be categorized into nine groups: adhesion molecules, obesity-related genes, transcription factors/signalling molecules, immunological factors, neuromediators, oncogenic factors, protease inhibitors, hormones and growth factor-binding proteins. Among those, the obesity-related genes included putative candidate genes associated with the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. One of the most up-regulated transcripts was the obese gene (43.6-fold change), and this was reflected by elevated leptin protein levels. In the case of feto-maternal contribution of polymorphic genes to pre-eclampsia, expression analysis of placental tissue has lead to numerous target genes waiting for large scale genetic linkage analyses. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
How to remove a file from Git Pull Request
I have a pull request opened where I have some project.lock.json files which I do not want to merge while merging my branch to main branch. Is there a way to remove thos project.lock.json files from my Pull Request?
A:
Please do let me know if there is a better way of doing this. This is the workaround I have found.
list remote branches
git branch -va
checkout the PR branch
git checkout origin pr_branch
overwrite pr_branch's file with other_branch's file
git checkout other_branch -- ./path/to/file
commit changes
git commit -m "overwrite with other_branch's"
push your changes
git push origin pr_branch
A:
You need to remove file, commit changes and make next push to your branch.
If you want leave file in your branch, but not to merge it to main branch, you can delete it in one commit, then add again in another. Git allows you manually accept certain commits using git-cherry-pick. You can accept each commit except that in which you have added this file again.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
First-line platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care in the majority of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without comorbidities and with an optimal performance status [1]; this excludes patients with oncogenic driver alterations, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation (in almost 50% of patients of Asian ethnicity compared to 15% in the Caucasian population [2]) or the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) re-arrangement (in 5% patients independently of ethnicity [3]), who can be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, even in the era of maintenance therapy, platinum-based chemotherapy only results in a median progression-free survival (PFS) of approximately 6 months and a response rate (RR) of approximately 30% [1]. Therefore, significant advances are eagerly awaited.
A deeper understanding of tumor-immune interactions and development of immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of NSCLC and other malignancies. The immune system recognizes and is poised to eliminate cancer [4]. Immune checkpoints refer to a variety of inhibitory pathways that are crucial in regulating the duration and amplitude of physiological immune responses in peripheral tissues in order to minimize collateral tissue damage [5]. However, these immune checkpoint pathways can be co-opted by cancer cells, thus circumventing immune destruction [4]; indeed, this is a hallmark of cancer [6]. In NSCLC, expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1, B7-H1) reflects an immune-active microenvironment and is a mechanism designed to evade elimination by the immune system [7]. Exhausted T-cells in the microenvironment show overexpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which binds to PD-L1 and decreases effector cytokine production and cytolytic activity, leading to the failure of cancer elimination [8]. This knowledge has prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors – different monoclonal antibodies that bind either to PD-1 or PD-L1 and hamper immune evasion – as new treatment strategies in advanced NSCLC.
Four randomized phase III trials have reported a statistically significant improvement in overall survival (OS) with immune checkpoint inhibitors compared with docetaxel in patients with platinum-refractory advanced NSCLC. These are the CheckMate 017 trial in patients with squamous NSCLC [9]; the CheckMate 057 trial in patients with non-squamous NSCLC (both trials testing nivolumab, a monoclonal-antibody anti-PD-1) [10]; the KEYNOTE-010 phase II/III trial with pembrolizumab [11], which also binds to PD-1 (inclusion restricted to patients with at least 1% PD-L1 expression on tumor cells); and the OAK trial with atezolizumab [12], a monoclonal antibody against PD-L1. Of note, in the KEYNOTE-010 study [11], the magnitude of benefit with pembrolizumab was correlated to PD-L1 expression, showing increased benefit in patients with tumors with strong PD-L1 expression (defined as expression on at least 50% of tumor cells, regardless of the staining intensity with the 22C3 clone) [11]. On the basis of these trials, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved nivolumab and pembrolizumab as second-line therapies, with the latter being restricted to tumors expressing PD-L1. The FDA has also recently approved atezolizumab for the management of previously treated patients with advanced NSCLC. In the absence of head-to-head comparisons or clear biological differences between these agents, and no significant differences in toxicity profile (except a slight increase in immune-related adverse events (AEs) and pneumonitis with anti-PD-1 inhibitors) [13], recommendation of a given treatment over another is not yet possible.
The 3-year OS of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with these drugs after failure with platinum-based chemotherapy is approaching 20% [14]. This response, along with an improved safety profile, has prompted increasing interest in testing these agents in the first-line setting.
Anti-PD-1 antibodies as a single agent in patients with PD-L1-positive NSCLC
Pembrolizumab
The phase III KEYNOTE-024 trial comprises patients with advanced and strongly PD-L1-positive NSCLC [15]. A total of 1942 patients were screened for enrolment; 1653 had evaluable samples and 500 (30.2%) patients had tumors with PD-L1 expression ≥ 50%. A total of 305 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized to pembrolizumab (200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles or until documented progressive disease) versus four to six cycles of standard of care platinum-based chemotherapy (platinum/pemetrexed, platinum/gemcitabine, or carboplatin/paclitaxel) as first-line treatment. Pemetrexed maintenance therapy was received by 30% of patients with non-squamous histology. In addition, 43.7% of patients in the control arm crossed over per protocol to pembrolizumab upon disease progression. Patients were excluded from the trial if they were harboring EGFR mutations or ALK translocations, had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≥ 2, had untreated brain metastasis, or were receiving any dose of oral steroids for an autoimmune disease. The primary endpoint of the trial was the median PFS. Compared with standard first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, pembrolizumab significantly improved the primary endpoint from 6.0 to 10.3 months (hazard ratio (HR), 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37–0.68; P < 0.001). The RR according to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) (44.8% vs. 27.8%; P < 0.001) and OS (not reached in both arms; HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41–0.89; P = 0.005) were also improved, with a 1-year OS of 70% versus 54% [15]. The benefit of pembrolizumab with respect to PFS was evident in all subgroups examined according to sex, age, histology, smoking status, and brain metastases at baseline. However, the benefit was lower in female and never-smoker patients (probably related to the lower mutational load in this population [16]), and the greatest benefit to PFS was observed in patients with squamous histology (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17–0.71). Grade 3, 4, or 5 treatment-related AEs also favored pembrolizumab (26.6% vs. 53.3%). The incidence of grade 3–4 immune-mediated AEs was 9.7% with pembrolizumab [15]. Pembrolizumab had a clinically meaningful improvement in quality of life compared to platinum-based chemotherapy [17] (Table 1).
Table 1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors in first-line treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients Full size table
The magnitude of benefit in the control arm was consistent with historic controls [18], suggesting that pembrolizumab efficacy is not overestimated for an ineffective control arm. However, it is unknown whether the survival benefit was due to pembrolizumab treatment being intrinsically more potent as a first-line treatment or because crossover was limited to < 50% of the patients in the control arm. Indeed, trials in patients with EGFR-mutant or ALK-rearranged NSCLC have had much higher rates of crossover from chemotherapy to personalized treatment after platinum-based chemotherapy progression (65% in EGFR-mutant [19] and 70% in ALK-positive populations [20]), leading to a lack of survival differences between treatment arms. The clear benefit for OS could also be due to a potentially lower efficacy of pembrolizumab in platinum-pretreated patients than in chemo-naïve patients, whereas, in the same settings, targeted therapies yield the same benefit [21, 22].
In the KEYNOTE-024 trial, 11.7% of patients in the pembrolizumab arm had previously treated brain metastases at baseline; the PFS benefit in this subgroup was similar to that in patients without such metastases at baseline (HR, 0.55 vs. HR, 0.50). The efficacy of pembrolizumab in patients with PD-L1-positive (>1%) NSCLC with untreated or progressive asymptomatic brain metastases measuring between 5 and 20 mm in diameter has also recently been tested in a phase II trial that reported a cerebral response rate of 33% [23]; the median duration of confirmed brain responses was 6 months. Approximately 17% of NSCLC patients have brain metastases at baseline [24]. In our opinion, supra-tentorial asymptomatic brain metastases should not be considered exclusion criteria for immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. The risk of brain metastases increases over time due to the prolonged survival of patients with advanced NSCLC [25]. Therefore, further investigations are needed to determine optimal treatment combinations with brain radiotherapy, sequences of treatment, and safety [26].
Globally, pembrolizumab results from KEYNOTE-024 [15] were consistent with the efficacy observed in the KEYNOTE-001 study [27] in the subgroup of chemo-naïve patients. The FDA approved pembrolizumab in the first-line setting in this population on October 24, 2016, and on December 15, 2016, the EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use also approved pembrolizumab as monotherapy in the first-line setting of metastatic NSCLC in adults whose tumors express PD-L1 with a tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥ 50% and who have no EGFR- or ALK-positive tumor mutations. The efficacy of pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment in NSCLC patients with PD-L1 expression < 50% remains unknown. The ongoing phase III KEYNOTE-042 study (NCT02220894) will assess the survival benefit of pembrolizumab over standard first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in treatment-naïve patients who have tumors with ≥ 1% PD-L1 positivity. Stratification according to PD-L1 expression (strong (≥ 50%) vs. weak (1–49%)) will be performed in the study.
Among the 30% of patients whose tumors express PD-L1 with a TPS ≥ 50%, other clinical exclusion criteria limit the extended use of pembrolizumab in the first-line setting; for example, exclusion of patients considered unfit or with poor performance status (representing almost 34% of NSCLC patients in contemporary cohorts [28]), patients with EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged tumors (approximately 17% of adenocarcinoma lung cancers in Caucasian populations [29]), and the absence of steroids or autoimmune disorders (13.5% of lung cancer patients [30]). As such, the pool of patients eligible for upfront pembrolizumab is certainly not 30% of all chemo-naïve patients with NSCLC (which represents the percentage of frontline patients whose tumors express PD-L1 with a TPS ≥ 50%), but probably closer to 10%; this pool clearly needs to be enlarged.
Moreover, the turnaround time from patient selection to treatment, based on PD-L1 expression, is not reported in KEYNOTE-024 but is expected to be considerablylonger than 1 month. There is a high probability that patients with relatively indolent disease were favored for inclusion in the study, adding another bias compared to routine practice. Patients with a poorer prognosis need to be explored such as in the ongoing phase II trial NCT02879617 evaluating first-line durvalumab in performance status 2 patients with advanced NSCLC.
Nivolumab
The phase III CheckMate 026 trial tested the efficacy of nivolumab compared to standard first-line chemotherapy (platinum/pemetrexed, platinum/gemcitabine, or carboplatin/paclitaxel) in 423 patients with PD-L1-positive (≥ 5% of expression by 28-8 clone) advanced NSCLC [31]. Patients harboring EGFR mutations or ALK translocations were ineligible. Patients with adequately treated brain metastases were allowed. No imbalances were reported in either arm regarding brain metastases (~12%), histology (~24% of squamous), ECOG performance status (~30% PS0), or current smokers (~20% in both arms). A higher proportion of females was included in the chemotherapy arm (45.2% vs. 32.1%). Maintenance treatment was prescribed in 38% of patients [31]. No benefit was seen with nivolumab compared to chemotherapy in terms of the primary endpoints PFS (4.2 vs. 5.9 months; HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.91–1.45; P = 0.251), OS (14.4 vs. 13.2 months; HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80–1.30), or RR (26.1% vs. 33.5%). However, the toxicity profile favored nivolumab, with 17.6% of patients having grade 3–4 AEs compared to 50.6% in the chemotherapy arm (Table 1). Of note, patients with NSCLC with strong PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) did not derive a greater benefit from nivolumab than those with weaker expression. Nivolumab was the post-discontinuation treatment in 60% of patients in the chemotherapy arm. The lack of survival benefit could be related to various hypothetical factors. First, there was a higher proportion of tumors with strong PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) in the control arm compared to the nivolumab arm (74.1% vs. 53.2%). Second, only 44% of patients in the nivolumab arm received second-line treatment, mostly platinum-based chemotherapy, suggesting that a certain subgroup of patients was untreated [31]. This could be a consequence of hyper-progressive diseases on immunotherapy, as recently reported by Champiat et al. [32]. Overall, results from CheckMate 026 in the whole population and for those with strongly positive PD-L1-expressing tumors are inconsistent with first-line nivolumab performance in phase I/II trials [33].
Although the reason for the contrasting results between the KEYNOTE-024 [15] and Checkmate 026 [31] trials remains unclear, we should consider the nivolumab trial as negative, and we believe that differences in patient selection are the primary cause of this discrepancy. Differences in biomarker tests and in PD-L1 expression cut-off point (22C3 and 50% with pembrolizumab vs. 28-8 clone and 5% with nivolumab) could have contributed to the discordant results between the trials. Thus, patients with strong PD-L1 positivity in the KEYNOTE-024 trial may not be similar to patients with strong PD-L1 positivity in the CheckMate 026 trial since the sensitivity of the relevant clones used to define PD-L1 status is potentially different. Additionally, PD-L1 testing was performed after metastatic diagnosis in the pembrolizumab trial, whereas in the nivolumab trial, it was performed in archival tissue biopsy specimens taken within 6 months prior to randomization. However, in the KEYNOTE-010 trial, survival benefit with pembrolizumab as a second-line treatment was independent of whether the PD-L1 test was performed in an archival or in a new tissue biopsy specimen [11]. Further, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is higher among smokers [16]; a higher percentage of never-smoker patients was included in the nivolumab trial than in the pembrolizumab trial (11% vs. 3%) and such patients have lower mutational loads that negatively correlate with the success of immune checkpoint-targeting therapies [34]. Another major difference between the trials was the percentage of patients who received radiotherapy prior to enrollment; this percentage was abnormally high (37.6%) for patients enrolled in the CheckMate 026 trial [31], whereas in the KEYNOTE-024 trial [15], prior radiation therapy of > 30 Gy within 6 months of the first dose of trial treatment constituted an exclusion criterion. Therefore, sites that were involved in both trials may have operationally favored enrollment of all previously irradiated patients into CheckMate 026. It is clear that previous radiotherapy can have major consequences on the tumor microenvironment [35] and potentially lead to decreased activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in previously irradiated areas. At this stage, it is unknown which areas (mediastinum, others) were previously irradiated in patients enrolled in the CheckMate 026 trial [31].
Other first-line randomized phase III clinical trials are testing anti-PD-1 monotherapy, such as nivolumab in CheckMate 227 (NCT02477826), or anti-PD-L1 monotherapies such as atezolizumab in IMpower 110 (NCT02409342) and avelumab in the ongoing JAVELIN Lung 100 trial (NCT02576574). These trials may validate immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line treatment in patients with PD-L1-positive NSCLC.
Combination of anti-PD-1 antibodies with chemotherapy
A large body of preclinical data has shown that chemotherapy and radiation modulate the immune response against tumors [36] and that chemotherapy can induce PD-L1 expression in tumor cells [37, 38]. This has led to clinical investigation of combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.
The phase II KEYNOTE-021 trial (n = 123) compared pembrolizumab 200 mg for 2 years concomitant with four cycles of carboplatin-pemetrexed chemotherapy followed by pemetrexed as maintenance therapy with chemotherapy alone [39]. A higher proportion of never-smoker patients (25% vs. 14%) and patients with adenocarcinoma histology (97% vs. 87%) were included in the pembrolizumab arm. A total of 32% of patients in the chemotherapy group crossed over to receive pembrolizumab monotherapy as allowed by the study protocol. The combination arm had improved RR (55% vs. 29%; P = 0.0016, with 80% RR among strongly PD-L1-positive tumors) and PFS (13.0 vs. 8.9 months; HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31–0.91; P = 0.010) compared to chemotherapy alone; however, the frequency of grade 3–4 treatment-related AEs was higher in the concomitant arm (39% vs. 26%) (Table 1). Of note, the chemotherapy arm also demonstrated impressive PFS, suggesting a high level of patient selection. Indeed, median PFS was much longer than in similar populations included in other trials with the same chemotherapy schedule, for example, the PointBreak trial (5.6 months) [40]. The KEYNOTE-021 study reported a shorter time to response in the combination arm compared to the chemotherapy alone arm (1.5 vs. 2.7 months), suggesting this approach could be a good strategy for symptomatic patients [39]. These results are similar to those previously reported in phase I trials, suggesting that combination treatment could be an optimal strategy.
Overall, while very promising, these results need to be validated in a phase III trial. The preliminary RR of 80% in patients with tumors harboring PD-L1 expression ≥ 50% treated with the combination therapy appears intriguing, but numbers are too small to draw any definitive conclusions. The ongoing phase III trials KEYNOTE-189 (NCT02578680) and KEYNOTE-407 (NCT02775435) with pembrolizumab and the IMpower 132 (NCT02657434), IMpower 130 (NCT02367781), IMpower 131 (NCT02367794), and IMpower 150 (NCT02366143) trials with atezolizumab are testing combination treatment versus standard of care and could help clarify the best treatment strategy for this population.
Other open questions in the first-line setting
The third approach to position immunotherapy in the first-line setting is the combination of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) compounds (Fig. 1). Early preclinical studies have suggested that combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathway blockade produces synergistic anti-tumor activity [5, 41], providing the rationale for clinical studies. The high efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab has been recently reported in PD-L1-positive tumors (Table 1) [42]. The phase III CheckMate 227 (NCT02477826) trial with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, and the MYSTIC (NCT02453282) and NEPTUNE (NCT02542293) trials with durvalumab plus tremelimumab are comparing this strategy to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy or chemotherapy. The toxicity profiles of these combinations might, however, limit their applicability.
Fig. 1 Upcoming randomized immunotherapy trials in first-line NSCLC and projected readout timelines Full size image
The optimal strategy for NSCLC patients with tumor PD-L1 expression < 50% has to be better defined – potential candidate therapies include concomitant treatments with chemotherapy, a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors, or sequential strategies. This issue is important because of the limited standard second-line options currently available [43, 44] in cases in which immune checkpoint inhibitors are prescribed as the first-line treatment.
Treatment duration with immune checkpoint inhibitors and economic costs are also important issues. Therefore, detailed health economic analyses are required to avoid inequities in access to these treatments [45]. New tools should be applied, such as the ESMO Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS), which uses a rational, structured, and consistent approach to derive a relative ranking of the magnitude of clinically meaningful benefit that can be expected from new anti-cancer therapies [46, 47]. | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
[Massive hemorrhage in the small intestine].
Haemorrhage into the small intestine accounts only for cca 1% of all haemorrhages into the gastrointestinal tract. Profuse haemorrhage is very rare, it occurs in malignant tumours, sarcomas and also haemangiomas. Preoperative diagnosis is practically impossible not only because the small intestine is not readily accessible for examination but in case of profuse haemorrhage also because of lack of time. Therefore a decision on early laparotomy has to be taken. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
---
abstract: 'Using semi-empirical isochrones, we find the age of the Taurus star-forming region to be 3-4 Myr. Comparing the disc fraction in Taurus to young massive clusters suggests discs survive longer in this low density environment. We also present a method of photometrically de-reddening young stars using $iZJH$ data.'
---
Introduction
============
Taurus is a low-density star-forming region containing primarily low-mass stars and so represents an ideal laboratory for studying the environmental effects on circumstellar disc lifetimes [@Kenyon2008 (Kenyon et al. 2008)]. To investigate the impact of the low-density environment on the discs in Taurus, we used the Wide-Field Camera (WFC) on the 2.5m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) on La Palma to obtain $griZ$ photometry of 40 fields in Taurus. Our fields are focused on the densest regions not covered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The resultant INT-WFC survey mainly covers the L1495, L1521 and L1529 clouds.
We have augmented the WFC data with near-infrared $JHK$ data from 2MASS [@Cutri2003 (Cutri et al. 2003)]. To determine the age of Taurus we compare the semi-empirical isochrones discussed in [@Bell2013; @Bell2014 Bell et al. (2013, 2014)] to the observed colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). For a brief description of these isochrones see Bell et al. (these proceedings).
De-reddening
============
The extinction in Taurus is spatially variable across the different clouds, and so we require a method of de-reddening the stars individually. We have found that in an $i$-$Z$, $J$-$H$ colour-colour diagram the reddening vectors are almost perpendicular to the theoretical stellar sequence (Fig.\[fig:izjh\_age\]), whose position is almost independent of age, and so we can de-redden stars using photometry alone. We construct a grid of models over a range of ages (1 to 10 Myr) and binary mass ratios (single star to equal mass binary). We adopt the reddening law from [@Fitzpatrick1999 Fitzpatrick (1999)], apply it to the atmospheric models and fold the result through sets of filter responses to derive reddening coefficients in each photometric system.
[0.45]{} ![**Left:** $i$-$Z$, $J$-$H$ diagram for Taurus members. Asterisks are Class II sources, open circles are Class III sources. Overlaid as solid lines are a 2 and 4Myr isochrone. The dashed lines are reddening vectors in this colour space. **Right:** $r$, $r$-$i$ diagram for Taurus members identified as Class III. Isochrones of 1, 4 and 10Myr are overlaid. Asterisks indicate the position of a theoretical star with mass 0.75M$_\odot$. The black dashed line shows a reddening vector for A$_V$ = 1 mag. []{data-label="fig:izjh_age"}](izjh.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth" height="5.5cm"} \[fig:izjh\_ccd\]
[0.45]{} ![**Left:** $i$-$Z$, $J$-$H$ diagram for Taurus members. Asterisks are Class II sources, open circles are Class III sources. Overlaid as solid lines are a 2 and 4Myr isochrone. The dashed lines are reddening vectors in this colour space. **Right:** $r$, $r$-$i$ diagram for Taurus members identified as Class III. Isochrones of 1, 4 and 10Myr are overlaid. Asterisks indicate the position of a theoretical star with mass 0.75M$_\odot$. The black dashed line shows a reddening vector for A$_V$ = 1 mag. []{data-label="fig:izjh_age"}](age.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth" height="5.5cm"} \[fig:age\]
It is well known that for a fixed value of E(B-V), extinction in a given filter will vary with [$T_{\mathrm{eff}}$]{} (see e.g. [@Bell2013 Bell et al. 2013]). To account for this we use extinction tables to redden the isochrones for a grid of E($B$-$V$) and [$T_{\mathrm{eff}}$]{} values, and compare the reddened model grid to the data. We adopt a Bayesian approach and marginalise over binary mass, age and [$T_{\mathrm{eff}}$]{}. We take the extinction values from the model with the highest likelihood, and use this to de-redden the star.
Taurus
======
Plotting the de-reddened Taurus members in the $r$, $r$-$i$ CMD, we notice that a significant fraction of the Class II objects appear much fainter than the primary locus. This is likely an accretion effect, and if we were to fit for the age of these members we would derive an age that is erroneously old. To avoid this effect, we fit only the Class III sources. We note that those Class II sources that are not scattered below the sequence lie coincident with the Class III sources, and thus we believe the age derived from the Class III sources alone will be representative of the overall age. We plot our de-reddened Taurus members in an $r$, $r$-$i$ CMD to fit for the age (Fig.\[fig:izjh\_age\]). We find that isochrones of 3-4 Myr (older than is commonly quoted in the literature) trace the observed stellar sequence well. To ensure consistency with the [@Bell2013 Bell et al. (2013)] age scale we compare the position of a theoretical star with a mass of 0.75 M$_\odot$ to the middle of the observed sequence. We find consistency with the overall isochrone fitting, with an age of 3-4 Myr still providing a good fit. With a robust age for Taurus we then examined the disc fraction. Taurus has a disc fraction of 69% [@Luhman2010 (Luhman et al. 2010)]. If we compare this to the other clusters in [@Bell2013 Bell et al. (2013)], which are on the same age scale, we find that Taurus has the largest disc fraction in the sample, significantly higher than the group of young (2 Myr), massive clusters, suggesting that discs may have survived longer in the low density environment present in Taurus.
2013, *MNRAS*, 434, 806
2014, *MNRAS*, 445, 3496
2003, *2MASS All Sky Catalog of point sources.*
1999, *PASP*, 111, 63
2008, *Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Vol. 1*, p.405
2010, *ApJS*, 186, 111
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
/**
* Copyright (c) Rich Hickey. All rights reserved.
* The use and distribution terms for this software are covered by the
* Eclipse Public License 1.0 (http://opensource.org/licenses/eclipse-1.0.php)
* which can be found in the file epl-v10.html at the root of this distribution.
* By using this software in any fashion, you are agreeing to be bound by
* the terms of this license.
* You must not remove this notice, or any other, from this software.
**/
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
// General Information about an assembly is controlled through the following
// set of attributes. Change these attribute values to modify the information
// associated with an assembly.
[assembly: AssemblyTitle("Clojure")]
[assembly: AssemblyDescription("")]
[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration("")]
[assembly: AssemblyCompany("")]
[assembly: AssemblyProduct("Clojure")]
[assembly: AssemblyCopyright("Copyright © 2009")]
[assembly: AssemblyTrademark("")]
[assembly: AssemblyCulture("")]
// Setting ComVisible to false makes the types in this assembly not visible
// to COM components. If you need to access a type in this assembly from
// COM, set the ComVisible attribute to true on that type.
[assembly: ComVisible(false)]
// The following GUID is for the ID of the typelib if this project is exposed to COM
[assembly: Guid("92a6be2b-759d-4d62-8912-9dde0052bc33")]
// Version information for an assembly consists of the following four values:
//
// Major Version
// Minor Version
// Build Number
// Revision
//
// You can specify all the values or you can default the Build and Revision Numbers
// by using the '*' as shown below:
// [assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.0.*")]
[assembly: AssemblyVersion("1.4.0.0")]
[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion("1.3")]
[assembly: System.Resources.NeutralResourcesLanguage("en-US")]
| {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} |
Index Herbariorum
The Index Herbariorum provides a global directory of herbaria and their associated staff. This searchable online index allows scientists rapid access to data related to 3,400 locations where a total of 350 million botanical specimens are permanently housed (singular, herbarium; plural, herbaria). The Index Herbariorum has its own staff and website. Overtime, six editions of the Index were published from 1952 to 1974. The Index became available on-line in 1997.
The index was originally published by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy, which sponsored the first six editions (1952–1974); subsequently the New York Botanical Garden took over the responsibility for the index. The Index provides the supporting institution's name (often a university, botanical garden, or not-for-profit organization) its city and state, each herbarium's acronym, along with contact information for staff members along with their research specialties and the important holdings of each herbarium's collection.
Editors
6th edition (1974) was co-edited by Patricia Kern Holmgren, Director of the New York Botanical Garden
7th printed edition, ed. by Patricia Kern Holmgren.
8th printed edition, ed. by Patricia Kern Holmgren.
Online edition, prepared by Noel Holmgren of the New York Botanical Garden
2008+, ed. by Barbara M. Thiers, Director of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium
References
Category:Directories
Category:Herbaria | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Spray application of liquid smoke to reduce or eliminate Listeria monocytogenes surface inoculated on frankfurters.
In a simulated post process contamination scenario liquid smoke was sprayed on the frankfurters after peeling, and then inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Samples that did not receive a liquid smoke spray remained at approximately 2 log cfu/cm(2) during the 48h of storage while the levels on the liquid smoke treated frankfurters continued to decline until they were below detection level (1 cfu/100 cm(2)). A shelf-life study lasting 140 days indicated that liquid smoke suppressed the growth of Lm for up to 130 days. An application of 2 or 3 ml liquid smoke at packaging resulted in at least a 1 log reduction of Lm within 12h post packaging. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Prophylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega-3 fatty acids. A comprehensive strategy.
Traditional approaches to prophylaxis of atherosclerosis have focused on one aspect of the pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease, such as platelet function or blood lipids, and therefore have had limited success. Epidemiologic studies show a striking inverse correlation of consumption of fish rich in the two omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. In studies of volunteers and patients, reductions in platelet responsiveness, lowering of blood lipids, and improvements of blood flow, as well as improvements in other values implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, were induced with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. These findings indicate that these omega-3 fatty acids have a larger prophylactic potential than traditional approaches. This potential must be scrutinized in meticulously designed and conducted trials with clinical endpoints. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
What does it mean? A record deal? And hating on somebody?
Some people started hating on my friend when she got a record deal.
A record deal? what kind of a deal is it?
Does the word "hating" mean envious?
A:
In this context, a record deal could mean one of two things:
It could refer to a recording contract, where a performing artist signs a contract with a record label, also known as a recording studio. For example:
Beyonce signed a new record deal with Arista. Her new album will be released next year.
Or, it could refer to a deal that sets a new record (for something like salary) in any industry; for example, it would make your friend the highest-paid athlete in the history of her sport.
Rousey signed a record deal that will pay her 40 million dollars over the next five years.
There is no way to tell which your sentence means without surrounding context, which is why we often exhort users to provide context when they ask questions here on ELL.
And, yes, I would guess the word "hating" here refers to being envious.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Apple stores your Siri queries for up to two years
Apple keeps your Siri data in its servers for up to two years, it has been revealed.
Apple keeps your Siri data in its servers for up to two years, it has been revealed.
Apple spokesperson Trudy Muller told Wired that the company only collects Siri voice clips, which can include questions, messages and other commands, in order to improve the voice-activated personal assistant that was launched with the iPhone 4S in 2011. "Our customers' privacy is very important to us," she said, adding that Apple takes steps to ensure that the data is kept anonymous.
Wired explains that, when a user speaks to Siri, the voice-clip gets sent to Apple's data farm for analysis. Apple creates a random string of numbers to represent the user, therefore keeping their identity anonymous. Each time that user speaks to Siri, the same string of numbers (which is not an Apple ID or email address) will be associated to the voice clips collected.
After six months, Apple "disassociates" the number from the voice recording, but can keep the file for up to 18 more months in order to carry out further testing and help improve Siri, Muller said.
"Apple may keep anonymised Siri data for up to two years," Muller added. "If a user turns Siri off, both identifiers are deleted immediately along with any associated data."
You can turn Siri off on your supported iOS device by going to Settings > General > Siri.
While its understandable that Apple would want to keep Siri data in order to improve the service, American Civil Liberties Union lawyer Nicole Ozer says that Apple should make it clear to users that this is the case in its Siri FAQ, with a link to the Siri Privacy policy. At present, users can only find the Siri Privacy policy within the settings of an iPad or iPhone, so they aren't made aware of Apple's storage of voice clips until after purchasing an iOS device.
"There is no good reason for Apple not to include information about privacy practices on their Siri FAQ page," Ozer told Wired, adding that, while data is anonymous, "what you say to Siri could reveal sensitive things about you, your family, or business."
Gigaom's Erica Ogg highlights that Apple's two years of data storage is longer than Yahoo, Microsoft and Google's, all of which retain search data for 18 months.
How do you feel about Apple's storage of Siri data? Let us know in the comments section below, or on Twitter. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
The effect of intermittent scrotal hyperthermia on the Sprague-Dawley rat testicle.
Twenty-four mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups of 12. One group was exposed to intermittent hot baths for 1 month, while the other group was exposed to room temperature baths. The group that was exposed to the elevated temperature demonstrated histological testicular changes that included decreased tubular diameter, basement membrane thinning, and decreased spermatogenesis. Fertility rates were markedly reduced in the heat exposed group, but complete recovery of fertility occurred by 10 weeks after completion of the heat treatments. | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} |
Q:
Take an unknown format string and return a UTF-8 string
The following two strings are different in format but identical in data:
str1 = '\xd7\x91\xd7\xa8\xd7\xa7'
str2 = u'\u05d1\u05e8\u05e7'
I need to implement the following function:
Take a string in either one of the formats above as input
Return the equivalent string in the first format as output
I know that I can encode a string from the second format into the first format.
But how do I determine that the input string is indeed given in the second format?
A:
For Python 3.x, the right thing to do would probably be to try to call encode. (For 3.5+, this will hopefully be as simple as try s.encode('utf-8') except AttributeError: s.)
But for 2.x, the encode will succeed even on str1—by first decoding the UTF-8 string as ASCII (or whatever sys.getdefaultencoding() returns) so it can re-encode it, so you definitely don't want that.
When there is no way to safely EAFP, you have no choice but to LBYL. So:
if isinstance(s, unicode):
return s.encode('utf-8')
else:
return s
Note that I'm using isinstance here, not calling type and comparing. As PEP 8 says:
Object type comparisons should always use isinstance() instead of comparing types directly.
Why? Because instances of subtypes (subclasses, classes registered with ABCs, etc.) are, by definition, supposed to always count as instances of their supertypes. There are some rare cases where you explicitly need to break that rule, in which case type comparisons are what you want. But otherwise, don't use them.
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Viktor Pimenov
Vaynakh Television
March 11, 1996, in Grozny, Russia
Pimenov, a cameraman for Vaynakh Television, a Chechen station supported by Moscow-backed forces, was fatally shot in the back by a sniper positioned on the roof of a 16-story building in Grozny, the Chechen capital. Pimenov had been filming the devastation caused by the March 6-9 raid on the city. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
Knox Cameron
Knox Cameron (born September 17, 1983 in Kingston) is a Jamaican-born American soccer player who most recently played for AFC Ann Arbor in the National Premier Soccer League.
Career
College and Amateur
Cameron grew up in New York City, attended Cardinal Spellman High School in The Bronx, and played college soccer at the University of Michigan, where he is second in the school's all-time record for goals (28) and points (72), and was named Big Ten Player of the Year his junior year.
Playing in the indoor and rec league's while in Michigan, Cameron excelled in the bare-foot method of playing soccer, and once scored 14 goals in an indoor soccer game while playing with no shoes on.
During his college years Cameron also played in the USL Premier Development League for the Brooklyn Knights and the Michigan Bucks.
Knox also played for Pasco Soccer Club from Wayne, NJ during his high school years. He helped the team win countless tournaments and was one of a handful of players from the club to move on to play professional soccer.
Professional
Cameron suffered a serious knee injury while playing for the Michigan Bucks, and subsequently missed much of his senior year at Michigan. As a result of this, and doubts over his signability, Cameron slipped to the fourth round of the 2005 MLS SuperDraft, where he was drafted by Columbus Crew. He went on to play 30 games and score 4 goals for the team over the next two years, but following the 2006 season, he was waived by the team. During his time with the Crew he played a friendly against English side Everton and thanked them on the scoreboard for coming to Columbus so he could beat them.
Following his release by Crew, Cameron played for amateur team Canton Celtic, which plays in Michigan's MUSL Men's Open 1st Division. Celtic won the Michigan section of the USASA National Amateur Cup Championship, and represented the state at the 2008 USASA Regional tournament in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Cameron returned to play for the Michigan Bucks in the USL Premier Development League in 2009, and then signed with Detroit City FC in 2012. He made his DCFC debut against the Erie Admirals on May 26, 2012, scoring the first goal in a 3-0 victory. He continued to play for DCFC in 2013, and scored two goals in their opener and another in the home opener. Cameron scored again in DCFC's 2-0 over Zanseville AFC, giving him 4 goals on the season.
Post-Professional
Cameron now is a co-owner and player for AFC Ann Arbor in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Cameron also helps with a youth soccer club called Saline FC.
International
Cameron elected to represent the United States internationally, and played for various youth national teams, being brought to UAE in 2003 for FIFA World Youth Championship.
References
External links
Columbus Crew player profile
Michigan bio
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:AFC Ann Arbor players
Category:African-American soccer players
Category:American soccer players
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Brooklyn Knights players
Category:Columbus Crew SC draft picks
Category:Columbus Crew SC players
Category:Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Category:Major League Soccer players
Category:Flint City Bucks players
Category:Michigan Wolverines men's soccer players
Category:National Premier Soccer League players
Category:Soccer players from New York (state)
Category:Sportspeople from the Bronx
Category:Sportspeople from Kingston, Jamaica
Category:United States men's under-20 international soccer players
Category:USL League Two players
Category:Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City) alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Antenna arrays are widely used in communication and radar systems because of their high directivity and ability to control beam direction. Some examples of these systems are military radars, vehicles collision avoidance systems, cellular base stations, satellite communication systems, broadcasting, naval communication, weather research, radio-frequency identification (RFID) and synthetic aperture radars. Antenna arrays are excited using either a serial or a corporate feed network. Serially-fed antenna arrays are more compact than their corporate-fed counterparts (e.g., serially-fed antenna arrays have a substantially shorter feeding or transmission line than corporate-fed arrays). Furthermore, the ohmic and feed line radiation losses are smaller in serially-fed arrays than in corporate-fed arrays. Hence, the efficiency of serially-fed arrays can be higher than that of corporate-fed arrays.
Serially-fed antenna arrays are not without their drawbacks, however. For example, serially-fed antenna arrays have a narrow bandwidth due to the non-zero group delay of the feed network causing variation of the phase shift with frequency between the antennas of adjacent antenna units. Therefore, beam direction varies (beam squint) as the frequency changes, thereby reducing the array boresight gain and causing performance degradation, especially in narrow beam width systems.
More particularly, the main beam angle of an antenna array is determined by phase shifts between adjacent antennas of the array. In serially-fed antenna arrays, the phase shift is adjusted using a frequency dependent phase shifter. Therefore, the antenna array beam angle changes as the frequency changes resulting in beam squinting given by equation (1):
θ beam = sin - 1 ( θ f - θ f o K o d E ) ( 1 ) where: θbeam is the main beam angle, θfo and θf are the phase shifts between any two of the adjacent antennas at the center frequency and at an offset frequency, respectively, and dE is the inter-element spacing (i.e., the space between adjacent antennas in the antenna array). According to equation (1), the beam squint occurs because the phase shift between the adjacent antennas varies with frequency. In order to eliminate the beam squint, the phase shift between the antennas must be frequency independent. In other words, the group delay, which is calculated from equation (2) below, between adjacent antennas must be zero.
Group Delay = - 1 2 π d θ f d f ( 2 )
To obtain a zero group delay between the adjacent antennas (and thereby eliminating, or at least substantially reducing, beam squint), one or more NGD circuit(s) may be integrated between the adjacent antennas. In such an instance, the NGD value must be equal to the value of the positive group delay of the interconnecting transmission lines. FIGS. 1A and 1B depict conventional serially-fed antenna array arrangements wherein NGD circuits are integrated between adjacent antennas to have an overall group delay of approximately zero. In FIG. 1A, and for each set of adjacent antennas, an NGD circuit comprising a lossy parallel resonance circuit is serially-integrated into the transmission line between the two antennas. In FIG. 1B, an NGD circuit comprising a lossy series resonator circuit is integrated into the transmission line in a shunt arrangement. In each of these arrangements, in order to have a uniformly excited antenna array, an amplifier and corresponding matching circuits can be used as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
The use of conventional NGD circuits in this manner is not without its shortcomings, however. The conventional NGD circuits employ lossy elements (e.g., a lossy resonator) to generate a desirable amount of NGD. As such, these circuits suffer from a large amount of loss in order to generate NGD (e.g., certain conventional NGD circuits may have a typical loss of 6 dB or more, meaning that more than 70-75% of the power is dissipated in the NGD circuit), which significantly limits their application.
Accordingly, there is a need for NGD circuits that minimize and/or eliminate one or more of the above-identified deficiencies. | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} |
General
Nha Trang is a seaside town, also the capital city of Khanh Hoa Province – on the South Central Coast of Vietnam. Nha Trang is becoming increasingly popular in recent years because of its pristine beach, best scuba diving center of Vietnam as well as lots of interesting places and delicious food to enjoy.
08h30: Pick-up at the hotel. Transfer to the National Oceanographic Institute, where performances various sea creatures. It was built at the begin of the century by French.
09h30: Visit Bao Dai Villa, it was built on the hill and surrounded by the poetic scenery.
10h00: Visit Long Son pagoda with the white huge Buhhda statue on the top of Trai Thuy hill, Ponagar tower a typical historic building of Cham people, Chong Ptomontory which is a beautiful sightseeing.
12h30: Have lunch and relax. Then you will soak and relax in Thap Ba Hot Mineral Spring Center (pay ticket which enjoy Mud Bath for yourself)
15h30: Shopping at Dam Market. Then you have a chance to listen about Nha Trang history at The Second of April Square, take photo with Tram Huong Tower and Opera House. Take an over view of Nha Trang city from the hight of Tram Huong Tower. | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} |
-4
Suppose 2*c = -2*s + 38, s = -4*c + 2*c + 23. Let w = 37 - s. Solve 5*g + 3 + w = 0 for g.
-5
Let n(a) = a**2 + 12*a + 4. Let j be n(-12). Suppose 0 = 2*l - j*l + 4. Solve 0*b = l*b for b.
0
Suppose -5*w = -3*w. Suppose i - 6 = -4*q, 3*q - i = 8 - w. Suppose -5*x + 15 = 2*o, 5*o + 4 = 4*x - 8. Solve k - q = -o for k.
2
Let u(l) be the second derivative of l**5/4 + l**4/12 - l**3/2 + l**2/2 - l. Let t be u(2). Let i = t + -27. Solve -i = k + 2*k for k.
-4
Let m be (0 + 0)*(-3)/(-9). Solve -3*b + 6 + 6 = m for b.
4
Suppose 5*c = 0, -4*r + r - 24 = 3*c. Let i = 16 + r. Solve -i*v + 3*v = 10 for v.
-2
Let w(u) be the third derivative of -u**5/60 - u**4/3 - 3*u**3/2 + 3*u**2. Let j be w(-6). Suppose j*m + 1 = 7. Solve 5 = -m*y - 1 for y.
-3
Let g = 101 - 63. Suppose 4*v = -5*s - 46, -v - s - g = 3*v. Let x = 14 + v. Solve x*a - 25 = -0*a for a.
5
Let f be ((-9)/(-27))/(138/45 - 3). Solve f - 14 = -3*o for o.
3
Let j be -18*-2*(-1)/(-3). Suppose 3*s + 3 = j. Solve 0 = s*z - 15 - 0 for z.
5
Let s = -1 + 1. Let d be 8*14/70 + (-4)/(-10). Solve -d*o = -s*o + 4 for o.
-2
Let g = 5 - 1. Solve g*p = -0*p + 12 for p.
3
Let h(u) = -u - 7. Let n be h(-10). Suppose n*l = 6*l. Solve -5*a - 13 + 3 = l for a.
-2
Let l be (36/(-15) - -3)*5. Suppose 0 = -b + l. Solve -5 = b*u + 2*u for u.
-1
Let x(n) = -n**2 + n. Let i be x(-1). Let h be (57/(-6))/(1/i). Let a be h/2 + (-4)/8. Solve 25 = 4*f + a for f.
4
Let h = 9 - 4. Let z(v) = -v**3 - 7*v**2 + 6*v + 1. Let w be z(-8). Let x = w - h. Solve k + x = -3*k for k.
-3
Let h(n) = -n**2 - 5*n. Let y be h(-4). Suppose -2*g + g + 16 = 0. Solve -y*o + 0*o = g for o.
-4
Suppose d = -3*d + 8. Suppose m + 4*v + 4 = 0, 3 = d*v - 1. Let s be (-27)/(-18)*m/(-2). Solve 16 = -5*i - s for i.
-5
Suppose 2*l - 7*l = 2*i - 54, -4*i + 38 = 3*l. Let c(z) = z - 7. Let o be c(9). Solve -3*h - o = l for h.
-4
Suppose 27 + 3 = 3*h. Let m = 12 - h. Solve m = 3*v - 7 for v.
3
Let v be ((-8)/(-5))/(5/50). Let q = 17 - v. Solve 0*f = -f + q for f.
1
Let y be 0/(-2 - -2 - -2). Solve 3*q = 3 - y for q.
1
Suppose -c - 3 = 2*c + n, 4*n = 5*c - 12. Let o(p) = p + 1. Let a be o(c). Solve -a = 3*l - 4 for l.
1
Let o(w) = w**3 + 20*w**2 + 19*w + 2. Let i be o(-19). Solve -i*r = -7*r for r.
0
Let q = 8 - 19. Let m = q - -13. Solve -7 = g - m for g.
-5
Let q be ((-3)/4)/((-12)/64). Solve p + 2 = q for p.
2
Let n(j) = -2 + j - 10*j - 6*j. Let p be n(-8). Suppose 0 = 3*k - 0*s + 2*s - 86, -3*s - p = -5*k. Solve 6 = -4*g + k for g.
5
Suppose 2*h - h - 3 = 0. Suppose -1 = 5*p + m + 7, 4*m - 6 = -p. Let l be (3/p)/((-12)/32). Solve -5 = -h*v + l for v.
3
Let b = 4 - 6. Let i be (3/b)/((-3)/18). Solve j + i = 4*j for j.
3
Let n(s) = 3*s**2 - 33*s - 30. Let x(z) = z**2 - 11*z - 10. Let o(g) = -3*n(g) + 8*x(g). Let j be o(10). Solve -3*d - 2*d = -j for d.
4
Let y(c) = -c**2 + 13. Let f be y(0). Solve -5*o + 2 = -f for o.
3
Let i(y) = 3*y + 65. Let u be i(-20). Solve 2 = u*d - 8 for d.
2
Let j = 19 - 19. Suppose -5*d - 4 + 19 = 0. Solve s + j*s = d for s.
3
Let t(g) = -g**2 + 5*g. Let b be t(4). Let o(h) = -h - 2. Let z be o(-3). Solve 0 = -b*l + 9 - z for l.
2
Let c(f) = -f**2 - 11*f + 26. Let l be c(-13). Solve -u = -l*u + 4 for u.
-4
Let p be 2*(-12)/(-32)*4. Solve 0 = p*r - 2*r - 2 for r.
2
Suppose r - 12 = -0*r - 2*m, -10 = -5*m. Suppose 3*o + 20 = r*o. Solve 0 = -0*y + o*y for y.
0
Let m = -20 + 24. Let h be (-4)/(-1) - (0 - -1). Solve h*v - 5 = m for v.
3
Suppose -b + 3*d - 7 = -d, 2*d = 2*b - 4. Suppose b*a = -0*a. Solve 5*u = -a*u for u.
0
Suppose -11 + 61 = 5*d. Let l(y) = -4*y - 7. Let b be l(-7). Let q = -11 + b. Solve -q - d = 5*g for g.
-4
Let n(f) = -f**3 + 6*f**2 - 4*f - 4. Let j be n(5). Let w be (3/3)/j + 3. Solve w*i - 17 = -1 for i.
4
Let i be 0/(-3 + 2 + -1). Suppose -3*m + i*m = 0. Solve m = -4*y - 13 + 1 for y.
-3
Suppose -2*y = 4 - 14. Suppose 3*d - 3 = -3*i, y*d + i = -1 + 10. Let p(z) = z**2 - 3*z - 4. Let l be p(5). Solve d*m - l*m = -4 for m.
1
Let b(a) = a + 8. Let c be b(-6). Let p be 2 + 0 + 0 + c. Solve 3*j = p - 19 for j.
-5
Let x = -14 - -14. Solve -6*l + l + 5 = x for l.
1
Suppose 5 = 3*v - 7. Solve -v = 3*c - c for c.
-2
Let g be (-4)/2*35/(-14). Solve -t = -0*t - g for t.
5
Suppose 0 = -6*o + o + 75. Suppose 0*s + o = 3*s. Let j be (3/1)/(11/11). Solve 4*w - s*w = j for w.
-3
Let c be (2/3)/(8/(-12)). Let b = 2 - c. Solve -b*f + 4 = -f for f.
2
Let x(y) = 2*y**2 - 2 - y + y**3 - 3*y**2 + 0*y**2 - 2*y**3. Let m = 5 - 7. Let w be x(m). Solve 0 = v + 3 - w for v.
1
Suppose 27 + 33 = 12*p. Solve 3*d - p - 1 = 0 for d.
2
Suppose 0 = -4*l - 3*z - 13, -z = 2*l + 4 + 1. Let m = 0 - l. Let j = 1 - m. Solve j = 5*x - 2*x for x.
0
Suppose j - 4 = -3*p - 1, 5*p + 2*j - 6 = 0. Solve p = -m - 1 for m.
-1
Let k be 3/(-2) + 14/4. Solve 0*v + k*v = 8 for v.
4
Suppose -5*f + 4 = -p + 32, -3*p - 16 = 5*f. Solve 1 = c + p for c.
-2
Let p = 166 - 116. Suppose 0 = 3*t + 2*t - p. Solve t = 4*q - 9*q for q.
-2
Suppose -3*w = -0*w. Solve 4*k = -w*k for k.
0
Let b = 3 - 3. Suppose k + 2*t = 3, 0 = -0*k - 2*k + 4*t + 6. Solve b = -0*w + 3*w - k for w.
1
Suppose -5*m + 16 = -2*w, -m - 14 = -w - 4*m. Suppose 1 = -3*v - o + 3, -2*o - 4 = w*v. Suppose -5*d = 3*i - 88, 0*i = v*d + 3*i - 28. Solve d = -4*q + 4 for q.
-4
Suppose -20 = -j + 3*x, -2*x - 3*x - 15 = 2*j. Suppose 5 = r - 0. Suppose -3*s + 3*y + 10 = -4*s, -4*s - j*y - r = 0. Solve -4 - 6 = -s*p for p.
2
Let p be 309/21 - (-4)/14. Let s = 22 + -18. Solve -s*a + 1 = -p for a.
4
Let o(k) = -k**3 - 4*k**2 - 5*k - 2. Let w be o(-3). Let c be (-4)/(-2)*10/w. Solve -c*t - 10 = -3*t for t.
-5
Let j be 4/(-10) - (-36)/15. Let y(u) = u. Let h be y(0). Suppose -3*m + h*m - 12 = 0, 3*c - 4*m = 25. Solve -j*r - 15 = c*r for r.
-3
Let g be 4/(-7)*(4 - 11). Suppose 5*t + 0 = -5, 3*q - g*t = 13. Solve 2*x = -q*x - 10 for x.
-2
Suppose 0 = 2*f + 2*f - 108. Solve -11 + f = 4*v for v.
4
Let y be (2/1)/(10/(-45)). Let m = 14 + y. Solve -2*n = 3 + m for n.
-4
Let r be ((-12)/8)/((-2)/(-24)). Let a be (-4)/r + 4/(-18). Solve a = -0*l - 3*l for l.
0
Let o(d) be the third derivative of d**6/120 + d**5/20 - d**4/6 + d**3/3 + 2*d**2. Let l be o(-4). Solve 6*u - 4 = l*u for u.
1
Suppose 8*b = 10 + 14. Solve -b*w = -6*w + 9 for w.
3
Let z(i) = -2 - 8*i + 5*i + 2*i + 6. Let k be z(2). Let j be 10*k/12*3. Solve -j*d = -d - 12 for d.
3
Let h = -13 - -12. Let m = 3 - h. Solve q - m = -0*q for q.
4
Let u(c) = -7*c - 3. Let v(f) = 27*f + 11. Let g(a) = 22*u(a) + 6*v(a). Let i be g(1). Solve 7 + i = 5*l for l.
3
Let c = 3 - 0. Suppose -c*g = 2*g + 5. Let o be (1/g)/((-3)/9). Solve 0 = o*b - 4*b for b.
0
Let n(d) = -d + 1. Let k be n(4). Let i be -1 + -10 - (k - -1). Let o(l) = -l**3 - 9*l**2 - 2*l - 8. Let q be o(i). Solve -5*f - 10 = q for f.
-4
Let i be ((-1)/(-2))/(1/6). Let p(c) = c + c**2 + i - 1 - 2. Let k be p(-1). Solve -5*l = -k*l for l.
0
Let m = 25 - 16. Suppose -20 = -33*v + 28*v. Solve o = v*o - m for o.
3
Let g(m) = -m**2 + 6*m - 6. Let j be g(3). Solve 2*f + j*f = 20 for f.
4
Let p(b) = -7*b**2 - b + 10. Let w(a) = 11*a**2 + a - 15. Let h(t) = -8*p(t) - 5*w(t). Let s be h(-5). Solve v + s = 3 for v.
-2
Suppose 3*t - 46 = 7*t + 3*s, t + 2 = 4*s. Suppose -3*j + 25 - 70 = 0. Let g be (-86)/t + j/25. Solve -l - l = -g for l.
4
Let z be 8 + (-4)/(-12)*0. Solve -u = u - z for u.
4
Suppose -3*m + 5*w + 39 = -1, 0 = 5*m + 2*w - 46. Solve -m = 3*j - j for j.
-5
Let v be (-3)/(-2)*(-12)/(-6). Solve v*j + 0*j = 3 for j.
1
Let t = 32 + 14. Let z = 67 - t. Let j = -13 + z. Solve -5*h + j + 2 = 0 for h.
2
Let p = -15 + 21. Solve -p*s + s + 15 = 0 for s.
3
Suppose -2*c + 2*n + 7 = -1, -n = c + 2. Suppose -c = -5*h + 9. Solve -14 = -4*v + h for v.
4
Suppose -3*h = 2*h + 10. Let a be (-29)/9 + h/(-9). Let s be a/(-2)*16/6. Solve s*q = q for q.
0
Suppose 11 - 39 = 2*i. Let f = i + 20. Solve w = f*w for w.
0
Let c be -3*(5/(-3) - -1). Solve 3*d - c*d = -1 for d.
-1
Let f = -99 + 101. Solve -f*r = r + 9 for r.
-3
Let c(l) = -l**3 + l - 1. Let y be c(1). Let x = 3 + y. Let k be (-1)/x + (-5)/(-10). Solve k*v + 12 = -4*v for v.
-3
Let o be 9/2 - 9/18. Solve o*y = -3 - 5 for y.
-2
Let g(j) = 0*j**3 + 3*j**2 + 1 + j**3 + 3 - j**2 - 2*j. Let i be g(-3). Suppose 4*v - 7 - 9 = 0. Solve 7 = -v*r - i for r.
-2
Let o(k) = k**3 - 5*k**2 + | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} |
Sarasota Reds
The Sarasota Reds were a professional minor league baseball team, located in Sarasota, Florida, as a member of the Florida State League. However team originally started play in Sarasota as the Sarasota White Sox in 1989. They remained in the city for the next 21 seasons, going through a series of name changes due to their affiliation changes. They were known as the White Sox from 1989–1993, as the Sarasota Red Sox from 1994–2004, and the Reds from 2004–2009. In Sarasota, the team played in Payne Park (1989) and then Ed Smith Stadium (1990–2009). They won two division championships, in 1989 and 1992, and made playoff appearances in 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2007.
However the roots of the Reds can be traced back, even further, to the Tampa Tarpons. In the 1980s rumors arose that a major league team would come to Tampa, which would threaten the viability of the Tarpons and other minor league teams in the Tampa Bay Area. In 1988 the Chicago White Sox replaced Cincinnati as the Tarpons' affiliate, launching murmurs that the White Sox would themselves relocate to the area. Fearing his team would soon be displaced, in 1989 Tarpons owner Mitchell Mick sold his franchise to the White Sox, who moved it to Sarasota, Florida as the Sarasota White Sox.
The team's Sarasota era produced many notable player who would go on to play in majors. Bo Jackson, Mike LaValliere, Dave Stieb, Hall of Famer Frank Thomas and Bob Wickman all played for the Sarasota White Sox. Meanwhile, Stan Belinda, David Eckstein, Nomar Garciaparra, Byung-hyun Kim, Jeff Suppan, Dustin Pedroia, Jonathan Papelbon, and Kevin Youkilis were alumni of the Sarasota Red Sox. The Sarasota Reds also produced many notable major league players such as Jay Bruce, Johnny Cueto, Joey Votto, Chris Heisey, and Drew Stubbs.
After the Reds' spring-training departure from Florida's Grapefruit League to Arizona's Cactus League in 2009, the Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates did an "affiliate-swap". The Pirates took over the Sarasota Reds, while the Reds became the parent club of the Pirates' former Class A-Advanced affiliate, the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Carolina League. The Pittsburgh Pirates have had their spring training facilities based in Bradenton, Florida since in 1969, when the city met with Pirates' general manager Joe Brown and owner John W. Galbreath and both sides agreed to a lease of 40 years, with an option for another 40 years. On November 10, 2009, baseball officials voted to allow the Pirates to purchase and uproot the Sarasota Reds. The Pirates moved the team to Bradenton, where they were renamed the Bradenton Marauders. The Marauders became the first Florida State League team located in Bradenton since the Bradenton Growers folded in 1926.
Logos and uniforms
The Sarasota teams' names, logos and team colors were all closely associated with each's parent club. For example, the logos for Sarasota White Sox, Red Sox and Reds were just slightly altered versions of the parent club logos. However, there were attempts to allow some of these teams to find their own unique identities. In 2000, the Sarasota Red Sox introduced their mascot Gordy the Gecko. The Red Sox front office felt that since the team was based in Florida, its mascot should be reflective to the area. Soon Gordy found his way on to the team's caps as an alternate logo.
Season-by-season record
Notable alumni
Former White Sox players
Former Red Sox players
Former Reds players
References
Category:Baseball teams established in 1989
Category:Defunct Florida State League teams
Category:Sports in Sarasota County, Florida
Category:Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates
Category:Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates
Category:Cincinnati Reds minor league affiliates
Category:Defunct baseball teams in Florida
Category:1989 establishments in Florida
Category:2009 disestablishments in Florida
Category:Baseball teams disestablished in 2009 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Q:
iOS - Passing LaunchOptions to a sub-method
Im trying to add an asyncronous lookup for Push Notifications and I'm having a problem passing launchOptions to the*@selector. Can you please tell me what I need to change?
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
/* Operation Queue init (autorelease) */
NSOperationQueue *queue = [NSOperationQueue new];
/* Create NSInvocationOperation to call loadDataWithOperation, passing in nil */
NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(setupPushNotifications) object:launchOptions];
[queue addOperation:operation]; /* Add the operation to the queue */
[operation release];
}
and
-(void)setupPushNotifications:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
//Init Airship launch options
NSMutableDictionary *takeOffOptions = [[[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init] autorelease];
[takeOffOptions setValue:launchOptions forKey:UAirshipTakeOffOptionsLaunchOptionsKey];
// Create Airship singleton that's used to talk to Urban Airship servers.
// Please populate AirshipConfig.plist with your info from http://go.urbanairship.com
[UAirship takeOff:takeOffOptions];
NSLog(@"Registering for Notifications");
// Register for notifications
[[UIApplication sharedApplication]
registerForRemoteNotificationTypes:(UIRemoteNotificationTypeBadge |
UIRemoteNotificationTypeSound |
UIRemoteNotificationTypeAlert)];
}
A:
change
NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(setupPushNotifications) object:launchOptions];
to
NSInvocationOperation *operation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(setupPushNotifications:) object:launchOptions];
| {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} |
Google’s Pixelbook might be the very best Chromebook you can buy. The $1,000 machine is a shining example of what a good combination of hardware and software can do when in perfect sync. But it isn’t the best Chromebook you should buy. Chromebooks aren’t supposed to cost a grand. They’re supposed to be cheap. So we’ve spent the last few weeks trying to find the best Chromebook to buy that doesn’t actually wreck a wallet.
First, we had to whittle down the field a bit. There are a lot of Chromebooks out there. They come in a wide range of display sizes, have a wide variety of processors available, and range in price from $150 to over $1,000.
Going too cheap on a Chromebook kind of defeats the purpose, though. A Chromebook should look and feel like a “real” laptop but cost a fraction of the price. If the display is junky, the finish is really crummy, or its just not powerful enough, a too-cheap Chromebook is going to feel like a waste of money. But there’s a sweet spot in the Chromebook market in $500 to $600 price range. These machines have improved finishes, nicer displays, and in general, they just don’t feel so budget.
So we reached out to every major Chromebook maker and asked them to send us their best machine in that $500 to $600 range. This led us to test the following competitors:
These were the devices each Chromebook maker felt was the very best they produced at that price point, and there were a lot of inconsistencies across the field. The Lenovo has a huge 15.6-inch display, while the Dell has a tiny 11.6-inch display. (The others have displays that range in size from 12.2 inches to 14 inches.) Processors featured were as slow as a Celeron or Pentium, or as fast as an i3.
Ultimately it was the Asus Chromebook Flip C434, priced at $570, that seemed to stand above the rest. But how did it come out on top? With such a disparate group of devices, we naturally had to pit them against one another in three battles. We wanted to know which had the best user experience, which was fastest, and which had the best battery life.
User experience
A good user experience is absolutely vital when it comes to more affordable Chromebooks. Cheaper devices cut more corners, have more design flaws, and tend to be uglier and heavier than premium devices.
The HP Chromebook X2 is a nice-looking Chromebook from afar. But up close you realize it’s actually a thick tablet with a keyboard case. It’s heavy, and poorly balanced, with the keyboard flopping as you type.
The Lenovo Yoga Chromebook faces a different set of issues. Its 15.6-inch display is huge, so using it as a tablet makes you feel extremely silly. It’s also the largest and heaviest Chromebook tested, and nowadays, we prefer something a little smaller and lighter to squeeze into a backpack.
The Dell has big bezels, a tiny screen, and just feels clunky. Photo : CJ Dominguez ( Gizmodo )
The Acer Chromebook 315 looks and feels like a more proper laptop, but the finishes feel cheap. It’s the only Chromebook of the group that can’t double as a tablet.
The Samsung Chromebook Plus V2 (our previous favorite Chromebook) and the Dell Chromebook 3100 both nimbly switch between laptop and tablet. Yet the Dell has the smallest display of all the Chromebooks tested, the biggest bezels, and a chunky design that makes it feel bulkier than most general Chromebook users would want. The Samsung has a much nicer 12.2-inch display and far better finishes, but it still lags behind our top choice.
The Asus Chromebook Flip C434 feels like a much more expensive device with its all-aluminum body and super big display with super-narrow bezels. Its 14-inch display is packed into a laptop with the footprint of a 13-inch device. The keyboard is a little mushy, but the touchpad is responsive. I never felt ridiculous using the Asus in tablet mode, which was a welcome respite from nearly every other Chromebook tested. The Flip C434 was the only Chromebook that didn’t feel like a major compromise, which makes it our winner.
Winner: Asus Chromebook Flip C434
Speed
Speed on a Chromebook is important—not as important as on a Windows, Linux, or macOS device—but crucial if you don’t want to feel like you’re crawling across the web.
Unfortunately, it’s pretty difficult to actually test the speed of Chromebooks. Most of their most processor-intensive tasks are happening in the cloud, and the stuff they do day to day on the local hardware just isn’t as demanding. We settled for running a small group of benchmarks to give us a general idea of performance. We chiefly relied on WebXPRT 2015, a browser-based benchmark designed to test how speedily a computer handles web-based tasks like spreadsheet sorting, image editing, and word processing. We also used Geekbench 4, a synthetic benchmark that runs a series of tests designed to task the CPU and GPU and provide a score.
Geekbench 4 is a synthetic benchmark designed to test the CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage speed. The Single Core test focuses on the performance of a single core in a CPU. A higher score is better. Graphic : Alex Cranz ( Gizmodo ) Geekbench 4 is a synthetic benchmark designed to test the CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage speed. The Multi-Core test focuses on the performance of all the cores in a CPU. A higher score is better. Graphic : Alex Cranz ( Gizmodo ) WebXPRT 2015 is a web-based benchmark that tests the speed of a computer’s browser when performing a series of tasks like image resizing, text editing, and spreadsheet management. A higher score is better. Graphic : Alex Cranz ( Gizmodo ) Geekbench 4 is a synthetic benchmark designed to test the CPU, GPU, RAM, and storage speed. The Compute test focuses on the performance of the GPU. A higher score is better. The Samsung was not available for testing. Graphic : Alex Cranz ( Gizmodo ) 1 / 4
There wasn’t a lot of surprises here. The Lenovo has the most powerful CPU, an 8th Gen i3 processor, and handily performed best on the benchmarks. The Asus and HP had the second most powerful CPUs and, naturally, did second best. The Samsung, Acer, and Dell all lagged behind with their wimpiest processors.
Winner: Lenovo Yoga Chromebook
Battery life
Speed is important to consider, but in a Chromebook, battery life is even more crucial. You won’t always notice a slow processor in a Chromebook, but you will notice one that dies halfway through your binge of the final season of Orange Is the New Black.
We tested each Chromebook’s battery the way we test all laptops, phones, and tablets at Gizmodo. First, we adjust the brightness of the display to 200 nits. These devices all have different-sized displays with different max brightnesses, and we want them on as equal a playing field as possible, as the more light the display puts out the faster its battery drains. Next, we turned off notifications, Bluetooth, backlit keyboards, and any other funky little settings that could unnecessarily drain the battery life. Finally, we reenacted my Sunday morning and streamed YouTube in full-screen mode until each device died.
The battery life, as tested, in minutes. Graphic : Alex Cranz ( Gizmodo )
As with the speed battle, the results weren’t super surprising. The Dell has the smallest display, and Dell is notorious for making laptops with excellent battery life. So, of course, it would have the best battery life—lasting 13 hours and 13 minutes. The Acer Chromebook 315, which is perhaps the most barebones of the Chromebooks came in second with 9 hours and 10 minutes, and the Asus Chromebook Flip C434 took third with 8 hours and 24 minutes. The others all lastest less than 8 hours.
Winner: Dell Chromebook 3100
Winner winner
So it seems like a three-way tie right? The Lenovo was fastest, the Dell had the best battery life, and the Asus had the best user experience.
Naturally, we needed some way to break the tie, because our goal was to find the absolute best value in a Chromebook. So we looked at where all the competitors placed in the respective battles, and on average, the Asus consistently placed higher than the Lenovo or the Dell. It had the third-best battery life, and took either second or third place in the speed battle, depending on the benchmark.
Plus, again, it’s the best to use! The Asus Chromebook Flip C434 won the first battle by a wide margin, and considering how well it performed in general, it’s a no brainer that we’d point you towards the Asus Chromebook Flip C434 as the best Chromebook to buy. At $570 it’s not outrageously expensive, and it neatly balances performance and battery life in a Chromebook body that looks and feels a lot more expensive than it is.
Winner: Asus Chromebook Flip C434 | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} |
---
abstract: 'Inspired by the paper of Tasaka [@tasaka], we study the relations between totally odd, motivic depth-graded multiple zeta values. Our main objective is to determine the rank of the matrix $C_{N,r}$ defined by Brown [@Brown]. We will give new proofs for (conjecturally optimal) upper bounds on ${\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,3}$ and ${\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,4}$, which were first obtained by Tasaka [@tasaka]. Finally, we present a recursive approach to the general problem, which reduces the evaluation of ${\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,r}$ to an isomorphism conjecture.'
address:
- 'Charlotte Dietze, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik,Vivatsgasse 7,53111 Bonn, Germany'
- 'Chorkri Manai, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik,Vivatsgasse 7,53111 Bonn, Germany'
- 'Christian Nöbel, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik,Vivatsgasse 7,53111 Bonn, Germany'
- 'Ferdinand Wagner, Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik,Vivatsgasse 7,53111 Bonn, Germany'
author:
- Charlotte Dietze
- Chokri Manai
- Christian Nöbel
- Ferdinand Wagner
bibliography:
- 'mzv.bib'
date: September 2016
title: 'Totally Odd Depth-graded Multiple Zeta Values and Period Polynomials'
---
Introduction
============
In this paper we will be interested in $\mathbb{Q}$-linear relations among totally odd depth-graded multiple zeta values (MZVs), for which there conjecturally is a bijection with the kernel of a specific matrix $C_{N,r}$ connected to restricted even period polynomials (for a definition, see [@schneps] or [@gkz2006 Section 5]). For integers $n_1,\ldots,n_{r-1}\geq1$ and $n_r\geq2$, the MZV of $n_1,\ldots,n_r$ is defined as the number $$\begin{aligned}
\zeta(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\coloneqq \sum_{0<k_1<\cdots<k_r} \frac{1}{k_1^{n_1}\cdots k_r^{n_r}}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ We call the sum $n_1+\cdots+n_r$ of arguments the weight and their number $r$ the depth of $\zeta(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$. One classical question about MZVs is counting the number of linearly independent $\mathbb Q$-linear relations between MZVs. It is highly expected, but for now seemingly out of reach that there are no relations between MZVs of different weight. Such questions become reachable when considered in the motivic setting. Motivic MZVs $\zeta^{\mathfrak m}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$ are elements of a certain $\mathbb Q$-algebra $\mathcal H=\bigoplus_{N\geq 0}\mathcal H_N$ which was constructed by Brown in [@brownMixedMotives] and is graded by the weight $N$. Any relation fulfilled by motivic MZVs also holds for the corresponding MZVs via the period homomorphism $per\colon\mathcal H\to \mathbb R$.
We further restrict to depth-graded MZVs: Let $\mathcal Z_{N,r}$ and $\mathcal H_{N,r}$ denote the $\mathbb Q$-vector space spanned by the real respectively motivic MZVs of weight $N$ and depth $r$ modulo MZVs of lower depth. The depth-graded MZV of $n_1,\ldots,n_r$, that is, the equivalence class of $\zeta(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$ in $\mathcal Z_{N,r}$, is denoted by $\zeta_{\mathfrak D}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$. The elements of $\mathcal H_{N,r}$ are denoted $\zeta_{\mathfrak D}^{\mathfrak m}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$ analogously. The dimension of $\mathcal Z_{N,r}$ is subject of the Broadhurst-Kreimer Conjecture.
The generating function of the dimension of the space $\mathcal Z_{N,r}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N,r\geq0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathcal Z_{N,r}\cdot x^N y^r\overset?= \frac{1- \mathbb E(x)y}{1-\mathbb O(x)y+\mathbb S(x) y^2 - \mathbb S(x)y^4}{\,},\end{aligned}$$ where we denote $\mathbb E(x)\coloneqq \frac{x^2}{1-x^2}=x^2+x^4+x^6+\cdots$, $\mathbb O(x)\coloneqq \frac{x^3}{1-x^2}=x^3+x^5+x^7+\cdots$, and $\mathbb S(x)\coloneqq \frac{x^{12}}{(1-x^4)(1-x^6)}$.
It should be mentioned that $\mathbb S(x)=\sum_{n>0}\dim\mathcal S_n\cdot x^n$, where $\mathcal S_n$ denotes the space of cusp forms of weight $n$, for which there is an isomorphism to the space of restricted even period polynomials of degree $n-2$ (defined in [@schneps] or [@gkz2006 Section 5]).
In his paper [@Brown], Brown considered the $\mathbb Q$-vector space $\mathcal Z_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$ (respectively $\mathcal H_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$) of totally odd (motivic) and depth-graded MZVs, that is, $\zeta_{\mathfrak D}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$ (respectively $\zeta_{\mathfrak D}^{\mathfrak m}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)$) for $n_i\geq3$ odd, and linked them to a certain explicit matrix $C_{N,r}$, where $N=n_1+\cdots+n_r$ denotes the weight. In particular, he showed that any right annihilator $(a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r})_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}$ of $C_{N,r}$ induces a relation $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r}\zeta_{\mathfrak D}^{\mathfrak m}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)=0{\,},\text{ hence also }\sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r}\zeta_{\mathfrak D}(n_1,\ldots,n_r)=0\end{aligned}$$(see Section \[sec:preliminaries\] for the notations) and conjecturally all relations in $\mathcal Z_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$ arise in this way. This led to the following conjecture (the uneven part of the Broadhurst-Kreimer Conjecture).
\[con:Brown\] The generating series of the dimension of $\mathcal Z_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$ and the rank of $C_{N,r}$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
1+\sum_{N,r>0}{\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,r}\cdot x^Ny^r\overset?=1+\sum_{N,r>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathcal Z_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}\cdot x^Ny^r\overset?=\frac1{1-\mathbb O(x)y+\mathbb S(x)y^2}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
The contents of this paper are as follows. In Section \[sec:preliminaries\], we explain our notations and define the matrices $C_{N,r}$ due to Brown [@Brown] as well as $E_{N,r}$ and $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$ considered by Tasaka [@tasaka]. In Section \[sec:known results\], we briefly state some of Tasaka’s results on the matrix $E_{N,r}$. Section \[sec:main tools\] is devoted to further investigate the connection between the left kernel of $E_{N,r}$ and restricted even period polynomials, which was first discovered by Baumard and Schneps [@schneps] and appears again in [@tasaka Theorem 3.6]. In Section \[sec:main results\], we will apply our methods to the cases $r=3$ and $r=4$. The first goal of Section \[sec:main results\] will be to show
\[thm:case3\]Assume that the map from Theorem \[thm:injection\] is injective. We then have the lower bound $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,3}\cdot x^N\geq 2 \mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x){\,},\end{aligned}$$ where $\geq$ means that for every $N>0$ the coefficient of $x^N$ on the right-hand side does not exceed the corresponding one on the left-hand side.
This was stated without proof in [@tasaka]. Furthermore, we will give a new proof by the polynomial methods developed in Section \[sec:main tools\] for the following result.
\[thm:case4\]Assume that the map from Theorem \[thm:injection\] is injective. We then have the lower bound $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,4}\cdot x^N\geq 3 \mathbb O(x)^2\mathbb S(x)-\mathbb S(x)^2{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
In the last two subsections of this paper, we will consider the case of depth 5 and give an idea for higher depths. For depth 5, we will prove that upon Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\] due to Tasaka ([@tasaka Section 3]), the lower bound predicted by Conjecture \[con:Brown\] holds, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,5}\cdot x^N\geq 4 \mathbb O(x)^3\mathbb S(x)-3 \mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x)^2{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ These bounds are conjecturally sharp (i.e. the ones given by Conjecture \[con:Brown\]). Finally, we will prove a recursion for value of $\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r}$ under the assumption of a similar isomorphism conjecture stated at the end of Section \[sec:main tools\], which was proposed by Claire Glanois.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
---------------
This research was conducted as part of the Hospitanzprogramm (internship program) at the Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik (Bonn). We would like to express our deepest thanks to our mentor, Claire Glanois, for introducing us into the theory of multiple zeta values. We are also grateful to Daniel Harrer, Matthias Paulsen and Jörn Stöhler for many helpful comments.
Preliminaries {#sec:preliminaries}
=============
Notations
---------
In this section we introduce our notations and we give some definitions. As usual, for a matrix $A$ we define $\ker A$ to be the set of right annihilators of $A$. Apart from this, we mostly follow the notations of Tasaka in his paper [@tasaka]. Let $$\begin{aligned}
S_{N,r}\coloneqq \left\{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in\mathbb Z^r\ |\ n_1+\cdots+n_r=N,\ n_1,\ldots,n_r\geq3\text{ odd}\right\}{\,},\end{aligned}$$ where $N$ and $r$ are natural numbers. Since the elements of the set $S_{N,r}$ will be used as indices of matrices and vectors, we usually arrange them in lexicographically decreasing order. Let $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf V_{N,r}\coloneqq \left\langle \left.x_1^{m_1-1}\cdots x_r^{m_r-1}\ \right|\ (m_1,\ldots,m_r)\in S_{N,r}\right\rangle_\mathbb{Q}\end{aligned}$$denote the vector space of restricted totally even homogeneous polynomials of degree $N-r$ in $r$ variables. There is a natural isomorphism from $\mathbf V_{N,r}$ to the $\mathbb Q$-vector space ${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$ of $n$-tuples $(a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r})_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}$ indexed by totally odd indices $(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}$, which we denote $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:natiso}
\begin{split}
\pi\colon\mathbf V_{N,r}&\overset{\sim\,}{\longrightarrow}{\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}\\
\sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r}x_1^{n_1-1}\cdots x_r^{n_r-1}&\longmapsto \left(a_{n_1,\ldots,n_r}\right)_{(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}{\,}.
\end{split} \end{aligned}$$ We assume vectors to be row vectors by default.
Finally, let $\mathbf W_{N,r}$ be the vector subspace of $\mathbf V_{N,r}$ defined by $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf W_{N,r}\coloneqq \left\{P\in\mathbf V_{N,r}\ |\ P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\right.&=P(x_2-x_1,x_2,x_3,\ldots,x_r)\\&\left.\phantom=-P(x_2-x_1,x_1,x_3,\ldots,x_r)\right\}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ That is, $P(x_1,x_2,x_3,\ldots,x_r)$ is a sum of restricted even period polynomials in $x_1,x_2$ multiplied by monomials in $x_3,\ldots,x_r$. More precisely, one can decompose $$\begin{aligned}
\mathbf W_{N,r}=\bigoplus_{\substack{1<n<N\\n\text{ even}}}\mathbf W_{n,2}\otimes \mathbf V_{N-n,r-2} \label{eq:decomposition}{\,},\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathbf W_{n,2}$ is the space of restricted even period polynomials of degree $n-2$. Since $\mathbf W_{n,2}$ is isomorphic to the space $\mathcal S_n$ of cusp forms of weight $n$ by Eichler-Shimura correspondence (see [@zagier]), leads to the following dimension formula.
\[lem:wnreq\] For all $r\geq 2$, $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,r}\cdot x^N= \mathbb O(x)^{r-2} \mathbb S(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
Ihara action and the matrices $E_{N,r}$ and $C_{N,r}$
-----------------------------------------------------
We use Tasaka’s notation (from [@tasaka]) for the polynomial representation of the Ihara action defined by Brown [@Brown Section 6]. Let $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}\colon\mathbb Q[x_1]\otimes\mathbb Q[x_2,\ldots,x_r]&\longrightarrow\mathbb Q[x_1,\ldots,x_r] \\
f\otimes g&\longmapsto f{\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}g{\,},\end{aligned}$$where $f{\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}g$ denotes the polynomial $$\begin{gathered}
(f{\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}g)(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\coloneqq f(x_1)g(x_2,\ldots,x_r)+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\Bigl(f(x_{i+1}-x_i)g(x_1,\ldots,\hat x_{i+1},\ldots,x_r)\\
-(-1)^{\deg f}f(x_i-x_{i+1})g(x_1,\ldots,\hat x_i,\ldots,x_r)\Bigr){\,}.\end{gathered}$$ (the hats are to indicate, that $x_{i+1}$ and $x_i$ resp. are omitted in the above expression).
For integers $m_1,\ldots,m_r,n_1,\cdots,n_r \geq 1$, let furthermore the integer $e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_r}}}$ denote the coefficient of $x_1^{n_1-1}\cdots x_r^{n_r-1}$ in $x_1^{m_1-1} {\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}\left(x_1^{m_2-1}\cdots x_{r-1}^{m_r-1}\right)$, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:e}
x_1^{m_1-1} {\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}\left(x_1^{m_2-1}\cdots x_{r-1}^{m_r-1}\right) = \sum_{\substack{n_1 + \cdots + n_r = m_1 + \cdots + m_r \\ n_1, \cdots, n_r \geq 1}} e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_r}}}x_1^{n_1-1}\cdots x_r^{n_r-1}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Note that $e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_r}}}=0$ if $m_1+\cdots+m_r\not=n_1+\cdots+n_r$.
One can explicitly compute the integers $e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\cdots,n_r}}}$ by the following formula: ([@tasaka Lemma 3.1]) $$\begin{gathered}
e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_r}}}=\delta{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1\ldots,n_r}}}+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\delta{{\textstyle\binom{\hat m_1,m_2,\ldots,m_i,\hat m_{i+1},m_{i+2},\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_{i-1},\hat n_i,\hat n_{i+1},n_{i+2},\ldots,n_r}}}\\
\cdot\left((-1)^{n_i}\binom{m_1-1}{n_i-1}+(-1)^{m_1-n_{i+1}}\binom{m_1-1}{n_{i+1}-1}\right)$$ (again, the hats are to indicate that $m_1,m_{i+1},n_i,n_{i+1}$ are omitted), where $$\begin{aligned}
\delta{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_{s}}{n_1,\ldots,n_{s}}}} \coloneqq
\begin{cases}
1\quad\text{if } m_i=n_i \text{ for all }i\in\{1,\ldots,s\} \\
0\quad\text{else}
\end{cases}\end{aligned}$$ denotes the usual Kronecker delta.
\[def:enrq\] Let $N,r$ be positive integers.
- We define the $|S_{N,r}|\times |S_{N,r}|$ matrix $$\begin{aligned}
E_{N,r}\coloneqq \left(e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_r}{n_1,\ldots,n_r}}}\right)_{(m_1,\ldots,m_r),(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
- For integers $r\geq j\geq 2$ we also define the $|S_{N,r}|\times |S_{N,r}|$ matrix $$\begin{aligned}
E_{N,r}^{(j)}\coloneqq \left(\delta{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_{r-j}}{n_1,\ldots,n_{r-j}}}}e{{\textstyle\binom{m_{r-j+1},\ldots,m_r}{n_{r-j+1},\ldots,n_r}}} \right)_{(m_1,\ldots,m_r),(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
\[def:cnr\] The $|S_{N,r}|\times |S_{N,r}|$ matrix $C_{N,r}$ is defined as $$\begin{aligned}
C_{N,r}\coloneqq E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdot E_{N,r}^{(3)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\cdot E_{N,r}{\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
Known Results {#sec:known results}
=============
Recall the map $\pi\colon\mathbf V_{N,r}\rightarrow{\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$ (equation ). Theorem \[thm:Schneps\] due to Baumard and Schneps [@schneps] establishes a connection between the left kernel of the matrix $E_{N,2}$ and the space $\mathbf W_{N,2}$ of restricted even period polynomials. This connection was further investigated by Tasaka [@tasaka], relating $\mathbf W_{N,r}$ and the left kernel of $E_{N,r}$ for arbitrary $r\geq2$.
\[thm:Schneps\] For each integer $N>0$ we have $$\begin{aligned}
\pi\left(\mathbf W_{N,2}\right)=\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,2}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
\[thm:injection\] Let $r\geq2$ be a positive integer and $F_{N,r}=E_{N,r}-{\operatorname{id}}_{{\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}}$. Then, the following $\mathbb Q$-linear map is well-defined: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:TasakasFail}
\begin{split}
\mathbf W_{N,r}&\longrightarrow \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\\
P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)&\longmapsto\pi(P)F_{N,r}{\,}.
\end{split}
\end{aligned}$$
\[con:isomorphism\]For all $r\geq2$, the map described in Theorem \[thm:injection\] is an isomorphism.
\[rem:isor2\] For now, only the case $r=2$ is known, which is an immediate consequence of Theorem \[thm:Schneps\]. In [@tasaka], Tasaka suggests a proof of injectivity, but it seems to contain a gap, which, as far as the authors are aware, couldn’t be fixed yet. However, assuming the injectivity of morphisms one has the following relation.
\[cor:enrineq\]For all $r\geq2$, $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\cdot x^N\geq\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x){\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
Main Tools {#sec:main tools}
==========
Decompositions of $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$
---------------------------------
We use the following decomposition lemma:
\[lem:blockdia\] Let $2\leq j\leq r-1$ and arrange the indices $(m_1,\ldots,m_r),(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in S_{N,r}$ of $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$ in lexicographically decreasing order. Then, the matrix $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$ has block diagonal structure $$\begin{aligned}
E_{N,r}^{(j)}={\operatorname{diag}}\left(E_{3r-3,r-1}^{(j)},E_{3r-1,r-1}^{(j)},\ldots,E_{N-3,r-1}^{(j)}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
This follows directly from Definition \[def:enrq\].
\[cor:blockdia\] We have $$\begin{aligned}
E_{N,r}^{(2)}E_{N,r}^{(3)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}={\operatorname{diag}}\left(C_{3r-3,r-1},C_{3r-1,r-1},\ldots,C_{N-3,r-1}\right){\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
Multiplying the block diagonal representations of $E_{N,r}^{(2)},E_{N,r}^{(3)},\ldots,E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}$ block by block together with Definition \[def:cnr\] yields the desired result.
\[cor:enrjocnr\] For all $r\geq 3$, $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker\left(E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)\cdot x^N=\mathbb O(x)\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r-1}\cdot x^N{\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
According to Corollary \[cor:blockdia\], the matrix $E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}$ has block diagonal structure, the blocks being $C_{3r-3,r-1},C_{3r-1,r-1},\ldots,C_{N-3,r-1}$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker\left(E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)\cdot x^N &= \sum_{N>0} \left( \sum_{k=3r-3}^{N-3}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{k,r-1} \right) \cdot x^N \\
&=\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r-1}\left(x^{N+3}+x^{N+5}+x^{N+7}+\cdots\right)\\
&=\mathbb O(x)\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r-1}\cdot x^N{\,},
\end{aligned}$$ thus proving the assertion.
Connection to polynomials
-------------------------
Motivated by Theorem \[thm:injection\], we interpret the right action of the matrices $E_{N,r}^{(2)},\ldots,E_{N,r}^{(r-1)},E_{N,r}^{(r)}=E_{N,r}$ on ${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$ as endomorphisms of the polynomial space $\mathbf V_{N,r}$. Having established this, we will prove Theorems \[thm:case3\] and \[thm:case4\] from a polynomial point of view.
\[def:phij\] The *restricted totally even part* of a polynomial $Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\in\mathbf V_{N,r}$ is the sum of all of its monomials, in which each exponent of $x_1,\ldots,x_r$ is even and at least 2. Let $r\geq j$. We define the $\mathbb Q$-linear map $$\begin{aligned}
{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}\colon\mathbf V_{N,r}\longrightarrow\mathbf V_{N,r}{\,},
\end{aligned}$$ which maps each polynomial $Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\in \mathbf V_{N,r}$ to the restricted totally even part of $$\begin{gathered}
Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)+\sum_{i=r-j+1}^{r-1}\Bigl(Q(x_1,\ldots,x_{r-j},x_{i+1}-x_i,x_{r-j+1},\ldots,\hat x_{i+1},\ldots,x_r)\\ -Q(x_1,\ldots,x_{r-j},x_{i+1}-x_i,x_{r-j+1},\ldots,\hat x_i,\ldots,x_r)\Bigr){\,}.
\end{gathered}$$
Note that ${\varphi^{(r)}_{1}}\equiv{\operatorname{id}}_{\mathbf V_{N,r}}$.
The following lemma shows that the map ${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}$ corresponds to the right action of the matrix $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$ on ${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$ via the isomorphism $\pi$.
\[lem:phij\] Let $r\geq j$. Then, for each polynomial $Q\in\mathbf V_{N,r}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\pi\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}(Q)\right)=\pi(Q)E_{N,r}^{(j)}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ or equivalently, the following diagram commutes:
\(a) at (0,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (b) at (3,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (c) at (0,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; (d) at (3,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; (e) at (0,-0.5) [$v$]{}; (f) at (3,-0.5) [$v\cdot E_{N,r}^{(j)}$]{}; (c1) at (e) ; (d1) at (f) ; (a) – (b) node\[pos=0.5,above\][${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}$]{}; (c) – (d); (a) – (c) node\[pos=0.5,sloped,above=-2pt\][$\sim$]{} node\[pos=0.5,left\][$\pi$]{}; (b) – (d) node\[pos=0.5,sloped,above=-2pt\][$\sim$]{} node\[pos=0.5,left\][$\pi$]{}; (c1) – (d1);
We proceed by induction on $r$. Let $r=j$ and $$\begin{aligned}
Q(x_1,\ldots,x_j)=\sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_j)\in S_{N,j}}q_{n_1,\ldots,n_j}x_1^{n_1-1}\cdots x_r^{n_j-1}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$Then, $E_{N,j}^{(j)}=E_{N,j}$ and thus $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(Q)E_{N,j}=\left(\sum_{(m_1,\ldots,m_j)\in S_{N,j}}q_{n_1,\ldots,n_j}e{{\textstyle\binom{m_1,\ldots,m_j}{n_1,\ldots,n_j}}}\right)_{(n_1,\ldots,n_j)\in S_{N,j}}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ By and linearity of the Ihara action ${\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}$, the row vector on the right-hand side corresponds to $\pi$ applied to the restricted totally even part of the polynomial $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:phiihara}
\sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_j)\in S_{N,j}}q_{n_1,\ldots,n_j}x_1^{n_1-1}{\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}\left(x_1^{n_2-1}\cdots x_{j-1}^{n_j-1}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ On the other hand, plugging $r=j$ into Definition \[def:phij\] yields that ${\varphi^{(j)}_{j}}(Q(x_1,\ldots,x_j))$ corresponds to the restricted totally even part of some polynomial, which by definition of the Ihara action ${\mathbin{\underline{\circ}}}$ coincides with the polynomial defined in . Thus, the claim holds for $r=j$.
Now suppose that $r\geq j+1$ and the claim is proven for all smaller $r$. Let us decompose $$\begin{aligned}
Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)=\sum_{\substack{n_1=3\\n_1\text{ odd}}}^{N-(3r-3)}x_1^{n_1-1}\cdot Q_{N-n_1}(x_2,\ldots,x_r){\,},\end{aligned}$$where the $Q_k$ are restricted totally even homogeneous polynomials in $r-1$ variables. In particular, $Q_k\in\mathbf V_{k,r-1}$ for all $k$. Arrange the indices of $\pi(Q)$ in lexicographically decreasing order. Then, by grouping consecutive entries, $\pi(Q)$ is the list-like concatenation of $\pi(Q_{3r-3}),\ldots,\pi(Q_{N-3})$, which we denote by $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(Q)=\big(\pi(Q_{3r-3}),\pi(Q_{3r-1}),\ldots,\pi(Q_{N-3})\big){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Since we have lexicographically decreasing order of indices, the block diagonal structure of $E_{N,r}^{(j)}$ stated in Lemma \[lem:blockdia\] yields $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(Q)E_{N,r}^{(j)}&=\left(\pi(Q_{3r-3})E_{3r-3,r-1}^{(j)},\pi(Q_{3r-1})E_{3r-1,r-1}^{(j)},\ldots,\pi(Q_{N-3})E_{N-3,r-1}^{(j)}\right)\\
&=\left(\pi\left({\varphi^{(r-1)}_{j}}(Q_{3r-3})\right),\pi\left({\varphi^{(r-1)}_{j}}(Q_{3r-1})\right),\ldots,\pi\left({\varphi^{(r-1)}_{j}}(Q_{N-3})\right)\right)\\
&=\pi\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}(Q)\right)\end{aligned}$$by linearity of ${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}$ and the induction hypothesis. This shows the assertion.
\[cor:phiEiso\] For all $r\geq2$, $$\begin{aligned}
{\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left(E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)}}\cap\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\cong\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
By the previous Lemma \[lem:phij\], the following diagram commutes:
\(a) at (0,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (b) at (3,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (c) at (6,2) [$\cdots$]{}; (d) at (9,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (e) at (12,2) [$\mathbf V_{N,r}$]{}; (A) at (0,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; (B) at (3,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; (C) at (6,0) [$\cdots$]{}; (D) at (9,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; (E) at (12,0) [${\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}$]{}; /in[a/A,b/B,d/D,e/E]{}[ () – () node\[pos=0.5,sloped,above=-2pt\][$\sim$]{} node\[pos=0.5,left\][$\pi$]{}; ]{} //in[a/b/2,b/c/3,c/d/r-1,d/e/r]{}[ () – () node\[pos=0.5,above\][${\varphi^{(r)}_{\j}}$]{}; ]{} //in[A/B/2,B/C/3,C/D/r-1,D/E/r]{}[ () – () node\[pos=0.5,above\][${}\cdot E_{N,r}^{(\j)}$]{}; ]{}
From this, we have ${\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left(E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)}}\cong{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}}\right)$ and $\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\cong\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}$. Thereby, the claim is established.
\[lem:kerphi\]Let $j\leq r-1$. Then, $$\begin{aligned}
\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf V_{N-n,r-j}\otimes\ker E_{n,j}{\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
Let $Q\in\mathbf V_{N,r}$. We may decompose $$\begin{aligned}
Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)=\sum_{n<N}\ \sum_{(n_1,\ldots,n_{r-j})\in S_{N-n,r-j}}x_1^{n_1-1}\cdots x_{r-j}^{n_{r-j}-1}R_{n_1,\ldots,n_{r-j}}(x_{r-j+1},\ldots,x_r){\,},\end{aligned}$$ where $R_{n_1,\ldots,n_{r-j}}\in\mathbf V_{n,j}$ is a restricted totally even homogeneous polynomial. Note that we have $Q\in\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}$ if and only if ${\varphi^{(j)}_{j}}(R_n)=0$ holds for each $R_n$ in the above decomposition. By Lemma \[lem:phij\], ${\varphi^{(j)}_{j}}(R_n)=0$ if and only if $\pi(R_n)\in\ker E_{n,j}$. Now, the assertion is immediate.
\[cor:phijres\] Let $2\leq j\leq r-2$. The restricted map $$\begin{aligned}
{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\colon\mathbf W_{N,r}\longrightarrow\mathbf W_{N,r}
\end{aligned}$$ is well-defined and satisfies $$\begin{aligned}
\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,r-j}\otimes\ker E_{n,j}{\,}.
\end{aligned}$$
Since $j\leq r-2$, for each $Q\in\mathbf V_{N,r}$ the map $Q(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\mapsto{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}(Q)$ does not interfere with $x_1$ or $x_2$ and thus not with the defining property of $\mathbf W_{N,r}$. Hence, ${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}$ is well-defined. The second assertion is done just like in the previous Lemma \[lem:kerphi\].
\[lem:fnr\] Let $r\geq3$. For all $P\in\mathbf W_{N,r}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(-P)E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}=\pi(P)F_{N,r}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
Recall that by Lemma \[lem:phij\], $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(-P)E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}&=\pi\left( {\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\big(-P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)\big)\right)\\
&=\begin{multlined}[t]
\pi\bigg(-P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)+\sum_{i=2}^{r-1}\Big(-P(x_1,x_{i+1}-x_i,x_2,\ldots, \hat x_{i+1},\ldots,x_r)\\
+P(x_1,x_{i+1}-x_i,x_2,\ldots, \hat x_i,\ldots,x_r)\Big)\bigg)
\end{multlined}\\
&=\begin{multlined}[t]
\pi\bigg(-P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)+\sum_{i=2}^{r-1}\Big(P(x_{i+1}-x_i,x_1,\ldots, \hat x_{i+1},\ldots,x_r)\\
-P(x_{i+1}-x_i,x_1,\ldots, \hat x_i,\ldots,x_r)\Big)\bigg){\,},
\end{multlined}\end{aligned}$$ since $-P$ is antisymmetric with respect to $x_1\leftrightarrow x_2$. In the same way we compute $$\begin{aligned}
\pi(P)F_{N,r}&=\pi(P)\left(E_{N,r}-{\operatorname{id}}_{{\mathsf{Vect}}_{N,r}}\right)=\pi\big({\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}(P(x_1,\ldots,x_r))\big)-\pi(P)\\
&=\begin{multlined}[t]
\pi\bigg(P(x_1,\ldots,x_r)+\sum_{i=1}^{r-1}\Big(P(x_{i+1}-x_i,x_1,\ldots, \hat x_{i+1},\ldots,x_r)\\
-P(x_{i+1}-x_i,x_1,\ldots, \hat x_i,\ldots,x_r)\Big)\bigg)-\pi(P){\,}.
\end{multlined}\end{aligned}$$ Now the desired result follows from $$\begin{aligned}
P(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_r)+P(x_2-x_1,x_1,x_3,\ldots,x_r)-P(x_2-x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_r)=0{\,},\end{aligned}$$ since $P$ is in $\mathbf W_{N,r}$.
\[cor:kerimineq\] Assume that the map from Theorem \[thm:injection\] is injective. Then, for all $r\geq 3$, $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\cap\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\right)\geq\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,r}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$
This is immediate by the previous Lemma \[lem:fnr\].
\[lem:imphi\] For all $r\geq3$, $$\begin{aligned}
{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)\subseteq\ker {\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
We may replace the right-hand side by just $\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}$. Note that by Corollary \[cor:phijres\] the composition of restricted ${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}$ on the left-hand side is well-defined. Moreover, each $Q\in{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)$ can be represented as $Q={\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}(P)$ for some $P\in\mathbf W_{N,r}$ and thus $Q\in\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}$ according to Lemma \[lem:fnr\] and Theorem \[thm:injection\].
Similar to Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\] we expect a stronger result to be true, which is stated in the following conjecture due to Claire Glanois:
\[con:imiso\] For all $r\geq 3$, $$\begin{aligned}
{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)=\ker {\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
Note that intersecting $\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}}\right)$, Conjecture \[con:imiso\] does not need the injectivity from Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\]. However, we haven’t been able to derive Conjecture \[con:imiso\] from Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\], so it is not necessarily weaker.
Main Results {#sec:main results}
============
Throughout this section we will assume that the map from Theorem \[thm:injection\] is injective, i.e. the injectivity part of Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\] is true. This was also the precondition for Tasaka’s original proof of Theorem \[thm:case4\].
Proof of Theorem \[thm:case3\].
-------------------------------
By Corollary \[cor:enrjocnr\], Remark \[rem:isor2\] and the fact that $E_{N,2}=C_{N,2}$ we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case3ineq1}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker E_{N,3}^{(2)}\cdot x^N=\mathbb O(x)\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,2}\cdot x^N=\mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ We use Corollary \[cor:kerimineq\] and Lemma \[lem:wnreq\] to obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case3ineq2}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}^{(2)} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}\right)\cdot x^N \geq \sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,3}\cdot x^N
= \mathbb O(x) \mathbb S(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Now observe that since $C_{N,3}=E_{N,3}^{(2)}E_{N,3}$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,3}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}^{(2)}+\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}^{(2)} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ By and , the assertion is proven.
Proof of Theorem \[thm:case4\].
-------------------------------
Since $C_{N,4}=E_{N,4}^{(2)}E_{N,4}^{(3)}E_{N,4}$, we may split $\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,4}$ into $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,4}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,4}^{(2)}E_{N,4}^{(3)}\right)}}+\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,4}^{(2)}E_{N,4}^{(3)}\right)}}
\cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,4}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ The two summands on the right-hand side are treated separately. For the first one, by Corollary \[cor:enrjocnr\] and Theorem \[thm:case3\] one has $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case4ineq1}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,4}^{(2)}E_{N,4}^{(3)}\right)}}\cdot x^N\geq2\mathbb O(x)^2\mathbb S(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ For the second one, we use Corollary \[cor:phiEiso\] and Lemma \[lem:imphi\] to obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,4}^{(2)}E_{N,4}^{(3)}\right)}} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,4}\right)&\geq\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(4)}_{3}}\circ{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}\right)\\
&=\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}{\,},\end{aligned}$$ since we assume ${\varphi^{(4)}_{3}}$ to be injective on $\mathbf W_{N,r}$ according to Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\]. According to Corollary \[cor:phijres\] and Theorem \[thm:Schneps\], $$\begin{aligned}
\ker{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,2}\otimes\ker E_{n,2}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,2}\otimes\mathbf W_{n,2}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Now, by $\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,4}-\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}$ we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case4ineq2}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}{\varphi^{(4)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,4}}}\cdot x^N=\mathbb O(x)^2\mathbb S(x)-\mathbb S(x)^2{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Combining and , the proof is finished.
The case $r=5$ assuming Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\].
-------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the injectivity of , we now assume Conjecture \[con:isomorphism\] is true in the case $r=3$, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,3}\cdot x^N=\mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x)\label{eq:case5eq1}\end{aligned}$$ by Corollary \[cor:enrineq\]. Our goal is to prove the lower bound $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,5}\cdot x^N\geq 4 \mathbb O(x)^3\mathbb S(x)-3 \mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x)^2{\,},\label{eq:case5}\end{aligned}$$ which as an equality would be the exact value predicted by Conjecture \[con:Brown\]. Again we use the decomposition $C_{N,5}=E_{N,5}^{(2)}E_{N,5}^{(3)}E_{N,5}^{(4)}E_{N,5}$ to split $\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,5}$ into $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,5}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,5}^{(2)}E_{N,5}^{(3)}E_{N,5}^{(4)}\right)}}+\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{ \left( E_{N,5}^{(2)}E_{N,5}^{(3)}E_{N,5}^{(4)}\right)}} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,5}\right){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Applying Corollary \[cor:enrjocnr\] and Theorem \[thm:case4\] to the first summand on the right-hand side, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case5ineq1}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker E_{N,5}^{(2)}E_{N,5}^{(3)}E_{N,5}^{(4)}\cdot x^N\geq3\mathbb O(x)^3\mathbb S(x)-\mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x)^2{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Again, for the second summand Corollary \[cor:phiEiso\] and Lemma \[lem:imphi\] yield $$\begin{aligned}
\begin{split}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,5}^{(2)}E_{N,5}^{(3)}E_{N,5}^{(4)}\right)}} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,5}\right)&\geq\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(5)}_{4}}\circ{\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\circ{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\right)\\
&=\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\circ{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\right){\,},
\end{split}\end{aligned}$$ since ${\varphi^{(5)}_{4}}$ is injective on $\mathbf W_{N,r}$ by our assumption. According to Corollary \[cor:phijres\] and Theorem \[thm:Schneps\], $$\begin{aligned}
\ker{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,3}\otimes\ker E_{n,2}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,3}\otimes\mathbf W_{n,2}\end{aligned}$$ and by , $$\begin{aligned}
\ker{\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,2}\otimes\ker E_{n,3}\cong\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,2}\otimes\mathbf W_{n,3}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Now, by $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\circ{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\right)\geq\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,5}-\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}-\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\end{aligned}$$ we arrive at $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:case5ineq2}
\sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(5)}_{3}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\circ{\varphi^{(5)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,5}}}\right)\cdot x^N\geq\mathbb O(x)^3\mathbb S(x)-2\mathbb O(x)\mathbb S(x)^2{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Combining and yields the desired result.
A recursive approach to the general case $r\geq2$
-------------------------------------------------
In this section, we show that one can recursively derive the exact value of $\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r}$ from Conjecture \[con:imiso\]. Let us fix some notations:
For $r\geq2$, let us define the formal series $$\begin{aligned}
B_r(x)&\coloneqq \sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)\cdot x^N\tag i\\
T_r(x)&\coloneqq \sum_{N>0}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r}\cdot x^N\tag{ii}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ We set $T_0(x),T_1(x)\coloneqq 0$.
The main observation is the following lemma:
\[lem:recursion\] Assume that Conjecture \[con:imiso\] is true and that the map from Theorem \[thm:injection\] is injective. Then, for $r\geq 3$ the following recursion holds: $$\begin{aligned}
B_r(x)=\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x)-\sum_{j=2}^{r-2}\mathbb O(x)^{r-j-2}\mathbb S(x)B_j(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
We have $$\begin{gathered}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)\\
=\begin{aligned}[t]
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,r}&-
\sum_{j=2}^{r-2}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{j-1}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)\\
&-\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right){\,}.
\end{aligned}\end{gathered}$$ Since we assume ${\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}$ to be injective on $\mathbf W_{N,r}$, the last summand on the right-hand side vanishes. Let $2\leq j\leq r-2$. As the restriction to $\mathbf W_{N,r}$ only affects $x_1$ and $x_2$, whereas ${\varphi^{(r)}_{j}}$ acts on $x_{r-j+1},\ldots,x_r$, we obtain $$\begin{gathered}
\ker{\varphi^{(r)}_{j}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{j-1}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)\\
\begin{aligned}[t]
&=\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,r-j}\otimes\left(\ker{\varphi^{(j)}_{j}}\cap{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(j)}_{j-1}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(j)}_{2}}\right)\right)\\
&=\bigoplus_{n<N}\mathbf W_{N-n,r-j}\otimes{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(j)}_{j-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(j)}_{j-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{n,j}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(j)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{n,j}}}\right){\,},
\end{aligned}\end{gathered}$$ where the last equality follows from Conjecture \[con:imiso\]. Hence, if we denote $$\begin{aligned}
a_{N,r}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right){\,},\end{aligned}$$we obtain the recursion $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:casercauchy}
a_{N,r}=\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N,r}-\sum_{j=2}^{r-2}\sum_{n<N}\dim_{\mathbb Q}\mathbf W_{N-n,r-j}\cdot a_{n,j}{\,}.\end{aligned}$$ By Lemma \[lem:wnreq\] and the convolution formula for multiplying formal series, equation establishes the claim.
\[thm:recursion\] Upon Conjecture \[con:imiso\] and the injectivity of , for all $r\geq3$ the following recursion is satisfied: $$\begin{aligned}
T_r(x)=\mathbb O(x)T_{r-1}(x)-\mathbb S(x)T_{r-2}(x)+\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$
As we assume Conjecture \[con:imiso\], we get from Definition \[def:cnr\] and Corollary \[cor:phiEiso\] $$\begin{aligned}
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker C_{N,r}&=
\begin{multlined}[t]
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)}}\\+\dim_{\mathbb Q}\left({\operatorname{Im}}{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)}} \cap \ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{E}}_{N,r}\right)
\end{multlined}\\
&=\begin{multlined}[t]
\dim_{\mathbb Q}\ker{\prescript{t\!}{}{\left( E_{N,r}^{(2)}\cdots E_{N,r}^{(r-1)}\right)}}\\+\dim_{\mathbb Q}{\operatorname{Im}}\left({\varphi^{(r)}_{r-1}}\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{r-2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\circ\cdots\circ{\varphi^{(r)}_{2}\big|_{\mathbf W_{N,r}}}\right)
\end{multlined}\end{aligned}$$ and thus, by Corollary \[cor:enrjocnr\], $$\begin{aligned}
T_r(x)=\mathbb O(x)T_{r-1}(x)+B_r(x){\,}.\end{aligned}$$ Using Lemma \[lem:recursion\], we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
T_r(x)&=\mathbb O(x)T_{r-1}(x)+\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x)-\sum_{j=2}^{r-2}\mathbb O(x)^{r-j-2}\mathbb S(x)\big(T_j(x)-\mathbb O(x)T_{j-1}(x)\big)\\
&=\mathbb O(x)T_{r-1}(x)+\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x)-\mathbb S(x)T_{r-2}(x)+\mathbb O(x)^{r-3}\mathbb S(x)T_1(x)\\
&=\mathbb O(x)T_{r-1}(x)-\mathbb S(x)T_{r-2}(x)+\mathbb O(x)^{r-2}\mathbb S(x){\,},\end{aligned}$$where by definition $T_1(x)=0$. The conclusion follows.
Note that by our choice of $T_0(x)$ and $T_1(x)$, Theorem \[thm:recursion\] remains true for $r=2$ since we know from [@schneps] that $T_2(x)=\mathbb S(x)$. Under the assumption of Conjecture \[con:imiso\] and injectivity in , we are now ready to prove that the generating series of ${\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,r}$ equals the explicit series $\frac{1}{1-\mathbb O(x)y+\mathbb S(x)y^2}$ as was claimed in Conjecture \[con:Brown\]. This (under the same assumptions though) proves the motivic version of Conjecture \[con:Brown\] (i.e. with $\mathcal Z_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$ replaced by $\mathcal H_{N,r}^{{\operatorname{odd}}}$).
Let $R_r(x)=\mathbb O(x)^r-T_r(x)$ and note that by Theorem \[thm:recursion\] $$\begin{aligned}
R_r(x)=\mathbb O(x)R_{r-1}(x)-\mathbb S(x)R_{r-2}(x)\end{aligned}$$for all $r\geq2$. Hence, $$\begin{aligned}
\left(1-\mathbb O(x)y+\mathbb S(x)y^2\right)\sum_{r\geq0}R_r(x)y^r&=
\begin{aligned}[t]
&\sum_{r\geq2}\big(R_r(x)-\mathbb O(x)R_{r-1}(x)+\mathbb S(x)R_{r-2}(x)\big)y^r\\
&+R_0(x)+R_1(x)y-\mathbb O(x)R_0(x)y
\end{aligned}\\
&=R_0(x)+\mathbb O(x)y-\mathbb O(x)y\\
&=1\end{aligned}$$and thus $$\begin{aligned}
1+\sum_{N,r>0}{\operatorname{rank}}C_{N,r}\cdot x^Ny^r=\sum_{r\geq0}R_r(x)y^r=\frac1{1-\mathbb O(x)y+\mathbb S(x)y^2}{\,},\end{aligned}$$ which is the desired result.
| {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} |
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