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0	The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease	The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease shows marked variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, prevalence has increased over and above demographic changes. There are several potential reasons for this increase, including the decline in other competing causes of death. Whether incidence is...	10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01419-8	312	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
1	Neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder, affecting millions of people and rapidly increasing over the last decades. Even though there is no intervention yet to stop the neurodegenerative pathology, many efficient treatment methods are available, including for patients with advanc...	10.1007/s00702-024-02813-y	189	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
2	A biological classification of Parkinson's disease: the SynNeurGe research diagnostic criteria	With the hope that disease-modifying treatments could target the molecular basis of Parkinson's disease, even before the onset of symptoms, we propose a biologically based classification. Our classification acknowledges the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease by use of a three-component system (SynNeurGe): pres...	10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00404-0	212	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
3	Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease is the most common serious movement disorder in the world, affecting about 1% of adults older than 60 years. The disease is attributed to selective loss of neurons in the substantia nigra, and its cause is enigmatic in most individuals. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease respond in varying degrees to d...	10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8	129	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
4	MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease: A promising direction of therapeutic strategies	Among the popular animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) commonly used in research are those that employ neurotoxins, especially 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). This neurotoxin exerts it neurotoxicity by causing a barrage of insults, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial apoptosis, inflamm...	10.17305/bjbms.2020.5181	304	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
5	Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease	Exercise interventions in individuals with Parkinson's disease incorporate goal-based motor skill training to engage cognitive circuitry important in motor learning. With this exercise approach, physical therapy helps with learning through instruction and feedback (reinforcement) and encouragement to perform beyond sel...	10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70123-6	185	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
6	Probiotics and the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: An Update	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features. Although some progress has been made in conventional PD treatments, these breakthroughs have yet to show high efficacy in treating this neurodegenerative disease. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer...	10.1007/s10571-021-01128-w	180	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
7	LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: upstream regulation and therapeutic targeting	Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) to date. Dysfunction in LRRK2 enzymatic activities and elevated protein levels are associated with the disease. How is LRRK2 activated, and what downstream molecular and cellular processes does LRRK2 regulate? Addre...	10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.003	159	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
8	Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease-dementia: current concepts and controversies	Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease-dementia (PDD), although sharing many clinical, neurochemical and morphological features, according to DSM-5, are two entities of major neurocognitive disorders with Lewy bodies of unknown etiology. Despite considerable clinical overlap, their diagnosis is based o...	10.1007/s00702-017-1821-9	583	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
9	Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease	Dementia is a frequent problem encountered in advanced stages of Parkinson disease (PD). In recent years, research has focused on the pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment in PD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Several longitudinal studies have shown that MCI is a harbinger of dementia in PD, although ...	10.1038/nrneurol.2017.27	270	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
10	Managing freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis	Background: Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most disabling gait disorders affecting 80% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical guidelines recommend a behavioral approach for gait rehabilitation, but there is a wide diversity of behavioral modalities. Objective: The objective of this network meta-analy...	10.1007/s00415-022-11031-z	514	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
11	NOX1 triggers ferroptosis and ferritinophagy, contributes to Parkinson's disease	The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). A newly emerging form of lytic cell death, ferroptosis, has been implicated in PD. However, it remains unclear in terms of PD-associated ferroptosis underlying causative genes and effective therapeutic approaches. ...	10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.007	216	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
12	From the Gut to the Brain: The Role of Enteric Glial Cells and Their Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease	The brain-gut axis has been identified as an important contributor to the physiopathology of Parkinson's disease. In this pathology, inflammation is thought to be driven by the damage caused by aggregation of α-synuclein in the brain. Interestingly, the Braak's theory proposes that α-synuclein misfolding may originate ...	10.3390/ijms25021294	347	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
13	Parkinson’s Disease: Basic knowledge	Pharmacotherapy in Parkinson’s disease is complex and requires expertise in all health-care professions. Besides idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) secondary parkinsonism, monogenetic Parkinson’s disease and atypical syndromes need to be differentiated. The prevalence in the European population is estimated to be app...	null	288	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
14	Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation	Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used for the treatment of movement disorders including Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia and, to a lesser extent, certain treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder. Rather than a single unifying mechanism, DBS likely a...	10.1152/jn.00281.2015	148	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
15	Parkinson's disease and translational research	Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed when patients exhibit bradykinesia with tremor and/or rigidity, and when these symptoms respond to dopaminergic medications. Yet in the last years there was a greater recognition of additional aspects of the disease including non-motor symptoms and prodromal states with associated ...	10.1186/s40035-020-00223-0	170	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
16	OTUD5 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Promoting the Degradation of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease Model	Defective clearance and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) is the key pathogenic factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies emphasize the importance of E3 ligases in regulating the degradation of α-Syn. However, the molecular mechanisms by which deubiquitinases regulate α-Syn degradation are scarcely studied. ...	10.1002/advs.202406700	248	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
17	Teaching the basics of repurposing mitochondria-targeted drugs: From Parkinson's disease to cancer and back to Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer share common mutations in mitochondrial proteins: Parkin and PINK1. The overlapping of genes involved in PD and cancer implies that the two diseases might share a common pathogenic mechanism. There are other compelling rationales for a mechanistic link between these diseases. Mitocho...	10.1016/j.redox.2020.101665	243	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
18	The understanding of Parkinson's disease through genetics and new therapies	Introduction: Parkinson's disease is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases from which people suffer for years. The mechanism of this disease is associated with a decrease in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) while Lewy bodies are still present. As a result, both motor-ridity, t...	10.1002/brb3.2577	388	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
19	Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease: common pathophysiological links	Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease are chronic progressive disorders that mainly affect different organs: the gut and brain, respectively. Accumulating evidence has suggested a bidirectional link between gastrointestinal inflammation and neurodegeneration, in accordance with the concept of the 'gut-brai...	10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322429	236	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
20	New markers in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by a variety of progressive motor and nonmotor symptoms. Currently, there is a dearth of diagnostic tools available to predict, diagnose or mitigate disease risk or progression, leading to a challenging dilemma withi...	10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.001	161	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
21	Pain in Parkinson's disease and the role of the subthalamic nucleus	Pain is a frequent and poorly treated symptom of Parkinson's disease, mainly due to scarce knowledge of its basic mechanisms. In Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is a successful treatment of motor symptoms, but also might be effective in treating pain. However, it has been unclear ...	10.1093/brain/awab001	307	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
22	TDCS for parkinson's disease disease-related pain: A randomized trial	Objective: To evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on Parkinson's disease (PD)-related pain. Methods: This triple-blind randomized controlled trial included twenty-two patients (age range 38-85, 10 male) with PD-related pain. Eleven subjects received ten sessions of 20 minutes tDCS ove...	10.1016/j.clinph.2024.01.011	361	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
23	Parkinson's disease and osteoporosis: basic and clinical implications	Introduction : Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease. Lewy bodies, the hallmark of this disease due to an accumulation of α-synuclein, lead to loss of dopamine-regulated motor circuits, concomitantly progressive immobilization and a broad range of nonmotor features. PD patients ...	10.1080/17446651.2020.1756772	264	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
24	A journey through cannabidiol in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with no known cure characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms like cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and sleep disorders often accompany the disease. Pharm...	10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.015	317	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
25	Infection and Risk of Parkinson's Disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Bacterial or viral infection has been proposed as a potential risk factor, and there is supporting although not entirely consistent epidemiologic and basic science evidence to support its role. Encephalitis caused by...	10.3233/JPD-202279	262	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
26	Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease -- The iron-related degenerative disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent and advancing age-related neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Iron regional deposit in SNpc is a significant pathological characteristic of PD. Brain iron homeostasis is precisely regu...	10.1016/j.arr.2024.102477	179	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
27	Parkinson's Disease: Basic Pathomechanisms and a Clinical Overview	PD is a common and a debilitating degenerative movement disorder. The number of patients is increasing worldwide and as yet there is no cure for the disease. The majority of existing treatments target motor symptom control. Over the last two decades the impact of the genetic contribution to PD has been appreciated. Sig...	10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_3	104	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
28	Risk of Dementia in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis	Estimates of the risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD) vary widely. We aimed to review the incidence of PDD and in a meta-analysis estimate the pooled annual incidence and relative risk of PDD while also exploring factors that may contribute to heterogeneity between studies. Preferred Reporting Items for System...	10.1002/mds.29918	353	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
29	Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease	Anosmia, the loss of sense of smell, is a common nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ageusia, the loss of sense of taste, is additionally an underappreciated nonmotor feature of PD. The olfactory tract is involved early in PD as indicated by frequent occurrence of hyposmia or anosmia years or decades before m...	10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028	247	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
30	Adaptive deep brain stimulation: Retuning Parkinson's disease	A brain-machine interface represents a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of many neurologic conditions. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive, neuro-modulatory tool that can improve different neurologic disorders by delivering electric stimulation to selected brain areas. DBS is particularly successf...	10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00015-1	183	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
31	Pain in Parkinson's disease: Mechanism-based treatment strategies	Purpose of review: Chronic pain, highly prevalent throughout the course of Parkinson's disease (PD), has been ranked as one of the top ten most bothersome symptoms people with Parkinson's (PwP) are experiencing. Yet, robust evidence-based treatment strategies are lacking. This unmet need is partly attributable to the m...	10.1097/SPC.0000000000000546	355	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
32	Parkinson's disease and Covid-19: The effect and use of telemedicine	As a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic the use of telemedicine and remote assessments for patients has increased exponentially, enabling healthcare professionals to reduce the need for in-person clinical visits and, consequently, reduce the exposure to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coro...	10.1016/bs.irn.2022.04.002	265	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
33	Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Treatment	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenesis of PD is complicated and remains obscure, but growing evidence suggests the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction. Mitophagy, the process of removing damaged mitochondria, is compromised in PD patients and mo...	10.3390/cells8070712	205	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
34	A Cleaning Crew: The Pursuit of Autophagy in Parkinson's Disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder, neuropathologically characterized by the aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, which appears to be central to the onset and progression of PD pathology. Evidence from pioneering studies has highly advocated the existence of i...	10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00244	325	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
35	Correlation between head tremble and the severity of Parkinson's disease	Introduction: Parkinson's (PD) is a common degenerative disease of the central nervous system. It affects more than 6 million individuals worldwide. The typical clinical manifestations include static tremor, slow movement, and unstable posture. However, the correlation between head tremor and the severity of PD remains...	10.1111/cns.13753	258	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
36	Developing dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease--give up or move forward?	Despite 3 decades of basic and clinical studies, there is still no dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Several arguments have been put forward why this approach, so far tested with transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic dopamine-rich tissue, will never be of clinical use and should be abandoned: (1...	10.1002/mds.25378	228	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
37	Role of homocysteine in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease	Homocysteine is an essential intermediate product of biochemical reactions that is present in various tissues of the human body. Homocysteine may be associated with the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with Parkinson's disease are elevated compared to those of h...	10.1002/acn3.51227	150	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
38	Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?	The fight against neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease (PD), is a challenge of the 21st century. The low efficacy of treating patients is due to the late diagnosis and start of therapy, after the degeneration of most specific neurons and depletion of neuroplasticity. It is believed that...	10.1111/cns.13429	261	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
39	Disease continuum centered on Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD), once viewed as a neurodegenerative disorder, is now increasingly recognized as part of a broader disease continuum, intricately linked to comorbidities across various organ systems. This study provides a snapshot of the disease continuum centered on PD, using a disease-wide association study (...	10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.01.002	229	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
40	Moving beyond basic emotions in Parkinson's disease	Objective: Emotion recognition is a fundamental neurocognitive capacity that is a critical predictor of interpersonal function and, in turn, mental health. Although people with Parkinson's disease (PD) often exhibit difficulties recognizing emotions, almost all studies to date have focused on basic emotions (happiness,...	10.1111/bjc.12354	475	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
41	Sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment	Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population and is typically manifested by motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms and signs. Nonmotor symptoms, such as sensory symptoms, have been regarded as the significant features of this disease. These symptoms often...	10.1002/jnr.23729	166	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
42	Role of Exosomes in the Pathogenesis and Theranostic of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease	Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) threatening the lives of millions of people worldwide, including especially elderly people. Currently, due to the lack of a timely diagnosis and proper intervention strategy, AD and PD largely remain incurable. I...	10.3390/ijms241311054	330	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
43	Treatment paradigms in Parkinson's Disease and Covid-19	People with Parkinson's Disease (PwP) may be at higher risk for complications from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) due to older age and to the multi-faceted nature of Parkinson's Disease (PD) per se, presenting with a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Those on advanced therapies may be particularly vulne...	10.1016/bs.irn.2022.03.002	253	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
44	Orexin and Parkinson's disease: A protective neuropeptide with therapeutic potential	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions as well as non-motor disorders. Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is a kind of neuropeptide involved in the...	10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104754	214	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
45	Controversy of TMEM230 Associated with Parkinson's Disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement disorders including resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The key pathological features of PD are selective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantial nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs). Mutations in ...	10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.004	283	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
46	The zona incerta system: Involvement in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system, resulting in progressive motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although most studies have focused on the basal ganglia network, recent evidence suggests that the zona incerta (ZI), a subthalamic structure composed of 4 neurochemicall...	10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114992	236	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
47	The pharmacological management of the behavioral aspects of Parkinson's disease: an update	Introduction: Behavioural symptoms are common manifestations of Parkinson's disease and include depression, anxiety, impulse control disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, and cognitive dysfunction. They remain inadequately addressed in many patients despite their relevance for quality of life and disability. This appli...	10.1080/14656566.2023.2240228	257	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
48	Retinal Changes in Parkinson's Disease: A Non-invasive Biomarker for Early Diagnosis	Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) which leads to the depletion of dopamine in the body. The lack of dopamine is mainly due to aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein which causes motor impairment in PD. Dopamine is also required for ...	10.1007/s10571-023-01419-4	192	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
49	Binding of α-synuclein to ACO2 promotes progressive mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease models	The accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn), a key protein in Parkinson's disease (PD), contributes to progressive neuronal damage associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and interactions with various proteins. However, the precise mechanism by which α-syn affects energy metabolism remains unclear. In our study, we used ...	10.1016/j.redox.2024.103399	290	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
50	Proteomics in human Parkinson's disease research	During the last decades, considerable advances in the understanding of specific mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease have been achieved, yet neither definite etiology nor unifying sequence of molecular events has been formally established. Current unmet needs in Parkinson's disease research in...	10.1016/j.jprot.2009.07.007	271	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
51	Parkinson's disease. Second of two parts	At no time in the past have the basic and clinical sciences applied to Parkinson's disease been so active. Experimental therapies under study at present promise to improve on the limitations of existing treatments. Future progress in understanding the causation and pathogenesis of the disorder will permit the developme...	10.1056/NEJM199810153391607	81	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
52	Molecular imaging of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease	Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are very common in neurodegenerative diseases and are a major contributor to disability and caregiver burden. There is accumulating evidence that NPS may be a prodrome and/or a "risk factor" of neurodegenerative diseases. The medications used to treat these symptoms in younger patients a...	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.010	211	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
53	Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the main causes of neurological disability in the elderly. Levodopa is the gold standard for treating this disease, but chronic levodopa therapy is complicated by motor fluctuation and dyskinesia. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors represent a new class of antiparkinso...	10.18926/AMO/31725	268	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
54	Targeting Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Approach for Parkinson's Disease	Neurodegeneration is among the most critical challenges that involve modern societies and annually influences millions of patients worldwide. While the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complicated, the role of mitochondrial is demonstrated. The in vitro and in vivo models and genome-wide association studi...	10.1007/s10571-022-01265-w	177	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
55	Update: Descriptive epidemiology of Parkinson disease	We review the descriptive epidemiology of Parkinson disease (PD). PD is a prevalent neurologic disorder in high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) nations with rising prevalence in low and middle SDI nations. PD became a prevalent disorder in high SDI nations during the 20th century. Population growth, population aging, and...	10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106000	183	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
56	The interaction between alpha-synuclein and mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder with the hallmark of abnormal aggregates of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs). Currently, pathogenic α-syn and mitochondrial dysfunction have been considered as prominent roles that give impetus to the PD onset...	10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107122	111	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
57	Progress of immunotherapy of anti-α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease	Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons and abnormal protein accumulation, including amyloid (A)β and tau in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy bodies and α-synuclein (α-syn) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence suggests that adaptive immunity plays an important role in PD, an...	10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108843	178	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
58	Dyclonine relieves the Parkinson's disease progression in rotenone-induced Drosophila model	It has been estimated that there will be 930 million Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in 2030 in the whole world. However, no therapy has been effective for PD until now. Only levodopa is the available primary drug for the treatment of motor symptoms. Therefore, it is an urgent task to develop new drugs to inhibit the...	10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114561	211	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
59	Light Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Towards Mechanism-Based Protocols	A growing body of work is investigating the safety and efficacy of light in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we discuss the potential of this emerging therapy to improve both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. We also highlight directions for future basic, translational, and clinical research that are critical for the d...	10.1016/j.tins.2018.03.002	75	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
60	Molecular Imaging of the Serotonergic System in Parkinson's Disease	In the last decades, the main focus of molecular imaging of Parkinson's disease has been on non-dopaminergic systems involved in the disease alongside the pathognomonic dopaminergic changes. Molecular imaging can detect, in vivo, both presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonergic changes in the brain and has played a key r...	10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.002	270	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
61	Iron Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: Focused on the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Although both iron accumulation and a defective autophagy-lysosome pathway contribute to the pathological development of PD, the connection between ...	10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00390	251	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
62	Parkinson's disease: past, present, and future	The development of understanding of the pathophysiology and modes of treatment of Parkinson's disease represents one of the triumphs of modern medicine, encompassing astute clinical observation, utilization of basic research findings regarding dopamine to develop the first rational treatment of a degenerative disorder ...	10.1038/npp.1993.39	390	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
63	Recognition and characterising non-motor profile in early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD)	Early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) has been recently defined as a clinical entity with subjects presenting with Parkinson's disease (PD) between the ages of 21-50 and replaces the term Young Onset PD (YOPD). Presentations in this age group are somewhat different to the typical Late Onset sporadic PD (LOPD) and gene...	10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107123	249	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
64	Impact of Covid-19 on research and training in Parkinson's disease	The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic and the consequent restrictions imposed worldwide have posed an unprecedented challenge to research and training in Parkinson's disease (PD). The pandemic has caused loss of productivity, reduced access to funding, an oft-acute switch to digital platforms, and changes in...	10.1016/bs.irn.2022.04.003	290	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
65	Phytotherapy in treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review	Context : Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to gradual loss of dopaminergic nerves in the substantia nigra (SN) in the midbrain. PD leads to certain motor disorders including resting tremor, muscle stiffness and slow movement. Medicinal plants have shown positive pharmacological effects in tr...	10.1080/13880209.2019.1618344	318	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
66	Parkinson's disease: genetic versus toxin-induced rodent models	Parkinson's disease (PD), a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and neuronal proteinaceous aggregates called Lewy bodies (LBs). The etiology of PD is probably a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Recent progress in mo...	10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06302.x	299	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
67	Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease	The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is not easy. Developments in basic research have indicated pathophysiological links among parkinsonian syndromes that are still classified as independent entities. On the other hand, genetic studies are dividing forms that fit into the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. The ...	10.1007/s100720300032	88	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
68	Parkinson's disease psychosis associated with accelerated multidomain cognitive decline	Background: Cognitive deficits are associated with poor quality of life and increased risk of development of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) psychosis. The trajectory of cognitive decline in PD psychosis remains however unclear. Objective: We examined this using data from the Parkinson's Progression ...	10.1136/bmjment-2024-301062	470	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
69	Balancing Apoptosis and Autophagy for Parkinson's Disease Therapy: Targeting BCL-2	Apoptosis and autophagy are important intracellular processes that maintain organism homeostasis and promote survival. Autophagy selectively degrades damaged cellular organelles and protein aggregates, while apoptosis removes damaged or aged cells. Maintaining a balance between autophagy and apoptosis is critical for c...	10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00356	190	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
70	Under-reporting of Parkinson's disease on death certificates: a population-based study (NEDICES)	Background: Parkinson's disease is frequently omitted as a cause of death from death certificates. A limitation of previous studies that attempted to assess the validity of death certificates is that population-dwelling cases, with milder, undiagnosed Parkinson's disease were likely excluded. As a result, those studies...	10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.048	345	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
71	Update on Parkinson disease	This Update reviews developments in the pathophysiology and treatment of Parkinson disease during the past several years. In the area of pathophysiology, studies have addressed the contribution of environmental factors such as caffeine and pesticides. Large-scale epidemiologic studies have also expanded the role geneti...	10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00013	168	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
72	Unmet Needs of Women Living with Parkinson's Disease: Gaps and Controversies	Personalized medicine considering sex, gender, and cultural context has become the vanguard of delivery of care. However, women's issues in Parkinson disease (PD), especially from a psychosocial standpoint, have been an overlooked field. The key research areas include women-inclusive drug and device studies and genetic...	10.1002/mds.28921	327	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
73	Wellness, sexual health, and nonmotor Parkinson's	Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) range from neuropsychiatric and cognitive to sleep, sensory, and genito-urinary disorders, and occur as a result of the disease process as well as due to side effects of drug treatment for PD. Sexual dysfunction is an important aspect of the nonmotor profile of Parkinson's ...	10.1016/bs.irn.2021.12.006	198	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
74	Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy	Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second place among neurodegenerative diseases in terms of its morbidity, which affects 1-2% people aged over 65 years. In addition to genetics, some environmental factors may exert vital parts in PD occurrence as well. At present, more and more studies are conducted to elucidate the a...	10.1177/17590914211016217	247	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
75	Trajectories of prediagnostic functioning in Parkinson's disease	SEE BREEN AND LANG DOI101093/AWW321 FOR A SCIENTIFIC COMMENTARY ON THIS ARTICLE: At the time of clinical diagnosis, patients with Parkinson's disease already have a wide range of motor and non-motor features that affect their daily functioning. However, the temporal sequence of occurrence of these features remains larg...	10.1093/brain/aww291	516	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
76	Biomarkers of Parkinson's Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized pathologically by dopaminergic neuron loss and the formation of Lewy bodies, which are enriched with aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). PD currently has no cure, but therapeutic strategies are available to alleviate symptoms. Early diagnosis can ...	10.14336/AD.2023.1005	160	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
77	Can Berberine Serve as a New Therapy for Parkinson's Disease?	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration and deposition of alpha-synuclein. Mechanisms associated with PD etiology include oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and abnormalities in neurotransmission, to name a few. Drugs used to treat PD have shown sign...	10.1007/s12640-022-00526-2	156	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
78	Effects of safinamide on pain in patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease	Background: Non-motor symptoms (NMS) are integral to Parkinson's Disease (PD) and management remains a challenge. Safinamide is a novel molecule in relation to addressing NMS due to its multifocal mechanism of action with both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic properties. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of safin...	10.1002/brb3.2336	445	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
79	Multimodal data fusion reveals functional and neurochemical correlates of Parkinson's disease	Background: Neurotransmitter deficits and spatial associations among neurotransmitter distribution, brain activity, and clinical features in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unclear. Better understanding of neurotransmitter impairments in PD may provide potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, we aimed to investigate t...	10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106527	285	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
80	Benefits of Vitamins in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, which is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, abnormal posture balance, and hypermyotonia. Currently, the pathogenic mechanism of PD remains unclear. Numerous clinical studies as well as animal and cell exp...	10.1155/2019/9426867	196	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
81	Can we prevent parkinson's disease?	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects 1 million people in the United States. Although the cause of PD remains unknown, a number of factors that increase the risk of developing this disease have been identified. Other factors that may prevent or slow down PD development and pr...	10.2741/3331	98	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
82	Modulating α-synuclein propagation and decomposition: Implications in Parkinson's disease therapy	α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Under pathological conditions, the conformation of α-syn changes and different forms of α-syn lead to neurotoxicity. According to Braak stages, α-syn can propagate in different brain regions, inducing neurodegeneration and correspon...	10.1016/j.arr.2024.102319	229	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
83	Reading comprehension in Parkinson's disease	Purpose: Although individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) self-report reading problems and experience difficulties in cognitive-linguistic functions that support discourse-level reading, prior research has primarily focused on sentence-level processing and auditory comprehension. Accordingly, the authors investigated...	10.1044/2014_AJSLP-13-0087	273	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
84	Insights into the roles of bacterial infection and antibiotics in Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which is accompanied with the classical motor symptoms and a range of non-motor symptoms. Bacterial infection affects the neuroinflammation associated with the pathology of PD and various antibiotics have also been confirmed to play an impo...	10.3389/fcimb.2022.939085	100	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
85	Common Mechanisms Underlying α-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurological movement disorder characterized by the selective and irreversible loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum. While most cases are sporadic or environmental, about 10% of patients have a positiv...	10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167992	348	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
86	[Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease and Current Concepts of Outpatient Care in Germany]	The ambulatory care of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in Germany has been established for a long time. As the prevalence of Parkinson's disease continues to increase, the outpatient neurological sector is becoming more and more important and needs to adapt itself to current needs. This includes an optimization ...	10.1055/s-0043-103275	220	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
87	MALAT1 lncRNA and Parkinson's Disease: The role in the Pathophysiology and Significance for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches	Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. PD is characterized by progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) region of brain tissue followed by the α-synuclein-based Lewy bodies' formation. These conditions are manifested by various motor ...	10.1007/s12035-022-02899-z	334	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
88	Oxidative stress in genetic mouse models of Parkinson's disease	There is extensive evidence in Parkinson's disease of a link between oxidative stress and some of the monogenically inherited Parkinson's disease-associated genes. This paper focuses on the importance of this link and potential impact on neuronal function. Basic mechanisms of oxidative stress, the cellular antioxidant ...	10.1155/2012/624925	187	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
89	Treatment of early Parkinson's disease	The early treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of nonpharmacologic treatment, consideration of neuroprotective therapy, and initial symptomatic treatment. Education for the patient and family, access to support groups, regular exercise, and good nutrition are essential to the overall management of PD. Disease...	10.1212/wnl.58.suppl_1.s79	194	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
90	Differentiated Embryo-Chondrocyte Expressed Gene1 and Parkinson's Disease: New Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives	Differentiated embryo-chondrocyte expressed gene1 (DEC1), an important transcription factor with a basic helix-loop-helix domain, is ubiquitously expressed in both human embryonic and adult tissues. DEC1 is involved in neural differentiation and neural maturation in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies sugg...	10.2174/1570159X21666230502123729	136	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
91	How pain arises in Parkinson's disease?	In recent years, increasing attention has centred on pain in Parkinson's disease (PD). Pain in PD is heterogeneous in quality and body distribution. To clarify how the various pain types relate to PD and to propose plausible treatment strategies, in this paper we reviewed psychophysical, neurophysiological and imaging ...	10.1111/ene.12260	197	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
92	Parkinson's disease: insights from non-traditional model organisms	Parkinson's disease (PD) was one of the first neurological disorders to have aspects of the disease modeled faithfully in non-human animal species. A key feature of the disease is a diminished control over voluntary movement and progressive depletion of brain dopamine (DA) levels that stems from the large-scale loss of...	10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.09.001	351	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
93	Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: A Snapshot of the Landscape	Early observations of specific nonmotor and subtle motor symptoms preceding clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have paved the way for prodromal PD research, significantly propelling our understanding of early, subclinical stages of neurodegeneration. Prodromal PD has emerged as a complex concept with some r...	10.1016/j.ncl.2024.12.004	135	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
94	Basic science in Parkinson's disease: its impact on clinical practice	Failures in clinical studies that were aimed to prove disease-modifying effects of treatments in Parkinson's disease (PD) raise the question as to whether basic sciences have had an impact in clinical practice. This question implies that despite well-publicized results obtained by intensive genetic and pathogenetic res...	10.1007/s00415-011-6040-y	189	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
95	Gene Signals and SNPs Associated with Parkinson's Disease: A Nutrigenomics and Computational Prospective Insights	Parkinson's disease is the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disease. Neurological conditions for PD were influenced by a variety of epigenetic factors and SNPs in some of the coexisting genes that were expressed. This article focused on nutrigenomics of PD and the prospective highlighting of how these genes are...	10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.007	222	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
96	Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase L1 and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease	Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), also known as Parkinson's disease protein 5, is a highly expressed protein in the brain. It plays an important role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), where it acts as a deubiquitinase (DUB) enzyme. Being the smallest member of the UCH family of DUBs, it catalyze...	10.3390/ijms25021303	371	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
97	Effects of exercise on mobility in people with Parkinson's disease	Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic treatment exists. Gait and balance disturbance is common in Parkinson's disease and is a major contributor to increased disability and decreased health-related quality of life and survival. Balance and gait deficits in Parkinson's ...	10.1002/mds.25658	238	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
98	Toxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease	The debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) result primarily from the degenerative nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. To elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and evaluate therapeutic strategies for PD, numerous animal models have been developed. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these models ca...	10.1101/cshperspect.a041643	168	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해
99	Parkinson's disease and brain insulin signaling: Mechanisms and potential role of GLP-1 mimetics	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The pathophysiology of PD is complex and multifactorial involving genetic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clea...	10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149738	262	Parkinson	파킨슨 질병의 이해

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