wals_parameters.csv

ID,Name,Description,ColumnSpec,Chapter_ID
1A,Consonant Inventories,,,1
2A,Vowel Quality Inventories,,,2
3A,Consonant-Vowel Ratio,,,3
4A,Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives,,,4
5A,Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems,,,5
6A,Uvular Consonants,,,6
7A,Glottalized Consonants,,,7
8A,Lateral Consonants,,,8
9A,The Velar Nasal,,,9
10A,Vowel Nasalization,,,10
10B,Nasal Vowels in West Africa,,,10
11A,Front Rounded Vowels,,,11
12A,Syllable Structure,,,12
13A,Tone,,,13
14A,Fixed Stress Locations,,,14
15A,Weight-Sensitive Stress,,,15
16A,Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems,,,16
17A,Rhythm Types,,,17
18A,Absence of Common Consonants,,,18
19A,Presence of Uncommon Consonants,,,19
20A,Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives,,,20
21A,Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives,,,21
21B,Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection,,,21
22A,Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb,,,22
23A,Locus of Marking in the Clause,,,23
24A,Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases,,,24
25A,Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology,,,25
25B,Zero Marking of A and P Arguments,,,25
26A,Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology,,,26
27A,Reduplication,,,27
28A,Case Syncretism,,,28
29A,Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking,,,29
30A,Number of Genders,,,30
31A,Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems,,,31
32A,Systems of Gender Assignment,,,32
33A,Coding of Nominal Plurality,,,33
34A,Occurrence of Nominal Plurality,,,34
35A,Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns,,,35
36A,The Associative Plural,,,36
37A,Definite Articles,,,37
38A,Indefinite Articles,,,38
39A,Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns,,,39
39B,Inclusive/Exclusive Forms in Pama-Nyungan,,,39
40A,Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection,,,40
41A,Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives,,,41
42A,Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives,,,42
43A,Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives,,,43
44A,Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns,,,44
45A,Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns,,,45
46A,Indefinite Pronouns,,,46
47A,Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns,,,47
48A,Person Marking on Adpositions,,,48
49A,Number of Cases,,,49
50A,Asymmetrical Case-Marking,,,50
51A,Position of Case Affixes,,,51
52A,Comitatives and Instrumentals,,,52
53A,Ordinal Numerals,,,53
54A,Distributive Numerals,,,54
55A,Numeral Classifiers,,,55
56A,Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers,,,56
57A,Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes,,,57
58A,Obligatory Possessive Inflection,,,58
58B,Number of Possessive Nouns,,,58
59A,Possessive Classification,,,59
60A,"Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses",,,60
61A,Adjectives without Nouns,,,61
62A,Action Nominal Constructions,,,62
63A,Noun Phrase Conjunction,,,63
64A,Nominal and Verbal Conjunction,,,64
65A,Perfective/Imperfective Aspect,,,65
66A,The Past Tense,,,66
67A,The Future Tense,,,67
68A,The Perfect,,,68
69A,Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes,,,69
70A,The Morphological Imperative,,,70
71A,The Prohibitive,,,71
72A,Imperative-Hortative Systems,,,72
73A,The Optative,,,73
74A,Situational Possibility,,,74
75A,Epistemic Possibility,,,75
76A,Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking,,,76
77A,Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality,,,77
78A,Coding of Evidentiality,,,78
79A,Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect,,,79
79B,Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives,,,79
80A,Verbal Number and Suppletion,,,80
81A,"Order of Subject, Object and Verb",,,81
81B,"Languages with two Dominant Orders of Subject, Object, and Verb",,,81
82A,Order of Subject and Verb,,,82
83A,Order of Object and Verb,,,83
84A,"Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb",,,84
85A,Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase,,,85
86A,Order of Genitive and Noun,,,86
87A,Order of Adjective and Noun,,,87
88A,Order of Demonstrative and Noun,,,88
89A,Order of Numeral and Noun,,,89
90A,Order of Relative Clause and Noun,,,90
90B,Prenominal relative clauses,,,90
90C,Postnominal relative clauses,,,90
90D,Internally-headed relative clauses,,,90
90E,Correlative relative clauses,,,90
90F,Adjoined relative clauses,,,90
90G,Double-headed relative clauses,,,90
91A,Order of Degree Word and Adjective,,,91
92A,Position of Polar Question Particles,,,92
93A,Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions,,,93
94A,Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause,,,94
95A,Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase,,,95
96A,Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun,,,96
97A,Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun,,,97
98A,Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases,,,98
99A,Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns,,,99
100A,Alignment of Verbal Person Marking,,,100
101A,Expression of Pronominal Subjects,,,101
102A,Verbal Person Marking,,,102
103A,Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking,,,103
104A,Order of Person Markers on the Verb,,,104
105A,Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give',,,105
106A,Reciprocal Constructions,,,106
107A,Passive Constructions,,,107
108A,Antipassive Constructions,,,108
108B,Productivity of the Antipassive Construction,,,108
109A,Applicative Constructions,,,109
109B,Other Roles of Applied Objects,,,109
110A,Periphrastic Causative Constructions,,,110
111A,Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions,,,111
112A,Negative Morphemes,,,112
113A,Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation,,,113
114A,Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation,,,114
115A,Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation,,,115
116A,Polar Questions,,,116
117A,Predicative Possession,,,117
118A,Predicative Adjectives,,,118
119A,Nominal and Locational Predication,,,119
120A,Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals,,,120
121A,Comparative Constructions,,,121
122A,Relativization on Subjects,,,122
123A,Relativization on Obliques,,,123
124A,'Want' Complement Subjects,,,124
125A,Purpose Clauses,,,125
126A,'When' Clauses,,,126
127A,Reason Clauses,,,127
128A,Utterance Complement Clauses,,,128
129A,Hand and Arm,,,129
130A,Finger and Hand,,,130
130B,Cultural Categories of Languages with Identity of 'Finger' and 'Hand',,,130
131A,Numeral Bases,,,131
132A,Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories,,,132
133A,Number of Basic Colour Categories,,,133
134A,Green and Blue,,,134
135A,Red and Yellow,,,135
136A,M-T Pronouns,,,136
136B,M in First Person Singular,,,136
137A,N-M Pronouns,,,137
137B,M in Second Person Singular,,,137
138A,Tea,,,138
139A,Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages,,,139
140A,Question Particles in Sign Languages,,,140
141A,Writing Systems,,,141
142A,Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks,,,142
143A,Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb,,,143
143B,Obligatory Double Negation,,,143
143C,Optional Double Negation,,,143
143D,Optional Triple Negation,,,143
143E,Preverbal Negative Morphemes,,,143
143F,Postverbal Negative Morphemes,,,143
143G,Minor morphological means of signaling negation,,,143
144A,"Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb",,,144
144B,Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb,,,144
144C,Languages with different word order in negative clauses,,,144
144D,The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages,,,144
144E,Multiple Negative Constructions in SVO Languages,,,144
144F,Obligatory Double Negation in SVO languages,,,144
144G,Optional Double Negation in SVO languages,,,144
144H,NegSVO Order,,,144
144I,SNegVO Order,,,144
144J,SVNegO Order,,,144
144K,SVONeg Order,,,144
144L,The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages,,,144
144M,Multiple Negative Constructions in SOV Languages,,,144
144N,Obligatory Double Negation in SOV languages,,,144
144O,Optional Double Negation in SOV languages,,,144
144P,NegSOV Order,,,144
144Q,SNegOV Order,,,144
144R,SONegV Order,,,144
144S,SOVNeg Order,,,144
144T,The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages,,,144
144U,Double negation in verb-initial languages,,,144
144V,Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative,,,144
144W,Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object,,,144
144X,Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative,,,144
144Y,The Position of Negative Morphemes in Object-Initial Languages,,,144