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Sahana Mukherjee, Associate Director, Race and Ethnicity Research Jens Manuel Krogstad, Senior Writer and Editor Tanya Arditi, Senior Communications Manager

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RECOMMENDED CITATION

Pew Research Center, September 2024, “Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High-Skilled Immigration”

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About Pew Research Center

Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan, nonadvocacy fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, computational social science research and other data-driven research. It studies politics and policy; news habits and media; the internet and technology; religion; race and ethnicity; international affairs; social, demographic and economic trends; science; research methodology and data science; and immigration and migration. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder.

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How we did this

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ views on immigration and immigration policy prior to the 2024 presidential election.

For this analysis, we surveyed 9,201 adults – including 7,569 registered voters – from Aug. 5 to 11, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), a group of people recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses who have agreed to take surveys regularly. This kind of recruitment gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection. Surveys were conducted either online or by telephone with a live interviewer. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other factors. Read more about the ATP’s methodology.

Here are the questions used for the report, the topline, and its methodology.

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Terminology

Harris supporters are respondents who said they would vote for Kamala Harris, the Democrat, if the 2024 presidential election were held today, or those who said they would not vote for any of the candidates but lean toward Harris. Trump supporters are respondents who said they would vote for Donald Trump, the Republican, if the 2024 presidential election were held today, or those who said they would not vote for any of the candidates but lean toward Trump.

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Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High-Skilled Immigration Majority of Trump backers say more immigrants would make life worse for people like them; most Harris backers say life wouldn’t change

Trump and Harris supporters sharply divided on mass deportations and undocumented immigrants but more aligned on border security, high-skilled immigration

% of registered voters who strongly or somewhat favor each of the following U.S. immigration policies

In a presidential race where immigration has become a key and contentious issue, a Pew Research Center survey shows wide differences and common ground on immigration policy among registered voters who support Donald Trump and Kamala Harris.

The candidates have taken sometimes sharply different positions on immigration issues that divide their supporters:

 Nearly nine-in-ten Trump

supporters (88%) favor mass deportations of immigrants living in the country illegally. In contrast, only 27% of Harris supporters favor mass deportations while 72% oppose.

Note: Based on registered voters. Share of respondents who didn’t offer an answer not shown. Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Aug. 5-11, 2024. “Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High- Skilled Immigration”

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 More than a third of Trump supporters (37%) favor allowing undocumented immigrants to live and work in the U.S. if they are married to an American citizen, compared with 80% of Harris supporters who say the same.

 About half of Trump supporters (49%) support admitting more civilian refugees who are

escaping war or violence, but a majority of Harris supporters (85%) say the same.

On other immigration issues, Trump and Harris supporters share more common ground:



Improving border security is supported by large majorities of both Trump supporters (96%) and Harris supporters (80%).

 Admitting more high-skilled immigrants is favored by 71% of Trump supporters and 87% of

Harris supporters.

These findings come from a bilingual, nationally representative survey of 9,201 adults – including 7,569 registered voters – conducted Aug. 5-11, 2024, ahead of the Democratic National Convention and about a month before the Sept. 10 presidential debate.

The U.S. immigrant population has grown sharply over the decades, from 9.6 million in 1970 to 31.1 million in 2000 and almost 48 million in 2023. These totals account for immigrants in the country both legally and illegally.

Immigrants make up about 14.3% of the nation’s population, a near-record high. They are dispersed across all states and metro areas. And nearly three-quarters of registered voters say they know someone who was born outside of the United States, according to the survey.

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Trump supporters have a more negative view than Harris supporters on the impact of immigrants on their lives. A majority of Trump supporters (59%) say that the increasing number of immigrants will make things worse for people like them. But a majority of Harris supporters (65%) say that the increasing number of immigrants will make no difference in their lives, with only 11% saying it will make life worse for people like them.

Trump supporters have a mixed view about the impact of legal immigration on the country. A majority say immigrants living in the country legally either make the economy better (31%) or don’t have much of an effect on it (38%), while 29% say these immigrants make the economy worse. By contrast, a clear majority of Harris supporters (62%) say immigrants living in the U.S. legally make the economy better.

Trump supporters have a much more negative view of the impact of illegal immigration. An overwhelming majority of Trump supporters (92%) say immigrants living in the country illegally make crime worse, compared with 37% of Harris supporters.

A majority of Trump supporters say the growing number of immigrants in the U.S. will make life worse; most Harris supporters say life would not change

% of registered voters who say they think the increasing number of immigrants in the United States will make life ___ for people like them

No different

Better

Worse

All registered voters

Harris supporters

Trump supporters

Notably, American voters have become less likely than in recent years to say undocumented immigrants should be allowed to stay in the country. About six-in-ten U.S. registered voters (59%) in the new survey say undocumented immigrants should be allowed to stay in the country legally if certain requirements are met, down from 77% who said the same in 2017. Most Harris supporters (87%) say that there should be a way for undocumented immigrants to stay in the country legally, compared with only a third of Trump supporters (33%).

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In the 2024 presidential race, Trump supporters place far more importance on immigration than Harris supporters. For Trump supporters, 82% say immigration is very

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important to their vote in the 2024 presidential election, trailing only the economy in importance, according to a Center survey conducted in late August to early September. By contrast, just 39% of Harris supporters say the issue of immigration is very important to their presidential vote this year, behind all other issues asked about in the survey, including health care, Supreme Court appointments, the economy, abortion, gun policy and climate change.

Immigration to U.S. has rebounded from pandemic-era lows

Legal immigration to the U.S. has started to increase after a steep decline during the COVID-19 outbreak, according to Center analysis of data from the Department of Homeland Security. In 2023, about 1.1 million immigrants became lawful permanent residents of the U.S., a return to pre-pandemic levels.

In addition, a record number of immigrants crossed the U.S.-Mexico border without authorization at the end of 2023, though these flows have since dropped sharply. Both Republicans and Democrats have been critical of the way the government has handled the situation at the U.S. Mexico border.

Overall, confidence in the Biden administration’s handling of immigration has declined among both Republicans and Democrats. In July, 35% of American voters had confidence in Joe Biden to make wise decisions about immigration. By September, more voters had confidence in Trump (52%) on this issue than in Harris (45%) – though confidence in Harris is higher than it was in Biden.

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Views on government control over illegal and legal immigration

In the new survey, two-thirds of Trump supporters (66%) say the U.S. government has little or no control over immigrants entering the country illegally, while fewer than half (40%) of Harris supporters say the same.

By contrast, about half of both Trump (49%) and Harris (51%) supporters say the federal government has complete or almost complete control over immigrants entering country legally. Somewhat similar shares of Trump and Harris supporters (30% and 37%, respectively) say the government has a moderate degree of control over legal immigration.

Overall, 33% of Trump supporters say the government has at least a moderate degree of control over legal immigration, compared with 59% of Harris supporters.

Trump and Harris supporters are divided over whether the U.S. government has control of illegal immigration; majorities say legal immigration is under control

% of registered voters who say the U.S. government has ___ over the number of immigrants who ...

Enter the country illegally

Enter the country legally

13 7

59 3

7 40

Complete control

Almost complete control

A moderate degree of control

Little control

No control

NET 33

10 11

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Despite agreement over the government’s control of legal immigration, about three-quarters of both Trump (74%) and Harris (76%) supporters say the U.S. immigration system needs major changes or needs to be completely rebuilt.

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Views on the level of illegal and legal immigration into the U.S.

Trump supporters express far higher levels of concern than Harris supporters about illegal immigration. Most Trump supporters (87%) say they are very or extremely concerned about the number of immigrants entering the country illegally, while about a quarter of Harris supporters (27%) say the same.

Most Trump supporters are deeply concerned about the number of immigrants entering the country illegally; fewer than a third of Harris supporters say the same

% of registered voters who say they are ___ concerned about the number of immigrants entering the country illegally

Extremely

Very

Somewhat

Not too

Not at all

NET 56

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Note: Based on registered voters. Subtotals may not add to NETs due to rounding. Responses with a share less than 3% shown but not labeled. Share of respondents who didn’t offer an answer not shown. Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Aug. 5-11, 2024. “Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High-Skilled Immigration”

Just over a third of Harris supporters say they are somewhat concerned (36%) about this, while a similar share (37%) say they are not concerned about the number of immigrants entering the country illegally.

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Trump and Harris supporters are less divided on the levels of legal immigration into the U.S. Nearly half of both Trump and Harris supporters say legal immigration should be kept at its present level – 48% and 44%, respectively.

About half of Trump and Harris supporters say legal immigration into the U.S. should stay at present levels

% of registered voters who say legal immigration into the United States should be …

Decreased

Kept at its present level

Increased

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

But support differs when it comes to changing the level of legal immigration into the U.S. A third of Trump supporters (33%) favor decreased legal immigration, and smaller shares (17%) say it should be increased. Meanwhile, about four-in-ten Harris supporters (42%) favor increased legal immigration, with smaller shares favoring decreased immigration levels.

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How do registered voters view the impact of immigrants on U.S. society?

About three-quarters of U.S. immigrants are here legally, and about a quarter are unauthorized immigrants.

Registered voters draw a distinction between immigrants living in the country illegally and legally when it comes to the impact immigrants have on society. For example, a majority of registered voters say that immigrants living in the country illegally have negative impacts on public resources (70%) and on crime (64%). By contrast, nearly half of voters say that immigrants living in the country legally have a positive impact on U.S. economy.1

1 Studies show immigrants in the U.S. do not increase crime and have a positive impact on the economy by filling gaps in the labor force.

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Most Trump supporters say immigrants living in the country illegally worsen crime and the economy, but far fewer Harris supporters hold these views

% of registered voters who say that immigrants living in the country illegally are ___on each area

Making things worse Not having much effect Making things better

All registered voters

Public resources*

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Crime 64

The U.S. economy

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

All registered voters

Social and cultural values

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Science and technological innovation

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Note: Based on registered voters. Share of respondents who didn’t offer an answer not shown. Full wording for “Public resources” was “Public resources (such as housing, education, health care, etc.).” Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Aug. 5-11, 2024. “Trump and Harris Supporters Differ on Mass Deportations but Favor Border Security, High- Skilled Immigration”

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The impact of immigrants living in the country illegally

Majorities of Trump supporters say immigrants living in the country illegally make things worse when it comes to crime (92%), public resources like housing, education or health care (92%), the U.S. economy (85%) and social and cultural values (76%).

Harris supporters have a mix of positive and negative views about the impact of immigrants living in the country illegally.

 56% of Harris supporters say immigrants living in the country illegally don’t have much effect on crime, with 37% saying they make things worse.

 38% of Harris supporters say immigrants in the country illegally make things better for the U.S. economy, while 32% say they don’t have much of an effect and 28% say they make things worse.

 49% say immigrants living in the country illegally

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make things worse when it comes to public resources, while 40% say they don’t have much an effect.

Should immigrants living in the country illegally be eligible for public assistance?

Unauthorized immigrants are ineligible for most federally funded public benefits. And immigrant eligibility for public assistance differs across state and local levels. For example, California offers financial aid to unauthorized immigrant students, while Minnesota will soon allow unauthorized immigrants to access health insurance coverage offered to low-income residents.

Survey findings show that a majority (81%) of voters say immigrants who are living in the U.S. illegally should not be eligible for public assistance.

Most Trump and Harris backers say immigrants in the U.S. illegally shouldn’t be eligible for public assistance

% of registered voters who say immigrants who are living in the U.S. illegally ___ be eligible for public assistance provided by state and local governments

Should not

Should

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Nearly all Trump supporters (96%) say immigrants living in the country illegally should not be eligible for public assistance from state and local governments. A majority of Harris supporters (68%) say the same, while nearly a third (31%) say immigrants living in the country illegally should be eligible for public assistance.

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The impact of immigrants living in the country legally

Harris supporters are more likely than Trump supporters to say immigrants living in the country legally improve the U.S. economy, science and technological innovation, and social and cultural values.

 62% of Harris supporters

say immigrants living in the country legally make things better for the U.S. economy, compared with 31% of Trump supporters.  57% of Harris supporters say immigrants living in the country legally make things better for science and technological innovation, compared with 33% of Trump supporters.

Notably, a majority of registered voters (62%) say immigrants living in the country legally do not have much effect on crime, with 71% of Harris supporters and 53% of Trump supporters saying so. Still, 36% of Trump supporters say legal immigrants make crime worse.

Majority of Trump and Harris supporters say legal immigrants have little impact on crime

% of registered voters who say that immigrants living in the country legally are ___on each area

Making things worse Not having much effect Making things better

The U.S. economy

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Science and technological innovation

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Social and cultural values

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

All registered voters

Public resources*

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

Crime

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

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Sizable shares of Trump supporters (42%) and Harris supporters (52%) say immigrants living in the country legally do not have much effect on public resources such as housing, education or health care.

Should immigrants living in the country legally be eligible for public assistance?

Notably, majorities of both Trump (69%) and Harris (89%) supporters say legal immigrants should be eligible for public assistance by state and local governments, reflecting their markedly different views on immigrants living in the country legally and those in the country illegally.

Most Trump and Harris backers say immigrants in the U.S. legally should be eligible for public assistance

% of registered voters who say immigrants who are living in the U.S. legally ___ be eligible for public assistance provided by state and local governments

Should not

Should

All registered voters

Trump supporters

Harris supporters

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Acknowledgments

This report was written by Sahana Mukherjee, associate director, race and ethnicity research, and Jens Manuel Krogstad, senior writer/editor.

Editorial guidance for the report was provided by Mark Hugo Lopez, director, race and ethnicity research. Jeffrey Passel, senior demographer; Juliana Horowitz, senior associate director, social trends research; Jocelyn Kiley, senior associate director, political research; John Gramlich, associate director, short reads; and Claudia Deane, executive vice president, provided editorial advice on the report.

Methodological guidance was provided by Andrew Mercer, principal methodologist; Dorene Asare-Marfo, senior panel manager; Dana Popky, associate panel manager; and Arnold Lau, research methodologist. Guidance on the communications strategy and outreach was provided by Tanya Arditi, senior communications manager, with support from Andrew Grant, communications associate.

The report was number-checked by Gracie Martinez, research assistant. Carolyne Im, research analyst, Alexandra Cahn, research assistant, Luis Noe-Bustamente, research associate, and Ziyao Tian, research associate, provided research and editorial support. Sara Atske, digital producer, produced the report. David Kent, senior copy editor, copy edited the report. Charts were designed by Cahn, Im and information graphics designer John Carlo Mandapat.

Find related reports online at https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/immigration-migration/

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Methodology

The American Trends Panel survey methodology

Overview

Data in this report comes from Wave 151 of the American Trends Panel (ATP), Pew Research Center’s nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. The survey was conducted from Aug. 5 to Aug. 11, 2024. A total of 9,201 panelists responded out of 10,079 who were sampled, for a survey-level response rate of 91%.

The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 3%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged on to the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 9,201 respondents is plus or minus 1.3 percentage points.

SSRS conducted the survey for Pew Research Center via online (n=8,935) and live telephone (n=266) interviewing. Interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.

To learn more about the ATP, read “About the American Trends Panel.”

Panel recruitment

Since 2018, the ATP has used address-based sampling (ABS) for recruitment. A study cover letter and a pre-incentive are mailed to a stratified, random sample of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service’s Computerized Delivery Sequence File. This Postal Service file has been estimated to cover 90% to 98% of the population.2 Within each sampled household, the adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS recruitment protocol have changed over time but are available upon request.3 Prior to 2018, the ATP was recruited using landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys administered in English and Spanish.

A national sample of U.S. adults has been recruited to the ATP approximately once per year since 2014. In some years, the recruitment has included additional efforts (known as an “oversample”) to improve the accuracy of data for underrepresented groups. For example, Hispanic adults, Black adults and Asian adults were oversampled in 2019, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

2 AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. “AAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling.” 3 Email pewsurveys@pewresearch.org.

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Sample design

The overall target population for this survey was noninstitutionalized persons ages 18 and older living in the United States. All active panel members were invited to participate in this wave.

Questionnaire development and testing

The questionnaire was developed by Pew Research Center in consultation with SSRS. The web program used for online respondents was rigorously tested on both PC and mobile devices by the SSRS project team and Pew Research Center researchers. The SSRS project team also populated test data that was analyzed in SPSS to ensure the logic and randomizations were working as intended before launching the survey.

Incentives

All respondents were offered a post-paid incentive for their participation. Respondents could choose to receive the post-paid incentive in the form of a check or gift code to Amazon.com. Incentive amounts ranged from $5 to $20 depending on whether the respondent belongs to a part of the population that is harder or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts were designed to increase panel survey participation among groups that traditionally have low survey response propensities.

Data collection protocol

The data collection field period for this survey was Aug. 5 to Aug. 11, 2024. Surveys were conducted via self-administered web survey or by live telephone interviewing.

For panelists who take surveys online:4 Postcard notifications were mailed to a subset on Aug. 5.5 Survey invitations were sent out in two separate launches: soft launch and full launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with an initial invitation sent on Aug. 5. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled online panelists were included in the full launch and were sent an invitation on Aug. 6.

4 The ATP does not use routers or chains in any part of its online data collection protocol, nor are they used to direct respondents to additional surveys. 5 Postcard notifications for web panelists are sent to 1) panelists who were recruited within the last two years and 2) panelists recruited prior to the last two years who opt to continue receiving postcard notifications.

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Invitation and reminder dates for web respondents, ATP Wave 151

Soft launch

Aug. 5, 2024

Aug. 8, 2024

Aug. 10, 2024

Full launch

Aug. 6, 2024

Aug. 8, 2024

Aug. 10, 2024

Initial invitation

First reminder

Final reminder

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Panelists participating online were sent an email invitation and up to two email reminders if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who consented to SMS messages were sent an SMS invitation with a link to the survey and up to two SMS reminders.

For panelists who take surveys over the phone with a live interviewer: Prenotification postcards were mailed on July 31, and reminder postcards were mailed on Aug. 5. The CATI soft launch took place on Aug. 5 and involved dialing until a total of three interviews had been completed. CATI panelists receive up to six calls from trained SSRS interviewers. All remaining English- and Spanish-speaking sampled CATI panelist numbers were dialed throughout the remaining field period.

Data quality checks

To ensure high-quality data, Center researchers performed data quality checks to identify any respondents showing patterns of satisficing. This includes checking for whether respondents left questions blank at very high rates or always selected the first or last answer presented. As a result of this checking, four ATP respondents were removed from the survey dataset prior to weighting and analysis.

Weighting

The ATP data is weighted in a process that accounts for multiple stages of sampling and nonresponse that occur at different points in the panel survey process. First, each panelist begins with a base weight that reflects their probability of recruitment into the panel. These weights are then calibrated to align with the population benchmarks in the accompanying table to correct for nonresponse to recruitment surveys and panel attrition. If only a subsample of panelists was invited to participate in the wave, this weight is adjusted to account for any differential probabilities of selection.

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Among the panelists who completed the survey, this weight is then calibrated again to align with the population benchmarks identified in the accompanying table. The weight is then trimmed at approximately the 1st and 99th percentiles to reduce the loss in precision stemming from variance in the weights. Sampling errors and tests of statistical significance take into account the effect of weighting.

American Trends Panel weighting dimensions

Variable Age (detailed) Age x Gender Education x Gender Education x Age Race/Ethnicity x Education Race/Ethnicity x Gender Black (alone or in combination) x Hispanic Born inside vs. outside the U.S. among Hispanics and Asian Americans Years lived in the U.S. Census region x Metropolitan status

Volunteerism

Party affiliation x Voter registration

Benchmark source

2022 American Community Survey (ACS)

2021 CPS Volunteering & Civic Life Supplement 2020 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement

Party affiliation x Race/Ethnicity Frequency of internet use Religious affiliation Note: Estimates from the ACS are based on noninstitutionalized adults. Voter registration is calculated using procedures from Hur, Achen (2013) and rescaled to include the total U.S. adult population.

2024 National Public Opinion Reference Survey (NPORS)

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The following table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey.

Sample sizes and margins of error, ATP Wave 151

Group Total sample

All registered voters

Harris supporters

Trump supporters

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Unweighted sample size 9,201

7,569

3,823

3,234

Plus or minus … 1.3 percentage points

1.4 percentage points

2.0 percentage points

2.1 percentage points

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Sample sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available upon request. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.

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Dispositions and response rates

Final dispositions, ATP Wave 151

Completed interview

Logged in (web) / Contacted (CATI), but did not complete any items

Started survey; broke off before completion

Never logged on (web) / Never reached on phone (CATI)

Survey completed after close of the field period

Other non-interview

Completed interview but was removed for data quality

Total panelists sampled for the survey

Completed interviews

Partial interviews

Refusals

Non-contact

Other

Unknown household

Unknown other

Not eligible

Total

AAPOR RR1 = I / (I+P+R+NC+O+UH+UO)

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Cumulative response rate, ATP Wave 151

Weighted response rate to recruitment surveys

% of recruitment survey respondents who agreed to join the panel, among those invited % of those agreeing to join who were active panelists at start of Wave 151

Response rate to Wave 151 survey

Cumulative response rate

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Total

9,201

160

139

575

10,079

9,201

299

575

10,079

91%

AAPOR code

1.1

2.11

2.12

2.20

2.27

2.30

2.90

Total

11%

73%

40%

91%

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

Topline

2024 PEW RESEARCH CENTER’S AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL WAVE 151 AUGUST 2024 FINAL TOPLINE August 5–11, 2024 TOTAL N=9,201

Note: Registered voters include adults who report being absolutely certain they are registered at their current address. Trump/Lean Trump are those who said if the 2024 presidential election “were held today” they would vote for Donald Trump, the Republican, or lean more toward Donald Trump. Harris/Lean Harris are those who said they would vote for Kamala Harris, the Democrat, or lean more toward Harris.

All numbers are percentages unless otherwise noted. Percentages greater than zero but less than 0.5% are replaced by an asterisk (*). A hyphen (-) indicates that the sample size for a given subgroup is too small to report for that question or that the responses for a given subgroup are not displayed. Rows/columns may not total 100% or to NETs due to rounding. The questions presented below are part of a larger survey conducted on the American Trends Panel.

“No answer” includes web respondents who do not answer the question as well as telephone respondents who refuse to answer or who say they don’t know how to answer. In cases where “not sure” was offered as an explicit option to web and telephone respondents, the “no answer” category includes only web skips and telephone refusals.

This survey was conducted primarily online, with some interviews conducted by live telephone. This topline shows the programming language for online administration. For details on how questions were slightly modified for phone administration, refer to the questionnaire.

American Trends Panel surveys conducted between October 2016 and June 2024 were conducted fully online (with tablets and data plans provided to adults without home internet). American Trends Panel surveys conducted prior to October 2016 were conducted primarily online, with some respondents completing by mail. For additional details, visit the methodology.

PN = Programming note

All U.S. adults Registered voters NET Trump/Lean Trump NET Harris/Lean Harris

Sample size 9,201 7,569 3,234 3,823

Margin of error at 95% confidence level +/- 1.3 percentage points +/- 1.4 percentage points +/- 2.1 percentage points +/- 2.0 percentage points

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ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED

If the 2024 presidential election were being held today, would you vote for… [ PN:

VOTEGEN24/VOTEGEN24_LEAN COMBO TABLE ASK IF CITIZEN (X_CITIZEN=1) [n=8,880]: VOTEGEN24 RANDOMIZE OPTIONS 1 AND 2 WITH OPTIONS 3 AND 4 ALWAYS LAST ] ASK IF NONE/OTHER CANDIDATE OR SKIPPED VOTEGEN24 (VOTEGEN24=4 OR 99) [n=896]: VOTEGEN24_LEAN [ PN: ONLY DISPLAY OPTION 4 “None/Other” IF VOTEGEN24_LEAN IS INITIALLY SKIPPED. ALSO DISPLAY SOFT PROMPT: If you would not support any of the candidates, please select answer choice None/Other. If you would like to skip, click Next… ]

As of today do you… [ PN: SHOW OPTIONS IN SAME ORDER AS VOTEGEN24 ]

BASED ON THOSE WHO SAY THEY ARE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN THEY ARE REGISTERED TO VOTE (F_REG=1) [n=7,569]:6

All U.S. registered voters 45

1 * n=7,569

NET Donald Trump, the Republican/Lean more toward Trump NET Kamala Harris, the Democrat/Lean more toward Harris NET Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a third-party candidate/Lean more toward Kennedy Jr. Lean toward none/Other No answer

U.S. ADULT REGISTERED VOTER TREND FOR COMPARISON:

BASED ON REGISTERED VOTERS:

Donald Trump, the Republican/Lean more toward Trump Joe Biden, the Democrat/Lean more toward Biden Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a third-party candidate/Lean more toward Kennedy Jr. None/Other No answer

Donald Trump, the Republican/Lean more toward Trump Joe Biden, the Democrat/Lean more toward Biden Vote for neither/Other No answer

Jul 1-7, 2024 44 40 15

2 *

Apr 8-14, 2024 49 48 2 1

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED

6 Question was asked of all U.S. citizen adults but shown only among those who say they are absolutely certain they are registered to vote.

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ST_2 ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE OPTIONS 1-4/4-1 HOLDING 98 AND 99 LAST ]

In your view, do you think the immigration system in this country…

All U.S. adults

3 20 75

54 21 2

Requires no changes Requires only minor changes NET Requires major changes/ Needs to be completely rebuilt Requires major changes Needs to be completely rebuilt No answer

ALL U.S. ADULT TREND FOR COMPARISON:7

Registered voters 3 20 75

NET Trump/Lean Trump 5 19 74

NET Harris/Lean Harris 1 21 76

55 20 1

49 25 1

60 16 1

Mar 10-Apr 6, 2015

Works pretty well and requires only minor changes 16

Needs major changes 54

Needs to be completely rebuilt 28

No answer 2

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

[ PN: RANDOMIZE ORDER OF LGIMMCTRL and ILIMMCTRL ] LGIMMCTRL ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE OPTIONS 1-5/5-1, HOLDING 98 AND 99 LAST ]

How much control do you think the U.S. government has over the number of immigrants who enter the country legally?

All U.S. adults

21 27 33 17 12 5 1

NET Complete control/Almost complete control Complete control Almost complete control A moderate degree of control NET Little control/No control Little control No control No answer

Registered voters 50

NET Trump/Lean Trump 49

NET Harris/Lean Harris 51

22 27 33 16 11 5 1

25 24 30 21 13 7 1

20 31 37 11 9 2 1

7 In 2015, the question read, “As far as you know, do you think the immigration system in this country…” and had the response options, “Works pretty well and requires only minor changes,” “Needs major changes” and “Needs to be completely rebuilt.”

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

[ PN: RANDOMIZE ORDER OF LGIMMCTRL and ILIMMCTRL ] ILIMMCTRL ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE OPTIONS IN SAME ORDER AS LGIMMCTRL]

How much control do you think the U.S. government has over the number of immigrants who enter the country illegally?

All U.S. adults

6 9 31 52 31 21 1

NET Complete control/Almost complete control Complete control Almost complete control A moderate degree of control NET Little control/No control Little control No control No answer

Registered voters 15

NET Trump/Lean Trump 21

NET Harris/Lean Harris 10

6
9

30 53 30 23 1

11 12 66 27 39 1

7 49 40 33 7 1

IMMCRN ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE OPTIONS IN SAME ORDER AS MEDESC_TYP ]

How concerned are you about the number of immigrants entering the country illegally?

All U.S. adults

52 33 19 25 22 16 7 1

NET Extremely/Very concerned Extremely concerned Very concerned Somewhat concerned NET Not too/Not at all concerned Not too concerned Not at all concerned No answer

Registered voters 56 38 18 23 20 14 6 1

NET Trump/Lean Trump 87 69 18 9 3 2 1 1

NET Harris/Lean Harris 27 10 17 36 37 27 10 1

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

IMMSUPPORT ASK ALL: [ PN: RANDOMIZE ITEMS; ROTATE OPTIONS 1-4/4-1, HOLDING 98 AND 99 LAST ]

How much would you favor or oppose each of the following U.S. immigration policies?

All U.S. adults

Registered voters

NET Trump/Lean Trump

NET Harris/Lean Harris

Improving security along the country’s borders NET Strongly/Somewhat favor

Strongly favor Somewhat favor

NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose

Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose

No answer

88 62 26 11 3 8 1

96 89 7 3 2 2 *

Admitting more civilian refugees from countries where people are trying to escape violence and war NET Strongly/Somewhat favor

Strongly favor Somewhat favor

NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose

Somewhat oppose

No answer

Legally admitting more high-skilled immigrants NET Strongly/Somewhat favor

Strongly favor Somewhat favor

NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose

Somewhat oppose

No answer

Strongly favor Somewhat favor

NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose

Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose

No answer

67 22 45 32 11 21 1

51 17 34 47 25 23 2

79 31 48 20 7 13 2

71 22 50 27 11 16 2

49 6 43 50 19 31 1

29 7 23 69 43 26 1

Legally admitting immigrants from all over the world to ensure the nation’s immigrant population is diverse NET Strongly/Somewhat favor

Legally admitting immigrants who can fill labor shortages NET Strongly/Somewhat favor Strongly favor Somewhat favor NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose No answer

69 25 44 29 11 18 2

70 25 45 29 11 17 1

55 10 45 45 20 25 1

86 39 47 13 4 9 1

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BRDER

REF

SKILL

DIV

LABOR

80 37 44 18 5 14 1

85 38 47 14 3 11 1

87 40 46 12 3 9 1

72 27 45 26 8 18 2

86 58 28 13 4 9 1

67 23 44 31 10 21 2

78 32 46 20 7 14 2

52 17 35 46 22 24 2

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

IMMSUPPORT CONTINUED…

DEPORT

STUD

MARRY

Enforcing mass deportations of immigrants living in the country illegally NET Strongly/Somewhat favor Strongly favor Somewhat favor NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose No answer

56 33 23 42 22 21 1

54 30 24 44 21 23 2

88 61 26 11 3 8 1

27 7 19 72 41 32 1

Allowing international students who receive a college degree in the U.S. to legally work and stay in the country NET Strongly/Somewhat favor Strongly favor Somewhat favor NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose No answer

77 31 46 22 7 16 1

77 33 44 21 6 15 1

63 13 50 36 11 25 1

89 47 42 10 3 7 1

Allowing undocumented immigrants to legally work and stay in the country if they are married to a U.S. citizen NET Strongly/Somewhat favor Strongly favor Somewhat favor NET Strongly/Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Somewhat oppose No answer

58 22 36 41 18 22 1

60 23 37 39 17 22 1

37 6 30 63 32 31 1

80 38 42 19 5 14 1

LGLSTATUS ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE OPTIONS 1-2/2-1, HOLDING 98 AND 99 LAST ]

Which comes closer to your view about how to handle undocumented immigrants who are now living in the U.S.?

All U.S. adults

They should not be allowed to stay in the country legally There should be a way for them to stay in the country legally, if certain requirements are met No answer

Registered voters 38

NET Trump/Lean Trump 66

NET Harris/Lean Harris 12

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

They should not be allowed to stay in the country legally

There should be a way for them to stay in the country legally, if certain requirements are met

No answer

37 44 23 23 32

30 36 20 15 30

24 29 18 12 22

62 55 74 76 65

69 64 78 84 68

75 70 81 87 76

1 1 2 1 2

1 * 2 1 2

1 1 1 1 1

LGLSTATUS TREND:8

Apr 8-14, 2024 All U.S. adults White Black Hispanic Asian

Apr 5-11, 2021 All U.S. adults White Black Hispanic Asian

Jun 4-10, 2020 All U.S. adults White Black Hispanic Asian

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

LG_IMLVL ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1-2/2-1 HOLDING 3, 98, AND 99 LAST ]

Should legal immigration into the United States be…

All U.S. adults

30 22 46 2

Increased Decreased Kept at its present level No answer

Registered voters 29 23 46 2

NET Trump/Lean Trump 17 33 48 1

NET Harris/Lean Harris 42 12 44 2

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

8 In the April 2024, 2021 and 2020 surveys, the question did not emphasize “undocumented.”

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

IMMSER ASK ALL: [ PN: RANDOMIZE BATTERY ITEMS ]

Should each of the following be eligible for public assistance provided by state and local governments?

All U.S. adults

Registered voters

NET Trump/Lean Trump

NET Harris/Lean Harris

LGL

ILGL

Immigrants who are living in the U.S. legally Yes No No answer

80 19 1

Immigrants who are living in the U.S. illegally Yes No No answer

20 78 1

79 20 1

18 81 1

69 30 1

4 96 *

89 10 1

31 68 1

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

IMMSTS ASK ALL: [ PN: ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1-2/2-1, HOLDING 3, 98 AND 99 LAST ]

Do you think the increasing number of immigrants in the United States will make life…

All U.S. adults

15 32 52 1

Better for people like you Worse for people like you No different for people like you No answer

Registered voters 13 34 51 1

NET Trump/Lean Trump 4 59 36 1

NET Harris/Lean Harris 23 11 65 1

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

[ PN: IF X_FORM=1, SHOW LGIMPCT FIRST FOLLOWED BY ILLIMPCT. IF X_FORM=2, SHOW ILLIMPCT FIRST, FOLLOWED BY LGIMPCT ] LGIMPCT ASK ALL: [ PN: RANDOMIZE BATTERY ITEMS IN SAME ORDER AS ILLIMPCT; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1- 2/2-1 HOLDING OPTION 3, 98, AND 99 LAST ]

What type of impact do you think immigrants living in the country legally are having on each of the following areas?

All U.S. adults

Registered voters

NET Trump/Lean Trump

NET Harris/Lean Harris

CRIME

Crime

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

ECON

The U.S. economy

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

VALUE

Social and cultural values

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

TECH

Science and technological innovation

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

13 25 60 2

46 19 33 2

37 17 44 2

45 7 46 2

PUBRES

Public resources (such as housing, education, health care, etc.)

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

22 30 46 2

12 24 62 2

47 19 33 2

36 18 45 2

45 7 46 2

21 31 47 2

10 36 53 2

31 29 38 2

21 29 48 2

33 10 55 2

13 43 42 2

13 14 71 2

62 9 27 2

49 7 42 2

57 3 37 2

27 19 52 2

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

[ PN: IF X_FORM=1, SHOW LGIMPCT FIRST FOLLOWED BY ILLIMPCT. IF X_FORM=2, SHOW ILLIMPCT FIRST, FOLLOWED BY LGIMPCT ] ILLIMPCT ASK ALL: [ PN: RANDOMIZE BATTERY ITEMS IN SAME ORDER AS LGIMPCT; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS IN THE SAME ORDER AS LGIMPCT ]

What type of impact do you think immigrants living in the country illegally are having on each of the

following areas?

All U.S. adults

Registered voters

NET Trump/Lean Trump

NET Harris/Lean Harris

CRIME

Crime

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

ECON

The U.S. economy

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

VALUE

Social and cultural values

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

TECH

Science and technological innovation

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

4 63 31 2

22 54 22 2

18 44 35 2

14 24 60 2

PUBRES

Public resources (such as housing, education, health care, etc.)

Making things better Making things worse Not having much effect No answer

7 66 24 2

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

3 64 31 2

21 56 21 2

16 47 35 2

12 25 61 2

6 70 23 2

1 92 6 1

5 85 9 1

5 76 18 1

4 43 52 1

3 92 5 1

4 37 56 2

38 28 32 3

27 20 51 2

19 9 69 2

9 49 40 2

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PEW RESEARCH CENTER

KNOWIMM ASK ALL:

Do you personally know someone in your community who was born outside of the United States?

All U.S. adults

71 29 1

Yes No No answer

Registered voters 72 28 1

NET Trump/Lean Trump 69 30 1

NET Harris/Lean Harris 75 25 1

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE OR PREVIOUSLY RELEASED