Datasets:

luoojason
/

muddle-eval-bundle-md

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Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Document con vent ions

Document conventions

St yle St yle

Descript io n Descript io n

Example Example

Danger Danger

W arning W arning

No t ice No t ice

No t eNo t e

Bo ldBo ld

A danger notice indicates a situation that will cause major system changes, faults, physical injuries, and other adverse results.

Danger: Danger:

Resetting will result in the loss of user configuration data.

A warning notice indicates a situation that may cause major system changes, faults, physical injuries, and other adverse results.

W arning: W arning:

Restarting will cause business interruption. About 10 minutes are required to restart an instance.

A caution notice indicates warning information, supplementary instructions, and other content that the user must understand.

No t ice: No t ice:

If the weight is set to 0, the server no longer receives new requests.

A note indicates supplemental instructions, best practices, tips, and other content.

No t e: No t e:

You can use Ctrl + A to select all files.

Closing angle brackets are used to indicate a multi-level menu cascade.

Set t ings > Net w o rk

Set net w o rk Net w o rk> Set net w o rk

Click Set t ings t ype . t ype

Bold formatting is used for buttons , menus, page names, and other UI elements.

Click OKOK.

Courier font

Courier font is used for commands

Run the cd /d C:/window command to enter the Windows system folder.

Italic

[] or [a|b]

{} or {a|b}

Italic formatting is used for parameters and variables.

bae log list --instanceid

Instance_ID

T his format is used for an optional value, where only one item can be selected.

ipconfig [-all|-t]

T his format is used for a required value, where only one item can be selected.

switch {active|stand}

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Table of Cont ent s

Table of Contents

1.What is OSS?

2.Features

3.Beneﬁts

4.Scenarios

5.FAQ

6.Terms

7.Limits

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··What is OSS?

1.What is OSS? 1.What is OSS?

Alibaba Cloud Object St orage Service (OSS) is a secure, cost -effect ive, and highly reliable cloud st orage service t hat allows you t o st ore a large amount of dat a. OSS is designed t o provide 99.9999999999% (t welve 9's) dat a durabilit y and 99.995% dat a availabilit y. OSS provides mult iple st orage classes t o help you manage and reduce st orage cost s.

OSS support s REST ful API operat ions t hat are independent of t he OSS console. You can st ore and access dat a from all applicat ions anyt ime and anywhere.

You can call API operat ions and use SDKs or OSS migrat ion t ools provided by Alibaba Cloud t o t ransfer large amount s of dat a t o and from Alibaba Cloud OSS. You can use OSS bucket s of t he St andard st orage class t o st ore image, audio, and video object s for apps and websit es. You can use OSS bucket s of t he Infrequent Access (IA), Archive, or Cold Archive st orage class t o st ore infrequent ly accessed object s at a low cost and wit h longer st orage period.

Get started with O SS Get started with O SS

Video t ut orial

T he following video quickly guides you t hrough OSS.

FAQ

For frequent ly asked quest ions about OSS, see FAQ.

Learning pat h

OSS Learning Pat h helps you get st art ed wit h OSS. You can learn basic OSS operat ions, and t hen perform secondary development by using a variet y of API operat ions, SDKs, and convenient t ools.

Terms Terms

st orage class

T he st orage class of a bucket or an object . OSS provides t he following st orage classes t o cover a variet y of dat a st orage scenarios from hot dat a t o cold dat a: St andard, IA, Archive, and Cold Archive. T he St andard st orage class provides high-durabilit y, high-availabilit y, and high-performance object st orage services t hat can support frequent dat a access. T he IA st orage class is suit able for st oring dat a t hat is accessed once or t wice a mont h. In addit ion, t he unit price of IA st orage is lower t han t hat of St andard st orage. T he Archive st orage class is suit able for st oring archive dat a for at least six mont hs. T he Cold Archive st orage class is suit able for st oring cold dat a over a long period of t ime. For more informat ion about st orage classes, see Overview.

bucket

A cont ainer used t o st ore object s in OSS. All object s are cont ained in bucket s. You can configure a variet y of bucket at t ribut es such as t he region, access cont rol list (ACL), and st orage class. You can creat e bucket s of different st orage classes t o st ore your dat a.

object

T he basic unit used t o st ore dat a in OSS. Object s are also known as files. An object consist s of object met adat a, object dat a, and an object key. T he key of an object uniquely ident ifies t he object in a bucket . Object met adat a consist s of key-value pairs t hat describe object at t ribut es, such as t he last modified t ime and t he size of t he object . You can also specify t he user met adat a of an object .

region

Product Int roduct ion··What is OSS?

Object St orage Service

T he physical locat ion of an OSS dat a cent er. You can select a region t o creat e a bucket based on t he cost and locat ion of t he request s t o t he bucket . For more informat ion, see Regions and endpoints.

endpoint

T he domain name t hat is used t o access OSS. OSS uses REST ful API operat ions t o provide services. Different regions are accessed by using different endpoint s. Access over t he int ernal net work or over t he Int ernet wit hin t he same region also uses different endpoint s. For more informat ion, see Regions and endpoints.

AccessKey pair

T he access credent ial t hat is used t o aut hent icat e a request er. An AccessKey pair consist s of an AccessKey ID and an AccessKey secret . OSS uses symmet ric encrypt ion based on AccessKey pairs t o verify t he ident it y of a request er. T he AccessKey ID is used t o ident ify a user. T he AccessKey secret is used t o encrypt and verify signat ure st rings. T he AccessKey secret must be kept confident ial. For more informat ion about how t o obt ain an AccessKey pair, see Obtain an AccessKey pair.

Common operations Common operations

Creat e bucket s

Before you can upload object s t o OSS, you must creat e a bucket . You can configure various at t ribut es such as t he region, ACL, and ot her met adat a for a bucket . For more informat ion about how t o creat e a bucket , see Create buckets.

Upload object s

Aft er you creat e a bucket , you can upload object s of different sizes t o t he bucket . For more informat ion about how t o upload object s, see Upload objects.

Download object s

Aft er you upload object s t o a bucket , you can download t he object s t o t he default download pat h of your browser or t he specified local pat h. For more informat ion about how t o download object s, see Download objects.

List object s

You can list all object s in a bucket . If a large number of object s are st ored in a bucket , you can also list some of t he object s in t he bucket . For more informat ion about how t o list object s, see List objects.

Delet e object s

You can manually delet e one or more object s t hat you no longer need. You can also configure lifecycle rules t o allow OSS t o aut omat ically delet e a single object or mult iple object s. For more informat ion about how t o delet e object s, see Delete objects.

Features Features

Versioning

OSS allows you t o configure versioning for a bucket t o prot ect object s t hat are st ored in t he bucket . Aft er you enable versioning for a bucket , dat a t hat is overwrit t en or delet ed in t he bucket is saved as a previous version. You can use versioning t o recover a previous version of an object t hat is accident ally overwrit t en or delet ed. For more informat ion about versioning, see Overview.

Bucket Policy

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··What is OSS?

T he owner of a bucket can configure bucket policies t o grant users different permissions t o access t he specified OSS resources in t he bucket . For example, you can configure bucket policies t o aut horize ot her Alibaba Cloud account s or anonymous users t o access or manage all or some resources in your bucket . You can also configure bucket policies t o grant full permissions such as read-only, read/writ e, or full permissions t o different RAM users of t he same Alibaba Cloud account . T his way, different RAM users have different permissions t o access or manage resources in your bucket . For more informat ion about how t o configure bucket policies, see Configure bucket policies to authorize other users to access OSS resources.

CRR

Cross-region replicat ion (CRR) provides aut omat ic and asynchronous (near real-t ime) replicat ion of object s across bucket s in different OSS regions. Operat ions such as creat ing, overwrit ing, and delet ing object s can be synchronized from a source bucket t o a dest inat ion bucket . CRR can meet your requirement s for cross-region disast er recovery and dat a replicat ion. For more informat ion about CRR, see CRR.

Dat a encrypt ion

Server-side encrypt ion: When you upload an object t o a bucket for which server-side encrypt ion is enabled, OSS encrypt s t he object and st ores t he encrypt ed object . When you download t he encrypt ed object from OSS, OSS aut omat ically decrypt s t he object and ret urns t he decrypt ed object . A header is added in t he response t o indicat e t hat t he object is encrypt ed on t he OSS server. For more informat ion about server-side encrypt ion, see Server-side encryption.

Client -side encrypt ion: Before you upload an object t o a bucket , t he object is encrypt ed on t he local client . For more informat ion about client -side encrypt ion, see Client-side encryption.

Manage O SS Manage O SS

You can use a variet y of met hods t o upload object s, download object s, and manage OSS.

Manage OSS by using t he OSS console

OSS provides a web-based console. You can log on t o t he OSS console t o manage your OSS resources. For more informat ion, see Use Alibaba Cloud accounts to log on to the OSS console.

Manage OSS by using API operat ions or SDKs

OSS provides REST ful API operat ions and SDKs for mult iple programming languages t o facilit at e secondary development . For more informat ion, see List of operations by function and Overview.

Manage OSS by using t ools

OSS provides mult iple management t ools, such as ossbrowser, ossut il, and ossft p. For more informat ion, see OSS tools.

Manage OSS by using CSG

OSS uses a flat st ruct ure inst ead of a hierarchical st ruct ure t o st ore object s. All element s are st ored as object s in bucket s. T o use OSS in t he same manner in which local file syst ems are used, you can configure Cloud St orage Gat eway (CSG). For more informat ion, visit t he CSG product page.

Pricing Pricing

Product Int roduct ion··What is OSS?

Object St orage Service

T radit ional st orage service providers require you t o purchase a reserved amount of st orage capacit y and net work t raffic before you use resources. If your st orage capacit y or t raffic usage exceeds t he reserved amount , your service is deact ivat ed or you are charged excess fees. At t he same t ime, if your st orage capacit y or t raffic usage does not exceed t he reserved amount , you are charged for t he full amount of t he st orage and t raffic.

OSS charges you only for t he st orage capacit y and t raffic t hat you consume. T herefore, you do not need t o purchase st orage capacit y and t raffic before you use resources. You can t ake t he cost advant ages of t he flexible infrast ruct ure provided by Alibaba Cloud t o grow your business.

For more informat ion about OSS pricing, go t o t he Pricing t ab of t he OSS product page. For more informat ion about OSS billing met hods, see Overview.

Related services Related services

Aft er you upload your dat a t o OSS, you can use ot her Alibaba Cloud feat ures and services t o manage your dat a.

T he following feat ures and services are frequent ly used wit h OSS:

Image Processing (IMG): a service t hat allows you t o perform a variet y of operat ions such as format convert ing, resizing, cropping, rot at ing, and adding wat ermarks t o images st ored in OSS. For more informat ion, see IMG implement at ion modes.

Elast ic Comput e Service (ECS): a cloud comput ing service t hat provides elast ic and efficient comput ing capabilit y. For more informat ion, visit t he ECS product page.

Alibaba Cloud CDN: a dist ribut ed net work t hat caches resources from an origin server t o edge nodes in different regions t o accelerat e cont ent delivery. For more informat ion, visit t he CDN product page.

E-MapReduce (EMR): a big dat a processing solut ion built on ECS. EMR is developed based on open source Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark t o facilit at e dat a analysis and processing. For more informat ion, visit t he E-MapReduce product page.

ApsaraVideo Media Processing: a service t hat convert s audio or video object s st ored in OSS int o files t hat are suit able for playback on PCs, T Vs, and mobile devices. Deep learning result s from large amount s of dat a help ApsaraVideo Media Processing perform mult imodal analysis on t he audio, t ext , and images in video files and t he cont ent of audio files. ApsaraVideo for Media Processing uses t he analysis result s t o int elligent ly audit , underst and, and edit t he cont ent of t he audio or video files. For more informat ion, visit t he ApsaraVideo Media Processing product page.

Dat a Online Migrat ion: a service t hat allows you t o migrat e dat a from a t hird-part y st orage service such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud t o OSS wit h ease. For more informat ion, see Dat a Online Migrat ion document at ion.

Dat a T ransport : a service t hat helps you migrat e large amount s of dat a from local st orage t o OSS. For example, you can use Dat a T ransport t o migrat e t erabyt es or pet abyt es of local dat a t o OSS when t he local net work bandwidt h is insufficient and expansion cost s are high. For more informat ion, see What is Dat a T ransport ?

Alibaba Cloud storage services Alibaba Cloud storage services

In addit ion t o OSS, Alibaba Cloud also provides a variet y of st orage services such as file st orage and block st orage for different scenarios. For more informat ion about Alibaba Cloud st orage services, see Overview.

For more informat ion about use cases and solut ions of Alibaba Cloud st orage services, visit t he Alibaba Cloud St orage.

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

2.Features 2.Features

Object St orage Service (OSS) provides secure, cost -effect ive, and high-durabilit y services for you t o st ore large amount s of dat a in t he cloud. T his t opic describes t he common scenarios and corresponding feat ures of OSS. You can select t he best solut ion based on your business requirement s.

Before you use OSS, we recommend t hat you have a good underst anding of t he basic t erms used in OSS, including bucket s, object s, regions, and endpoint s. For more informat ion, see T erms.

T he following t able describes t he feat ures provided by OSS.

Scenario

Feature

References

Upload objects

Search for objects

Download objects

Share objects

Query objects

Before you upload objects to OSS, you must create a bucket in an Alibaba Cloud region to store uploaded objects. After you create a bucket, you can upload objects to the bucket.

Create buckets

Create directories

Simple upload

OSS allows you to search for objects and directories to find the object that you want to access in a bucket.

Search for objects

After you upload objects to a bucket, you can download the objects to the default download path of your browser or a specified local path.

Download objects

After you upload an object to a bucket, you can share the object URL with third parties for downloads or previews.

Share objects

OSS provides the data indexing feature to allow you to index the metadata of objects. You can specify the metadata of objects as index conditions to query objects. T his way, you can efficiently manage and learn about data structures, perform queries, collect statistics, and manage objects.

Data indexing

Delete objects or directories

OSS allows you to delete one or more objects, directories, and parts at a time. You can delete expired objects at regular intervals to save storage space.

Delete objects

Delete directories

Manage parts

Automatically delete multiple objects at a specified period of time

OSS supports lifecycle rules. You can configure lifecycle rules to periodically convert the storage class of non-hot data to Infrequent Access (IA), Archive, or Cold Archive. You can also configure lifecycle rules to delete expired data.

Overview

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

Object St orage Service

Scenario

Feature

References

Accelerate the upload and download of data

Recover the data that is accidentally deleted

Zone-disaster recovery

Geo-disaster recovery

OSS supports transfer acceleration. T ransfer acceleration uses optimal route selection and protocol stack tuning to reduce timeouts in remote transmission and improve user experience.

OSS supports versioning. After you enable versioning for a bucket, OSS saves the overwritten and deleted objects as previous versions in the bucket. You can configure versioning to recover an object to a previous version when the object is accidentally overwritten or deleted.

You can store data in and migrate the data across three zones in the same region by using zone-redundant storage (ZRS). If one zone becomes unavailable, you can continue to access the data that is stored in the other two zones. T his feature is designed to provide 99.9999999999% (twelve 9's) data durability and 99.995% service availability.

OSS supports cross-region replication (CRR). You can use CRR to synchronize operations such as creation, update, and deletion of data from the source bucket to the destination bucket in a different region. T his way, you can implement geo-disaster recovery.

T ransfer acceleration

Overview

ZRS

CRR

Retention policy

OSS supports the Write Once Read Many (WORM) feature. T he feature helps prevent objects from being deleted or overwritten within a specified period of time.

合规保留策略

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

Scenario

Feature

References

Control access to data

OSS supports flexible authorization and authentication mechanisms. You can control access to your OSS resources by using the following methods:

ACL: You can set access control lists (ACLs) for buckets and objects, including public read/write, public read, and private.

Bucket policy: You can configure bucket policies to authorize other users to access your OSS resources in the OSS console. For example, you can authorize RAM users of other Alibaba Cloud accounts and anonymous users from specific IP addresses to access your OSS resources.

RAM policy: You can create RAM policies to control access to buckets and directories. OSS provides RAM Policy Editor to generate required RAM policies. For more information, see RAM Policy Editor.

ST S temporary authorization: You can use Alibaba Cloud Security T oken Service (ST S) to grant a third-party application or a RAM user temporary access credentials with a custom validity period.

Hotlink protection: You can configure a Referer whitelist to prevent unauthorized users from accessing your OSS resources.

Bucket ACL

Configure ACL for objects

Bucket Policy

RAM Policy

Use a temporary credential provided by ST S to access OSS

Hotlink protection

Encrypt data

OSS supports client-side and server-side encryption. You can select an encryption method to encrypt and store your data in OSS.

Client-side encryption

Server-side encryption

OSS DDoS protection

OSS DDoS protection is a proxy-based attack mitigation service that integrates OSS with Anti-DDoS Pro and Anti-DDoS Premium. When a bucket with OSS DDoS protection enabled becomes a victim of DDoS attacks, OSS DDoS protection diverts incoming traffic to an Anti- DDoS Pro or Anti-DDoS Premium instance for scrubbing and then redirects normal traffic to the bucket. T his ensures the continuity of your business in the event of DDoS attacks.

OSS DDoS protection

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

Object St orage Service

Scenario

Feature

References

Integrate with data lake

Manage data by category

OSS-HDFS (JindoFS service) is a cloud native data lake storage service. OSS-HDFS is built on unified metadata management capabilities and is fully compatible with Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) API operations. T he Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) is supported in OSS-HDFS. T his helps OSS-HDFS handle data lake computing scenarios in the big data and AI fields.

OSS allows you to configure tagging to manage data based on the data category:

Configure bucket tags: You can manage data based on bucket tags. For example, you can list buckets that have specified tags and configure the ACLs of buckets that have specified tags.

Configure object tags: You can manage data based on object tags. For example, you can configure lifecycle rules and ACLs for objects that have specified tags.

Overview of the OSS-HDFS service

Configure bucket tagging

Object tagging

Record the access information for OSS resources

OSS supports logging. You can configure logging to collect access statistics, audit access to OSS, track exceptions, and troubleshoot problems.

Use custom domain names to access OSS resources

OSS allows you to map custom domain names to OSS buckets and use the custom domain names to access data in the buckets. If you want to use your custom domain name to access OSS over HT T PS, you can host your Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate in OSS.

Real-time log query

Logging

Map custom domain names

Host SSL certificates

Static website hosting

OSS supports static website hosting. You can configure static website hosting for your bucket and access static websites by using the bucket domain name.

Overview

CORS

OSS supports cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) in HT ML5. CORS allows web application clients that are loaded in one domain name to interact with resources in another domain.

Configure CORS

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

Scenario

Feature

References

Obtain data from the origin

Query object metadata

Modify HT T P headers

View the details of resource usage

T raffic throttling

Analyze and process data

OSS supports back-to-origin configurations. If your user accesses data in a bucket that has no back-to-origin rules configured and the data does not exist, 404 Not Found is returned. However, if you configure back-to-origin rules that contain the correct origin URLs, users can obtain the data from the origin based on the back-to-origin rules. You can configure back- to-origin rules for hot data migration and specific request redirection.

OSS supports the inventory feature. You can configure inventories for buckets to export the metadata of specified objects, including the object sizes and encryption status.

OSS allows you to modify the HT T P headers of objects. You can configure HT T P headers to specify custom HT T P request policies, such as the cache policy and forced object download policy.

Overview

Bucket inventory

Configure object metadata

OSS supports the monitoring feature. You can use the monitoring feature to view real-time information about OSS service usage, such as the running status and performance of the system.

Overview

OSS supports single-connection bandwidth throttling. You can configure single-connection bandwidth throttling for upload, download, and copy operations on OSS objects to ensure sufficient bandwidth for your other applications.

OSS provides Image Processing (IMG) and video snapshot capturing for you to analyze and process data stored in OSS:

IMG: You can perform operations on images stored in OSS, such as format conversion, cropping, scaling, rotating, and watermarking. You can also encapsulate multiple operations into a style to process images stored in OSS.

Video snapshot capturing: You can capture images from video objects in the H.264 format.

Single-connection bandwidth throttling

Overview

Video snapshots

Use tools to manage OSS resources

OSS provides graphical, command-line, file mounting, and FT P tools for you to manage your OSS resources.

OSS tools

Product Int roduct ion··Feat ures

Object St orage Service

Scenario

Feature

Use OSS SDKs to manage OSS resources

OSS provides SDKs for a variety of programming languages to facilitate custom development.

References

Overview

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Benefit s

3.Benefits 3.Benefits

Object St orage Service (OSS) is a secure, cost -effect ive, and high-durabilit y service t hat enables you t o st ore large amount s of dat a in Alibaba Cloud. T his t opic compares OSS wit h t he t radit ional self- managed server st orage t o help you bet t er underst and t he benefit s of OSS.

Advantages of O SS over self-managed server storage Advantages of O SS over self-managed server storage

Item

OSS

Self-managed server storage

Durability

Security

OSS is the core infrastructure of data storage for Alibaba Group. T his reliable and highly available service is one of the backbone services that ensure stability during the peak hours of Double 11. OSS comes with a multi-redundant architecture to provide reliable data storage. In addition, OSS is built on a high-availability architecture to eliminate single points of failure (SPOFs) and ensure the continuity of your services.

Provides service availability of at least 99.995%.

Provides data durability of at least 99.9999999999% (twelve 9's).

Automatically expands capacities without affecting your services.

Offers automatic data redundancy.

Provides multi-level security protection for enterprises, including features such as server-side encryption, client-side encryption, hotlink protection, bucket policies that specify IP address blacklists or whitelists, fine-grained access control, log audit, and the Write Once Read Many (WORM) strategy.

Provides resource isolation mechanisms for multiple tenants and supports geo-disaster recovery.

Complies with the regulations of multiple organizations including the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA), which delivers services that can meet the requirements of your enterprise for data security and compliance.

Prone to errors due to hardware failures. If a disk has a bad sector, data may be lost.

Requires manual restoration of data, which can be a complex, time- consuming, and labor-intensive process.

Requires additional scrubbing devices and blackhole policy-related services.

Requires a separate security mechanism.

Product Int roduct ion··Benefit s

Object St orage Service

Item

OSS

Self-managed server storage

Requires manual expansion of storage space due to limited capacity of hard disks.

Offers limited bandwidth due to slow single-line or double-line access. Requires the manual expansion during peak hours.

Requires dedicated O&M personnel, which results in high costs.

Requires separate purchase and deployment of data processing capabilities.

Cost

Intelligent storage

Allows you to use multi-line Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to connect to operator backbone network lines with sufficient bandwidth resources. Upstream traffic is free of charge.

Requires no hosting fees or the need to hire O&M personnel.

Provides multiple data processing capabilities, such as Image Processing (IMG), video snapshot, document preview, image scenario recognition, facial recognition, and SQL in-place query. OSS can be seamlessly integrated with the Hadoop ecosystem and Alibaba Cloud services such as Function Compute, E-MapReduce (EMR), Data Lake Analytics (DLA), BatchCompute, MaxCompute, and Database Backup (DBS) to manage and analyze data of enterprises.

Additional benefits of O SS Additional benefits of O SS

Ease of use

OSS provides st andard REST ful API operat ions, a wide range of SDKs, client t ools, and t he OSS console. You can upload, download, ret rieve, and manage large amount s of dat a used for websit es and mobile apps in t he same way you use regular file syst ems.

T he capacit y of each bucket is unlimit ed. T herefore, you can expand your bucket s in OSS based on your requirement s.

OSS support s st reaming writ es and reads. It is suit able for business scenarios t hat require simult aneous writ e and read of large files such as videos.

OSS support s lifecycle management . You can configure lifecycle rules t o bat ch delet e expired object s or convert t he st orage classes of expired object s t o cost -effect ive Infrequent Access (IA), Archive, or Cold Archive.

Powerful and flexible securit y mechanisms

OSS provides Securit y T oken Service (ST S) and URL aut hent icat ion and aut horizat ion. OSS also support s IP address blacklist s or whit elist s, hot link prot ect ion, and Resource Access Management (RAM).

OSS provides resource isolat ion mechanisms for users. You can also use t he mult i-clust er synchronizat ion service.

OSS provides server-side encrypt ion, client -side encrypt ion, and encrypt ed t ransmission based on Secure Socket s Layer (SSL) or T ransport Layer Securit y (T LS) t o prot ect dat a from pot ent ial securit y risks on t he cloud.

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Benefit s

OSS provides t he versioning feat ure t o prevent object s from being accident ally delet ed or overwrit t en.

Dat a redundancy mechanism

OSS uses a dat a redundant st orage mechanism t o st ore copies of each object in mult iple devices of different facilit ies in t he same region. T his way, OSS ensures dat a durabilit y and availabilit y even if hardware failures occur.

Operat ions performed on object s in OSS are st rongly consist ent . For example, aft er you upload or copy an object , t he uploaded or copied object can be immediat ely read and copies of t he object are writ t en t o mult iple devices for redundancy.

T o ensure t hat dat a is complet ely t ransmit t ed, OSS calculat es t he checksum of t he net work t raffic packet s t o check for errors when packet s are t ransmit t ed bet ween t he client and t he server.

T he dat a redundancy mechanism of OSS can prevent dat a loss even when t wo st orage facilit ies are damaged at t he same t ime.

Aft er dat a is st ored in OSS, OSS regularly checks whet her copies of t he dat a are lost . T hen, OSS recovers lost copies t o ensure dat a durabilit y and dat a availabilit y.

OSS periodically verifies t he int egrit y of dat a t o det ect dat a corrupt ion caused by errors such as hardware failures. If dat a is part ially corrupt ed or lost , OSS uses t he ot her copies t o reconst ruct and repair t he corrupt ed dat a.

Rich and powerful value-added services

IMG: support s format conversion, t humbnails, cropping, wat ermarking, and resizing for object s in format s such as JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF, WebP, and T IFF.

Audio or video t ranscoding: provides high-qualit y, high-speed, and parallel audio or video t ranscoding capabilit ies. T his way, your audio or video files can be played on different t erminal devices.

T ransfer accelerat ion over t he Int ernet : provides t he t ransfer accelerat ion service, which uses opt imal rout e select ion and prot ocol st ack t uning t o reduce t imeout s in remot e t ransmission and improve user experience. For more informat ion, see T ransfer accelerat ion.

Accelerat ed cont ent delivery: uses OSS as t he origin and works wit h Cont ent Delivery Net work (CDN) t o improve user experience when t he same object is repeat edly downloaded.

Product Int roduct ion··Scenarios

Object St orage Service

4.Scenarios 4.Scenarios

T his t opic describes t he applicat ion scenarios of OSS.

Massive storage for image, audio, and video applications Massive storage for image, audio, and video applications

OSS can be used t o st ore large amount s of dat a, such as images, audio and video, and logs. You can use a variet y of devices, websit es, and mobile applicat ions t o read dat a from or writ e dat a t o OSS. You can writ e dat a t o OSS by uploading files or using st reams.

Dynamic and static content separation for websites and mobile Dynamic and static content separation for websites and mobile applications applications

By using t he high bandwidt h provided by OSS, you can concurrent ly download a large amount of dat a from OSS over t he Int ernet . OSS provides T ransfer acceleration t hat accelerat es uploads and downloads across count ries and cont inent s and improves user experience. You can also use OSS wit h Cont ent Delivery Net work (CDN) t o deliver st at ic dat a st ored in OSS t o CDN edge nodes. Users can access t he dat a cached on CDN edge nodes inst ead of t he same dat a st ored in OSS. T his way, t he concurrent and repeat ed download of an object wit hin t he same region can be accelerat ed.

Cloud data processing Cloud data processing

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Scenarios

Aft er you upload object s t o OSS, you can use ApsaraVideo for Media Processing and Image Processing (IMG) t o process t he uploaded dat a.

Product Int roduct ion··FAQ

Object St orage Service

5.FAQ 5.FAQ

T his t opic provides answers t o frequent ly asked quest ions about Object St orage Service (OSS).

General FAQ General FAQ

What is Alibaba Cloud OSS?

Alibaba Cloud OSS is a secure, cost -effect ive, and scalable st orage service t hat has high durabilit y and is capable of processing large amount s of dat a. OSS is designed for dat a durabilit y of at least 99.9999999999% (t welve 9's) and provides service availabilit y of at least 99.995%.

What are t he feat ures of OSS?

OSS support s REST ful API operat ions t hat are independent of t he OSS console. You can st ore and access dat a from all applicat ions anyt ime and anywhere. OSS is highly scalable. You are charged only for t he resources t hat you use. You can scale OSS resources based on your requirement s wit hout compromising performance or durabilit y.

For more informat ion about t he feat ures of OSS, see Features.

Who are t he int ended users of OSS?

OSS is an ideal solut ion for users who need t o st ore large amount s of dat a. T hese users include app and soft ware developers, game development ent erprises, and webmast ers of online communit ies, media-sharing sit es, and e-commerce websit es.

What dat a does OSS st ore?

OSS is suit able for st oring at t achment s, high-definit ion images, audio and video object s, and backup object s for forums, websit es, and soft ware applicat ions, as well as object s for a variet y of applicat ions, file synchronizat ion soft ware, and online st orage syst ems.

What are t he advant ages of OSS over local st orage solut ions?

OSS allows developers t o make full use of t he economy of scale of Alibaba Cloud at minimal cost wit hout addit ional invest ment s or affect ing performance. Developers can focus on t heir own innovat ions wit hout performance bot t lenecks and securit y risks t hat come wit h increasing business scales. OSS is cost -effect ive and easy t o use.

What is t he upper limit of t he dat a volume t hat OSS can support ?

OSS does not impose limit s on t he t ot al st orage capacit y and t he capacit y of a bucket . You can use t he OSS console t o upload an object up t o 5 GB in size. T o upload an object larger t han 5 GB in size, use mult ipart upload, resumable upload, ossbrowser, or ossut il. For more informat ion, see Multipart upload, Quick start, and Overview.

What st orage classes does OSS provide?

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··FAQ

Will Alibaba Cloud use t he dat a t hat I st ore in OSS?

Alibaba Cloud does not use or release your dat a wit hout aut horizat ion. Alibaba Cloud processes user dat a only based on your service requirement s or requirement s of laws and regulat ions. For more informat ion, see Service t erms.

Does Alibaba Cloud use OSS t o st ore t heir own dat a?

Yes, Alibaba Cloud developers also use OSS t o st ore aut horized dat a for many project s. T hese project s rely on OSS t o perform key business operat ions.

How does OSS ensure availabilit y when my OSS service experiences burst s of t raffic from applicat ions?

OSS is designed t o address burst s of t raffic from Int ernet applicat ions. Pay-as-you-go is used as a billing met hod. T o ensure service cont inuit y during burst s of t raffic, OSS does not impose capacit y limit s. OSS ensures load balancing so t hat applicat ions are not affect ed by burst s of t raffic.

How is OSS dat a organized?

OSS is a dist ribut ed object st orage service t hat st ores dat a as key-value pairs. When you st ore an object , you must specify an object name (key). T he key can t hen be used t o obt ain t he cont ent of t he object .

Keys can also be used t o simulat e cert ain feat ures of direct ories. OSS uses a flat st ruct ure for object s inst ead of a hierarchical st ruct ure. All element s are st ored as object s in bucket s. However, OSS support s direct ories as a concept t o group object s and simplify management . When you use APIs or SDKs t o configure an object , you can specify t he key value, a full name t hat includes a prefix for t he object t o manage ot her object s. For example, if you set t he key of an object t o dir/example.jpg , a direct ory named dir is creat ed in t he current bucket and an object named example.jpg is creat ed in t he direct ory. If you delet e t he dir/example.jpg object , t he dir direct ory is also delet ed.

How do I get st art ed wit h OSS?

Before you use OSS, ensure t hat you have creat ed an Alibaba Cloud account and complet ed real- name verificat ion. If you do not have an Alibaba Cloud account , t he syst em prompt s you t o creat e an Alibaba Cloud account when you act ivat e OSS. For more informat ion, see Creat e Your Alibaba Cloud Account . Aft er you creat e t he Alibaba Cloud account , visit t he Object St orage Service product homepage. Click Act ivat e Now go. T o furt her minimize OSS cost s, we recommend t hat you purchase resource plans. For more informat ion, see Buy OSS resource plans (subscript ion).

Act ivat e Now. By default , t he billing met hod aft er you act ivat e OSS is Pay-as-you-

You can get st art ed wit h OSS by using t he OSS console, graphical management t ool, command-line management t ool, and SDKs for various programming languages. For more informat ion, see Get started with OSS.

FAQ about Alibaba Cloud regions FAQ about Alibaba Cloud regions

Product Int roduct ion··FAQ

Object St orage Service

What is an Alibaba Cloud region?

An Alibaba Cloud region is a geographical region t hat cont ains mult iple geographically isolat ed zones. T hese zones are connect ed t o each ot her by using net works t hat feat ure short lat ency, high t hroughput , and high redundancy.

What is a zone?

Each region cont ains several isolat ed locat ions known as zones. T he power supply and net work of each zone are independent . T he net work lat ency bet ween inst ances wit hin t he same zone is short er. Zones wit hin t he same region can access each ot her. However, fault s t hat occur in one zone do not affect ot her zones.

How do I det ermine which region t o st ore my dat a?

When you select a region, we recommend t hat you consider fact ors such as physical locat ions, relat ionships bet ween cloud services, and resource prices For more informat ion, see Choose an OSS region.

FAQ about billing FAQ about billing

How does OSS charge fees?

OSS provides t he pay-as-you-go billing met hod t hat allows you t o pay for resources you use. No minimum usage fees are imposed. You can also purchase resource plans. Resource plans are used t o deduct fees incurred by resource usage. In most cases, resource plans are more cost -effect ive. For more informat ion about prices, visit t he OSS pricing page.

How does OSS charge fees when ot her account s are used t o access my OSS resource?

When ot her account s access your OSS resources, OSS charges you based on st andard pricing. You can enable t he pay-by-request er mode for your bucket so t hat request ers pay t he fees generat ed by sending request s and downloading OSS dat a. For more informat ion, see Enable pay-by-requester.

FAQ about data security and protection FAQ about data security and protection

Is dat a st ored in OSS secure?

OSS is secure. By default , only t he resource owner can access resources wit hin a bucket . OSS provides user ident it y verificat ion t o cont rol access t o dat a. You can use various access cont rol policies on t he bucket or object level, such as access cont rol list s (ACLs), t o grant specific permissions t o specific users and user groups. T he OSS console displays bucket s t hat are available t o public access. You can set t he bucket ACL t o privat e if you do not want ot her users t o access your bucket or object . If you set t he bucket ACL t o public read or public read/writ e, a message t hat indicat es securit y risks appears. For more informat ion about t he securit y of OSS, see Overview.

How do I cont rol access t o my OSS dat a?

OSS provides mult iple access cont rol met hods, including ACLs, RAM policies, and bucket policies, for access t o object s st ored in bucket s. For more informat ion, see Overview.

What dat a encrypt ion met hods does OSS provide?

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··FAQ

Client -side encrypt ion: Before you upload an object t o a bucket , t he object is encrypt ed on t he local client . For more informat ion about client -side encrypt ion, see Client-side encryption.

How do I prevent dat a st ored in bucket s from being accident ally delet ed or overwrit t en?

What is a ret ent ion policy?

OSS support s t he Writ e Once Read Many (WORM) st rat egy t hat prevent s an object from being delet ed or overwrit t en for a specified period of t ime. You can configure t ime-based ret ent ion policies for bucket s. Aft er a ret ent ion policy is configured and locked for a bucket , you can read object s from or upload object s t o t he bucket . However, object s in t he bucket or t he ret ent ion policy cannot be delet ed wit hin t he ret ent ion period of t he ret ent ion policy. You can delet e t he object s only aft er t he ret ent ion period expires.

You can configure ret ent ion policies when you need t o st ore infrequent ly accessed import ant dat a t hat is not allowed t o be modified or delet ed. Such dat a includes medical records, t echnical document s, and cont ract s. You can st ore t hese object s in a specified bucket and configure a ret ent ion policy for t he bucket .

FAQ about data replication FAQ about data replication

How do I replicat e dat a from a bucket t o anot her bucket in a different region?

You can configure mult iple cross-region replicat ion (CRR) rules for a bucket t o st ore mult iple copies of t he dat a in different regions. CRR provides aut omat ic and asynchronous (near real-t ime) replicat ion of object s across bucket s in different OSS regions. Operat ions such as creat ing, overwrit ing, and delet ing object s can be synchronized from a source bucket t o a dest inat ion bucket .

What are t he advant ages of CRR?

Compliance requirement s: Alt hough OSS st ores mult iple replicas of each object in physical disks, replicas must be st ored at a dist ance from each ot her t o comply wit h regulat ions. CRR allows you t o replicat e dat a bet ween geographically dist ant OSS dat a cent ers t o sat isfy t hese compliance requirement s.

Minimum lat ency: You have users who are locat ed in t wo geographical locat ions. T o minimize t he lat ency when t he users access object s, you can maint ain replicas of object s in OSS dat a cent ers t hat are geographically closer t o t hese users.

Dat a backup and disast er recovery: You have high requirement s for dat a securit y and availabilit y, and want t o explicit ly maint ain replicas of all writ t en dat a in a second dat a cent er. If one OSS dat a cent er is damaged in a cat ast rophic event such as an eart hquake or a t sunami, you can use backup dat a from t he ot her dat a cent er.

Dat a replicat ion: For business reasons, you may need t o migrat e dat a from one OSS dat a cent er t o anot her dat a cent er.

Operat ional reasons: You have comput e clust ers deployed in t wo different dat a cent ers t hat need t o analyze t he same group of object s. You can choose t o maint ain object replicas in t hese regions.

How does OSS charge fees when I use CRR?

Product Int roduct ion··FAQ

Object St orage Service

Aft er CRR is enabled, cross-region t raffic is generat ed when you replicat e object s across bucket s in t he source and dest inat ion regions. You are charged for t he t raffic t hat is generat ed when you use CRR. Each t ime an object is synchronized, OSS calculat es t he number of request s and charges t he request s on a pay-as-you-go basis. T he t raffic t hat is generat ed when you use CRR can be charged only on a pay-as-you-go basis. Resource plans are unavailable for CRR.

FAQ about data query FAQ about data query

How do I query dat a in OSS?

OSS support s t he Select Object operat ion t hat allows you t o use SQL st at ement s t o query specific dat a in a CSV or JSON object inst ead of querying t he ent ire object . T he Select Object operat ion simplifies t he process used t o query dat a and filt er t he dat a int o smaller and more specific dat a set s. T herefore, t his operat ion is suit able for t he mult ipart query of large object s, query of JSON object s, and analysis of log object s. For more informat ion about dat a query, see Call the SelectObject operation to query objects.

FAQ about storage management FAQ about storage management

What is OSS lifecycle management ? How do I use lifecycle management t o minimize OSS st orage cost s?

You can configure a lifecycle rule t o regularly delet e object s t hat are no longer accessed or convert t he st orage class of cold dat a t o IA, Archive, or Cold Archive. T his makes dat a management easier and saves st orage cost s. For example, you can configure lifecycle rules in t he following scenarios:

A medical inst it ut ion st ores it s medical records in OSS. T hese object s are occasionally accessed wit hin six mont hs aft er t hey are uploaded, and almost never aft er t hat . In t his case, you can configure a lifecycle rule t o convert t he st orage class of t hese object s t o Archive 180 days aft er t hey are uploaded.

A company st ores t he call records of it s service hot line in OSS. T hese object s are frequent ly accessed wit hin t he first t wo mont hs, occasionally aft er t wo mont hs, and almost never aft er six mont hs. Aft er t wo years, t hese object s no longer need t o be st ored. In t his case, you can configure a lifecycle rule t o convert t he st orage class of t hese object s t o IA 60 days aft er t hey are uploaded and t o Archive 180 days aft er t hey are uploaded, and delet e t hem 730 days aft er t hey are uploaded.

You can manually delet e up t o 1,000 object s each t ime. If a bucket cont ains more t han 1,000 object s, you must delet e t he object s mult iple t imes. In t his case, you can configure a lifecycle rule t hat is used t o delet e all object s in t he bucket t he next day. T his way, all object s in t he bucket can be delet ed t he next day.

For more informat ion about lifecycle management , see Lifecycle rules based on the last modified time.

How do I regularly obt ain t he informat ion about object s st ored in a bucket ?

You can use t he bucket invent ory feat ure t o export t he informat ion about specific object s in a bucket on a daily or weekly basis. Export ed object informat ion includes t he number, sizes, st orage classes, and encrypt ion st at us of t he object s. For more informat ion about t he bucket invent ory feat ure, see Bucket inventory.

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Terms

6.Terms 6.Terms

T his t opic describes several basic t erms used in Object St orage Service (OSS).

bucket bucket

T he cont ainer for OSS object s. Each object in OSS is cont ained in a bucket . You can configure various at t ribut es of a bucket , including t he region, access cont rol list (ACL), and st orage class. You can creat e bucket s of different st orage classes t o st ore dat a based on your requirement s.

OSS does not use a hierarchical st ruct ure for object s, but inst ead uses a flat st ruct ure. Each object belongs t o a bucket .

You can creat e mult iple bucket s.

A bucket name must be unique in OSS wit hin an Alibaba Cloud account . Bucket names cannot be changed aft er t he bucket s are creat ed.

A bucket can cont ain an infinit e number of object s.

OSS support s t he following bucket naming convent ions:

T he name can cont ain only lowercase let t ers, digit s, and hyphens (-).

T he name must st art and end wit h a lowercase let t er or a digit .

T he name must be 3 t o 63 charact ers in lengt h.

object object

T he basic unit for dat a operat ions in OSS. Object s are also known as files. OSS does not use a hierarchical st ruct ure for object s, but inst ead uses a flat st ruct ure. All element s are st ored as object s in bucket s. However, OSS support s direct ories as a concept t o group object s and simplify management . An object is composed of object met adat a, user dat a, and a key. A key is used t o ident ify an object in a bucket . Object met adat a is a group of key-value pairs t hat define t he propert ies of an object , such as t he last modified t ime and t he object size. You can also assign user met adat a t o t he object .

T he lifecycle of an object st art s when t he object is uploaded, and ends when t he object is delet ed. T hroughout t he lifecycle, cont ent can be appended only t o object s creat ed by using append upload. If you want t o modify t he cont ent of an object , you must upload a new object t hat has t he same name as t he exist ing object t o replace t he exist ing object .

T he name of an object must comply wit h t he following convent ions:

T he name must be encoded in UT F-8.

T he name must be 1 t o 1,023 charact ers in lengt h.

T he name cannot st art wit h a forward slash (/) or a backslash ().

Not e Object names are case-sensit ive. Unless ot herwise st at ed, object s and files Not e

ment ioned in OSS document s are called object s.

O bjectKey O bjectKey

In SDKs for different programming languages, Object Key, Key, and Object Name indicat e t he full pat h of t he object . You must specify t he full pat h of an object when you perform operat ions on t he object . For example, when you upload an object t o a bucket , Object Key indicat es t he full pat h t hat includes t he ext ension of t he object . For example, you can set Object Key t o abc/efg/123.jpg.

Product Int roduct ion··Terms

Object St orage Service

region region

T he physical locat ion of OSS resources. When you creat e a bucket , you can select a region based on t he cost and source of t he request s. In most cases, t he closer a user is locat ed from an OSS region, t he fast er t he access. For more informat ion, see Regions and endpoints.

A region is specified when a bucket is creat ed. Aft er a bucket is creat ed, it s region cannot be changed. All object s in t his bucket are st ored in t he corresponding region. Regions are configured for bucket s inst ead of object s.

endpoint endpoint

T he domain name t hat is used t o access OSS. OSS uses HT T P REST ful APIs t o provide services. Different regions are accessed by using different endpoint s. A region has different endpoint s for access over t he int ernal net work and for access over t he Int ernet . For example, t he public endpoint used t o access OSS dat a in t he China (Hangzhou) region is oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com, and t he int ernal endpoint is oss- cn-hangzhou-int ernal.aliyuncs.com. For more informat ion, see Regions and endpoints.

AccessKey pair AccessKey pair

T he access credent ial t hat is used t o ident ify t he request er. An AccessKey pair consist s of an AccessKey ID and an AccessKey secret . OSS uses an AccessKey pair t o implement symmet ric encrypt ion and verify t he ident it y of a request er. T he AccessKey ID is used t o ident ify a user. T he AccessKey secret is used t o encrypt and verify t he signat ure st ring. T he AccessKey secret must be kept confident ial. OSS support s AccessKey pairs obt ained by using t he following met hods:

T he bucket owner applies for an AccessKey pair.

T he bucket owner uses Resource Access Management (RAM) t o assign an AccessKey pair t o a t hird part y.

T he bucket owner uses Securit y T oken Service (ST S) t o assign an AccessKey pair t o a t hird part y.

For more informat ion about AccessKey pairs, see Obtain an AccessKey pair.

strong consistency strong consistency

T he feat ure t hat requires object operat ions in OSS be at omic, which indicat es t hat operat ions can eit her succeed or fail wit hout int ermediat e st at es. T o ensure t hat users can access only complet e object s, OSS does not ret urn part ially uploaded object s.

Object operat ions in OSS are highly consist ent . For example, when a user receives an upload (PUT ) success response, t he uploaded object can be immediat ely read, and copies of t he object are creat ed for redundancy. T herefore, t he sit uat ions where dat a is not obt ained when a user performs a read- aft er-writ e operat ion do not exist . T he same is t rue for delet e operat ions. Aft er a user delet es an object , t he object and it s copies no longer exist .

data redundancy mechanism data redundancy mechanism

T he dat a redundancy mechanism t hat is implement ed based on erasure coding and mult iple replicas. Copies of each object are st ored in different servers wit hin t he same region. T his way, dat a durabilit y and availabilit y are ensured when hardware failures occur.

Operat ions on object s in OSS are highly consist ent . For example, when a user receives an upload or copy success response, t he uploaded object can be immediat ely read, and copies of t he object are creat ed for redundancy.

T o ensure complet e dat a t ransmission, OSS calculat es t he checksum of t he net work t raffic packet s and checks for errors when packet s are t ransmit t ed bet ween t he client and t he server.

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Terms

T he dat a redundancy mechanism of OSS can prevent dat a loss even when t wo st orage facilit ies are damaged at t he same t ime.

Aft er dat a is st ored in OSS, OSS regularly checks whet her copies of t he dat a are lost . T hen, OSS recovers lost copies t o ensure dat a durabilit y and dat a availabilit y.

OSS periodically verifies t he int egrit y of dat a t o det ect dat a corrupt ion caused by errors and hardware failures. If dat a is part ially corrupt ed or lost , OSS recovers t he dat a by using copies of t he dat a.

Comparison between O SS and file systems Comparison between O SS and file systems

Item

OSS

File system

Data model

OSS is a distributed object storage service that stores data as key-value pairs.

A file system uses a typical tree structure for directory indexing.

Data retrieval

Objects are retrieved based on unique object names (keys).

For example, the object name test1/test.jpg does not necessarily indicate that the object is stored in a directory named test1. In OSS, test1/test.jpg is only a string. test1/test.jpg is not essentially different from example.jpg. T herefore, similar amounts of resources are consumed regardless of which object you access.

Advantages

OSS supports concurrent access from a large number of users.

T o access a file named test1/test.jpg, you must first access the test1 directory and then query the test.jpg file in this directory.

T he file system supports modifications on files, such as modifying the content at a specified offset location or truncating the end of a file. It also supports directory operations such as rename, delete, and move directories.

Product Int roduct ion··Terms

Object St orage Service

Item

OSS

File system

Objects stored in OSS cannot be modified. A specific operation must be called to append an object. Generated objects are different from objects uploaded by using other methods. T o modify an object, you must upload the entire object again.

OSS can simulate features similar to those of directories. However, such operations consume a large amount of resources. For example, if you want to rename the test1 directory to test2, OSS must copy all objects whose names start with test1/. T hen, OSS creates objects whose names start with test2/. T his operation consumes a large amount of resources. T herefore, we recommend that you do not perform such operations in OSS.

T he performance of the file system is subject to the performance of a single device. More files and directories in the file system consume greater resources and take longer processing time.

Disadvantages

We recommend t hat you do not map operat ions on OSS object s t o file syst ems because it is inefficient . If you mount OSS as a file syst em, we recommend t hat you perform only add, delet e, and read operat ions on object s. You can t ake advant age of OSS t o process and st ore large amount s of unst ruct ured dat a such as images, videos, and document s.

T he following t able describes t he differences in some t erms bet ween OSS and file syst ems.

OSS

Object

Bucket

Region

Endpoint

AccessKey

N/A

GetService

File system

file

home directory

N/A

multilevel directory

obtain the list of home directories

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Terms

OSS

GetBucket

PutObject

AppendObject

GetObject

DeleteObject

N/A

File system

obtain the list of files

add a file

append data to an existing file

read a file

delete a file

modify file content

CopyObject (same destination and source objects)

modify file attributes

CopyObject (different destination and source objects)

N/A

copy a file

rename a file

Product Int roduct ion··Limit s

Object St orage Service

7.Limits 7.Limits

T his t opic describes t he performance met rics and limit s of Object St orage Service (OSS).

T he following t able describes t he performance met rics and limit s of OSS.

Item

Description

T he default bandwidth limit is 10 Gbit/s for regions inside the Chinese mainland and 5 Gbit/s for regions outside the Chinese mainland. If this limit is reached, requests are throttled.

No t e When a request is throttled, the response to the request No t e

contains the x-oss-qos-delay-time: number header in which

number indicates the duration over which the request is throttled. Unit:

ms. For upload requests, the exact duration over which a request is throttled is returned. For download requests, the estimated duration over which a request is throttled is returned. T he duration is estimated based on the extent of throttling and the size of the downloaded objects.

If you require a higher bandwidth (10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s) for your business such as offline big data processing,contact technical support.

T he total QPS limit for a single account is 10,000. T he actual values are different in different read and write modes:

Sequential read and write: 2,000

If you upload a large number of objects with sequential prefixes such as timestamps and letters in the object names, many object indexes may be stored in a single partition. In this case, if you send a large number of requests to query these objects, the latency may increase. We recommend that you do not upload a large number of objects that contain sequential prefixes in their names. For more information about how to change sequential prefixes to random prefixes, see OSS performance and scalability best practices.

Non-sequential read and write: 10,000

If you require a higher QPS,contact technical support.

You can use an Alibaba Cloud account to create up to 100 buckets in the same region.

A bucket name must be globally unique within OSS. For more information about the naming conventions of buckets, see Bucket naming conventions.

After a bucket is created, its name, region, storage class, and redundancy type cannot be modified.

OSS does not impose limits on the capacity of a bucket.

Bandwidth

Queries per second (QPS)

Bucket

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Limit s

Item

Description

Object

T he size of the object that you want to upload

When you use simple upload, form upload, or append upload to upload a single object, the object cannot exceed 5 GB in size.

When you use multipart upload to upload a single object, the object cannot exceed 48.8 T B in size.

T he size of the object that you want to rename

You can rename only objects that are up to 1 GB in size in the OSS console. T o rename objects that exceed 1 GB in size, we recommend that you use ossutil.

T he number of objects that you want to delete

You can delete up to 100 objects at a time in the OSS console.

You can delete up to 1,000 objects at a time when you use OSS SDKs, ossbrowser, or ossutil.

W arning Deleted objects cannot be recovered. Exercise caution W arning

when you delete objects.

Whether existing objects are overwritten by objects with the same names

By default, when you upload an object that has the same name as an existing object, the existing object is overwritten. T o prevent objects from being accidentally overwritten, you can enable versioning for the bucket in which the objects are stored. You can also include the x-oss-forbid-overwrite header in upload requests and set the value of the header to true.

Data restoration

You must restore an Archive object or a Cold Archive object before you can access the object.

It takes about a minute to restore an Archive object.

For a Cold Archive object, the restoration period varies based on the restoration priority of the object.

Expedited: T he object is restored within one hour.

Standard: T he object is restored within 2 to 5 hours.

Bulk: T he object is restored within 5 to 12 hours.

For a domain name that is mapped to buckets located in regions inside the Chinese mainland, you must apply for an ICP filing at the Ministry of Industry and Information T echnology (MIIT ).

Custom domain name

Up to 100 domain names can be mapped to a bucket. However, a domain name can be mapped only to a single bucket.

OSS does not impose limits on the number of domain names that can be mapped to the buckets of an Alibaba Cloud account.

Lifecycle rules

You can configure up to 1,000 lifecycle rules for a bucket.

Product Int roduct ion··Limit s

Object St orage Service

Item

Description

Back-to-origin rules

You can configure up to 20 back-to-origin rules for a bucket.

In regions inside the Chinese mainland and the China (Hong Kong) region, the default QPS for mirroring-based back-to-origin requests is 2,000, and the default bandwidth is 2 Gbit/s. In regions outside China, the default QPS for mirroring-based back-to-origin requests is 1,000, and the default bandwidth is 1 Gbit/s.

Limits on images

Source images

Only JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF, WebP, and T IFF images are supported.

T he size of a source image cannot exceed 20 MB.

For the rotate operation on images, the height or width of the source image cannot exceed 4,096 pixels. For other operations on images, the width or height of the source image cannot exceed 30,000 pixels, and the total number of pixels of the source image cannot exceed 250 million.

T he total number of pixels of a dynamic image, such as a GIF image, is calculated by using the following formula: Width × Height × Number

Image Processing (IMG)

of image frames . T he total number of pixels of a static image, such

as a PNG image, is calculated by using the following formula: Width ×

Height .

Resized images

T he width or height of a resized image cannot exceed 16,384 pixels. T he total number of pixels of the resized image cannot exceed 16,777,216.

Limits on image styles

You can create up to 50 image styles in each bucket. T o create more styles for a bucket,contact technical support.

Object St orage Service

Product Int roduct ion··Limit s

Item

Description

Resource plans

Resource plans that you purchase for specific regions can be used to offset the fees generated by the resource usage only within the specified regions.

You can use resource plans to offset the fees generated by the resource usage in the regions that you specify when you purchase the resource plans.

You can purchase only one storage plan for each validity period. However, you can upgrade the storage plan that you purchase. For more information about how to upgrade a storage plan, see Overview.

You can purchase multiple transfer acceleration plans and back-to-origin traffic plans within the same validity period to offset your fees. However, these plans cannot be upgraded or renewed.

You can purchase multiple downstream traffic plans within the same validity period to offset your fees. T hese plans can be renewed but cannot be upgraded.

No resource plans are available to offset API operation calling fees, data processing fees, and cross-region replication (CRR) traffic fees. You are charged these fees on a pay-as-you-go basis. For more information, see API fees, Data processing fees, and T raffic fees.