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https://saveourskiesvt.org/air-force-burlington-in-line-to-receive-f-35s/ | 2024-04-24T23:11:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296819971.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240424205851-20240424235851-00469.warc.gz | 0.958877 | 1,323 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__19142333 | en | It’s Definitely Not Over: The Burlington City Council can still bar the basing, the EIS has major omissions that can challenged, several other legal challenges are in play, and a political decision made at Leahy’s demand can be changed just as quickly.
The Vermont Air National Guard has all but won its bid to obtain a squadron of new F-35 fighter jets, the Burlington Free Press has learned.
“I can confirm on record that Burlington AGS remains the preferred alternative for the first ANG operational bed-down location,” Nicholas M. Germanos, the project manager for studies on F-35 basing, wrote in an email to the newspaper Wednesday.
In military jargon, the acronym AGS means Air Guard Station, and ANG is Air National Guard.
A final Environmental Impact Statement, scheduled to be released Oct. 4, is expected to contain language affirming Burlington as the Air Force’s preferred site for an Air Guard squadron of F-35s.
The Vermont Air Guard facility beat out Guard sites in South Carolina and Florida for the F-35 designation.
Barring an 11th hour reversal by Air Force decision-makers, Germanos’ statement means the Vermont Air National Guard base at Burlington International Airport would begin flying 18-24 of the next-generation planes by 2020, possibly sooner.
A final decision by the Secretary of the Air Force is due later this fall.
Vermont Guard Adjutant General Steven Cray said late Wednesday afternoon he will wait for the process to be complete.
“I’m not going to celebrate until I see it in writing or get a phone call from the Air Force that a final decision has been made,” Cray said. “I still feel this would be the right decision for the United States, Vermont and the Air Guard.”
The campaign to win the F-35 designation from the Air Force has been a hard-fought battle, attracting support from top state politicians and heated opposition from an array of local activists and some elected officials.
Vermont National Guard officials have argued that the Air Guard’s F-16s are near the end of their useful lives and, unless they are replaced by F-35s, the Air Guard’s future role as part of the nation’s air defense system would be at risk.
Gov. Peter Shumlin, the state’s congressional delegation and Burlington Mayor Miro Weinberger all have said repeatedly they support bringing the F-35s to Vermont.
Earlier this month, Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., the Senate’s most senior member, confirmed he spoke by phone to Air Force Chief of Staff Mark Welsh about the status of the basing decision.
Leahy made the call after hearing the Air Force was considering a plan to designate an active military base to get the F-35, but delay a decision on the Guard base.
“This isn’t the first time the Air Force or one of its major commands has tried to put the active force ahead of the Air National Guard,” the senator’s spokesman, David Carle, said at the time.
Nicole Citro, who led a local campaign that supported basing the F-35s in Vermont, said she was excited about Wednesday’s news.
“It’s been a long, hard process, but the Air Guard definitely should be congratulated for being at this level of consideration,” she said.
Rosanne Greco, a South Burlington city councilor and an F-35 opponent, said she’s convinced Leahy used his muscle as the Senate’s most senior member to make sure the Vermont Air Guard will receive the planes.
“I’m sorry to hear that,” Greco, a retired Air Force colonel, said of Wednesday’s disclosure. “It’s because of Sen. Leahy that Burlington was selected as the preferred site. The Air Force wanted to delay a decision on Guard basing.”
Opponents of the F-35, citing data in a draft Air Force environmental impact statement, have complained the planes’ noise will render more homes near the airport unsuitable for residential use and cause cognitive impairments for children.
Last week, the opponents also raised concerns about the large amount of plastic composites that make up the plane and the environmental, health and safety risks to the community if one of the planes crashes and burns.
Greco said the Air Force has not considered the environmental consequences of such a crash and might be persuaded to hold off a decision until it reviews the issue.
Greco also said she is hopeful the Burlington City Council will vote to prohibit landings and takeoffs of F-35s at the airport, which the city owns. A vote on a resolution about that matter is scheduled for early next month.
The final report analyzing the environmental impact of basing the planes at the Vermont Air Guard’s facility at Burlington International Airport is due to be released Oct. 4, the Guard announced late Tuesday.
Greco told the Burlington Free Press last week that the report would be released Oct. 4. The Pentagon, asked by the newspaper about Greco’s contention, denied that it planned to release the report on that date.
A draft version of the report, issued last year, ranked the Burlington site behind Guard facilities in South Carolina and Florida on environmental factors. Still, the same report designated Burlington as the preferred operational site. The study contained several misstatements favorable to Burlington that later had to be corrected.
Early Wednesday evening, the state’s congressional delegation released a copy of a summary of the final environmental impact statement provided to them by the Air Force.
“There were no substantive changes made from what was already published in the revised draft EIS,” the summary said in part.
The summary also charted the volume of public letters and postcards the Air Force received regarding the Burlington site.
According to the summary, 644 letters opposing the basing and 165 supporting it were received. A total of 10,349 postcards were sent in: 9,655 in support, and 694 opposed. Also, a petition supporting the basing and signed by 2,460 people was received. | aerospace |
https://fxvn.trade/heres-how-nasa-is-going-to-use-the-international-space-station-to-see-how-stressed-out-earths-plants-are.html | 2021-04-18T14:57:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038492417.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20210418133614-20210418163614-00121.warc.gz | 0.921029 | 257 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__243711483 | en | Here’s how NASA is going to use the International Space Station to see how stressed out Earth’s plants are
- To help scientists get a better idea of how healthy plants are on a massive scale, NASA is installing a fancy new tool on the International Space Station.
- Don't Miss: This $119 Windows 10 computer is the size of a flash drive “ECOSTRESS will allow us to monitor rapid changes in crop stress at the field level, enabling earlier and more accurate estimates of how yields will be impacted,” Martha Anderson, a member of the ECOSTRESS science team, explains in a NASA article.
- When plants begin to show signs of water stress they will appear warmer, and that information could be relayed to farmers and others in the agriculture community as an early warning of trouble.
- “As water resources become more critical for our growing population, we need to track precisely how much water our crops need,” Josh Fisher of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and ECOSTRESS science lead, explains.
- “We need to know when plants are becoming susceptible to droughts, and we need to know which parts of the ecosystem are more vulnerable because of water stress.”more | aerospace |
http://nanotechaviation.com/Fokker.html | 2017-11-25T09:30:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809746.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125090503-20171125110503-00131.warc.gz | 0.952237 | 280 | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-47__0__210311486 | en | In 1967, Fokker started a modest space division building parts for European satellites. A major advance came in 1968 when Fokker developed the first Dutch satellite (the ANS) together with Philips and Dutch universities. This was followed by a second major satellite project, IRAS, successfully launched in 1983. The European Space Agency (ESA) in June 1974 named a consortium headed by ERNO-VFW-Fokker GmbH to build pressurized modules for Spacelab.
Subsequently, Fokker contributed to many European satellite projects, as well as to the Ariane rocket in its various models. Together with a Russian contractor, they developed the huge parachute system for the Ariane 5 rocket boosters which would allow the boosters to return to Earth safely and be reused.
After a brief and unsuccessful collaboration effort with McDonnell Douglas in 1981, Fokker began an ambitious project to develop two new aircraft concurrently. The Fokker 50 was to be a completely modernised version of the F-27, the Fokker 100 a new airliner based on the F-28.
Yet development costs were allowed to spiral out of control, almost forcing Fokker out of business in 1987. The Dutch government bailed them out with 212 million Guilders but demanded Fokker look for a "strategic partner", British Aerospace and DASA being named most likely candidates. | aerospace |
https://werks911.com/products/copy-of-engine-components-raceware-aircraft-head-nuts-24-nuts-only-911-930-964-993 | 2020-02-16T21:12:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141396.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200216182139-20200216212139-00101.warc.gz | 0.909886 | 428 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__65545928 | en | Engine Components-911 Raceware Aircraft Head Washers nly) 911 930 964 993
Welcome to RACEWARE™ Engineering, LLC
RACEWARE™ offers only the finest Aerospace Quailty head washers to properly distribute the clamp force across the cylinder head to eliminate cracking, warped heads and head gasket leaks. These Porsche 911/930/964/993 head washers are CNC Machined from solid billet bar stock for maximum strength unlike typical head washers that are stamped from soft sheet metal. Stamped washers have a razor sharp edge, unlike RACEWARE™ Hardened, Billet Head Washers which have a proper machined outside chamfer to prevent stress risers in aluminum cylinder heads that can lead to cracks and failures. RACEWARE™ washers are heat-treated for maximum strength and durability. Using these properly designed RACEWARE™ head washer can prevent expensive engine repairs.
RACEWARE™ Aerospace Quality Engine Fasteners are an important necessity in today's engines, especially if you are Modding the engine for increased performance. RACEWARE™ Aerospace Quality engine fasteners can increase performance and reliability in your German engine by preventing head gasket leaks, by reducing bearing wear and crankshaft flex. In addition, unlike weak, flimsy one-time use stretch-bolts, RACEWARE™ engine fasteners are 100% re-usable so they save you time and money, and prevent expensive engine failures.
Real-world use in competition and street applications has proven that RACEWARE™ engine fasteners are the highest quality and best performing engine fasteners available anywhere in the world, for the German engines. In fact, RACEWARE™ fasteners are the industry gold standard that other companies compare their products to with claims of: “almost as good as RACEWARE™ ” or similar unsubstantiated and meritless fastener performance claims. Protect your German engine with the finest engine fasteners available – genuine RACEWARE™ certified Aerospace Quality engine fasteners | aerospace |
https://www.xtremegreece.gr/en/aleksiptoto-plagias-parapente-paragliding/paragliding-tandem-flights-drama.html | 2020-08-10T19:27:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737168.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810175614-20200810205614-00548.warc.gz | 0.925412 | 149 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__141439527 | en | Do you want to fly?
It is easy, it is safe.
All you need is will power for flight, appropriate clothing, athletic shoes and some big and fast steps during takeoff and landing.
Enjoy tandem paragliding with a certified pilot and see Drama from the air, feel the ultimate freedom!!!
Do something different, add some action and adrenaline to your life, something that you will remember all your life.
When flying tandem, you are flying with an experienced and certified tandem pilot in a paraglider designed for two persons.It is a wonderful way to safely experience free flying.
Do not forget
What is included
- Professional escorts
- Necessary equipment
- Transfer to take off | aerospace |
https://www.electricrctoys.com/syma-s107s107g-rc-helicopter/ | 2020-02-28T05:58:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147054.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228043124-20200228073124-00109.warc.gz | 0.942178 | 1,004 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__188910987 | en | The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is a brand name brand-new mini RC helicopter which is taken into consideration as the globe’s tiniest and also lightest RC helicopter. No setting up is required in using the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter. The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is constructed using aluminum structure product making this most recent version in mini RC helicopters the most resilient and also the most light-weight out there.
– Small and also light-weight. The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter only measures 7.5″ long.
– Features the most recent in Gyroscope helicopter technology.
– Smooth as well as a stable flight with the balanced rate.
– Can fly in six directions.
– Easy to run and no setting up required.
– Helicopter model building was done using sturdy as well as long lasting products so customers can anticipate that their helicopter will last long even after some collisions.
– Better control for the trim as well as is a lot more exact as compared to the older models of RC mini helicopters.
– Easy to maneuver for an indoor helicopter, making it much easier for more youthful kids to play.
– Comes in 3 shades- red, yellow and blue.
– Great value for cash.
– The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is authorized by industry-standards from ASTM, ROHS, FCC and CE.
– Flight time for Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter normally lasts approximately 12 minutes or approximately five minutes at one of the most.
– The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter has problems with rotor shaft which may affect the lift-off activities after several usages.
– Made in China which might be questionable for some.
– Smaller parts are prone to choking.
– Limited to interior flying.
The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is a terrific small helicopter plaything for children and also adults. As the most up to date RC helicopter version, the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is considered as the finest there is under the product as it includes the most up to date in Gyro technology, and the aluminum framing material utilized in this mini helicopter are sturdy and also lightweight. The details used in producing the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter are also complex and also sturdy that it doesn’t resemble a toy yet instead a mini-model helicopter. Billing the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is additionally easy due to both alternatives. Owners of Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter consider this miniature helicopter as a wonderful worth for their cash and also regard the item as worthwhile of a $100 price tag as opposed to its present one. For those who want the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter, order a design currently before this small helicopter flies away.
The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is a brand name new mini RC helicopter which is considered as the globe’s smallest and also lightest RC helicopter. The Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is constructed using aluminum frame product making this latest design in miniature RC helicopters the most durable and also the most lightweight out there. As the latest RC helicopter version, the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter is thought about as the finest there is under the item line as it showcases the most current in Gyro modern technology, and also the aluminum framing product utilized in this mini helicopter are strong and also lightweight. Proprietors of Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter consider this mini helicopter as a great worth for their money as well as also pertain to the product as deserving of a $100 rate tag instead of its current one. For those who are interested in the Syma S107/S107G R/C Helicopter, order a model now before this miniature helicopter flies away.
Radio controlled playthings, as well as tasks, have a substantial following amongst enthusiasts all around the world. The concept is absolutely an enjoyable one– a small model of some real-life automobile, fully practical and also all set to get about. There are numerous different types of radio controlled hobbies that can be delighted in. All...
You could develop designs of practically any type of lorry, from watercrafts to vehicles to airplanes to helicopters. Numerous enthusiasts will certainly obtain their start with helicopters. Once you fly your helicopter, you will feel that the entire experience was very rewarding. The most integral part of flying a design helicopter is to be skilled... | aerospace |
https://www.selfhirefly.co.uk/g-ccbh | 2021-09-23T20:26:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057447.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210923195546-20210923225546-00405.warc.gz | 0.922817 | 132 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__134981606 | en | PA28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder
1965 Piper PA28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder
The PA-28-235 series began in 1964 with the Cherokee 235. One major selling point that dealers like to stress is that the aircraft can almost carry its own weight in useful load. Actually, it carries more in some configurations.
Cherokee 235 enjoys two feet more wingspan than its little brothers, and the extended tips can be filled with fuel to boost total capacity to 82 usable gallons in four tanks. This combined with exceptional performance in climb out, short-field work, and cruise speed are benefits of two extra cylinders up front.
£150 per hr wet | aerospace |
http://soft.bestykosoft.review/manual-civil+air+patrol+study+guide+drill+manual.php | 2018-11-13T02:23:30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00137.warc.gz | 0.788001 | 460 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__134906127 | en | Cadet Color Guard Guide - Civil Air Patrol (This manual describes the movements and procedures for saluting, drill, ceremonies, reviews, and parades.) Rather than download the entire large manual, selected chapters from AFMAN 36-2203 are attached below. The publications listed in attachment 2 of this manual will be used as the basis. Color guard movements and procedures from the CAP Drill and Ceremonies.
PARENTS' GUIDE to the - Civil Air Chapter 1--Introduction to Drill and Ceremonies Chapter 2--Commands and the Command Voice Section A--Commands Section B--The Command Voice Chapter 3--Individual Instruction Chapter 4--Drill of a Flht Section A--Formations Section B--Marching Chapter 5--Drill of the Squadron Section A--Rules for Squadron Drill Section B--Formations Section C--Manual of the Guidon Chapter 6-- and Wing Formations Section A--Function of the and Wing Section B-- Formations Section C--Wing Formation and Review Chapter 7--Ceremonies Section A--Purpose and Precedence Section B--Parade Ceremony Section C--Raising and Lowering the Flag Section D--Change of Command Section E--Colors Also see additional information at Cadet Programs Library Drill & Ceremonies Cadet Drill Guide April 2010 While cadets need a resource for studying drill, hard-copy versions of the Air Force Drill and Ceremonies Manual have not been available for some time. This guide provides an overview of the Cadet Program. To learn more, visit. and a drill and ceremonies test. At the academiy-rorous Civic Leadership Academy, cadets study the federal government and explore careers in the public.
Ny117 color guard The Cadet Drill Guide, a 3"x5" handbook that presents drill fundamentals in an easy-to-understand format, will be officially released by 1 July. National Cadet Competition Manual 52-4. Civil Air Patrol Seal, Emblem and Flag Etiquette CAPR 900-2 · Click here for the Aerospace Study Guide Including Aerospace Dimensions. CAP Drill and Ceremonies Manual AFMAN 36-2203.
Civil air patrol study guide drill manual:
Rating: 93 / 100
Overall: 99 Rates | aerospace |
https://www.fly-in.it/en/portfolio/mobile-hangar-solar-impulse/ | 2020-08-04T01:55:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735851.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200804014340-20200804044340-00574.warc.gz | 0.959378 | 240 | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-34__0__181586325 | en | Mobile Hangar Solar Impulse
FLY IN is an official SPECIALIZED PARTNER for the Solar Impulse project and created the mobile hangar used to protect the project’s ultralight aircraft.
In the field of inflatable structures there has probably never been anything quite like it before: building a mobile hangar for Solar Impulse, the Swiss solar-powered ultralight aircraft that travelled around the world. An amazing adventure close to the boundaries of the impossible, a test to the limits of technology and human courage …
““The idea was to flip the concept: don’t bring this long-winged plane inside the hangar; create a hangar that can grow around the plane.””
The main requirements of the challenge were both precise and demanding in their absolute simplicity: design and build a completely waterproof cover that let through the sunlight necessary to charge the plane’s batteries.
Of course the hangar also had to be very light so that it could be assembled and disassembled by hand and by only a few people. It also had to be small enough so that it could be packed and transported by air in a very short time. | aerospace |
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSob=n&GSvcid=341419&GRid=96633533 | 2015-05-28T05:05:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929230.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00141-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.906289 | 194 | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-22__0__96287759 | en | |Lieut John W Gillespie|
|Learn about sponsoring this memorial...|
|Death: ||Nov. 18, 1949|
Crewmember aboard a U.S. Air Force B-29 Superfortress. Killed when the bomber had an engine catch fire on takeoff from MacDill Air Force Base, and crashed into the muddy marches of Tampa Bay, Florida while attempting a turn for an emergency approach. The aircraft was dispatched to help locate another B-29 that went missing in the vicinity of Bermuda, Nov. 16th.
Reported as a resident of Cadiz, Ohio.
Also killed were:
1st Lt. Victor G. Thiel
1st Lt. Kenneth W. Fallek
Lt. Raymond H. Weise
SSgt. Andrew J. Steinman
Created by: Tim Cook
Record added: Sep 06, 2012
Find A Grave Memorial# 96633533
Privacy Statement and Terms of Service | aerospace |
https://avecdotes.com/space/usa/operation-paperclip-uncovering-the-controversy-behind-the-us-recruitment-of-ex-nazis-for-technological-gains-during-the-cold-war.php | 2023-09-29T06:18:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510498.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929054611-20230929084611-00104.warc.gz | 0.972515 | 308 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__110237432 | en | Operation Paperclip was a controversial US program during the Cold War that recruited German scientists, engineers, and technicians who had been involved with the Nazi regime during World War II. The program was authorized by President Truman in 1945 with the intention of helping the United States gain a competitive edge in the technological race with the Soviets.
The program brought over 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians to the United States, including some of the best minds in the fields of aeronautics, rocketry, and nuclear physics. Many of these scientists had been involved in Nazi war crimes and human experiments, leading to much controversy surrounding the program. Despite this, the US government was willing to look past their pasts in order to gain a technological advantage.
The scientists recruited through Operation Paperclip made significant contributions to the US space program, including Wernher von Braun, who was instrumental in the development of the Saturn V rocket. Other scientists were involved in the development of the US nuclear weapons program.
Critics of the program argued that it was unethical for the US to recruit ex-Nazis, given their history of human rights abuses. Others argued that the US should have taken a more active role in bringing these war criminals to justice, instead of offering them a safe haven in the United States.
Despite the controversy, Operation Paperclip was successful in providing the US with a technological edge over the Soviets. The scientists recruited through the program made significant contributions to the US space and weapons programs, helping to cement American supremacy during the Cold War. | aerospace |
http://maa.org/mathland/mathtrek_10_17_05.html | 2013-06-20T10:58:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711441609/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516133721-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.917074 | 1,176 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__58953538 | en | Ivars Peterson's MathTrek
When the Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft swung within 500 kilometers of Saturn's moon Hyperion last month, it snapped close-up photos that revealed a spectacularly cratered, craggy, splintered pile of rubble. With its spongy look, it bore little resemblance to any other satellite of Saturn.
When the Voyager 2 spacecraft swept past Saturn in 1981, its photos revealed the satellite to be an extended blob instead of a sphere. Scientists monitoring the encounter initially compared Hyperion's shape to a hamburger, but subsequent views of different sides kept them revising the comparison, from a fat, oval hamburger to a deformed, battered football to a potato or a peanut.
Careful analysis of the images later revealed this oddly shaped, pock-marked satellite to be nearly twice as long as it is wide, measuring about 380 by 290 by 230 kilometers. It was, indeed, the most irregularly shaped of the major satellites.
Whatever the orientation of its spin axis, Hyperion also seemed to be spinning once every 13 days while orbiting Saturn. That, too, was unusual. The moon, for example, completes one rotation in the time that it takes to go once around Earth, thus always presenting the same face to an Earth-based observer. Indeed, all major satellites except Hyperion exhibit 1:1 resonances between their orbital and rotational periods.
Why hadn't Hyperion settled down, locking one face toward Saturn?
In 1984, Jack Wisdom, Stanton Peale, and François Mignard identified the two key factors that prevent Hyperion from going into a synchronous state: its unusual, elongated shape and the influence of Titan, its giant satellite neighbor. The varied influences add up to a persistently precarious balance of forces.
The trio boldly predicted that, unlike all other major natural satellites in the solar system, Hyperion tumbles in its orbit instead of spinning smoothly like a top. The satellite's spin period should vary and the orientation and position of its spin axis would shift in only a few orbital periods.
Wisdom estimated that Hyperion's spin rate could go from no rotation at all to one rotation every 10 days in as few as two trips around Saturn.
Supported by computer simulations, the scenario and developed by Wisdom, Peale, and Mignard strongly indicated that Hyperion displays a curious amalgam of the orderly and the chaotic. Because it follows a regular, predictable orbit, astronomers can calculate its position years ahead and be off by no more than a fraction of a second. At the same time, the direction in which the satellite's spin axis pointsits attitudeis considerably less predictable.
Through careful observations of the satellite's varying brightness, as seen from Earth-based telescopes, James Klavetter was subsequently able to provide evidence that the satellite actually does tumble.
Interestingly, the Voyager and Cassini images of Hyperion's battered surface supply circumstantial evidence supporting the notion that the satellite's spin is chaotic. Hyperion may very well have started out as a more-or-less spherical body. Like other satellites of Saturn, it was probably heavily bombarded by primordial orbital debris.
However, while other satellites may have fragmented and reassembled several times over many millions of years, Hyperion's chaotic motion may have prevented that from happening. Instead of falling back onto the parent body, fragments ejected from crash landings on Hyperion remained adrift. What we now call Hyperion may be merely the biggest chunk left over from a massive catastrophic impact that left the satellite a scarred, craggy shadow of its former self.
At the same time, it's highly unlikely that Hyperion started out in a chaotic state. In the distant past, Hyperion's rotational period, or day, was much faster than its orbital period, or year. As tidal forces over eons gradually slowed the satellite's rotation, Hyperion would inevitably have reached rotational velocities that sent it into a chaotic zone. At this critical stage, its spin axis was probably nearly perpendicular to its orbital plane.
Once the satellite entered the chaotic zone, however, this hard-won attitude stability was undone in a matter of days, and Hyperion started to tumble.
Hyperion now seems trapped in this type of motion. Because the chaotic zone surrounding the 4:3 resonance between the orbital periods of Hyperion and Titan is so vast, the chance that the satellite's orbit will ever reach one of the few small islands of stability in the vicinity appears minimal.
Already enshrined in textbooks, the Hyperion example stands as the first conclusive demonstration of chaotic motion in the solar system.
Copyright © 2005 by Ivars Peterson
Cowan, R. 2005. Saturnian sponge. Science News 168(Oct. 8):228. Available at http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20051008/fob4.asp.
Peterson, I. 1993. Newton's Clock: Chaos in the Solar System. New York: Wiley.
Sohn, E. 2005. Saturn's spongy moon. Science News for Kids (Oct. 12). Available at http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20051012/Note3.asp.
News of the Cassini spacecraft flyby of Hyperion is available at http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/events/tethys-hyperion/index.cfm.
Additional information about Saturn's moon Hyperion can be found at http://www.planetary.org/saturn/hyperion.html and http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/Hyperion.html. | aerospace |
http://topaces.com/page?a=1636&lang=en-CA | 2017-10-21T10:07:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824733.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021095939-20171021115939-00165.warc.gz | 0.966383 | 299 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__182651873 | en | General Charles Wald, USAF (Ret.)
Vice Chairman & Senior Advisor, Deloitte Services LP
Retired General Charles “Chuck” Wald brings significant experience in both military and business ventures and is a highly-regarded subject matter expert in aircraft and weapons procurement and deployment; counterterrorism; national energy and international security policy. During his distinguished career, he served as Deputy Commander, Headquarters U.S. European Command in Stuttgart, Germany, responsible for all U.S. forces operating across 91 countries throughout Europe, Africa, Russia, parts of Asia and Middle East, and most of the Atlantic Ocean.
General Wald earned his commission through the Air Force ROTC program in 1971. He has combat time as an O-2A forward air controller in Vietnam and as an F-16 pilot flying over Bosnia. The general has served as a T-37 instructor pilot and F-15 flight commander. Other duties include Chief of the U.S. Air Force Combat Terrorism Center, support group commander, operations group commander, and special assistant to the Chief of Staff for National Defense Review. He was also the Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at Headquarters U.S. Air Force, and served on the Joint Staff as the Vice Director for Strategic Plans and Policy.
In the 1970 NFL Draft, General Wald was selected in the 14th round by the Atlanta Falcons. While attending North Dakota State University, he was a starting wide receiver of the Bison football team. | aerospace |
https://courses.dronelaunchacademy.com/courses/drones-101/lectures/6899409 | 2023-12-04T16:04:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100531.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204151108-20231204181108-00824.warc.gz | 0.936067 | 693 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__25572871 | en | UAS Components: Flight Controller
Flight Controller and Automation
Put simply, the flight controller is the “brains” of the drone. It takes in information sent to it by the remote controller, GPS, obstacle avoidance sensors, and other components and then sends signals to the motors to properly respond to the information.
For instance, if you were flying a drone and pushed forward on the control stick, you would be sending a signal to the flight controller to move the drone forward. If this were a GPS drone (in GPS mode), you would effectively be telling the flight computer to move the drone to a GPS location further in front of where it is now. The flight controller would check with the GPS to gather information, then fire up the rear motors (if on a quadcopter) to move the drone in a forward direction.
The majority of higher-end drones on the market today also feature autopilot built into the flight controller. The flight controllers and autopilot also have various intelligent flight modes. These automated systems are useful for different applications and help improve the overall safety of a drone operation.
Autopilot systems are programmed to take over if there is a lost-link. The lost-link occurs when the drone and the controller are no longer communicating with each other. Lost-links can occur because of interference, signal loss behind a building, etc. If the link is lost the autopilot software works in conjunction with the flight controller to maintain aircraft control.
There are different interfaces that the autopilot system will interact with throughout flight. GPS, accelerometer/gyro, magnetometer, ext. pilot, payload, flight surfaces, airspeed/altimeter, and lastly, the C2 datalink. Many drones on the market today have obstacle avoidance sensors that communicate to the autopilot. The sensors tell the drone where it's at and whether it is flying too close to an obstacle.
The heart of an autopilot system is the microcontroller, which is also called the processor. The microcontroller collects sensor values, command inputs, and computes calculations for heading correction, etc. When the microcontroller is done with calculating, it will instruct the flight controls on what to do.
Controllers usually operate on two different loops, there is an inner and outer loop. The inner loop operates at higher speeds and is responsible for wind and keeping the aircraft airborne. The outer loop focuses on the actual navigation of the aircraft. The outer loop operates at a much slower speed compared to the inner loop. Whether operating on the inner or outer loop, they can only focus on one task. The functions that are performed by the autopilot are all done in a sequence.
The sequence is controlled by a clock pulse that dictates the order of when and what tasks will be completed next. The clock's job is to keep all of the components and functions of the drone in sync. The clock signal is created by regular vibrations of a quartz crystal vibrating when voltage is introduced. The synchronization can be interrupted—this is done for high-priority tasks. The interruption is often triggered by an internal timer that breaks the list that the controller follows. The sequence may be interrupted if the drone is trying to interpret its current location based off the GPS.
Flight controllers and automation are continually becoming more advanced. Automation has been used in manned aircraft for decades and the technology is really taking off in the unmanned market. | aerospace |
https://bizjetjobs.com/flight-attendants/ | 2019-06-17T09:22:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998462.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617083027-20190617105027-00476.warc.gz | 0.868958 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-26__0__96421243 | en | All flight attendants listed are current and actively seeking full-time or contract employment. To view the flight attendant’s profile & resume, simply click the flight attendant’s name.
Need assistance? Contact us today at (402)253-7809 for corporate and contract flight attendant candidate screening based on departure city, driving distance, pay requirements, personality and more. We can provide initial interview services, verify training dates, and help set pay for a particular flight attendant position.
|No contract pilots found.|
Flight Attendants (By U.S. State) (By Country) | Flight Attendant Jobs | aerospace |
https://eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/u/ussf | 2022-01-21T21:05:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00694.warc.gz | 0.940961 | 31,074 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__238391977 | en | USSF (United States Space Force)
The USSF is a new branch of the Armed Forces. It was established on December 20, 2019 with enactment of the Fiscal Year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act. The USSF was established within the Department of the Air Force, meaning the Secretary of the Air Force has overall responsibility for the USSF, under the guidance and direction of the Secretary of Defense. — The USSF is a military service that organizes, trains, and equips space forces in order to protect U.S. and allied interests in space and to provide space capabilities to the joint force. USSF responsibilities include developing military space professionals, acquiring military space systems, maturing the military doctrine for space power, and organizing space forces to present to our Combatant Commands. 1)
USSF organization: The USSF Headquarters and Office of the CSO (Chief of Space Operations) are located in the Pentagon, just like the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. This staff will focus on establishing a fully-functioning headquarters; preparing to execute the full scope of its organize, train, and equip responsibilities; and, in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force, developing a detailed plan to transfer forces into the U.S. Space Force. As a new military service, the U.S. Space Force will leverage the Department of the Air Force for more than 75 percent of its enabling functions to significantly reduce cost and avoid duplication. The Department of the Air Force will provide support functions that includes logistics, base operating support, civilian personnel management, business systems, IT support, audit agencies, etc.
Some background: While the launch of the U.S. Space Force propels the United States into a new era, the Department of the Air Force has a proud history and long-standing record of providing the best space capabilities in the world. 2)
On Sept. 1, 1982, the Air Force established Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), with space operations as its primary mission. Cold War-era space operations focused on missile warning, launch operations, satellite control, space surveillance and command and control for national leadership. In 1991, Operation DESERT STORM validated the command's continuing focus on support to the warfighter through the use of GPS to enable the famous “Left Hook,” proving the value of space-based capabilities to joint military operations.
In the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks (in 2001), the President directed military action against Afghanistan and Iraq. AFSPC provided extensive space-based support to the U.S. Central Command commander in areas of communications; positioning, navigation and timing; meteorology; and warning. In 2005, the Air Force expanded its mission areas to include cyberspace. In concert with this, the Air Staff assigned responsibility for conducting cyberspace operations to AFSPC through Twenty-Fourth Air Force, which was activated in August 2009.
In July 2018, the Air Force cyber mission transferred to Air Combat Command, which generated the greatest capacity for an integrated Information Warfare capability within the Air Force. This move allowed AFSPC to focus on gaining and maintaining space superiority and outpacing our adversaries in the space domain.
With the enactment of the FY20 (Fiscal Year 2020) NDAA (National Defense Authorization Act), AFSPC was re-designated the U.S. Space Force on December 20, 2019, granting Title 10 authorization to the U.S. Space Force, established under the Department of the Air Force.
Along with the new name USSF, there was also some renaming of locations, like VSFB (Vandenberg Space Force Base) for former VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base).
The Space Force operates six primary bases, seven smaller stations, and one air base in Greenland. Currently, three of the bases and four of the stations formerly under the control of Air Force Space Command have transitioned to the United States Space Force, however the Space Force has already assumed operational control of the remaining bases through its garrisons. On 9 December 2020, Patrick Air Force Base and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida were the first Space Force installations renamed, becoming Patrick Space Force Base and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. 3)
On May 14, 2021, Vandenberg Air Force Base in California was renamed Vandenberg Space Force Base. It also has ten units based outside the contiguous United States in Greenland, the United Kingdom, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia atoll, Alaska, Hawaii, and Guam. During the transition from Air Force control, only one facility renaming has gone beyond replacing the Air Force designation, that of Kaena Point Space Force Station in Hawaii, which the Air Force called Kaena Point Satellite Tracking Station. 4)
Figure 1: Vice President Mike Pence announced 9 December 2020, that Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Patrick Air Force Base are being renamed as Space Force installations (image credit: U.S. Space Force)
USSF Capabilities: The new, independent U.S. Space Force will maintain and enhance the competitive edge of the DOD in space while adapting to new strategic challenges.
Spacelift operations at the East and West Coast launch bases provide services, facilities and range safety control for the conduct of DOD, NASA and commercial space launches. Through the command and control of all DOD satellites, satellite operators provide force-multiplying effects – continuous global coverage, low vulnerability and autonomous operations. Satellites provide essential in-theater secure communications, weather and navigational data for ground, air and fleet operations and threat warning.
Ground-based and space-based systems
monitor ballistic missile launches around the world to guard against a
surprise missile attack on North America. A global network of space
surveillance sensors provide vital information on the location of
satellites and space debris for the nation and the world. Maintaining
space superiority is an emerging capability required to protect U.S.
space assets from hostile attacks.
USSF News and Developments
• January 19, 2022: The U.S. Air Force awarded SpaceX a $102 million five-year contract to demonstrate technologies and capabilities to transport military cargo and humanitarian aid around the world on a heavy rocket. 5)
- The contract is for the rocket cargo program, a new project led by the Air Force Research Laboratory to investigate the utility of using large commercial rockets for Department of Defense global logistics.
Figure 2: Rendering of a 'rocket cargo' vehicle set to launch and deliver supplies for the U.S. military (image credit: Air Force Research Laboratory)
- Greg Spanjers, rocket cargo program manager, said in a statement to SpaceNews that the contract formalizes a government-industry partnership to help “determine exactly what a rocket can achieve when used for cargo transport, what is the true capacity, speed, and cost of the integrated system.”
- The contract, awarded on Jan. 14, was not announced by the Air Force and was first reported by AviationWeek.com.
- This is the largest contract awarded to date for rocket cargo. U.S. Transportation Command in 2020 signed cooperative research and development agreements with SpaceX and Exploration Architecture Corporation (XArc) to study concepts for rapid transportation through space. The command last month also signed a CRADA (Cooperative Research and Development Agreement) with Blue Origin.
- The contract is not specific to any of SpaceX’s launch vehicles. AFRL will have access to SpaceX’s commercial orbital launches and booster landings to collect key data on environments signatures and performance. SpaceX also will provide cargo bay designs that support rapid load and unload and are compatible with U.S. TRANSCOM intermodal containers. The contract also includes an option for a full-up demonstration of heavy cargo transport and landing.
- “Commercial vendors envision fixed point-to-point transport to established sites, a commercial service that we are certainly interested in procuring once available,” said Spanjers. He said DoD is “very interested in the ability to deliver the cargo anywhere on Earth to support humanitarian aid and disaster relief.”
- Many areas where disasters occur don’t have commercial space ports, however. “We are therefore exploring a wider range of novel trajectories to mitigate overflight issues, exploring a broad range of landing options for austere sites, researching human factors when landing near populations, and a integrating a broader range of cargo including medical supplies,” he said.
- SpaceX and the Air Force will explore the use of intermodal containers that are compatible with other transportation delivery modes.
- Spanjers said there is no specified timeline for a demonstration at this point. “AFRL will be leveraging several commercial demonstration launches over the next few years to collect the data,” he said. The Air Force “does not drive this schedule but rather will collect data whenever SpaceX flies relevant missions.”
- A full-up demonstration of heavy cargo transport capability to another location on Earth could be attempted in a few years but that has yet to be decided.
- “Significant heavy cargo from orbit has not been previously attempted,” said Spanjers. “It will fully stress the commercial thermal protection system, landing propulsion, and landing legs.”
- The Air Force plans to bring in other companies into the program over time, he said. “We continue to talk to other launch vehicle providers and will consider awarding additional contracts later in the program.”
• January 19, 2022: The Space Force is a separate U.S. military branch but will have to stay “tightly coupled” to the Air Force in order to be successful, Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall said Jan. 19. 6)
Figure 3: Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall speaks at the 2021 National Defense Transportation conference at National Harbor, Md. (image credit: U.S. Air Force)
- Kendall, the top civilian leader of both the Air Force and the Space Force, spoke at a Center for a New American Security virtual event.
- Because of its small size, the Space Force needs significant support from the Department of the Air Force to perform its activities, Kendall said. The Space Force operates the military’s satellite systems and also is responsible to provide space-based services to the Defense Department and allies such as communications, navigation, weather and missile warning.
- When the Space Force was established, officials projected it would have a force of about 16,000 people, and was intentionally created as a lean organization due to congressional concerns about the cost of adding a new military branch.
- The Space Force currently has 13,525 members known as guardians, 50% of whom are military service members, with the other half made up of civilians. The Space Force is tiny compared to the Air Force that has more than 650,000 military personnel. including active duty, Air National Guard and reserve forces.
- Kendall said his office is still reviewing the Space Force organization, its dependence on the Air Force and where it might need additional help, he added. “We are looking at those arrangements. And we’ll be doing some fine tuning and tweaking,” Kendall said. “We want the Space Force to be an independent, separate service. But we also want it to stay as tightly coupled to the Air Force and the Department of the Air Forces as it’s necessary for it to be a success.”
- The chief of staff of the Air Force Gen. C.Q. Brown and the chief of space operations Gen. John “Jay” Raymond have worked to “establish a solid relationship between the two services as well as with the secretary,” Kendall said.
- Because space is vital to national security and is a domain of war, the Space Force is “very small terms of numbers of people, but it’s very large in terms of its importance,” Kendall said. “But in order for it to be successful, it’s going to need a lot of support from the Air Force, and also from the department Air Force. So we’re trying to make all those arrangements work as effectively as possible.”
- One advantage of being small is that the Space Force can adapt to change more easily that the larger military services, Kendall noted. “So I think they can be a an experimental area or pilot for things that we could broaden and expand to greater scale.”
- For example, the Space Force has a goal of being a “digital service” that uses cutting-edge data analytics and information technology. “I think that’s a worthy goal. And one that the larger department hasn’t really caught up with yet, and hasn’t done as much as it could,” Kendall said. “So there is an attempt to establish a unique culture, but also to keep it tightly coupled to the Air Force as a whole.”
Space Force personnel reforms
- One area where the Space Force will seek to depart from tradition is in personnel retention and workforce management, Raymond said Jan. 19 at at a separate event hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
- For example, the Space Force is considering giving people more flexibility in pursuing assignments and lateral transfers based on their career goals. “We want to give people opportunities to go to NASA for an assignment, come back, go to industry, and come back.”
- As a new service, “we are trying to start with a clean sheet of paper and think very differently,” Raymond said. “If we go into this and just iterate our way down the path and become nothing more than an air force that changes a little bit here and there, we’ve missed a huge opportunity.”
- Going through these early steps, he said, “we want to be bold but not reckless.”
• January 18, 2022: The longer the U.S. government operates under a continuing resolution (CR), the higher the probability that national security space launches will see major delays, Chief of Space Operations Gen. John “Jay” Raymond said Jan. 18. 7)
- The Space Force requested funding for five national security launches in fiscal year 2022. Under a CR, government funding is frozen at the previous year’s levels and the Space Force had funding for three missions in 2021. If lawmakers don’t reach an agreement next month on fiscal 2022 spending and a CR continues, two missions funded in 2022 would have to be pushed into the 2023 budget or beyond, Raymond said at a Mitchell Institute event.
- “If we get a budget in February, we would continue with our five launches, but if we enter into a long term CR, we would have to reduce two of those five launches,” said Raymond.
- The Space Systems Command already has identified which two missions would be removed from the 2022 budget if it came to that, said Raymond, “and they are really important launches for us as we compete to win against Russia and China,” he added. “So again I cannot stress enough the importance of getting a budget passed.”
- These launch delays would affect both national security launch services providers United Launch Alliance and SpaceX.
- Protracted CRs significantly impact the military’s launch program because missions are procured two years in advance, Raymond said. “A l0ng term CR would have ripple effects, so it’s more than just a one year impact” as missions that would have been procured in 2022 would slip to 2023 or 2024, and 2023 missions could be pushed to 2024 and 2025.
- The current CR expires Feb. 18. The House has passed nine of 12 federal spending bills for fiscal 2022 but Senate appropriators have approved only three. And none of these bills have made it to the president’s desk.
• January 17, 2022: The U.S. Space Force is considering buying weather data services from commercial satellite operators. The military specifically wants cloud characterization data and theater weather imagery to supplement data collected by its own sensor satellites. This need currently cannot be met by the commercial industry and likely will require significant new investment, industry executives told SpaceNews. 8)
Figure 4: View of the northern hemisphere from the GOES-17 geostationary satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (image credit: NOAA)
- The military’s interest in purchasing weather data as a service was laid out in a request for information posted Jan. 14 by the Space Force’s Space Systems Command. Responses are due Feb. 24.
- “It’s a chicken-and-egg problem,” said John Fisher, president of Brandywine Photonics, a company that won an Air Force Small Business Innovation Research contract in 2018 to develop a theater weather imaging and cloud characterization sensor.
- “Multiple companies can provide a technical solution that can meet the requirements, but it would require a significant investment to put up the capability to provide the service on orbit,” he said. “Investors want to know that Space Force will buy the data before building the sensors with special requirements.”
DoD has unique needs
- The Space Force in 2020 selected three companies — Raytheon, General Atomics and ASTRA Space — to develop electro-optical infrared (EO/IR) weather satellite concepts. It plans to select one or more vendors to build a system in low Earth orbit for the Defense Department. These EO/IR satellites need to be deployed by 2025 before the military’s Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSO) satellites run out of fuel.
- Separately, the Space Force wants to start buying commercial EO/IR weather data as a service in 2025 to supplement these future satellites it plans to buy. The Space Force also may provide “limited upfront funding for the development of the service.”
- David Crain, CEO of space startup ExoTerra Imaging, said the RFI sends a demand signal and could lead to attractive business opportunities for the industry, although there are still many questions the government will need to answer about its strategy and funding to buy weather data as a service.
- Within the commercial space market for climate and weather data, the Defense Department is a narrow niche, executives said, and it would be difficult for businesses to justify investing in a constellation unless they can identify other customers for the service or the Space Force makes a long-term commitment to buy services.
- Cloud characterization and theater weather imagery are top priorities for DoD but “I don’t know of any company currently doing this as a commercial service,” said Crain.
- Cloud characterization data — measurements that help determine cloud cover and temperatures — and theater weather imagery are used to schedule intelligence satellites’ imagery collections, to plan aircraft sorties, search and rescue missions, airdrops and other activities impacted by weather. Polar-orbiting weather satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) support some of DoD’s needs but do not fly the early morning orbit like DMSP. That orbit is a specific gap that DoD has to fill.
- There are many commercial companies that could build this capability if the Space Force offered incentives such as upfront funding and long-lead contracts, said Crain. He suggested that another potential customer for EO/IR weather data providers would be Earth observation companies that collect optical imagery. These companies need near real-time forecasts of cloud coverage so they know where to position their satellites.
Using radar to image clouds
- Although the Space Force is asking for EO/IR data, weather startup Tomorrow.io argues that radar satellites also could meet military needs for cloud and weather imagery.
- The venture-funded company last year won a $19.3 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to support the deployment of a radar-equipped weather satellite constellation. Rei Goffer, co-founder and chief strategy officer, said the first of a planned 32-satellite constellation is projected to launch later this year.
- Under the Air Force contract, Tomorrow.io will provide data as a service to the military and other governmental agencies, including NOAA.
- Goffer said radar is an obvious fit for military weather data collection because it can see through clouds. “We came to the Air Force about a year ago and told them we’re going to build a radar system and they gave us nearly $20 million to go show it,” he said. If the system is successful, “we will get a data-as-a service contract immediately.”
- The Space Force does have a clear need for cloud characterization data, but EO/IR is “just one solution,” said Goffer. The company also is lining up commercial customers for its space radar-based weather service, he said, including airlines and maritime operators that want coverage over the oceans.
- Several commercial companies sell weather data to NOAA but the agency has different requirements than the military. NOAA in November released an RFI seeking information from industry providers, and it is currently buying commercial radio occultation data as a service from satellite operators GeoOptics and Spire Global.
- Radio occultation is a technique that uses GPS signals to measure properties of the Earth’s atmosphere from space.
- Conor Brown, director of federal sales at Spire, said the company does not provide the EO/IR data the Space Force is seeking but will be watching future “on ramp opportunities to deliver weather data as a service.”
- “There is obviously a large barrier to entry for these exquisite instrumentation and sensor types that they’re looking for,” said Brown. “Industry has the choice to either pursue prototype funding through the government or go out and make that investment on their own.”
• January 12, 2022: U.S. military satellite procurements and contracts for launch services have been put on hold and cannot move forward until Congress passes a full-year defense appropriations bill for fiscal year 2022, Chief of Space Operations Gen. John Raymond said in a statement to the House Appropriations Committee Jan. 12. 9)
Figure 5: Gen. Charles "CQ" Brown, chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force (left) and Gen. John "Jay" Raymond, chief of the U.S. Space Force, testify Jan. 12, 2022, at a virtual hearing of the House Appropriations Committee's (HAC) defense subcommittee (image credit: HAC livestream)
- Although fiscal year 2022 started Oct. 1, Congress has not passed appropriations bills for the military or for any other federal agency. The government is operating under a stopgap spending bill, or continuing resolution (CR) passed Dec. 3 that funds the government until Feb. 18.
- Under a CR, federal agencies can continue to operate but their funding is frozen at the previous year’s levels. Of concern to the Pentagon, new programs cannot be started and unneeded programs cannot be terminated under CR funding.
- During a hearing of the House Appropriations Committee’s defense subcommittee on Wednesday, HAC-D Chair Rep. Betty McCollum (D-Minn.) said there is a chance that no agreement will be reached by Feb. 18 and that another CR would have to be passed to avert a government shutdown. “This approach would ignore current needs and have serious and harmful consequences on our national security,” she said.
- Raymond, along with the chiefs of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps, told lawmakers at the virtual hearing that an extended CR would be damaging to the military’s ability to maintain its equipment, train forces and modernize systems.
- “As a new service, the Space Force would be particularly impacted by limits on new starts imposed by a yearlong CR,” said Raymond.
- The Biden Administration proposed a $2 billion funding increase for the Space Force in fiscal year 2022 but the service has to continue to operate at last year’s reduced funding. For example, said Raymond, $37 million that had been allocated for various satellite programs cannot be implemented, as well as $23 million that the Commercial Satellite Communications Office was counting on to acquire commercial satcom services.
- “The largest impact in the procurement account would be in the National Security Space Launch program, which ensures access to space, promotes competition, and eliminates reliance on Russian-made rocket engines,” said Raymond. “Under the CR, we would be limited to the same number of launch services from fiscal year 2021 — three — when we are planning to procure five,” Raymond added. “A yearlong CR would delay these launches by one year, slowing our ability to place previously acquired systems on orbit.”
• January 11, 2022: The Space Force lacks spare parts for much of the equipment needed to support launches from the Eastern and Western Ranges, an issue that could loom larger as launch activities at both spaceports increase. 10)
Figure 6: Cape Canaveral and its various launch sites as seen from orbit. Growing demand for launches there could be hindered by a lack of spare parts for some range equipment that is decades old and no longer manufactured, a report warned (image credit: NASA)
- A report released by the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General Jan. 7 found that the Eastern Range at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida and the Western Range at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California continue to rely on aging equipment to support launches that, in some cases, forces the service to turn to marketplaces like eBay to find spare parts.
- The review found that, of the various range items like radars, antennas and command destruct systems needed to support launches, 28% lacked spare parts because those items were obsolete. That includes equipment no longer manufactured, sometimes from companies now defunct.
- The report noted one example of a telemetry antenna on the Western Range that was first operational in 1967. The service no longer had spares for it because the manufacturer was out of business. “According to the Space Force, the average age of range items with a potential mission impact and no available spares was more than 30 years old,” the report stated.
- “During our site visit to Vandenberg,” the report added, “multiple personnel responsible for range item maintenance stated that they sometimes searched for spare parts for some components from resale sites, such as eBay.”
- Range maintenance issues have not been a major issue for launches at either range in recent years. The report found no examples of range problems between January 2016 and March 2021 that caused a launch scrub other than a wildfire at Vandenberg in 2016 that damaged communications lines and postponed a launch.
- However, the inspector general’s report cautioned that a projected surge in launch activity creates an “increased risk that aging range items with obsolete components could limit launch capacity” on the ranges. A Space Force forecast included in the report projected the number of launches on the Eastern Range to grow from 57 in 2022 to 119 in 2027, an increase driven almost entirely by commercial activity. The Western Range is projected to see an increase from 23 launches in 2022 to 38 in 2027, again because of commercial activity.
- One approach to mitigate that risk is using autonomous flight safety systems (AFSS) on launch vehicles in place of conventional range safety systems, able to terminate a launch if a malfunction threatens safety. Space Launch Delta 45, which operates the Eastern Range, noted in the report that a recent launch of a vehicle without an AFSS required 29 range items to support, while one with an AFSS required only six. The Space Force requires all vehicles launching from the ranges to use an AFSS by October 2025.
- In a talk Jan. 10 at the annual meeting of the Global Spaceport Alliance, an organization of current and prospective spaceports, Col. Mark Shoemaker, vice commander for operations of Space Launch Delta 45, said the range has been working to handle that increased launch demand by working cooperatively with launch companies and other organizations, like the Federal Aviation Administration, on ways to maximize the number of launches and decrease the advance notice needed for scheduling launches.
- “In the end, we are all working towards the same goal: maximizing throughput, maximizing mission success, maximizing opportunity for all actors on the range,” he said. “We’ve been successful the last two or three years as the rates have gone up.”
- That approach will only go so far, though. “At some point, within the current structures and the current institutions that we have, we’re going to hit a limit,” he warned. “I don’t know when and where that limit is, and I’m not sure we’ll know we’ve hit it until it’s right in front of us, but we’re trying to understand what is.”
- The Space Force is working on range modernization efforts to address the concerns in the report, a project called Range of the Future. “It’s an unfortunate name,” said Col. James Horne, deputy director of launch and range operations for Space Systems Command at Patrick Space Force Base, at the Global Spaceport Alliance meeting. “We believe that it’s the ‘range of the now.’ There’s so many things that we’ve done just to enable the current surge we’re seeing in launch.”
- “There’s still a lot more to do,” he added.
• January 9, 2022: What mix of satellites will be needed to meet rising demand for connectivity and make systems resilient to cyber attacks will be the subject of a deep-dive study by the U.S. Space Force. 11)
- The work will be done by the SWAC (Space Warfighting Analysis Center), a new organization created to design the military’s future space architecture.
- The SWAC will seek to answer questions such as how much satellite capacity in what orbits is needed to support U.S. military users and how much of that demand could be met by commercial satcom, versus government-owned satellites. SWAC analysts will use models and simulations to to design hybrid architectures of commercial and government satellites and assess their vulnerabilities to threats like cyber attacks.
- The SWAC is tasked to look at what technologies and systems will be needed by the future force and help the Space Force develop a procurement strategy, David Voss, director of the SWAC’s spectrum warfare center of excellence, said Jan. 7.
- Voss spoke during a virtual event held by the Mitchell Institute, a nonprofit advocacy group that published a report last month suggesting that DoD needs to rethink its approach to buying satcom. The report noted that the current architecture relies on decades-old technology and was not designed for the speed and complexity of military operations in the information age.
- The SWAC will design an architecture that would address the needs of all DoD users, Voss said. The analysis will be reviewed by the Pentagon’s Joint Staff so it can inform requirements documents that are needed to get funding approved and start new procurement programs.
- The procurement of commercial satcom for the U.S. military is managed by the Space Systems Command’s Commercial Satellite Communication Office, known as CSCO. But multiple other agencies and organizations within DoD also acquire satcom, resulting in fragmented efforts and incompatible equipment, the Mitchell Institute pointed out in the report:
- “Historically, numerous authorities spread across different combatant commands, services, DOD agencies, and acquisition organizations have been responsible for procuring and operating various satcom systems and services. ... The current satcom enterprise consists of highly customized capabilities with limited interoperability and operational flexibility.”
- The SWAC will examine the problem with a broad scope. One of the questions it will address, said Voss, is how commercial networks could be weaved into the military’s satcom enterprise and what impact that might have on the resiliency of networks and on ground-equipment requirements.
- Voss said the architecture design would be a long-term project and get continuous updates. “It will be a work in progress for a while,” he said. “We can’t wait years to do analytics and make decisions so we are implementing at the SWAC a continuous integration model of analytic processes.”
- The Mitchell report argues that the Space Force and DoD need to pay immediate attention to this issue. Space-based communications is a critical capability to enable data sharing and interoperability across the military services, the report said. Commercial companies are offering low-latency and high-bandwidth broadband services in low, medium and geostationary orbits, providing DoD an opportunity to bring these services into the military satcom architecture.
- “The U.S. military relies on satellite communications to support the bulk of its over-the-horizon communications, but its current systems are poorly aligned to meet the requirements of its emerging operational concepts and are increasingly vulnerable to adversary counterspace capabilities,” said the report. “Modern military operations are increasingly data intensive and dispersed, requiring secure networks to reliably share large amounts of data with minimal latency over vast distances, across different domains, to large numbers of users.”
Satcom issue was studied for years
- Before the Space Force was established, the Air Force spent years studying the military’s future satcom needs. An “analysis of alternatives” mandated by Congress started in 2016 and wrapped up in 2018. It looked at how military and commercial systems could collectively provide a resilient architecture able to withstand cyber attacks and electronic jamming.
- The study found that integrating purpose-built satellites and commercial systems into a hybrid architecture “would save costs and provide more capability than any single purpose-built or commercial system alone,” the Government Accountability Office (GAO) said in a December 2019 report. GAO pointed out that DoD did not take action to implement those recommendations.
- GAO noted that DoD uses a mix of purpose-built satellites — such as as the Wideband Global Satcom constellation — and commercial satcom contracts but has not historically managed these systems in coordination.
- Congress in recent years has specifically directed DoD to integrate commercial satcom into its architecture, and appropriators in the 2019 defense budget added nearly $50 million for “commercial satcom integration.”
- The Space Force in February 2020 unveiled a plan to change how it acquires satellite-based communications for DoD. “Despite the global, instantaneous reach of our satellite communications systems, which includes both military and commercial capabilities, the current loose federation of satcom systems needs to improve in resiliency, robustness, flexibility and manageability,” said the Space Force.
• January 6, 2022: Under a $2 million contract from the U.S. Space Force, Slingshot Aerospace will develop an analytics tool that uses location data from commercial satellites in low Earth orbit to identify potential sources of electronic interference on the ground. 12)
Figure 7: The U.S. Space Force wants to take advantage of the telemetry data available from the growing population of commercial satellites in low Earth orbit to track sources of radio-frequency interference (image credit: OneWeb artist concept)
- The project is an effort by the military to take advantage of the telemetry data available from the growing population of commercial satellites in LEO. The Space Systems Command said Jan. 4 that Slingshot will “develop a prototype that utilizes proliferated LEO mega-constellations to detect, locate, and mitigate radio frequency (RF) and GPS interference sources, which are direct threats to U.S. on-orbit space assets.”
- Slingshot will develop an analytics tool that ingests GPS telemetry data from commercial LEO constellations and uses it to paint a picture of RF hazards on the ground.
- The project is an effort by the military to take advantage of the telemetry data available from the growing population of commercial satellites in LEO. The Space Systems Command said Jan. 4 that Slingshot will “develop a prototype that utilizes proliferated LEO mega-constellations to detect, locate, and mitigate radio frequency (RF) and GPS interference sources, which are direct threats to U.S. on-orbit space assets.”
- The contract is funded by the Space Systems Command’s CASINO (Commercially Augmented space Inter-networked Operations) program, created to figure out ways for the military to use new space technology.
- Radio frequency interference has been a long-time problem for the military, exacerbated by the proliferation of electronic devices designed to disrupt GPS (Global Positioning System) and other satellite signals. One of the challenges is identifying the precise location and source of interference.
- Melanie Stricklan, CEO and co-founder of Slingshot Aerospace, said the company was selected by the Space Force’s Space Enterprise Consortium to prototype a data analytics tool that ingests GPS telemetry data from commercial LEO constellations and uses it to paint a picture of RF hazards on the ground, identifying and characterizing the potential sources of that interference.
- “The ability to collect, process and extract insights from satellite telemetry data has increased substantially thanks to the increase in commercial proliferated low Earth orbit satellite constellations,” she said. The prototype system “will automate manual data exploitation techniques to deliver finished user-friendly products at low latencies.”
- The idea is to “leverage data already generated by existing spacecraft global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) sensors to extract a better understanding of the electromagnetic operational environment,” said Stricklan.
- The contract was a competitive opportunity the Space Enterprise Consortium launched in June 2021.
• January 5, 2022: Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen. David Thompson in a video released Jan. 5 called on the private sector to help clean up space junk. 13)
- “We need your help,” said Thompson in a video posted by the Space Force’s technology arm known as SpaceWERX.
- SpaceWERX is running a program called Orbital Prime that is soliciting proposals from private businesses and academic institutions on technologies that could be used to deal with the growing problem of space debris.
- The first Space Prime effort, Orbital Prime will invigorate the On-orbit Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (OSAM) market using Active Debris Remediation (ADR) as a use case for the foundational technologies. As congestion and debris threaten the long-term sustainability of the space domain, Orbital Prime will transition agile, affordable, and accelerated OSAM space capabilities to build the foundation for space logistics while preserving the global commons. On-orbit capability will be demonstrated on an accelerated timeline in two to four years.
- Proposals for the first phase of Orbital Prime are due Feb. 17.
Figure 8: “Our goal through Orbital Prime is to partner with innovative minds in industry, academia and research institutions to advance and apply state of the art technology and operating concepts in the areas of debris mitigation and removal,” said Thompson (video credit: USSF)
- The long-term goal is to conduct an in-space demonstration of debris removal technologies less than three years from now. The project is being funded under the Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) program. Companies have to team up with academic or nonprofit institutions. Larger companies can participate but as subcontractors to a small business.
- Teams can win Phase 1 awards of $250,000 and Phase 2 awards of $1.5 million. If any are selected for an in-space demonstration, the government will fund a share of the cost.
- Thompson said the Space Force wants to see these technologies succeed so it can buy debris-removal services from the private sector.
- “Our vision in this partnership is to aggressively explore those capabilities today, in the hope that we and others can purchase them as a service in the future,” he said.
- The growth of space debris is a mounting challenge for governments and the commercial space sector as these objects can collide with satellites or space stations inhabited by humans. The Space Force currently tracks more than 40,000 objects in space, only about 5,000 of which are active satellites. The approximately 35,000 debris objects tracked are about the size of a fist or larger, Thompson said. But according to conservative estimates, “there are at least 10 times as many smaller objects in orbit that we cannot reliably track. And yet those smaller bits of debris pose as much or greater risk to our satellites as the larger pieces.”
- This congestion endangers the long term sustainability of the space domain, said Thompson. “It demands action and provides an opportunity for partnership in the search for innovative solutions to recycle, reuse or remove these objects.”
• December 20, 2021: The U.S. Space Force awarded Boeing a $329.3 million contract to support operations of Global Positioning System satellites for the next 10 years. 14)
Figure 9: The Global Positioning System IIF satellite, developed and built by Boeing, is the next generation of GPS space vehicle (image credit:U.S. Air Force graphic)
- The contract, announced Dec. 20, is for on-orbit support of GPS 2F satellites, manufactured by Boeing.
- The current constellation of 31 operational GPS satellites includes 12 of the 2F model.
- The GPS 2F satellites were launched between 2010 and 2016 to replace GPS 2A satellites that were launched between 1990 and 1997. In 2010 the U.S. Air Force selected Lockheed Martin to produce the newest generation called GPS 3.
- GPS 2F satellites were designed to operate for 12 years, but like many U.S. military and commercial satellites, they are projected to stay in service for years beyond their expected design lives.
• December 18, 2021: On the second anniversary of the U.S. Space Force, officials are calling attention to its accomplishments as well as looming challenges posed by Russian and Chinese anti-satellite weapons. 15)
Figure 10: Space Force officials held a ceremony at the Pentagon Dec. 17, 2021, for the service’s two-year anniversary. From left to right: Spc2 Aiden Dennis, representing the youngest member of the Space Force, Chief of Space Operations Gen. John “Jay” Raymond, Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, and senior enlisted leader Chief Master Sgt. Roger Towberman (image credit: U.S. Space Force)
- The Space Force, an independent military service under the Department of the Air Force, was signed it into law Dec. 20, 2019. Over the past two years its ranks have grown to more than 6,500 uniformed members known as guardians, and about an equal number of civilian employees charged with operating and protecting the U.S. military’s satellites and supporting systems.
- Lt. Gen. Nina Armagno, director of the Space Force staff, recalled that the service got off to a rough start as the public did not understand why a military branch for space was needed. “I think at first it was a little tough to realize the American people thought we were a joke ... thank you Netflix,” Armagno said at a Washington Space Business Roundtable event Dec. 15.
- “We decided we had to keep educating and keep talking about Space Force, what it provides, where we’re going in the future, and why it’s so important,” she said.
- Armagno suggested that a drumbeat of news reports about China’s technological advances in space and hypersonic missiles, and Russia’s anti-satellite missile test last month provided clear illustrations of the role that space plays in national security. “There’s a lot of strategic competition in space and I think Americans are seeing it,” she said.
- “We still have more educating to do, and we definitely want to bring Americans in and explain the threats we’re seeing,” Armagno added. “I don’t think we are the subject of the jokes from year one. So I think we’re making some pretty good progress.”
- Undersecretary of the Air Force Gina Ortiz Jones said a top priority for the Space Force is to “understand what we need to do to protect our satellites and other capabilities in space that support all the other services.”
- “Our competitors have done their homework and they know just how reliant we are on space as a nation. They know space enables the economic and military power of our nation,” she said at a U.S. Chamber of Commerce event Dec. 16.
- Ortiz Jones noted that Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall wants to see the Space Force “get space right” as far as acquisitions of new systems are concerned. “To sustain our advantages we’ve got to move faster than our competitors,” she said.
- Being a small organization — the Space Force is about one-tenth the size of the next smallest branch of the armed forces, the U.S. Marine Corps — can be an advantage in the Pentagon, said Ortiz Jones. “The Space Forces is new, and the bureaucracy isn’t fully baked into every process, luckily, and we’ll work hard to make sure it doesn’t get baked in.”
Looking to shift the culture
- The main jobs performed by the Space Force — operating satellites, tracking objects in space and managing the nation’s space launch ranges — for decades were done by the U.S. Air Force.
- The nature of those tasks has not changed but operations are now more “mission focused,” said Col. Miguel Cruz, commander of Delta 4, the Space Force unit that operates missile-warning satellites.
- “By virtue of being a little bit flatter, it’s much faster to get to decision making,” Cruz said Dec. 17 at a Mitchell Institute forum. Under the previous Air Force structure, any organizational or process change would have had to go through several echelons of decision making, said Cruz.
- Another benefit of being a separate service is cultural, “more of an identity thing,” said Cruz. “The space operator now sees himself and herself not only as having his or her own service, but the fact that they are now called upon to be warfighters. Not merely space operators providing a service but actually warfighters that defend the nation against strategic attack or theater missile attack as is in my case.”
- Col. Matthew Holston, commander of Delta 8, the unit that operates communications and PNT (positioning, navigation and timing) satellites, said the biggest shift has been the “focus on the threat.” He said he had not seen that during his more than 20 years of service in the Air Force.
- “We made a deliberate decision to change our operations support squadrons to combat training squadrons, and focus not just on what we do on a day to day basis, but focus on what does it truly mean to do navigation warfare to protect and defend that PNT signal?” Holston said.
- The Space Force has to operate in a “contested environment,” he said. “And that means recognizing that space combat power is a critical enabler for our nation. And our adversaries are trying to take that away.”
- Col. Robert Long, commander of Space Launch Delta 30, the unit that manages West Coast launch operations, pointed out that the Space Force, despite its autonomy, remains hugely dependent on its parent service. “We can’t do our job without the Air Force and airmen.”
Figure 11: The Space Systems Command in Los Angeles procures satellites, launch services and other technologies for the U.S. Space Force (image credit: @USSF_SSC)
- Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall told SpaceNews Dec. 2 that a candidate to fill the position of assistant secretary of the Air Force for space acquisition and integration has been selected and is currently being vetted by the White House. The nominee also has to be confirmed by the Senate.
- Kendall said having a senior leader in charge of military space acquisitions is hugely important as the Space Force looks to modernize its satellites and other systems developed decades ago, and to acquire advanced technologies needed to compete with China and Russia.
- One of the first assignments for the new assistant secretary will be to oversee organizational changes in the Space Force procurement enterprise, Kendall said.
- “We’ll be looking at what is the best way to restructure the organization,” he said.
- The transfer of the Space Development Agency to the Space Force is one change on the horizon. SDA is currently a Defense Department agency but will move to the Space Force in fall 2022. Kendall said he has been working on the details of the transfer with undersecretary of defense for research and engineering Heidi Shyu, who currently oversees the SDA.
- Also on the agenda is a restructuring of the Space Systems Command, the organization that develops and procures satellites, buys space launch services and other technologies for the U.S. military.
- A massive agency with a $9 billion annual budget and a workforce of about 6,300 military, civilian personnel and contractors, the Space Systems Command (SSC) previously was known as the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC). The Space Force in August renamed it SSC and the Pentagon selected Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein to lead the command.
- The forthcoming restructuring would reverse changes made by former SMC commander Lt. Gen. John Thompson under an initiative known as SMC 2.0 that started in 2018 and was completed in late 2019.
- Thompson moved to realign SMC program offices — known as mission area directorates — that managed development and procurement of communications satellites, GPS, remote sensing satellites and other systems. Under SMC 2.0 those directorates were eliminated and projects were realigned under four organizations: A development corps overseeing programs in their early phases, a production corps, an enterprise corps (for launch services and product support) and an atlas corps (for workforce and talent management). Thompson argued that the previous mission directorates were operating in isolation and that SMC would benefit from a more horizontal structure that facilitated technology sharing and collaboration.
- Kendall said the current structure is now being revisited.
- “Separating organizationally the development phase from the production phase, I don’t think that’s the right way to structure an acquisition organization,” said Kendall. “I think all phases of the life cycle need to be under a single manager. So we’re looking at reorienting to that kind of a structure.”
- Kendall said he and Guetlein have discussed a reorganization of SSC but many decisions have not yet been finalized.
- With mission-focused program offices, SSC would have separate program executives managing communications satellites, GPS, space sensors and launch services, for example. The Space Development Agency could conceivably be part of SSC and operate as a separate program executive office. SDA is building a network of interconnected commercial satellites in low Earth orbit to transmit data, provide communications, navigation and other services.
• December 3, 2021: Space industry startups focused on satellite propulsion, in-orbit manufacturing and debris tracking won prize money from a business accelerator funded by the U.S. Space Force. 17)
- The accelerator known as Hyperspace Challenge, run by the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Space Force’s SpaceWERX (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio) program, announced Dec. 2 that Varda Space Industries, SCOUT and Neutron Star Systems received $25,000 (first place), $15,000 (second place), and $10,000 (third place), respectively.
- In addition to prize money, the companies get access to government mentors and insight on future contract opportunities. Thirteen startups competed for the 2021 awards.
- Varda Space Industries, founded in 2020, earlier this year raised $42 million Series A funding to develop a manufacturing facility to make products in space that can be brought back to Earth. The Space Force is interested in the company’s payload capsules for cargo delivery from space.
- SCOUT, a two-year old startup, developed a space-based optical sensor and payload system for collision avoidance and in-space object detection.
- Neutron Star Systems, from Cologne, Germany, is developing a superconductor-based electric propulsion system as a lower cost alternative to other forms of electric propulsion currently used for satellites.
- The Hyperspace accelerator also selected three universities: Stevens Institute of Technology, for its artificial intelligence technology; SUNY Polytechnic Institute, for neural networks that could help track satellite debris; and Texas State University, for its research on the effects of vibration during micro-gravity production of heavy-metal fluoride glass.
• November 17, 2021: U.S. Space Force officials Nov. 17 condemned Russia’s missile strike that destroyed a defunct satellite in low Earth orbit. The anti-satellite missile test, these officials said, sends an ominous message that Russia is intent on advancing its arsenal of space weapons. 18)
- Lt. Gen. John Shaw, deputy commander of U.S. Space Command, said Russia conducted similar tests before the Nov. 15 event, including one in December 2020, that drew a statement of concern from Space Command. That test, however, didn’t intercept a satellite but this latest one did.
Figure 12: Numerica and Slingshot Aerospace produced these images of the resulting debris from the Russian missile that blew up Cosmos 1408 (image credit: Numerica, Slingshot)
- “So they’re continuing to develop counterspace capabilities, and continuing to show a disregard for the sustainability of space,” Shaw said at the ASCEND conference (8-17 November 2021) organized by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
- Lt. Gen. Nina Armagno, director of staff of the U.S. Space Force, said the Russians “are demonstrating that they can destroy a satellite in low Earth orbit. And if they can destroy a Russian satellite, you can bet that they can destroy an American satellite, a military or commercial satellite.”
- Shaw said U.S. Space Command analysts are still “characterizing this event” and the current estimate that the broken satellite created 1,500 debris objects is still evolving. “We expect the debris will grow over time. The debris cloud will begin to disperse as the various pieces get subjected to their own atmospheric drag and other influences.”
- This large cloud of debris “will become a threat that we will have to deal with,” said Shaw. “It’s going to cause a lot of problems for any spacefaring nation in low Earth orbit for years.”
- Shaw noted that just a week ago the International Space Station had to maneuver to avoid a potential collision with a piece of debris from the Chinese 2007 ASAT test. That anti-satellite missile strike occurred at a much higher orbit than either this latest Russian intercept or where the ISS is today, which suggests the consequences of the Nov. 15 test could be felt even more dramatically.
- “Here we go again,” said Shaw. “Now we’ve got an entire new event that we’re going to have to characterize … The same way many of us have been looking back at 2007 as sort of a an event that was of considerable concern to us in the space domain, now we have 2021 to look at in the same way. And we’ll be talking about it for years.”
- Maj. Gen. Leah Lauderback, Space Force director of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, agreed with Shaw that the recent ASAT test is “a continuation of a program of counterspace capabilities that both China and Russia are intending to put either on orbit or terrestrially to take out our capabilities.”
- This test also is part of a deterrence strategy, she said. Russia is showing its intent to “degrade our capabilities at some point or to deter us from using our space capabilities.”
• November 15, 2021: U.S. military officials and analysts have warned that China and Russia are building an arsenal of weapons designed to interfere with space-based capabilities of the United States. 19)
- The United States meanwhile is building its own capabilities to counter enemies’ space assets. Most of those systems are classified but the Space Force has made public its plans to deploy advanced electronic jammers to disrupt enemies’ satellite communications signals.
- The Space Force’s satellite jammer, called Counter-Communications Systems (CCS) Block 10.2, was developed by L3Harris and was declared operational in March 2020. The company won a $125 million contract last month to produce 16 CCS 10.2 units by 2025 for use at U.S. military bases stateside and for overseas deployments.
- Ed Zoiss, president of L3Harris Space and Airborne Systems, said the CSS allows the military to “dominate the electromagnetic spectrum.”
- “Denying our enemies the ability to use their space assets protects U.S. warfighter operations,” Zoiss said Nov. 15 in a news release about the company’s recent contract.
- Praveen Kurian, senior director and general manager of L3Harris’ space superiority division, said the jamming effects of the CCS are reversible, meaning that they do not cause permanent damage. It was designed to cause temporary disruption of satellite communications signals.
- The company is working under a contract valued at $284 million to date to develop the CCS Block 10.3 upgrade named “Meadowlands” which is expected to finish development in 2022. L3Harris will build 26 Meadowlands systems.
- The upgraded jammer passed a critical design review, Kurian told SpaceNews. “We’re ready to actually begin production of the hardware.”
- The biggest changes in the new system is the automation in the software and the ability to conduct operations remotely, he said. “It’s a pretty significant improvement.”
Figure 13: Satellite antennas used in the Counter Communications System 10.2 electronic jammer developed by L3Harris under contract to the U.S. Space Force (image credit: L3Harris)
• November 11, 2021: The U.S. Space Force has ordered three GPS 3F satellites from Lockheed Martin for $737 million. 20)
- The Space Force on Oct. 22 exercised an option to purchase the satellites under a previously awarded contract, a Lockheed Martin spokesperson told SpaceNews Nov. 11.
- This is the third contract option awarded to Lockheed Martin under a 2018 agreement worth $7.2 billion for up to 22 satellites The first was a $1.3 billion order in September 2018 for two GPS 3Fs (space vehicles 11 and 12) and the second in October 2020 was a $511 million contract option for two satellites (space vehicles 13 and 14).
Figure 14: GPS 3F satellite artist rendering (image credit: Lockheed Martin)
- The new contract option is for GPS 3F space vehicles 15, 16 and 17. GPS 3F is the newest version of the U.S. satellites that provide global positioning, navigation and timing services.
- Lockheed Martin in 2008 won a contract to produce 10 GPS 3 satellites and the company is about to complete the final one as it transitions to the new GPS 3F version.
- Five GPS 3s (space vehicles 1 through 5) have been launched to date. Three fully assembled satellites are in storage waiting to be launched and the final two are still in testing.
- According to the Space Force, GPS 3F satellites will have more advanced anti-jamming capabilities, an upgraded nuclear detection detonation system payload, an improved search and rescue payload, and a laser retroreflector array that provides greater geolocation accuracy.
- Lockheed Martin said the GPS 3F satellites, starting with space vehicle 13, will be built on the company’s new LM2100 bus that has new cybersecurity features and more powerful electronics. This bus can be outfitted with the company’s Augmentation System Port Interface (ASPIN) to enable satellites to be refueled and serviced on orbit.
• November 11, 2021: Early education about the value created by space technology should be a national priority, the top enlisted leader of the U.S. Space Force said Nov. 11. 21)
- That is why it might be a good idea to have the secretary of education on the National Space Council, said Chief Master Sgt. Roger Towberman during a live webcast interview with Jamie Morin, executive director of the Aerospace Corp. Center for Space Policy and Strategy.
- The most talented people find their passion very early in life, so more should be done to attract high achievers to the field of space, Towberman said.
Figure 15: Chief Master Sgt. Roger Towberman, U.S. Space Force senior enlisted advisor (image credit: U.S. Air Force)
- “Maybe this is Space Council business,” he said. “How do we have a holistic conversation about what should the ‘brand of space’ and what are we doing in elementary schools to build that passion?”
- Towberman has become a brand ambassador of sorts for the U.S. Space Force, which has made talent recruiting a priority due to the highly technical nature of the work its members do.
- The problem is that a lot of the messaging about space careers focuses on the science and technology requirements without emphasizing the benefits and possibilities that lie ahead as technology advances, he said. “The STEM brand isn’t resonating with all the talented people.”
- Satellites in space enable important applications that benefit life on Earth — from agriculture to navigation, environmental monitoring and mass communications. But that aspect of space as a value creator is not emphasized, said Towberman.
- “What are we doing in elementary schools to build that passion to get someone to look at the stars when they’re five years old and go, ‘that’s what I want to do,’” he said.
- A point of comparison is medicine, which also is a STEM field. “And yet, it’s not seen as a STEM field, The brand of medicine is a brand of caring, it’s a brand of service. And because of that, talented young people are attracted to a career in medicine but might not be attracted to a career working for a ‘STEM’ company,” Towberman said.
- One way to attract young people is to convey the message that they can “serve the world by being in space. It’s not just about science and technology. It’s about the stuff that’s enabled by that science and technology .... So I think this is an important conversation.”
• November 4, 2021: The U.S. Space Force is kicking off a new initiative to fund commercially developed technologies for orbital operations.22)
- The program known as “Orbital Prime” will focus on the emerging market sector known as OSAM (On-orbit Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing). This includes a broad range of technologies to repair and refuel existing satellites, remove orbital debris and create new capabilities in space.
- Orbital Prime is run by SpaceWERX, the space-focused arm of the Air Force technology incubator AFWERX. In 2020 AFWERX sponsored Agility Prime, a project to advance the market for electric-powered pilotless aircraft that take off and land vertically. Orbital Prime will be a similar effort to spur government and private investment in OSAM technologies.
Figure 16: Orbital Prime will focus on the emerging market sector known as OSAM (image credit: USSF)
- The plan is to award multiple Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) contracts. To compete for Orbital Prime awards, businesses have to partner with academic and nonprofit institutions. Teams can win up to $250,000 in the first round of contracts and up to $1 million in the second round. Successful projects will be eligible for much larger “strategic financing” awards that require companies to secure matching funds from private investors. Orbital Prime winners also will get non-monetary assists such as access to testing ranges and mentoring on regulatory and contracting processes.
- Orbital Prime Phase 1 contracts could be awarded in early 2022. The goal is to launch an in-space demonstration within three years, Lt. Col. Brian Holt, co-lead of AFWERX Space Prime, told SpaceNews.
- Gabe Mounce, deputy director of SpaceWERX, said the entire project could be worth as much as $100 million although it has yet to be determined how much of that will be funded by the government and how much by the private sector.
- Mounce said Orbital Prime is intended to help “prime the pump, if you will, on a nascent market in national security space and signal to the industry what direction the government wants to go in.”
DoD investment ‘long overdue’
- Space industry investors welcome initiatives like Orbital Prime, said Meagan Crawford, co-founder and managing partner of the venture capital firm SpaceFund.
- The government as a market driver in the OSAM sector is “something that’s been talked about for a long time in this industry,” Crawford said. With Orbital Prime, the Space Force is “finally planting a flag” and putting in real money.
- Among the startups that will be competing for Orbital Prime contracts is Rogue Space Systems. CEO Jeromy Grimmett said the company is working on a CubeSat designed to perform in-orbit inspections of other satellites or debris objects.
- A Space Force program focused on orbital capabilities is “long overdue,” said Grimmett, as the United States is behind other countries in developing technologies to de-orbit satellites and clean up debris.
- “I think SpaceWERX is going to provide a great pathway to help us advance technologies and start getting ahead and leading the world in these capabilities,” Grimmett said. “The market, I really believe, is going to drive some pretty interesting ideas.”
- Even though a $250,000 SBIR award is not a large sum, “it’s a start,” he said. “A lot of small companies like us, we need the signal. We need the endorsement. And then the private capital is eventually going to take over.”
- A company that wins a Phase 1 award, after a performance period of 90 to 120 days can compete for Phase 2 awards of $1 million. The big prize is strategic financing, or STRATFI, which can reach $30 million when combined with private matching investments.
- “That is not going to build a fleet, but it will definitely get you going in the right direction,” said Grimmett.
- It’s not just technology that is needed to conduct orbital operations, he said. “You also need a strategy” and a plan for the deployment of spacecraft. In space, just like on Earth, “it’s all about location, location, location.”
• November 2, 2021: NASA’s chief economist Alexander MacDonald said aggressive competition for space agency contracts is “one of the most exciting things that we’re seeing.” 23)
- Speaking Nov. 2 on a TechCrunch online panel discussion, MacDonald said competitive forces in the industry are going to help drive down the cost of “core elements of human space exploration.”
- Recent announcements that two new industry teams are jumping into the race to develop commercial stations to succeed the International Space Station are “very exciting from a market dynamics perspective,” MacDonald said.
Figure 17: The proposed Orbital Reef station can be expanded over time by adding more modules, but initially will be about one-third the size depicted here (image credit: Blue Origin)
- Last month Nanoracks announced it is working with Lockheed Martin on a commercial space station concept called Starlab. Blue Origin, Boeing, Redwire and Sierra Space are teaming on a commercial space station called Orbital Reef. Axiom Space won a NASA contract to develop a commercial module that will be attached to the ISS.
- Before this current surge of commercial space ventures, MacDonald recalled that the only proposal for a private space station dates back to the early 1980s when former NASA engineer Maxime Faget designed an industrial space facility concept that never came to fruition.
- Having a diversity of concepts from commercial companies is “incredibly important in human spaceflight,” he said. It should not be a rivalry between private or government-developed ideas, MacDonald added. “It’s about having a multiplicity of cultures … And of course, a multiplicity of cultures also means that there’s going to be different approaches to funding, which I think we’re also going to need.”
- “Commercial space is already playing a massive role in the delivery of NASA missions” and more partnerships will be pursued, he said. “NASA has really been relying on commercial services for decades. And what we’re now doing is expanding it to new areas.”
- One key reason for that is “we found the commercial capabilities are able to move at speeds, while the government programs maybe not always can,” said MacDonald.
- NASA uses private-sector services for launch, commercial cargo, commercial crew and “the next set of opportunities are going to be around commercial delivery of lunar payloads, commercial lunar landers for humans and obviously Commercial LEO Destinations” for commercial space stations, he said.
Space Force eyeing commercial services
- The Defense Department has not yet embraced partnerships with commercial industry the way NASA has, but the U.S. Space Force is looking to move in that direction, said Gen. David Thompson, Space Force vice chief of space operations.
- “What we have to do is understand some of those areas where we’ve trusted ourselves and only ourselves for decades,” he said at the TechCrunch forum. “We really do have to break the mold, think differently and understand and recognize we can incorporate more commercial services.”
- The Space Force’s best example of successful procurement of commercial services has been for satellite communications, said Thompson. “That’s been a successful model for us for decades” and the goal is to apply that approach to other types of space-based services, he said.
- The next area of interest to the Space Force is commercial services for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), he said. “The first thing we have to do is make sure that these capabilities fit into our architecture and we can we can fit them in seamlessly.”
- The Space Force wants to increase purchases of data collected by commercial satellites but the contracting arrangements are challenging, he said. “We have to be able to use the data, we have to be able to come to agreement with commercial companies on how we can use the data in the ways that we need to, but also protect them in terms of intellectual property and data rights.”
- “Oftentimes that’s a more significant challenge to be able to work through than anything else,” said Thompson. “The data rights, the data use and the intellectual property that comes with it is a challenge that can be solved. We just have to figure out how to.”
- Other commercial services the Space Force is considering buying: data relay and communications to interconnect all the joint forces, space situational awareness data, on-orbit logistics and resupply. “These are the sorts of services we ought to be able to build into our concepts of operations and apply in the future,” Thompson said. “It’s really a question of whether we can get out of our culture and use commercial services effectively. I think there’s a great future for commercial services and military space.”
• October 21, 2021: U.S. Space Force generals made headlines recently calling for the development of commercial services to clean up orbital debris. These statements convey a sense of urgency about the risk of collisions in space but the government’s indecision about how to manage this problem is delaying private investments and efforts to develop space cleanup businesses, says an industry analyst. 24)
- In a white paper published Oct. 21 by the consulting firm Avascent, analyst Nick Bolger points to comments made last month by Maj. Gen. DeAnna Burt, the vice commander of the Space Force’s Space Operations Command, who said “there is a use case for industry to go after” space debris removal as a business opportunity.
Figure 18: Rendering of space debris and defunct launcher stages in the geostationary ring (image credit: European Space Agency)
- From an industry perspective, however, the business case is not quite so clear, Bolger said. “Significant developments need to settle across industry in order to prove out this claim,” he said of Burt’s comments.
- With 16,000 satellites expected to be launched from 2021 to 2025, there is wide consensus that space sustainability and safe spaceflight operations are at risk. But actions to address the problem are being “challenged by shifting priorities of domestic and international governing agencies,” Bolger argues.
- “Varying opinions of regulatory stakeholders on how to approach debris removal prevents the U.S. government from taking action per se,” he said. A major obstacle is uncertainty about what agencies should take the lead in specific areas. A case in point is the transition of space traffic management responsibilities from the Defense Department to the Commerce Department which has for years been bogged down in studies and analysis.
- The Space Force says it wants to buy debris removal services, but if space traffic management moves to another agency it’s not clear who would make those buying decisions.
- “As far as a business case goes, I believe that investors may be wary of backing some of these nascent companies without a guarantee of future procurements by the government,” Bolger said.
- Another concern is the lack of standard metrics about collision hazards, he said. Agencies “self-regulate their space operations, often leveraging varying data sources and risk criteria to determine their need for collision avoidance maneuvers.”
- There’s been a number of close calls and near-miss collisions in recent years, and yet “governing bodies have shown little indication of taking the lead on deploying space debris removal and remediating technologies in the near future,” Bolger noted.
What could be done to incentivize industry
- Space debris removal technologies such as space tugs and junk collectors are now in the early phases of testing and development, Bolger said, but these companies still don’t have a broad range of customers.
- One way to incentivize commercial satellite operators to clean up debris is to change insurance requirements for satellites. The United States requires satellite operators to be insured for damages caused by third parties and for damage claims from the government. “Operators will seriously consider de-orbiting and cleanup services that allow them to avoid paying insurance over a longer time horizon,” said Bolger.
- The World Economic Forum’s Space Sustainability Rating system currently scores operators based on de-orbit plans, collision maneuvers and data sharing. The rating system is used on a voluntary basis by operators. Bolger said a U.S. federal adoption of a space sustainability rating system would likely lead to self-regulation of space activities.
- “The system would incentivize operators to incorporate debris remediating plans prior to entering orbit,” he said.
- Disjointed regulatory efforts create uncertainty for the industry, Bolger added. For example, the Federal Communications Commission is holding off on updating requirements for collision avoidance maneuvers for all satellites after NASA recommended constellations larger than 25 spacecraft and flying above 420 kilometers be required to have propulsion systems.
- “This has forced the FCC to seek additional public commentary before issuing another report and order,” he said.
- And there is still disagreement among agencies on whether the long-standing “25-year rule” should be changed. That rule says satellite and any debris from its launch should not remain on orbit for more than 25 years after its mission ends. Some have called for that timeline to be reduced, particularly in heavily congested areas in low Earth orbit.
• October 4, 2021: The U.S. Space Force has established an intelligence analysis group within the National Air and Space Intelligence Center at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 25)
- A new organization called the Space Force Intelligence Activity is an interim step before the Space Force stands up a separate National Space Intelligence Center also at Wright Patterson, according to a memo signed Sept. 24 by Maj. Gen. Leah Lauderback and Lt. Gen. Mary O’Brien.
- Lauderback is the Space Force director of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. O’Brien is the Air Force deputy chief of staff for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and cyber effects operations.
- A copy of the memo was obtained by SpaceNews.
Figure 19: Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force JoAnne Bass receives a briefing at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, June 3, 2021 (image credit: U.S. Air Force)
- The Space Force Intelligence Activity (SFIA) is an “interim operational construct to facilitate the process of the National Space Intelligence Center establishment,” the memo says.
- The SFIA will be staffed by teams of space and counterspace analysts who are now under the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) and will eventually transfer to the National Space Intelligence Center, according to the memo.
- NASIC is the Department of Defense’s primary source for intelligence on threats that affect air and space operations.
- The space and counterspace analysis teams include both military and civilian personnel. They are responsible for analyzing foreign space capabilities and the implications for U.S. space superiority.
- The Space Force does not yet have funding to build the National Space Intelligence Center. The Biden administration requested $20 million for the center in its 2022 budget proposal that has not yet been approved by Congress.
- Lawmakers such as Rep. Mike Turner (R-Ohio) had raised concerns about the Space Force creating a separate organization that would duplicate the work performed by NASIC. Space Force leaders have argued that it’s important to have an intelligence organization strictly focused on space threat analysis. According to sources, for years there has been an internal competition for resources within NASIC between air and space intelligence.
• October 2, 2021: The SWAC (Space Warfighting Analysis Center) briefing Oct. 27 is not about contract opportunities but rather a strategic-level discussion about capabilities the Space Force will need in the coming years. 26)
- When Space Force officials meet with defense contractors later this month they will share intelligence about threats to U.S. satellites at an unusual level of detail.
- “The people that are going to participate are going to probably get the largest trove of threat models that have ever been released, ever,” Andrew Cox, the director of the Space Warfighting Analysis Center, said Oct. 1 on a webcast hosted by National Security Space Association.
Figure 20: Rendering of a Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) missile warning satellite (image credit: Lockheed Martin)
- Cox leads the SWAC, a new Space Force organization focused on wargaming and analysis. It will host its first “business fair” Oct. 27 with representatives from the space and defense industry.
- The classified discussion will focus on early-warning satellites and how to make future systems more resistant to anti-satellite weapons. The Space Force also has to start planning the next generation of space sensors to defend the United States and allies against Chinese hypersonic weapons.
- This will not be a traditional briefing about contract opportunities, Cox said. It’s an attempt to bring the private sector into early deliberations on what capabilities the Space Force will need in the coming years.
- “I have never seen an instance where we’ve put this level of work into detailed threat models that industry will now have in their hands to help them understand what kind of threats and targets we need to worry about for the foreseeable future,” he said.
- The models the Space Force will share with contractors are based on “validated threat data” from DoD and intelligence agencies, said Cox. These models however don’t provide all the answers the Space Force needs, he said. “Some of those models often stop where the intelligence record ends. And we have to fill in the holes with good engineering judgment. So we’ll have a robust conversation about this.”
- “We’ll talk about where these models depart the record, and where we’re having to fill in the puzzle pieces with sound engineering judgment,” Cox said.
- Military briefings to industry typically are attended by business development executives but for this one the Space Force is encouraging companies to send strategists and technical experts.
- The chief of space operations of the Space Force Gen. John “Jay” Raymond will kick off the briefing with his “strategic perspective,” Cox said. “I think he would like to see similarly strategic minded folks from these companies.”
- Why? “Because we’re going to be talking about what this industry actually needs to look like, how we engage with industry long before we have a requirement, long before we have a program put in place,” Cox said.
- Strategies that will inform industry investment portfolios “I think is the kind of conversation we hope to have,” he said.
- “We would also like to have people there that are technically sound in this particular mission area: system engineers, senior technical leads from your corporations, because we are going to geek out a little bit, and show you some of these detailed models that we’ve been working on,” Cox added. “I think it would be good to have folks there that can appreciate the level of information we plan to exchange.”
- Cox said at least 110 companies have registered to attend, a mix of traditional defense contractors and new space companies. The deadline to sign up is Oct. 12.
- “We wanted to reach out to a large segment of industry,” he said. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, some attendees will meet at a classified facility in Chantilly, Virginia, and others in Colorado Springs. Both will be connected via secure video-teleconferencing.
• September 25, 2021: Blue Origin, Rocket Lab, SpaceX and United Launch Alliance were selected to participate in technology development projects to advance rocket engine testing and launch vehicle upper stages, the U.S. Space Force Space Systems Command announced Sept. 24. 27)
- The awards made by the SpEC (Space Enterprise Consortium) are for prototypes that will be jointly funded by the government and the contractors under partnerships known as OTAs, or other transaction authority. The contracts were split between current national security launch providers SpaceX and ULA, and new entrants Blue Origin and Rocket Lab that might compete in 2024 for the next round of national security launch service contracts.
a) Blue Origin will receive $24.3 million for cryogenic fluid management for its New Glenn rocket’s second stage.
b) Rocket Lab gets $24.3 million for upper stage development of its future launch vehicle Neutron.
c) SpaceX gets $14.4 million for testing technologies for its next-generation Raptor engine: rapid throttling and restart testing; liquid methane specification development and testing; and combustion stability analysis and testing.
d) ULA gets $24.3 million for uplink command and control for Centaur 5, the upper stage of the company’s new rocket Vulcan Centaur.
- The SpEC consortium solicited proposals for these projects on May 11.
- “We are excited to partner with industry to advance transformational space access capabilities,” said Col. Rob Bongiovi, director of Space Systems Command’s Launch Enterprise.
- The Raptor testing contract awarded to SpaceX was funded by a $15 million appropriation that Congress added to the 2021 defense budget for next-generation engine testing. “This prototype effort will advance state-of-the-art in rocket engines, including new technologies to enable space access and mobility,” the SpEC consortium said.
- The other three projects for upper stage technology are funded in fiscal year 2022. The Space Systems Command said the contracts will be awarded early next year pending congressional approval of the 2022 budget request.
- These are “orbital transfer prototype projects to improve space access capability for national security launch systems,” the SpEC said. “Anticipated benefits include reducing costs by allowing procurement of lower energy launch vehicle configurations, and improving mass-to-orbit capability” specially for trajectories beyond geosynchronous orbit.
• September 21, 2021: U.S. Army and Navy units that operate communications satellites next month will be realigned under the U.S. Space Force, chief of space operations Gen. John “Jay” Raymond said Sept. 21. 28)
- The transfers were approved earlier this year when the Pentagon submitted its budget request for fiscal year 2022. During a keynote speech at the Air Force Association’s Air, Space and Cyber conference, Raymond provided additional details on the specific units being moved over.
- A total of 11 Army and four Navy organizations will transfer. These units employ 319 military and 259 civilian personnel. Army and Navy service members are not obligated to join the Space Force but can voluntarily transfer. Raymond said more applicants have applied for transfers than there are slots available.
- “These transfers will increase efficiency and improve the readiness” of satellite communications operations, Raymond said.
- Satellite-based communications functions performed by these units are closely aligned with corresponding units in the U.S. Space Force and regularly operate together, he said. “Transferring these units and functions to the Space Force enhances unity of effort and mission effectives in the satellite communications mission area.”
- Transitioning from the Army are two units that currently are part of the Army’s satellite operations brigade: The 53rd Signal Battalion and the SATCOM Directorate. The 53rd Signal Battalion is the only U.S. military unit that controls the payloads of the military’s Wideband Global Satcom and DSCS communication constellations. The Navy is transferring the units that operate the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) and Ultra-High Frequency Follow-on (UFO) satellites.
Army units transferring to Space Force:
- 53rd Signal Battalion Headquarters, Peterson Space Force Base, Co.
- 53rd Signal Battalion Detachment A, Fort Detrick, Md.
- 53rd Signal Battalion Detachment B, Fort Meade, Md.
- 53rd Signal Battalion Detachment C, Landstuhl, Germany
- 53rd Signal Battalion Detachment D, Wahiawa, Hawaii
- 53rd Signal Battalion Detachment E, Fort Buckner, Japan
- Combined Satcom Support Expert Office, Peterson Space Force Base, Co.
- Regional Satcom Support Center-East, MacDill Air Force Base, Fl.
- Regional Satcom Support Center-West, Peterson Space Force Base, Co.
- Regional Satcom Support Center-Europe, Stuttgart, Germany
- Regional Satcom Support Center-Pacific, Wheeler Army Airfield, Hawaii
Navy units transferring to Space Force:
- Navy Satellite Operations Center (NAVSOC), Point Mugu, Ca.
- NAVSOC Detachment A, Prospect Harbor, Maine
- NAVSOC Detachment C, Finegayan, Guam
- NAVSOC Detachment D, Schriever Space Force Base, Co.
• September 21, 2021: The U.S. Space Force has an acquisitions arm called the Space Systems Command. A separate Space Rapid Capabilities Office that procures classified systems reports to the chief of the Space Force. The Space Development Agency and the Missile Defense Agency also oversee space procurement programs. And many satellite programs are also run jointly with the National Reconnaissance Office, a U.S. intelligence agency. 29)
- Despite a medley of organizations that manage space procurements, the Space Force and the intelligence community have stood up a coordinating group to make sure there is “unity of effort,” Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, commander of the Space Systems Command, said Sept. 21 during a panel discussion at the Air Force Association’s Air Space & Cyber conference at National Harbor, MD.
- The chief of the U.S. Space Force Gen. John “Jay” Raymond has called on the service to move faster with the acquisition of new technologies to stay ahead of rivals like China.
Figure 21: Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, commander of the Space Systems Command, speaks Sept. 21, 2021, during a panel discussion at the Air Force Association’s Air Space & Cyber conference (image credit: AFA livestream)
- “Our processes are archaic and our processes are slowing us down,” said Guetlein.
- The number of organizations “that all have a finger in the acquisition pot of space has actually grown in recent years, not gotten smaller,” he said. “And in order for us to get after the threat, to get the agility and the innovation that we need, we need unity of effort and that’s really what we’ve been trying to drive.”
- Guetlein said a “program integration council” chaired by Raymond and by NRO Director Chris Scolese brings together representatives from all the space buying agencies and the organizations that need the equipment — U.S. Space Command and Space Operations Command. That coordination “helps us get after the threat,” he said.
- Another change in the organization of space acquisition is coming in the near future when the Department of the Air Force nominates -— and the Senate confirms — an assistant secretary of the Air Force for space acquisition and integration, who will be the civilian acquisition executive for space programs.
- Secretary Frank Kendall has said candidates are being vetted and a nomination could be announced soon.
- Brig. Gen. Steve Whitney is the military deputy at this new office. He said Congress directed the Air Force to stand up the space acquisition executive office by October 2022. Kendall announced last month that he has moved to create the space acquisition executive office, called SAF SQ, by merging a couple of existing acquisition units on the headquarter staff.
- “This is a demonstrating commitment that we not only want to do this, but we’re trying to get at it faster and that we’ll be ready when there is a nominee to be that service acquisition executive,” Whitney said.
- “The secretary gave us some very specific direction on what we are to do,” said Whitney. “He wants us to focus on the acquisition of systems and technical capabilities while divesting some of the traditional roles [that the space acquisitions office used to have] in international affairs and space policy,” he added.
- “We’re taking some basic system engineering principles to try and figure out what functions we should have: everything from science and technology to the architecture, to capability delivery to the overall integration. And so we’re going to kind of form an office it’s got three directorates that are centered around those pieces.”
• September 15, 2021: A Space Force general endorsed the development of commercial systems for removing space debris, saying they can address congestion in Earth orbit without the policy concerns a government-run alternative might have. 30)
- Maj. Gen. DeAnna Burt, vice commander of the Space Force’s Space Operations Command, told an audience of space traffic management experts that active debris removal is essential to address the growing population of objects in low Earth orbit that pose a threat to government and commercial satellites.
- “We need to pick up debris. We need trash trucks. We need things to go make debris go away,” she said in a keynote at the AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies) Conference here Sept. 15. “I think there is a use case for industry to go after that as a service-based opportunity.”
Figure 22: Maj. Gen. DeAnna Burt said a commercial orbital debris removal capability would be "very valuable" since it would avoid concerns that one developed by the military would also be used as a weapon (image credit: SpaceNews/Jeff Foust)
- Burt, who is also commander of the Combined Force Space Component Command of U.S. Space Command, said that concern was driven by the inability to do anything if there is a threat of a collision between two non-maneuverable objects, like debris. “Those are bad days,” she said, within nothing to do other than hope that the predicted conjunction passes without any new debris objects tracked.
- Later in her presentation, she emphasized that orbital debris removal was not only important, but also should be done by the private sector. “Absolutely there’s a business case for debris removal for industry,” she said.
- Orbital debris is a job for companies, she said, because a government-led effort would cause some to believe the technology would also used as a weapon to disable active satellites. “When you say the military is going to develop a capability to pick up trash or pick up debris, it’s automatically seen as dual use,” she said.
- A company, or consortium of companies, that attempted orbital debris removal would be “very valuable,” she concluded. “It is a growing discussion on the international stage as well. I think it will get solved in the next few years, but we definitely want to see more of that technology.”
- Several companies have expressed an interest in orbital debris removal, including projects to demonstrate technologies needed to capture and deorbit objects. However, they face other stumbling blocks, from uncertain regulatory regimes for removing debris to identifying who will pay for debris removal, and how much.
- Debris removal fits into a broader picture of space traffic management or, as she described it, space traffic awareness. The difference is that, unlike air traffic management, where there are clear authorities and regulations for directing aircraft, the Space Force has little ability to direct operational, or live, satellites to maneuver if it identifies a potential collision.
- “If that live object is a DOD capability, then absolutely I have the authority to tell them, ‘you need to move and here’s direction you’re moving,’” she said. “If that object is anything other than a U.S.-flagged Department of Defense asset, I am making them aware there is a collision, but it’s their choice what they do.”
- She supported efforts to transfer civil space traffic management to the Commerce Department. “We, as the Department of Defense, look forward to the Department of Commerce taking on this mission and standing up,” she said. “We stand shoulder to shoulder to help them to do that and to be successful.”
- Handing those responsibilities to Commerce Department, she argued, would better separate civil and military roles, allowing Space Command to focus on “battlespace awareness” including fighting a war that extended to space.
- “We will continue to do the space traffic awareness mission until we are told not to and the Department of Commerce is fully up and capable,” she said. “But we want them to be successful because we need to get out of that business because the threat is growing. It is critical that, to normalize this domain, we continue to work in that direction.”
• August 24, 2021: The U.S. Space Force’s Space Systems Command (SSC) recently declared the eighth GPS III satellite as “Available for Launch.” This significant accomplishment officially marks the third space vehicle within the GPS III program to be declared available for launch in the past three months. 31)
- GPS III SV06, SV07, and SV08 are now awaiting official call up for launch in Lockheed Martin’s GPS III Processing Facility in Waterton, Colorado.
Figure 23: Photo of the three recently completed GPS III satellites at the Lockheed Martin Facility (image credit: USSF SSC)
- “SV06, SV07, and SV08 AFL milestones in just three months prove that GPS III production continues to benefit from efficiencies with each satellite delivery,” said Col. Edward Byrne, chief of SSC’s Space Production Corps’ Medium Earth Orbit Space Systems Division.
- The first of the three recently completed satellites, SV06, is scheduled to launch in 2022 and will join the operational constellation of 31 GPS satellites.
- GPS III satellites deliver enhanced performance and accuracy through a variety of improvements, including increased signal protection and improved accuracy. GPS III also expands the civilian L5 signal, dubbed the “safety-of-life” signal, currently broadcast by the 12 GPS IIF satellites, but not yet operational, and delivers a new L1C signal designed to grant interoperability to similar international space-based position, navigation and timing systems around the world. As a crucial technological foundation for internet, financial, transportation, and agricultural operations, GPS delivers the gold standard in positioning, navigation, and timing services supporting U.S. and allied operations worldwide.
- Space Systems Command, located at Los Angeles Air Force Base in El Segundo, California, is the U.S. Space Force’s Center of Excellence for acquiring and developing military space systems. SSC’s portfolio includes space launch, global positioning systems, military satellite communications, a defense meteorological satellite control network, range systems, space-based infrared systems, and space domain awareness capabilities.
• August 24, 2021: The Pentagon’s Space Development Agency is all about lower costs and getting the best bang for its buck. So when it needed to procure launch services to deploy a batch of 28 satellites in late 2022, it sought competitive bids and SpaceX won the contract. 32)
- That decision did not go over well with the U.S. Space Force office that oversees the National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program, which needs DoD to use its services to make the program cost competitive. United Launch Alliance and SpaceX are the NSSL Phase 2 launch providers and missions are split 60/40 between the two.
- The Space Development Agency (SDA) — which is building a large constellation of small satellites in low Earth orbit — last month announced that it will no longer procure launches commercially and will buy launch services through the NSSL program.
Figure 24: Space Development Agency Director Derek Tournear speaks with reporters at the 36th Space Symposium (image credit: Sandra Erwin/ SpaceNews)
- SDA Director Derek Tournear said initially he did not want to use NSSL because it’s significantly more expensive than commercial launches. The NSSL customers pay for additional administrative cost, mission assurance and other markups.
- But after extensive negotiations, the Space Force agreed to remove some of those additional markups and gave SDA a better deal, Tournear said Aug. 24.
- During a news conference at the 36th Space Symposium, Tournear said SDA did get pushback for booking a commercial launch with SpaceX outside the NSSL program. He said SDA argued that there was a “significant difference” between commercial pricing and NSSL Phase 2 costs and that it made sense to save taxpayer money.
- In response, the NSSL program office under the Space Force’s Space Systems Command agreed to negotiate a better deal for SDA, Tournear said. “They worked very well with us and we worked closely [to identify] things that are included in those NSSL costs that don’t necessarily need to be included for our launch, and they were actually able to remove a lot of those.”
- Tournear said he could not provide specifics of what costs were taken out but said it amounted to “multiple tens of millions of dollars per launch” off what would be typically charged for NSSL launches. “They removed a lot of activities that we didn’t require.”
- With the reductions, the difference between what SDA would pay for commercial launches and for NSSL is “marginal,” said Tournear. There is a difference, but it’s justified because it helps NSSL book more rockets and get better pricing from providers. “Now the department has more rockets in total that is buying under NSSL, so they can use that to shift things around within that 60/40 split they’re bound to.”
- As a customer of the NSSL program, SDA will have to work with the rocket providers and integrators “to make sure that we can match the spacecraft vendors with the launch vehicles,” said Tournear. “That is something we can certainly do” but was hoping to not have to take on.
• August 13, 2021: The U.S. Space Force on Aug. 13 official renamed the SMC ( Space and Missile Systems Center) as the Space Systems Command (SSC). The new command will be based at SMC’s campus at Los Angeles Air Force Base in El Segundo, California. It will oversee the development of next-generation technologies, the procurement of satellites and launch services. 33)
- At a ceremony on Friday, Space Systems Command’s first commander, Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, said SSC will play a central role in the future of the Space Force. “I am honored and humbled to be charged with the responsibility of leading Space Systems Command at this exciting time.” Guetlein said.
Figure 25: U.S. Space Force Lt. Gen. Michael Guetlein, right, accepts the Space Systems Command flag from U.S. Space Force Chief of Space Operations Gen. John Raymond, left, during the SSC activation ceremony at Los Angeles Air Force Base, California, Aug. 13, 2021 (photo credit: U.S. Space Force photo by Van Ha)
- “In 10 years, warfighting as we know it will have changed drastically and we must be postured and empowered to keep pace with this change,” he said. “We cannot let this be a nameplate change from SMC to SSC. We must be bold, and we must get after the threat.”
- SSC has a $9 billion annual budget and a workforce of about 6,300 military, civilian personnel and contractors.
- The standup of SSC is the latest redesignation of the storied Space and Missile Systems Center, first established as the Western Development Division in 1954, making it the oldest space organization in the U.S. military. In 1967 it was renamed the Space and Missiles Systems Organization and in 1992 the Space and Missile Systems Center. In 2001, it was transferred from Air Force Materiel Command to Air Force Space Command, becoming part of the U.S. Space Force at its formation in 2019.
- U.S. Space Force Chief of Space Operations Gen. John Raymond presided over the ceremony.
- “As we unfurl the Space Systems Command flag and begin a new chapter in space history, let’s reflect on the parallels between past and present,” Raymond said. “The great team here at SMC has already been changing the culture and moving faster, so I know SSC will rise to the challenge and continue this trend.”
- “To sustain and build our relative advantage, we must outpace our competitors,” Raymond said. “This is the challenge for the new Space Systems Command. You can’t let our capabilities reach their expiration date. The clock is ticking and you must deliver on time.”
• July 28, 2021: The U.S. Space Force’s (USSF) Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) has selected ASTRA, LLC to develop and demonstrate an Electro-Optical / Infrared (EO/IR) LEO-based cloud characterization solution that supports U.S. warfighter operations. 34)
- Striving to bridge gaps and improve functionality of Space-Based Environmental Monitoring (SBEM) systems, USSF SMC sought a commercial prototype EO/IR Weather System (EWS) mission capable of characterizing global clouds in near real-time to support Department of Defense operations.
- "An industry leader in space science technology and research, ASTRA is proud to be chosen by the U.S. Space Force to provide our Rapid Revisit Optical Cloud Imager (RROCI) system to deliver near-real time cloud characterization data in support of the warfighter," says Bill Baker, ASTRA Sr. Vice President of Data Solutions.
- SMC selected ASTRA, in collaboration with Lockheed Martin, Science and Technology Corporation, Pumpkin Inc., and Atmospheric & Environmental Research (AER), for the first phase of the EWS mission to design, develop, and demonstrate its 8-channel RROCI prototype. ASTRA’s imager will utilize commercial off-the-shelf systems to produce cloud characterization, mitigate weather risk, provide theater weather, and comparison of payload outputs to existing satellite data from a 12U satellite that meets USSF mission requirements.
- “USSF SMC seeks an agile, cost-effective technology to provide timely, mission-critical information to the warfighter – ASTRA’s proposed prototype will achieve this,” explains Dr. Scott Jensen, the project’s principal investigator and ASTRA Sr. Vice President for Technology. “Our solution assures easy implementation and rapid refresh of new technology into the architecture as required, and will meet both government and commercial SBEM requirements.”
- ASTRA’s proposed solution will provide a cost-effective and agile demonstration mission, reducing risk and demonstrating readily available commercial technology that meets USSF’s required operational mission capabilities.
- ASTRA (Atmospheric & Space Technology Research Associates) LLC of Louisville, CO, was born out of the vision for applying fundamental space physics knowledge to address real-world problems. Founded in 2005, ASTRA is a leader in the “New Space” small satellite industry. We leverage our scientific and engineering expertise to develop unique solutions to address complex space physics disciplines, instrumentation, modeling capabilities, and data analytics; ASTRA turns science into data, data into knowledge.
• July 26, 2021: A set of guidelines issued by Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin for responsible space operations should be part of a wider conversation about how to maintain safety and security in space, a senior Pentagon official said July 26. 35)
Figure 26: Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin on July 24, 2021, began a seven-day trip to Asia to conducting bilateral meetings with senior officials 8image credit: DoD)
- Austin in a July 7 memo said DoD should operate in space “with due regard to others and in a professional manner.” The memo also listed five “tenets” of responsible behavior: Limit the generation of long-lived debris, avoid the creation of harmful interference, maintain safe separation and safe trajectory, communicate and make notifications about space activities.
- John Hill, who is performing the duties of assistant secretary of defense for space policy, said these guidelines are only intended for DoD space operators but also are meant to contribute to a broader dialogue to encourage civilian, commercial and other organizations that do business in space to adopt a common set of rules.
- “This is something that’s very important to understand: the Department Defense has no regulatory authority, no oversight authority. That’s not our competence, it’s not our strength,” Hill said in an interview with SpaceNews.
- In response to Chinese and Russian advancements in anti-satellite weapons, leaders of the U.S. Space Force and U.S. Space Command have called for the adoption of international norms of behavior to deter testing and deployment of such weapons.
- Hill said anti-satellite weapons developments are concerning but this is not an issue that can be handled like traditional arms control. The conversation has to be about voluntary adherence rather than rigid rules because of the complexity of space operations and the number of actors that have stakes in the space domain, said Hill.
- “The U.S. government’s view is that we should be pursuing voluntary, non-binding norms,” he said.
- “We would likely make more progress by engaging with other space operators, be they government, civil, military, commercial, universities, whatever field they come from,” said Hill. “We will make more progress through efforts to share views on what we think are the best practices and encourage each other to adopt those best practices.”
- International discussions on space security for years have been at a standstill in part because countries and agencies have focused on “what should we all agree that we should prohibit,” said Hill. “That type of ‘arms control’ approach can be unending before you reach agreement and meantime space operations will continue to proliferate.”
- With many more governments and commercial players now having access to space, he said, “We think that a voluntary, non-binding approach is simply more productive for all space operators”
- The United States along with other UN member states in May submitted comments for a report on “Reducing Space Threats Through Norms, Rules and Principles of Responsible Behaviors” that will be unveiled this fall during the UN General Assembly meeting in New York.
- This initiative is important, said Hill, but it’s not policy. “What the United States government submitted to the United Nations is a ‘thought piece,’ it’s not a binding policy document.”
- Austin’s memo directs U.S. Space Command to turn the five tenets into more specific guidance.
- A spokesperson for U.S. Space Command said the next step is to “define responsible military space behavior similar to what we seen in the air and sea domains.”
- Hill said Space Command will coordinate this effort with civilian and commercial space organizations. The National Space Policy issued by the Trump administration in 2020 says the private sector is “encouraged to continue defining responsible commercial behavior and develop the technology to ensure a sustainable space environment.”
- “We asked Space Command to think about what are more specific next level types of behaviors that we might want to incorporate in Department of Defense guidance,” said Hill. “They will of course, look at and probably interact with civil and commercial operators, and they will take ideas and suggestions and thoughts from those operators.”
- Hill said DoD welcomes feedback and further discussions on Austin’s memo. “It’s entirely unclassified. We posted it on the web and shared it with others because we like to be transparent about what we’re doing,” he said. “If others find this to be useful, they’re more than welcome to use it, but this is only guidance for the Department of Defense.”
- A caveat in Austin’s guidance is that the tenets should be followed “unless otherwise directed.”
- This means all bets would be off during a conflict if the United States came under attack. “Think of these tenets as the day-to day-practices,” said Hill. “Now of course we’re a military organization,” he added. “The United States has an inherent right of self defense.”
• July 22, 2021: U.S. Space Force officials have begun discussions with the U.K. government about the possibility of building a deep-space radar site in the United Kingdom, a spokesman confirmed July 22. 36)
- The Space Force plans to develop a network of sensors known as the Deep Space Advanced Radar Concept (DARC) to track active satellites and debris beyond geostationary orbit 35,786 kilometers above the Earth.
- The DARC project was started by the U.S. Air Force in 2017. The Space Force describes it as a 24/7, all-weather ground-based radar system for space domain awareness.
- The Space Force recently issued a request for design concepts from contractors. Up to three radar sites could be built in the coming years. One would be in the United States and the other two in other parts of the world.
- Air Chief Marshal Sir Michael Wigston, head of the U.K. Royal Air Force, was recently in the United States for talks over the plans, the Guardian newspaper reported. He said the British were “very interested” in the project and in hosting a U.S. radar station.
- A U.S. Space Force spokesman told SpaceNews that no decision has yet been made.
- “We have recently started exploratory discussions with the U.K. to determine the potential collaboration opportunities with the Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability,” said the spokesman.
- DARC will have three geographically separated sites around the world, “that will play a key role in moving towards a resilient space enterprise able to deter aggression,” he said. “The DARC program office is working site selection of all three sites in parallel, and has not finalized the location of any sites at this time.”
• July 7, 2021: The U.S. Space Force’s Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) transferred Satellite Control Authority of the GPS III SV05 to the 2nd Space Operations Squadron at Schriever (2 SOPS) Air Force Base on June 28. The fifth GPS III satellite — nicknamed Armstrong —was launched into space on June 17, 2021. 37)
- On June 29, GPS III SV05 received Operational Acceptance approval, marking the first GPS III SV to receive SCA handover and Operational Acceptance within 24 hours and decreasing the time from launch to on-orbit operational capability by 97 percent.
- In 2020, the GPS enterprise launched two GPS III SVs in the midst of a global pandemic. According to Los Angeles Air Force Base, home of SMC, the delivery time from launch to Operational Acceptance approval has continued to shrink, with innovation and teamwork across the GPS enterprise enhancing rapid identification and elimination of redundant on-orbit verification steps.
- Launch of SV05 was the first National Security Space Launch on a previously flown Falcon 9 booster, reusing the same booster that delivered GPS III SV04 to orbit in November 2020.
- GPS III SV05 joins a constellation of 31 operational satellites. “The inclusion of GPS III SV05 into the operational constellation marks another significant milestone for the enterprise with 24 M-code capable satellites,” said Colonel Heather J. Anderson, transition director.
- The Lockheed Martin-built GPS III SVs provide improved accuracy, advanced anti-jam capabilities, and increased resiliency for the GPS constellation and 4 billion users worldwide. GPS III SV05 will be set healthy to all global users in September, following the completion of on-orbit testing.
• June 25, 2021: The U.S. Space Force is eager to tap into the vibrant commercial market for space services enabled by increasingly capable small satellites and cheaper access to orbit. 38)
- Commercial services of particular interest to the military include imagery, analytics, weather data and broadband from low-Earth orbit constellations.
- “It’s really crucial that we figure out how to successfully integrate commercial data and services into our architectures and concepts of operations,” said Lt. Gen. John Thompson, head of the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC), the procurement arm of the Space Force.
- The Space Force already is a major consumer of commercial space launch services and geostationary satellite communications but it is now looking to “go bigger and bolder,” Thompson said, calling this a matter of national security.
- The military’s modernization plans increasingly depend on technologies funded by the private sector, Thompson noted. The Space Force is responsible for providing satellite-enabled capabilities to the entire Defense Department, and the acquisition of new space services will be a central piece of that effort.
- The next step will be to organize a new office focused on the procurement of commercial space services. This office will be part of the future Space Systems Command, said Gen. David Thompson, the Space Force vice chief of space operations.
- Space Systems Command will be established in Los Angeles later this year and will replace SMC. Thompson said the plan is to expand SMC’s existing commercial satellite communications services office so it can acquire other types of commercial capabilities.
- One of those services will be “tactical ISR,” short for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance. Tactical ISR would support military units in the field that currently don’t have direct access to satellite imagery. Field commanders want visual imagery but also radar, radio-frequency and other types of data collected by Earth observation satellites that capture images in short time intervals.
Change in Mindset
- Col. Timothy Sejba, program executive officer for space development at SMC, said procuring commercial space services is a departure from the traditional business model where the military dictates requirements and contractors are paid to build systems owned by the government.
- Buying commercial services means the Defense Department doesn’t have to finance the cost of building and operating a constellation, and simply acquires the data. This is a huge benefit, said Sejba, but there are risks that also have to be weighed.
- To be sure, the Pentagon does not want to become entirely dependent on commercial providers that may or may not be able to support the military during an armed conflict. Sejba said the Space Force will not outsource critical “no fail” capabilities like satellite-based missile warning or Global Positioning System navigation.
- The priority for SMC, he said, is to figure out a business model for how to access commercial services that would not replace, but supplement, government-owned capabilities.
- Tactical ISR, weather data and broadband from low-orbiting constellations are the low-hanging fruit, he said. “We know there is an extensive commercial industry base we have to tap into, and augment with government unique capabilities only when commercial can’t fulfill.”
- As plans move forward to stand up the new Space Systems Command, the most likely path to establish a commercial space services office will be to follow the model now used to acquire satellite communications.
- CSCO (Commercial Satellite Communications Office) that reports to SMC but is located near Washington, is viewed as a template for how other services could be acquired but there are still many details to be worked out, Sejba said.
- The satcom office buys $1 billion a year in commercial services and has built strong relationships with providers, he said. “We want to leverage that expertise.”
- As the Space Force looks to buy more commercial services, Sejba said, one of the challenges will be market research, as SMC is not familiar with many of the new space ventures entering the field. Further, the government has to figure out how to use its buying power to incentivize companies that want the Defense Department as a customer but also have to prioritize the needs of a broader market.
- Aerospace Corp., a nonprofit firm that provides technical services to DoD and other government agencies, plans to help SMC establish connections with space startups and new entrants, said Randy Kendall, vice president of launch and enterprise operations at Aerospace.
- Before the Space Force commits to buying critical services from a new commercial provider, it will want to know, for example, who is funding the company and whether their systems are adequately protected against cyber threats, Kendall said. Aerospace would help screen potential suppliers to make sure they are technically and financially sound.
- Aerospace also would facilitate SMC’s communications with venture investors to give them greater insight into the government’s wish lists so they can better target their investments, he said.
• June 15, 2021: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department of the Air Force signed an agreement June 15 aimed at eliminating red tape while protecting public safety during commercial space activities at ranges operated by the U.S. Space Force. 39)
- The agreement recognizes common safety standards for FAA-licensed launch and reentry activities that occur on, originate from, or return to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida and Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. It also removes duplicative processes and approvals for the U.S. commercial space sector.
- “Assured access to space is vital to our national security,” said Acting Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth. “The launch licensing standards provided in the agreement will support a rapidly expanding commercial launch sector and strengthen our space industrial base, bolstering our economy and enhancing our security as a nation.”
- “Building a streamlined regulatory approach for commercial space activities at these federal launch sites is the right thing to do for public safety and U.S. competitiveness,” said FAA Administrator Steve Dickson. “This agreement will help the burgeoning U.S. commercial space industry grow even faster and continue to lead the world in safety and innovation.”
- Under the agreement, the FAA will accept the Department of the Air Force’s ground safety rules and other safety processes, analyses, and products as long as they satisfy FAA regulations. The Department of the Air Force will accept FAA licensing decisions and generally will not impose its own requirements for the flight portion of a launch or reentry.
- In addition, the two agencies will consult before responding to commercial space operator requests for relief from safety requirements and on the development of hazard areas. Both also will coordinate prior to publication of materials related to ground safety and launch or reentry activities and collaborate on environmental reviews to ensure the government’s response is prompt and consistent.
- The two ranges each have four FAA-licensed commercial space transportation companies authorized to conduct launch operations. In 2020, the FAA licensed 39 commercial space launches, the most in the agency’s history. Of those, 24 occurred at, and were supported by, these two U.S. Space Force ranges.
• June 13, 2021: The U. S. Space Force successfully launched the Tactically Responsive Launch-2 (TacRL-2) mission on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB) on June 13 at 4:11 a.m. EDT, delivering a technology demonstration satellite to Low Earth Orbit. 40)
Figure 27: The USSF air-launched the TacRL-2 mission on a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base on June 13, 2021 (image credit: USSF)
- Pegasus, the world’s first privately-developed commercial space launch vehicle, is an air-launched threestaged rocket carried aloft by Northrop Grumman’s specially modified “Stargazer” L-1011 aircraft. Shortly after its release from Stargazer, at approximately 40,000 feet (~12 km) above the Pacific Ocean, Pegasus ignited its first stage, beginning its successful flight carrying TacRL-2 to its intended orbit.
- Tactically responsive launch, as a concept, seeks to introduce speed, agility, and flexibility into the launch enterprise in order to respond to dynamic changes in the space domain or an operational theater and insert or replace assets on orbit much faster than standard timelines to meet emerging combatant command requirements.
- “Today’s successful launch is a clear signal to our strategic competitors that we will not cede access to space,” said Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond. “When I challenged the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) about a year ago to demonstrate a responsive space capability, they accepted and delivered! The team presented an integrated Space Domain Awareness satellite ready for launch in record time; what normally would have required two to five years, took 11 months.
- “The space domain is defined by speed,” Raymond said. “And with this effort, we demonstrated the kind of speed it will take to win. We executed a ‘21-day call-up’ to get a satellite on orbit – pulling the payload, mating it with the rocket and integrating the combined package onto the aircraft. Agile, responsive capability development, combined with our ability to rapidly launch and insert capabilities into space where we want, when we want, will deny our competitors the perceived benefits of beginning a conflict in, or extending a conflict to, space.”
- The TacRL-2 mission was executed by the Small Launch and Targets Division within the Space and Missile Systems Center’s Launch Enterprise, in partnership with SMC’s Space Safari Office, and launched a satellite built and operated by the Air Force Research Laboratory and Space Dynamics Laboratory.
- During a six-month standby period, a notice to launch was executed and the satellite launched several weeks later, exercising Concept of Operations, tactics, techniques and procedures required of a responsive launch.
- “I am very pleased with the success of this tactical launch demonstrating rapid and responsive technologies, and what it means for the continuous Space Force support to the warfighter,” said Lt. Col. Ryan Rose, chief, Small Launch and Targets Division. “The team completed the launch vehicle design, build, integration and testing in only four months from contract award, and then executed the launch within a few weeks of call-up.”
- TacRL-2 was the first mission supported by SMC’s new Space Safari Program Office. Space Safari rapidly integrates mature technology and systems to quickly respond to specialized space needs.
- For TacRL-2, Space Safari successfully demonstrated their end-to-end approach to tactically responsive missions by acquiring and integrating the space vehicle, launch vehicle, payloads and ground elements in record time, as well as conducting on-orbit planning and operator training.
- This mission was a first-of-its-kind effort that has already identified several constraints and lessons learned. The USSF will use this information to improve upcoming TacRL missions with the Space Safari office planned to launch in 2022 and 2023. Tactically Responsive Launch is the first step toward the USSF acquiring a tactical space mobility and logistics capability to support combatant command’s future requirements for tactical spacepower.
• April 8, 2021: The U.S. Space Force on April 8 unveiled new details of its plan to establish a Space Systems Command in Los Angeles to oversee the development of next-generation technologies, and the procurement of satellites and launch services. 41)
- The SCC (Space Systems Command) will take over responsibilities currently performed by the Space and Missile Systems Center and by the Space Force launch wings in Florida and California that currently are not part of SMC. Altogether SSC will oversee a workforce of about 10,000 people.
- The Space Force will re-designate the Space and Missile Systems Center as SSC headquarters. SMC, based at Los Angeles Air Force Base, in El Segundo, California, has a $9 billion annual budget and a workforce of about 6,300 military, civilian personnel and contractors.
- About 4,000 people who work for the space launch units at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida; and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California will be reassigned to SSC. Both space launch wings currently report to the Space Force’s Space Operations Command.
- Officials said the new command is more than just a rebranding of the Space and Missile Systems Center. SSC will have broader responsibilities to coordinate space programs across the U.S. military.
- The proposal to stand up SSC is the result of a “deliberate year-long process to plan the Space Systems Command and specifically the organizational design,” the commander of the Space and Missile Systems Center Lt. Gen. John Thompson, told SpaceNews.
- SSC will be one of three Space Force field commands the service announced in June. The Space Operations Command was established in October and headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado. A Space Training and Readiness Command is projected to open later this year.
- All three field commands are led by three-star generals who answer to Gen. John Raymond, the chief of space operations. The commands operate under the authority of the secretary of the Air Force, the civilian leader of the Space Force.
- Thompson said the Space Force is confident SSC can be stood up this summer but the exact timeline depends on when a three-star commander is nominated by President Biden and confirmed by the Senate.
- The acquisition arm of the Space Force is a high priority of Raymond, who has called for the service to speed up the procurement of cutting-edge technology to stay ahead of adversaries like China and Russia. He also has argued that the Space Force has to be more agile in order to tap into the innovation coming out of the private sector.
- “Space Systems Command’s organizational structure was purpose-built to anticipate and be responsive to the challenges presented by a contested space domain,” Raymond told reporters April 8.
- Raymond said having a field command for acquisition will bring “unity of effort” in the development and acquisition of space capabilities for warfighters and “get people rolling in the right direction.”
Figure 28: The Space Force announced April 8. 2021, that the Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) will be re-designated Space Systems Command (SSC), image credit: SMC
It’s not just a name change
- Thompson said the new command is not simply a re-labeling of existing activities done by SMC. As the organization in charge of space acquisitions, SSC will build on changes that SMC started two years ago in an effort known as SMC 2.0., he said. For example, SMC realigned program offices that operated in vertical organizations into a horizontal enterprise so there is more coordination and sharing of resources.
- “We really built a lot of momentum here on SMC 2.0 and we felt it was absolutely essential to be able to leverage that work going into the stand up of the Space Systems Command,” Thompson said.
- SMC has a three-star commander and a one-star deputy commander. The SSC also will have a three-star chief but a two-star deputy instead, who will have broader responsibilities for space launch activities.
- Thompson said the reorganization will not require adding more people as units are just being realigned. “This will be resource neutral,” he said.
- Two space procurement organizations that are not part of SMC — the Space Rapid Capabilities Office at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico; and the Pentagon’s Space Development Agency — will not be part of the SSC but will work closely with the new command, Thompson said.
- Under the plan, the commander of Space Systems Command has “limited administrative control” of Space RCO and SDA, he said.
- “What this means is that we will have a memorandum of understanding between the Space Systems Command commander and the leaders of those organizations for what support the Space Systems Command can provide to those organizations,” Thompson explained.
- “The commander of SSC is not going to get into the day-to-day nuts and bolts of what’s going on in the Space Development Agency or Space RCO portfolios,” said Thompson. The new command is “not going to “slow them down or inhibit their contractual awards in any way shape or form. We value the unique acquisition authorities and unique acquisition constructs of all of those organizations.”
- Thompson said he has already started discussion with the Space RCO on what administrative support it might need from SSC. The Space Development Agency by law has to move from the Defense Department to the Space Force by October 2022. How SSC would support SDA (Space Development Agency) has not yet been defined, said Thompson.
- The Space Development Agency, only in existence since 2019, has disrupted the military space business with plans to deploy a network of low-orbiting satellites by 2022 using commercial products from nontraditional suppliers. Thompson said what the agency has accomplished in “commercially enabled disruption is really remarkable. We like having them as teammates in this space acquisition ecosystem.”
- The SSC will have a “space systems architect” office overseeing next-generation designs and concepts, and also focus on outreach to the private sector.
- A new organization called SpaceWERX — formed recently under the Air Force technology accelerator AFWERX to work with space entrepreneurs and venture investors — will be under the SSC space systems architect.
- “They will continue to expand their mission, making our pitch day events, making our technology accelerators and our outreach to startups even more aggressive than we have in the past,” Thompson said.
- The SSC also will look at opportunities to buy “space as a service,” a catchphrase for the procurement of data or broadband connectivity from commercial providers.
- “I think you can envision a future where commercial services for space is expanded beyond the satellite communications enterprise and into things like weather or space domain awareness or even tactical ISR [intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance],” Thompson said.
- As part of the proposed establishment of Space Systems Command, several units will be renamed or realigned:
a) The 61st Air Base Group at Los Angeles Air Force Base — which provides installation support — will become the Los Angeles Garrison.
b) The 30th Space Wing at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, will be re-designated as Space Launch Delta 30.
c) The 45th Space Wing at Patrick Space Force Base, Florida, will be re-designated as Space Launch Delta 45.
d) Air Force Research Laboratory units that perform space science and technology functions will be under the administrative control of SSC but will remain aligned to AFRL. These units include Space Vehicles Directorate, Space Electro-Optics Division, Rocket Propulsion Division, and the Space Systems Technology Division.
e) The Strategic Warning and Surveillance Systems Division that manages ground-based radars and missile warning systems will transfer from the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center to SSC.
f) The Space Force Commercial Satellite Communications Office is currently under SMC and will remain in the SSC.
• March 16, 2021: Gen. David Thompson: “The more we can depend on commercial space for routine activities like transportation and debris removal, the more we can focus on national security." - Vice Chief of Space Operations of the U.S. Space Force Gen. David Thompson said it would make sense for the government to pay companies to clean up space junk if such services existed. 42)
- Orbital debris represents a risk to spacecraft and to safe operations in space, Thompson said March 16 in an interview with national security analyst John Nagl, of the Foreign Policy Research Institute.
- “I’ll pay by the ton if they can remove debris,” Thompson said, noting that there are no companies that can do that today.
- Nagl said someone in the audience asked if Thompson has heard of Astroscale, a Japan-based company with operations in Denver, Colorado, that plans to launch a debris-removal mission later this week.
Figure 29: Artist rendering of Astroscale's End-of-Life Services by Astroscale demonstration (ELSA-d), image credit: Astroscale)
- Thompson said he was not aware of the company. “I’m going to have to go Google that,” he said.
- Regardless of which companies in the space industry end up successfully providing space junk cleaning services, the Space Force would be a customer, Thompson said.
- “The more we can depend on commercial space for routine activities like transportation and debris removal, the more we can focus on national security,” he said.
- Space debris includes human-made objects like nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages, and fragments from the breakup of rocket bodies and spacecraft.
- The European Space Agency estimates there are 3,600 working satellites in orbit and 28,200 debris objects. More than 10,000 satellites are scheduled to launch to low Earth orbit over the next decade.
- Astroscale on Saturday will fly the first commercial mission to demonstrate space debris docking and removal technologies. The company will launch a satellite called End-of-Life Services by Astroscale demonstration (ELSA-d) on a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
- The ELSA-d spacecraft has a a servicer and a client satellite that will be launched together. The servicer will use proximity rendezvous technologies to dock with the client satellite that will simulate a piece of debris.
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37) ”Control of GPS III SV05 transferred to 2 SOPS,” GPS World, 7 July 2021, URL: https://www.gpsworld.com/control-of-gps-iii-sv05-transferred-to-2-sops/
38) Sandra Erwin, ”Military building an appetite for commercial space services,” SpaceNews, 25 June 2021, URL: https://spacenews.com/military-building-an-appetite-for-commercial-space-services/
39) ”FAA, Department of the Air Force sign commercial space agreement,” USSF News, 21 June 2021, URL: https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2664296/
40) ”U.S. Space Force successfully launches first tactically responsive launch mission,” USSF News, 13 June 2021, URL: https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2656082/
Sandra Erwin, ”Space Force to establish a new command to oversee
technology development and acquisition,” SpaceNews, 8 April 2021,
Erwin, ”U.S. Space Force would support commercial services to
remove orbital debris,” SpaceNews, 16 March 2021, URL: https://spacenews.com/
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (email@example.com). | aerospace |
https://scenesabove.co.uk/en/venues/hot-air-ballooning/beverley-east-riding-of-yorkshire/oTown-1149 | 2021-06-19T23:57:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487653461.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619233720-20210620023720-00158.warc.gz | 0.818933 | 64 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__205588985 | en | Hot Air Ballooning Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire
From £165.00 pp Min. Age 5
commute 148 miles from Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire
Give yourself an experience like no other with an astounding Hot Air Balloon flight over the Essex Countryside that will give you a chance to get ... | aerospace |
http://aerobd.news/index.php/2021/02/12/embraer-deliveries-71-jets-in-4q20-and-130-total-jets-in-2020/ | 2023-05-31T10:56:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646457.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531090221-20230531120221-00336.warc.gz | 0.937744 | 664 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__203263695 | en | Embraer Deliveries 71 Jets in 4Q20 and 130 total Jets in 2020
aerobd.news : Embraer (NYSE: ERJ; B3: BOVESPA: EMBR3) delivered 71 jets in the fourth quarter of 2020, of which 28 were commercial aircraft and 43 were executive jets (23 light and 20 large), which represents a decrease of 10 aircraft in the quarter in comparison with 4Q19.The Company delivered a total of 130 jets in 2020, comprised of 44 commercial aircraft and 86 executive jets (56 light and 30 large), which represents a decrease of almost 35% compared to 2019, when 198 jets were delivered.
Although deliveries accelerated during the fourth quarter of 2020 relative to the three previous quarters, they were heavily impacted, mostly in commercial aviation, due to COVID-19 pandemic. As of December 31, the firm order backlog totaled USD 14.4 billion. See details below:
During 4Q20, Embraer Executive Jets delivered the first of the Praetor 600 fleet to Flexjet, the Praetor fleet launch customer. The business unit also announced a collaboration with Porsche to create Duet, a limited-edition Embraer Phenom 300E aircraft and Porsche 911 TurboS car pairing.
In commercial aviation, the Belarusian national air carrier Belavia took delivery of its first E195-E2 jet. Congo Airways placed a firm order for two E195-E2 jets, in addition to their existing two aircraft order for the smaller E190-E2. This new firm order was included in Embraer’s 2020 fourth quarter backlog.
Embraer Defense & Security delivered the fourth C-390 Millennium multi-mission medium airlifter to the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) in the fourth quarter. All 28 units of the aircraft ordered by FAB are equipped to perform aerial refueling missions, with the designation KC-390 Millennium. Embraer also delivered the first two modernized EMB 145 AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft, designated E-99, to FAB. Three additional E-99 aircraft will be modernized as part of the contract.
Embraer announced the completion and delivery of the first European conversion of a Legacy 450 to a Praetor 500 for an undisclosed customer. The conversion was performed at the Embraer Executive Jets Service Center at Le Bourget International Airport, in Paris, France.
A global aerospace company headquartered in Brazil, Embraer has businesses in Commercial and Executive aviation, Defense & Security and Agricultural Aviation. The company designs, develops, manufactures and markets aircraft and systems, providing Services & Support to customers after-sales.
Since it was founded in 1969, Embraer has delivered more than 8,000 aircraft. On average, about every 10 seconds an aircraft manufactured by Embraer takes off somewhere in the world, transporting over 145 million passengers a year.
Embraer is the leading manufacturer of commercial jets up to 150 seats and the main exporter of high value-added goods in Brazil. The company maintains industrial units, offices, service and parts distribution centers, among other activities, across the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe. | aerospace |
http://strolen.com/browse_comments/Scrasamax/100 | 2015-06-30T05:23:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375091751.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031811-00047-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.93839 | 188 | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-27__0__66071565 | en | Military Station (MS) Five
MS-5 'Ramiel' is an automated military station in geosynchronous orbit above Kinshasa, Africa. This large type II station houses 150 heavy drone aerospace fighters, and a mercenary contingent of seibertronians (secretly in detention/thrall to the station L/AISC) with aerospace fighter bodies. The L/AISC controller of Ramiel (aka Ramiel) has become sentient and self aware, but is enormously prideful of it's perfect defense strategy for holding the line between Federation Africa and SAUR Africa.
As Ramiel has a 100cm heavy particle projector cannon and the ability to hit things on the surface of the earth within a 7 foot circle of accuracy, it has seen to it that it's defensive lines have never broken.
Go to Comment
(re: Neon Genesis Evangelion, the 5th Angel) | aerospace |
https://www.alphr.com/news/hardware/150606/euro-sat-nav-system-blasts-off/ | 2021-04-15T23:17:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038088264.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210415222106-20210416012106-00005.warc.gz | 0.938351 | 258 | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-17__0__38960573 | en | Euro sat nav system blasts off
Russia successfully launched a rocket on Tuesday carrying the last three satellites to complete a navigation system to rival America’s GPS.
The military-run GLONASS mapping system works over most of Russia and is expected to cover the globe by the end of 2009, once all its 24 navigational satellites are operating.
Work on GLONASS – or Global Navigation Satellite System – began in the Soviet Union in the mid-1970s to give its armed forces exact bearings around the world.
Officials said GLONASS would mainly be used alongside the US global positioning system, which Washington can switch off for civilian subscribers, as it did during recent military operations in Iraq.
However, GLONASS is facing political opposition in the UK. “What taxpayers in the UK and other European countries really need is better railways and roads, not giant signature projects in the sky, providing services that we already have from GPS,” argues the Transport Committee’s chair, Gwyneth Dunwoody.
“The system may be obsolete even before it is operational… the best cost-benefit solution at this stage might be to scrap the programme entirely.”
For more on this topic, read Stewart Mitchell’s analysis here. | aerospace |
https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2012/04/29/boater-saves-pilot-after-plane-crash-near-port-canaveral/26481690007/ | 2022-11-28T11:41:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710503.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128102824-20221128132824-00181.warc.gz | 0.982608 | 107 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__159261445 | en | Boater Saves Pilot After Plane Crash Near Port Canaveral
Coast Guard officials said a boater rescued the pilot of an aircraft that crashed into water near Port Canaveral.
Petty Officer 2nd Class Dwayne Matthews told Florida Today the boater was in the area Saturday afternoon when the plane crashed.
It was not immediately known what caused the crash or if anyone else was on the plane at the time. Wildlife officials also responded to the scene.
Matthews said boaters were in the area because of a fishing tournament. | aerospace |
https://caposts.com/story/wally-funk-becomes-oldest-person-to-fly-to-space-60-years-after-she-was-denied-the-opportunity/ | 2021-08-02T09:19:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154310.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802075003-20210802105003-00136.warc.gz | 0.959766 | 364 | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-31__0__226246415 | en | Did Bezos go to space?
Jeff Bezos, the richest human in the world, went to space on Tuesday. It was a brief jaunt — rising 60-some miles into the sky above West Texas — in a spacecraft that was built by Mr. Bezos' rocket company, Blue Origin. The New York Times‘Best Day Ever’: Highlights From Bezos and Blue Origin Crew’s Short Flight to Space
Why did Jeff Bezos go to space?
Updated at 1:45 p.m. ET on July 20, 2021. VAN HORN, Texas—Jeff Bezos really flew to space. ... By going first, Bezos wanted to prove that his vehicle is safe, and that Blue Origin is finally ready to make its 11-minute suborbital trips an experience people can buy. The journey was lightning-fast by spaceflight standards. The AtlanticJeff Bezos Really Flew to Space
Who are going to space with Jeff Bezos?
Billionaire Jeff Bezos has made a short journey to space, in the first crewed flight of his rocket ship, New Shepard. He was accompanied by Mark Bezos, his brother, Wally Funk, an 82-year-old pioneer of the space race, and an 18-year-old student. BBC NewsJeff Bezos launches to space aboard New Shepard rocket ship
When is Jeff Bezos space flight?
Jeff Bezos has big ambitions in space. The Amazon.com Inc. AMZN 0.34% founder plans to make his own first visit with a flight scheduled to launch at 9 a.m EDT on July 20, the 52nd anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing. The New Shepard rocket and capsule that will carry Mr. The Wall Street JournalWhen Is Jeff Bezos’ Flight to Space and How to Watch the Blue Origin Launch | aerospace |
https://hlsmodels.com/products/junkers-ju88-a4-1-72-a03007 | 2024-04-21T05:19:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817729.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20240421040323-20240421070323-00686.warc.gz | 0.918473 | 171 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__92844521 | en | Junkers Ju88-A4 1:72 - A03007
Number of Parts: 125
The Junkers Ju88 served with the Luftwaffe throughout the Second World War, proving itself to be a capable and versatile aircraft, used in all manner of roles from bomber to night fighter. As an anti-shipping aircraft, the Ju88 proved to be very effective, both in the North Sea and the Mediterranean. Able to bomb both in a dive and level flight, the Ju88 was later used in small numbers by the Free French forces, flying captured examples.
Armament: 4 x 7.92mm machine guns and 6,614lb of bombs.
Box Weight 180g
We Also Recommend | aerospace |
https://m.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0212/S00043.htm | 2021-12-03T16:35:00 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362891.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203151849-20211203181849-00256.warc.gz | 0.95808 | 720 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__90606748 | en | Airline Industry Says Health and Safety in Employment Bill is Potentially Dangerous For Public
Airline industry operators say the new provisions in the Health and Safety in Employment Amendment Bill reported back
to Parliament this week will inevitably result in reduced safety regimes and increased risks for the travelling public.
“If it proceeds with its intention, the Government will be ignoring the earnest advice of the entire commercial aviation
industry”, said John Funnell, President of the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand, “and also the specialist
safety system and legal advice.”
Mr Funnell, who is one of New Zealand’s most experienced general aviation and rescue pilots, said that the effect of the
Bill, which is to make an aircraft the subject of the Health and Safety in Employment Act, even though the safety of
aircrew and passengers is already regulated by the Civil Aviation Act, “will impost conflicting legislation, additional
costs and seriously degraded safety for both aircrew and passengers”.
“Anything that puts the safety and health of any crew member at risk, also puts at risk the other crew members, and the
passengers, and those on the ground over which the aircraft flies. This proposed legislation will do just that.
“Aviation safety is recognised throughout the world as a specialist area of safety regulation. It is totally dependent
on an interlocking international framework which specifies everything from aircraft design, to cabin safety, fuel
quality, medical fitness, aircrew qualification and air traffic control.”
Referring to the history of the proposed legislation, Mr Funnell said that without any proper risk analysis, the
Government introduced a provision in the already controversial Health and Safety in Employment Bill which would remove a
special exemption in the Act in relation to aircrew while onboard aircraft. It will also remove jurisdictional
competence from the specialist aviation regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority.
“That exemption was originally put there in 1993 by Parliament following extensive investigation by the then Select
Committee. The issues were well understood and documented in Hansard. The New Zealand approach followed the same
approach as the Federal Aviation Authority in United States – namely that aviation safety, including the health and
safety of crew, was mandated via Civil Aviation legislation.
“It is unacceptable to be creating a situation in which the HSE Act is going to start second guessing what constitutes
safe aviation work practices.
Mr Funnell said it is most unwise to be contaminating the carefully nurtured ‘no blame’ environment that applies
throughout the aviation industry which ensures that safety information is freely shared, with the more punitive
philosophy of the HSE Act.
“Under the new HSE Bill, anyone can initiate a prosecution. It will only take one such prosecution and the whole
information safety climate in civil aviation will change overnight.”
Mr Funnell said that his Association accepted that although aviation was already by far the safest form of transport,
there was space for further improvement and the Association was committed to that objective.
“However, this will only be achieved through applying proper risk management practices and not by creating legislative
havoc as the HSE Amendment Bill if passed, will do.
“Our Association wishes to work with Government on this issue because we agree with the bottom line objective. However,
it is totally unacceptable to introduce a framework which creates two overlapping and competing safety systems for
regulating onboard safety.” | aerospace |
http://honorverse.wikia.com/wiki/Space_station | 2016-12-02T22:21:05 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540698.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00473-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.976874 | 317 | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-50__0__241437887 | en | Ad blocker interference detected!
Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers
Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.
A space station was an artificial stationary structure in space, often built to support life. Such stations could serve many purposes, including research, defense and starship maintenance and repair.
A station was usually a base of operations for any given nation, corporation, and civilian entities. Space stations were the backbone of interstellar trade and economy as well as for orbital industry. (HH2)
Entertainment station Edit
A fort was a large station used for defense of a star system, a planet, or a wormhole terminus. A fort's weapons-to-mass ratio was extremely high, and the installations were not hyper-capable. A fort had a 360° sidewall "bubble" for protection. A small fort's mass was usually in the range of sixteen million tons. (HH1)
A laser platform was a station filled with numerous different types of laser turrets and missile launchers. They were usually built to assist in the defense of a fort. (HH1)
Orbital farm Edit
Orbital farms were rather primitive space stations with huge artificial planes of clean soil for the production of food.
Orbital recovery stationEdit
This type of station was where vessels were sent to be scrapped. (HH2) | aerospace |
https://eurojet-service.com/post/euro-jet-ready-to-assist-flights-for-the-world-cup-in-qatar | 2023-03-23T18:16:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945182.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323163125-20230323193125-00570.warc.gz | 0.941765 | 135 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__275250540 | en | Euro Jet Ready to Assist Flights for the World Cup in Qatar
Euro Jet is ready to assist with your flights related to the upcoming World Cup Football Championship taking place in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022.
Euro Jet has extensive experience overseeing flights during high profile sporting events and with a number of customers already confirmed for this event, we will be happy to ensure the highest level of service.
Euro Jet can coordinate a whole range of flight support services including ground handling support, jet fuel, landing and take-off permits, flight planning, in-flight catering, crew transportation, and credit for qualifying customers.
We look forward to working with you in Qatar! | aerospace |
http://laminatedfilms.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30&Itemid=150 | 2023-10-03T17:25:42 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00043.warc.gz | 0.873527 | 219 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__46199991 | en | Our products offer a broad selection of aerospace protection & preservation materials, products, and bags. Some of our more popular aerospace options -- include, but are not limited to:
Static Intercept® Films / Shrink Films / Wraps / Totes / Bins
Corrosion Intercept® Films / Shrink Films
RIBS™ MVTR / RIBS Ultra
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LaminatedFILMS & Packaging Films & Bags
We offer a wide array of solutions to protect against corrosion and other damage caused by elemental factors, such as -- oxygen, moisture, humidity, salt spray, grease, aromas and other airborne contaminants.
INTERCEPT Technology has proven useful over the years in both aerospace and aviation applications. Approved for space flight by NASA, Static Intercept® maintains the highest level of cleanliness available for a product -- offers permanent ESD protection, and never has any volatiles, oils, NVR or contamination . Intercept is ideal for both short and long term protection. INTERCEPT Technology... simply better protection. | aerospace |
http://e.my399.com/business/overview/2018-07-20/3942.html | 2019-05-25T21:25:22 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258451.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525204936-20190525230936-00504.warc.gz | 0.922805 | 514 | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-22__0__77132506 | en | Reopened flight connects Harbin to Chelyabinsk
An international flight linking Harbin, capital city of Northeast China’s Heilongjiang province, to Chelyabinsk in Russia's Ural region restarted operations on July 4.
Thanks to the reopening of the Chelyabinsk service it is now possible for passengers to take an onward connecting flight to Moscow, meaning travel times between Moscow and Harbin can be as little as 8 hours and 30 minutes.
The first Harbin-Chelyabinsk flight carrying 129 passengers arrived in Chelyabinsk on July 4.
The service is being offered to meet the increasing demand for travel between Harbin, Chelyabinsk and Moscow.
The flight is operated by Ural Airlines and a Harbin tour operator, using an Airbus 320 with a passenger capacity of 164 people. It is scheduled to operate every Wednesday.
The flight departs Harbin Taiping International Airport at 3:30 and arrives in Chelyabinsk at 7:00 at local time.
The return flight departs Chelyabinsk at 15:20 and arrives in Harbin at 0:15 the following day.
Harbin is the economic, cultural and political center of Northeast China, and plays an important role in boosting foreign trade between China and Russia. It is connected to 10 cities in Russia by direct international flights.
Chelyabinsk in the Ural region is a popular tourism destination due to its lush forests, mountains, lakes, spring water, and cool climate.
Passengers heading to Moscow using the Harbin-Chelyabinsk flight pose for a group photo before departing from Harbin Taiping International Airport. [Photo/Chinanews.com]
Passengers wait in line to board the Harbin-Chelyabinsk flight at Harbin Taiping International Airport on July 4. [Photo/Chinanews.com]
The autumn schedule for power grid maintenance in Harbin, Northeast China’s Heilongjiang province concluded on Oct 30.
The High People’s Court of Heilongjiang province officially launched Thunderbolt Action.
About 10 government departments in Daoli district, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, carried out joint enforcement June 1 to remove more than 20 illegal constructions with a total area of over 2000 square meters to advance an expropriation project.
Harbin has seen a dramatic reduction in traffic congestion, according to statistics released by Amap, a Chinese navigation service provider. | aerospace |
http://waiwuveyeu.salmonnation.com/ims2nj-flight-simulator-download.html | 2019-08-25T04:59:20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027323067.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825042326-20190825064326-00034.warc.gz | 0.78271 | 918 | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-35__0__76812614 | en | Download Scenery. FlightGear has a seamless, continuous oblate ellipsoid world available for you to explore. Our terrain is based on 90m SRTM data and is very detailed. Flight Simulator 2019, Pro Flight Simulator 2019, Microsoft Flight Simulator. Information of THAI Airways's flight simulator and cabin crew training services. A flight simulator is a device that artificially re-creates aircraft flight and the environment in which it flies, for pilot training, design, or other purposes. Experience Real Flight Simulation - As Close As Real Flying As Possible - Online Flight Simulator. Microsoft Flight Simulator X, free and safe download. Microsoft Flight Simulator X latest version: Aviation Provided In Full Glorious Simulation. Microsoft Flight. FlightGear 2018.3.2 — Released January 29, 2019. Announcements. January 29, 2019: FlightGear 2018.3.2 is released! Please enjoy the FlightGear 2018.3 release notes. Microsoft Flight Simulator (often abbreviated as MSFS or FS) is a series of flight simulator programs, marketed as video games, for the Microsoft Windows, and earlier. Infinite Flight – Flight Simulator For PC (Windows 10/7/8) Download. Infinite Flight Flight Simulator Download PC. Play Android Games on Laptop. DJI Flight Simulator is a Windows-based, pilot training program designed for enterprise users. Supports a wide range of DJI drones and seamlessly connects. Microsoft Flight Simulator X Free Download Full Version RG Mechanics Repack PC Game In Direct Download Links. It Is Cracked And Highly Compressed. High quality RC flight simulator for radio controlled models. Supports normal game pad. Many RC planes and helicopter models included. Import your own flying field. Download FlightGear - Flight Simulator for free. FlightGear Flight Simulator: free open-source multiplatform flight sim. Founded in 1997, FlightGear is developed. microsoft flight simulator 2004 free download - Flight Simulator 2004 Update, Flight Simulator 2004: A Century of Flight aircraft editor, Mouse-as-Yoke Microsoft Flight Simulator X Free Download PC game setup direct link for windows. It is very beautiful and exciting Flight simulation game. Microsoft Flight Simulator. Why download Flight Simulator 2019? Whаt iѕ a flight simulator 2019 аnd whу wоuld уоu nееd a program оf thiѕ type? A flight simulator iѕ “a device. Flight Simulator 2004 Free Download Full Version PC Game setup in single direct link for Windows. It is an awesome Simulation. Entwicklungsgeschichte. Die erste Version des Flight Simulator entwickelte Bruce Artwick f r den Apple II. Sp ter wurde der Flight Simulator von Microsoft. Download the service pack to the existing Flight Simulator X installation. The service pack is one download per supported language. It detects Standard. Microsoft Flight Simulator is een computerprogramma voor Microsoft Windows dat het vliegen met allerlei soorten vliegtuigen simuleert. Door de jaren Click the Download button on the Flight Simulator product page to download and install the Launcher. In the Launcher, log in with your DJI Account. The Flight Simulator Mod does what many people have considered impossible for Minecraft over the years. It implements the aspect of full-fledged flight. Microsoft Flight Simulator una serie di simulatori di volo civile per PC sviluppata dalla Microsoft. Adottato anche da alcune aeronautiche come addestratore. Windows A mais nova vers o do simulador de v o da Microsoft com v rias altera es com melhorias nos gr ficos. Flight Environment X is an product for Microsoft Flight Simulator X (including FSX Steam) and Prepar3D that provides nearly unlimited environments Orbiter is a realistic 3D real-time space flight simulator program. Official site with free download. The best Flight Simulator add-ons on the Net! Freeware , all quality addons for Microsoft Flight Simulator X, FSX, FS9 FS2004, FS2002, CFS2, FS98, Combat Flight. Redbird Alloy Flight Simulator Complete Kit (yoke, rudder, single throttle). Flight1.com and Flight One Software develop, publish, and resell flight simulation and aviation software, as well as provide E-Commerce services. A simulation flight is an extra-special gift for everyone, from young children who dream of being pilots to those who have a passion for planes, and according. | aerospace |
https://www.bullfrag.com/one-year-after-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ | 2023-03-25T09:59:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00385.warc.gz | 0.966886 | 252 | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-14__0__167752021 | en | The US economy grows 2.7% in the last quarter of 2022
The world’s largest economy lost strength and more than expected in the last quarter of 2022, although the labor market remains strong.
The Commerce Department reported Thursday that the economy grew a solid 2.7% in the last quarter of last year, the figure was revised down from the 2.9% pace previously reported in January. Economists expected unrevised GDP growth.
Pentagon posts selfie of Chinese balloon pilot
As if it were one more post for social networks, the United States Department of Defense published a selfie taken by a pilot from the cockpit of a U-2 surveillance plane that was flying near a Chinese balloon accused by Washington of espionage. the day before it was shot down.
This balloon, described by China as a roving weather observation aircraft with no military purpose, was shot down almost three weeks ago on the orders of US President Joe Biden.
The photo released by the Pentagon on Wednesday shows a white balloon flying over the central United States on February 3 while being watched by the pilot of the U-2 plane. In the image, the balloon’s solar panels are visible and the pilot’s helmet is in the foreground. | aerospace |
http://earth.esa.int/workshops/fringe_1996/curkenda/ | 2018-10-22T23:59:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515555.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022222133-20181023003633-00129.warc.gz | 0.740165 | 251 | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-43__0__22551868 | en | Scalable SAR Processing
| Dave Curkendall
||Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA 91109
A new NASA program in High Performance Grand Challenge Computing
will be discussed. The investigation seeks to capitalize on work
started at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and develop a core suite
of SAR software in portable, scalable code targeted for MPP machines.
Performance results for SIR-C data processing will be discussed.
The intent of the new three year program is to focus both on distributed
network processing for high throughput situations that need to
use several machines to balance the processing load and to develop
access to interactive SAR processing initiated at the scientific
workstation but executed on the large parallel machines. While
current versions of the code extend through image formation only,
interferometric extensions are being designed and will be added.
Keywords: ESA European
Space Agency - Agence spatiale europeenne,
observation de la terre, earth observation,
satellite remote sensing,
teledetection, geophysique, altimetrie, radar,
chimique atmospherique, geophysics, altimetry, radar, | aerospace |
http://english.qodsna.com/NewsPage.aspx?newsid=128836 | 2017-03-29T22:50:40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218191405.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212951-00116-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.946652 | 236 | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-13__0__292552660 | en | Israel's minister for military affairs, Avigdor Lieberman, has warned the Syrian government against launching ground-to-air missiles at Israeli warplanes carrying out strikes inside Syria, threatening to destroy Syrian air defense systems.
“The next time the Syrians use their air defense systems against our planes we will destroy them without the slightest hesitation,” Lieberman said on Israeli Public Radio on Sunday.
He added that the Israeli military will target any convoy of missiles or weapons destined for the Lebanese Hezbollah resistance movement.
“The Syrians must understand that they are held responsible for these arms transfers to Hezbollah and that if they continue to allow them then we will do what we have to do,” Lieberman pointed out.
The remarks came two days after the Syrian army announced in a statement that four Israeli fighter jets had violated the Arab country’s airspace, adding its air defense had shot down one of the military aircraft and hit another.
The Israeli warplanes entered the Syrian skies at 2:40 a.m. local time (0040 GMT) on Friday via Lebanese territory, and hit a target on the way to the ancient Semitic city of Palmyra. | aerospace |
https://manningfineart.co.uk/shop/1943-messerschmitt-bf-110-luftwaffe-world-war-2-airplane-recognition-poster/ | 2022-05-22T14:03:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545548.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522125835-20220522155835-00598.warc.gz | 0.900914 | 191 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__34551852 | en | US Naval Aviation Training Division
Messerschmitt Bf 110 – World War II aeroplane
Aeroplane identification poster, 1943
A particularly unusual style of aeroplane identification poster, owing to the very arty images. Most such posters rely on very plain silhouettes, this series – and we have several in this series (click here) – have a much more arty approach to the task with shading and an interesting angle view.
A two-engined heavy fighter and fighter-bomber developed in German in the 1930s which saw service until the end of the war in 1945. It was a formidable radar-equipped night fighter with the top night-fighter ace Major Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer claiming 121 victories from 164 sorties.
If you are interested email email@example.com or call us on 07929 749056. | aerospace |
https://www.missoulatimebank.org/missoula/quick-answer-where-is-the-jet-stream-for-missoula-mt-on-jan-16-and-17.html | 2022-01-25T17:19:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304859.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125160159-20220125190159-00700.warc.gz | 0.927509 | 1,237 | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-05__0__145942043 | en | - 1 Where is the jet stream currently located?
- 2 Where is the subtropical jet stream located?
- 3 What has happened to the jet stream?
- 4 What is westerly jet stream?
- 5 Do planes fly in the jet stream?
- 6 What causes the jet stream to shift?
- 7 What has the greatest effect on the movement of the jet stream?
- 8 Why is there a subtropical jet stream?
- 9 Why is it called the jet stream?
- 10 What factors affect the jet stream?
- 11 What causes the jet stream to weaken?
- 12 What happened to jet streams as they get closer to the equator?
- 13 Why are jet streams Westerly?
- 14 How does the jet stream affect India?
- 15 Which jet stream is responsible for burst of Indian monsoon?
Where is the jet stream currently located?
How Do Jet Streams Affect Air Travel? Jet streams are located about five to nine miles above Earth’s surface in the mid to upper troposphere — the layer of Earth’s atmosphere where we live and breathe. Airplanes also fly in the mid to upper troposphere.
Where is the subtropical jet stream located?
At most times in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, there are two jet streams: a subtropical jet stream centered at about 30 degrees latitude and a polar-front jet stream whose position varies with the boundary between polar and temperate air.
What has happened to the jet stream?
Since there is more warm air (or better stated, less cold air) closer to the North Pole, the jet stream migrates northward. The jet stream also moves in a more west-to-east fashion, called zonal flow. In summer, the jet stream tends to move more slowly, so storms also move more slowly.
What is westerly jet stream?
The westerly Jet Stream, a cold wind which pushes down wind to the surface creating a high pressure on the surface. Dry winds from this high pressure area (north western part of India) start blowing towards the low pressure area (Bay of Bengal).
Do planes fly in the jet stream?
Jet Stream Revolutionizes Air Travel Today, accounting for the jet stream is standard practice and for international flights, it’s a joint effort between several countries. Air traffic planners in the U.S., Canada, Ireland, and Scotland work to keep the system running effectively.
What causes the jet stream to shift?
The earth’s rotation is responsible for the jet stream as well. The motion of the air is not directly north and south but is affected by the momentum the air has as it moves away from the equator. The reason has to do with momentum and how fast a location on or above the Earth moves relative to the Earth’s axis.
What has the greatest effect on the movement of the jet stream?
Which has the greatest effect on the movement of the jet stream? The strong wind current of the jet stream pushes weather systems around the world. The weak wind current of the jet stream redirects weather systems around the world.
Why is there a subtropical jet stream?
Subtropical jet stream, a belt of strong upper-level winds lying above regions of subtropical high pressure. Unlike the polar front jet stream, it travels in lower latitudes and at slightly higher elevations, owing to the increase in height of the tropopause at lower latitudes.
Why is it called the jet stream?
Where did the terminology jet stream come from? Carl-Gustaf Rossby is considered the key meteorologist in the discovery of the jet stream, but in 1939 a German meteorologist named Seilkopf used the German word “strahlstromung,” which means jet stream, to describe these strong winds.
What factors affect the jet stream?
The factors that influence the flow of the jet stream are the landmasses and the Coriolis effect. Landmasses interrupt the flow of the jet stream through friction and temperature differences, whilst the spinning nature of the earth accentuates these changes.
What causes the jet stream to weaken?
Jet setting The jet stream forms at the boundary between the Arctic and mid-latitude air, so a smaller temperature difference would weaken the jet stream. Weather data from the last few decades contains some trends in the mid-latitudes, implying that the warming Arctic could be messing with weather patterns there.
What happened to jet streams as they get closer to the equator?
Jet streams are cold massive moving amount of air which blows from west to east due to the earth’s rotation, and wide variation in the cold and warm air. When jet streams get closer to the equator, there is a decrease in the rate at which it blows. Thus, they blow slower on moving closer to the equator of the earth.
Why are jet streams Westerly?
Jet streams are fast flowing, narrow bands of wind in the upper atmosphere that circle their way around the globe. They are predominantly westerly winds due to the rotation and relative movement of the Earth, however due to their meandering path, they sometimes veer north or south.
How does the jet stream affect India?
The Sub-Tropical Jet stream plays a significant role in both hindering the monsoon winds as well as in quick onset of Indian monsoons. The easterly jet stream steers the tropical depressions into India. These depressions play a significant role in the distribution of monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
Which jet stream is responsible for burst of Indian monsoon?
The easterly jet stream sets in along 15°N latitude only after the western jet stream has withdrawn itself from the region. This easterly jet stream is held responsible for the burst of the monsoon in India. There seem to be two rain-bearing systems in India. | aerospace |
https://www.ceasefire.ca/u-s-grounds-f-35-fleet-after-engine-fire/ | 2024-04-20T15:41:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817670.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240420153103-20240420183103-00856.warc.gz | 0.949936 | 416 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__178572093 | en | The U.S. military grounded its entire fleet of 97 Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets last week following an engine fire at a U.S. Air Force base in Florida (Andrea Shalal, “U.S. grounds entire F-35 fleet pending engine inspections,” Reuters, 4 July 2014):
The Pentagon’s F-35 program office, Air Force and Navy issued directives on Thursday ordering the suspension of all F-35 flights after a June 23 fire on an Air Force F-35A jet at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida.
The Pentagon said U.S. and industry officials had not pinpointed the cause of the fire, which occurred as a pilot was preparing for takeoff. The pilot was not injured.
The incident is the latest to hit the Pentagon’s costliest weapons program, the $398.6 billion F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. It followed an in-flight oil leak that triggered mandatory fleetwide inspections of the jets last month.
“Additional inspections of F-35 engines have been ordered, and return to flight will be determined based on inspection results and analysis of engineering data,” the Defense Department said in a brief statement issued late on Thursday.
The problem with the engine appers to have been quite serious (“F-35 fighter jets to be inspected after major engine fire in U.S.,” CBC News, 2 July 2014),
The incident involved the third stage of the F135 engine built by Pratt & Whitney, a unit of United Technologies Corp , for all three models of the new warplane, the sources said. “The engine ripped through the top of the plane,” one said.
A recent report by UBC professor Michael Byers, One Dead Pilot, argues that the F-35’s single-engine is a critical design flaw that will expose Canadian pilots to unnecessary risks should the Harper government hold firm on its commitment to buy the aircraft.
Photo credit: U.S. Air Force | aerospace |
https://hurmanblirriknnik.web.app/2946/23885.html | 2023-12-05T03:01:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00035.warc.gz | 0.754891 | 1,142 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__96576280 | en | RORTOS is an Italian company focused on flight simulators development for mobile.Was founded on 2012 and today is a major player on mobile market.
Insane Conversions Of 14.6% + *recurring* Monthly Comms Of .50 Per Order + Upsell. Fly Plane Game – Play Fly Plane Game online for free only at Zapak! Click to play Fly Plane Game! See how far you can stay adrift in Fly Plane!
- Joakim lamotte fru
- Maja ivarsson gravid
- Klystron tube
- Geoffrey wellum
- The mothers day
- Ulrika levander ockelbo
- Scott timlin geordie shore
This collection includes, bomber planes, propeller planes, and even some fly bird games. With our airplane games, you can partake and have fun controlling and directing jets. In some challenges, you can fly through the sky, racing amongst the clouds and shooting down your enemies. If you prefer strategy challenges, take the helm as an air traffic controller. Flying Games Blast alien spaceships, dive-bomb through the sky, and command special aircraft in our high-soaring collection. You can become a fighter pilot, master commercial aircraft, and even fight in classic world wars! Our flying games put you behind the wheel and into the sky.
1 Sep 2020 The big news is PC flight simulation is that after 14 years, software giant Microsoft has returned to flight simulation – a genre that it first pioneered 18 Aug 2020 Flight Simulator 2020 is the reboot of Microsoft's popular game, which puts players in the pilot seat. Players select their flight paths and then take Flying Games online, free airplane games, helicopter games to play for kids.
User Rating: 5 out of 5 Spela Microsoft Flight Simulator och mer än 100 andra grymma datorspel i Windows 10 för en låg månadskostnad med Xbox Game Pass
Flight Simulator 2020: Neues Update sorgt für noch bessere Grafik Microsoft, Gaming, Spiele, Games, Flugzeug, Free Flight Sim is a superb flying simulator with realistic controls and great 3D Stylized Flight Simulation Games Take the controls and fly realistic airplanes in Flight Simulator Games - Play Flight Simulator Games on. GeoFS is a free flight simulator Fighter Pilot 2 - A free Flying Game - Miniclip. flygsimulator spel. The base game ships with an extensive initial roster, differing in aircraft type and hailing from varying manufacturers.
Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 släpps i morgon till PC och kommer vara en del av Xbox Game Pass for PC, så om du prenumererar på tjänsten får du tillgång till
We have flying games for aspiring pilots, action fans, and brave explorers. Travel back in time, and learn how to fly prop planes from World War I and II. Airplane Games are flight simulation, air fighting and sometimes airport management games where you control different types of aircraft. Build a paper airplane and let it fly.
Help this penguin fly like other birds.
Bokföra bredband konto
Ditt namn Take to the skies in one of our airplane games. Airplanes are incredible aircraft that transport us around the world, fight battles, and even take us into orbital space.
-Awesome explosions! -User-adjustable layouts…
The best plane games is a pretty broad topic, so if you’re looking for a list of the best flight games you may struggle to pick any single game out. Flying games encompassing everything from
Flying Games: Control the Sky. You're a bird, you're a plane – you're whatever you want to be in these flying games!Straight out of your dreams and onto your favorite computer or mobile device, take flight by wing or plane (or helicopter) in these online flying games. Landing is the hardest part of flying, and this game is one of best airplane landing games.
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2020-07-17 · In Airplane Fly 3D : Flight Plane, your role includes racing against time, control the airplane in the middle of the oceans, & land safely on an airport. Anyone including the kids or big boys and girls can play Airplane Fly 3D : Flight Plane so get on-board and don't let the passengers wait for their pilot anymore. Features of Game:
Flight Simulator: Fly Plane 3D Airplane Flight Simulator 3D is an awesome 3D Air Plane Sim flying game. Start off with learning how to fly a plane, you simply take off from island and flying the plane to another Airport Runway. In this video I'm flying from Frankfurt to New York in the new Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020! I will perform stormy weather takeoff from Frankfurt and make Choose from our Fly with plane games. | aerospace |
https://www.fpvfaster.com/collections/feature-products/products/emax-babyhawk-o3-dji-air-unit-4s-freestyle-racing-fpv-drone-bnf-elrs?utm_source=Homepage&utm_medium=Featured%20Products | 2023-12-08T02:07:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100710.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208013411-20231208043411-00776.warc.gz | 0.704889 | 368 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__184119149 | en | EMAX BabyHawk O3 DJI Air Unit 3.5 Inch 4S FreeStyle Racing FPV Drone PNP BNF ELRS
- Brand: Emax
- Model: Babyhawk HD ( DJI 03 Air Unit)
- Diagonal Wheelbase: 155mm
- Maximum Size of the Aircraft (without antenna, cable tie): 210mm
- Aircraft Weight (without battery): 154g
- Motor: ECO1404-3700KV
- Propeller: Avan 3.5 inch Propeller
- Main Flight Controller: F4 (STM32F411 firmware) | 4 in 1 25A ESC
- Camera & Video Transmitter: DJl 03 Air Unit
- Fast Throttle Response: It ensures stable flight control and excellent power performance, enhancing your long-flight experience.
- ECO1404 3700KV Motor: Paired with Avan 3.5" propeller, this motor delivers an exceptional flight performance.
- Built-in Receiver: Compatible with DJI FPV Controller 2, DJI Goggles 2 and DJI FPV Goggles V2 for a seamless flight experience.
- DJI 03 Air Unit: This high-definition transmission system features low latency, strong anti-interference capability, and built-in 8G memory, capable of transmitting high-quality images at long distances up to 10KM under interference-free conditions.
- High Performance: It offers an all-in-one 4k video capture experience with superior performance for a sub 250 gram class of aircraft, re-inventing FPV for a new zone.
- 1x Babyhawk FPV Racing Drone
- 3 Pair x Propeller Blades
- 1x Accessory Pack
- 1x Instruction Manual | aerospace |
https://report.conklindd.com/details/Dassault%20Falcon%20900DX | 2020-10-29T00:02:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107902038.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20201028221148-20201029011148-00362.warc.gz | 0.877479 | 302 | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-45__0__156970177 | en | Compare the fixed costs, variable cost, and performance of Dassault Falcon 900DX to over 500 jets, turboprops, helicopters and piston aircraft, with accurate data from Conklin & de Decker.
The Falcon 900DX is based on the wide-body design of the Falcon 900EX EASy but with less fuel and a lower purchase price. The Falcon DX is equipped with Dassault’s EASy flight deck. The Falcon 900DX replaces the Falcon 900C and first deliveries were made in late 2005.
The Falcon 900 is a large-size long-range business jet based on the Falcon 50. While similar to the Falcon 50, the Falcon 900 has a new wider and longer fuselage, which can seat three passengers abreast. The biggest thing the Falcon 900 has in common with the Falcon 50 is the supercritical wing. It was incorporated into the aircraft virtually unchanged. Honeywell TFE731-5 engines that produce 4,500 pounds of thrust power the Falcon 900.
The Falcon C is a Falcon B with the Honeywell Primus 2000XP avionics systems found on the Falcon 900EX.
The Falcon EX is a Falcon C with higher rated Honeywell TFE731-60 engines that produce 5,000 pounds of thrust. The Falcon EX also has the upgraded EASy system avionics suite.
Honeywell Engines TFE 731-60-1C 3
Honeywell Primus Epic EASy | aerospace |
https://www.manualslib.com/manual/1606026/Honeywell-Bendix-King-Kmd-550.html?page=22 | 2021-09-21T17:46:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057225.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921161350-20210921191350-00378.warc.gz | 0.7659 | 329 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__85399845 | en | TIS NORMAL OPERATION
NOTE: TIS availability may be intermittent during turns or other maneu-
vering where the aircraft structure can block the line of sight between the
Mode S radar and the Mode S transponder antenna.
The following illustration defines the data that appears on the TIS Traffic
1 Display Range - RNG:##nm
2 TIS Operating Mode - TIS ON, TIS OFF or TIS FAIL
3 Available Functions - Displays icons representing data available (black)
and displayed (color).
4 Current Flight Level - FL:###
5 Display Orientation - When in magnetic heading-up orientation, Mag###°
Hdg; when in magnetic track-up orientation, Mag###° Trk; when heading
or track is not available from the system, No Hdg or Trk. The received traffic
bearing and ground track is corrected when the system has heading or track.
6 Traffic Intruder Symbols - Indicates type of traffic, altitude of traffic, vertical
trend of traffic and ground track of traffic.
7 Range Rings - Outer ring radius is selected range, inner ring radius is
always two nautical miles.
8 Knob Icon - Outer knob selects TIS ON or OFF. Inner knob selects MUTE
ON or MUTE OFF for muting of "TIS Unavailable" audio message.
9 Aircraft Symbol - Stylized airplane indicating aircraft position.
Rev 2 Nov/2002
To display the TIS traffic page press the TRFC function
KMD 550/850 Traffic Addendum | aerospace |
https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/2913/ | 2024-03-05T03:15:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707948217723.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240305024700-20240305054700-00770.warc.gz | 0.866733 | 392 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__44194952 | en | Date of Award
Master of Science
Jack F. Chessa
Ahsan . Choudhuri
The Center for Space Exploration and Technology Research (cSETR) is developing three rocket engines: a 5 lbf reaction control engine, a 500 lbf engine, and a 2000 lbf engine. All these engines utilize a liquid oxygen and liquid methane propellant combination. The reason methane was selected for the fuel is because methane is easy to store, is self-pressurizing, and readily available. There is also the possibility of creating methane on planets such as Mars through an electrolysis process on the ice water found on Mars.
The 2000 lbf engine, or the CROME-X, is a modular, steady-state pintle injector engine. It is also throttleable on a 4:1 ratio. The design is currently undergoing both mechanical and thermal analysis. The analysis is being conducted both in Altair Hypermesh software and in Abaqus CAE. In Altair Hypermesh, the analysis being conducted by component; a thermal and mechanical analysis for the combustion chamber and a thermal and mechanical analysis for the injector. In the Abaqus CAE analysis, the entire thrust chamber assembly is modeled and uses contact surface interaction.
This thesis describes how to create the CROME-X models in both Hypermesh and Abaqus. It goes into detail on the boundary conditions used (symmetry and displacement constraints), the mechanical loads used (pressures and preloads), and the thermal loads (surface temperature and convection interaction) and how to model them in the two softwares in a step-by-step method.
Received from ProQuest
Garcia, Marissa, "Thermal/Mechanical Analysis and Development of a 2000 lbf Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Rocket Engine" (2019). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 2913. | aerospace |
https://lahistoriasociety.org/event/tom-sachs-space-program-europa | 2024-03-03T12:34:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476374.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20240303111005-20240303141005-00546.warc.gz | 0.885812 | 517 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__125262497 | en | About the Exhibition
Welcome to the Tom Sachs — Space Program: Europa exhibition, brought to you by La Historia Society. This unique event combines art and space exploration to create an immersive experience that will leave you fascinated and inspired. Join us as we explore the wonders of Europa, one of Jupiter's intriguing moons.
Europa, the sixth-closest moon of Jupiter, has long captured the curiosity of scientists and artists alike. Its icy surface and potential for harboring a subsurface ocean have made it a target for future exploration missions. At the Tom Sachs — Space Program: Europa exhibition, we delve into the mysteries of this mesmerizing celestial body.
Experience Art and Space Exploration
La Historia Society has curated a one-of-a-kind event that seamlessly merges art and space exploration. Through a series of meticulously crafted installations, you will witness Tom Sachs' vision of a future mission to Europa. It's a captivating blend of creativity and scientific exploration that will transport you beyond the limits of Earth.
Our exhibition features a range of immersive installations, meticulously designed to recreate the environment of Europa and the various stages of a space mission. From detailed spacecraft replicas to simulated landscapes, each installation offers an opportunity to interact with the artwork and develop a deeper understanding of the challenges and possibilities of space exploration.
Tom Sachs' Vision
Tom Sachs, a renowned artist known for his unique approach to blending art and science, presents his vision of a future mission to Europa. Through his distinct artistic style and attention to detail, Sachs invites visitors to contemplate the complexities of space travel while exploring the potential for artistic expression within the boundaries of scientific exploration.
Engaging Programs and Events
The Tom Sachs — Space Program: Europa exhibition offers more than just extraordinary installations. We provide a range of engaging programs and events to enhance your experience. Join us for artist talks, panel discussions, workshops, and interactive demonstrations conducted by experts in the field of space exploration and contemporary art.
La Historia Society invites you to be a part of this groundbreaking exhibition. Join us to discover the wonders of Europa and explore the fusion of art and space exploration. Immerse yourself in Tom Sachs' captivating vision and gain a deeper appreciation for the mysteries of the universe. Plan your visit today and experience Tom Sachs — Space Program: Europa.
La Historia Society 123 Main Street Anytown, USA
Monday - Friday: 10am - 6pm Saturday - Sunday: 12pm - 8pm
General Admission: $15 Students: $10 Children (under 12): Free | aerospace |
http://www.cultofmac.com/tag/space-shuttle/ | 2015-07-06T01:01:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097757.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00124-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.957319 | 235 | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-27__0__67014990 | en | The Space Shuttle Atlantis just took off from Cape Canaveral, launching into outer space in what will be the last launch of NASA’s historic shuttle fleet. Aboard the shuttle are not only the crew of astronauts and the hopes and dreams of hundreds of millions of Americans, but a very special payload: two custom, zero-G iPhone 4s.
All items tagged with "Space Shuttle"
Yesterday brought the news of a very stunning photograph of the Space Shuttle Endeavor launch, captured on her iPhone by (now-famous) Stefanie Gordon from Hoboken, NJ while on an airplane flight in the area. The photo has gone viral, and it turns out Gordon captured a short video of the event too.
Earlier this week, I was interviewed by a Russian TV crew about Apple. They were a bit surly and aggressive, not like polished, ingratiating TV people here in the U.S.
They kept asking strange questions about Steve Jobs, as is if he were a crooked oligarch. “Vy does Steve Joybs vant to be dictator? Vy does he vant to dominate ze vorld?” | aerospace |
http://www.retrogamingworld.co.uk/computer-games-shop/bbc-computers/bbc-games/codename-droid/ | 2019-10-17T04:27:03 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672548.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017022259-20191017045759-00460.warc.gz | 0.889499 | 96 | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-43__0__12792004 | en | Codename: Droid presents a new challenge for Commander John Stryker. He has been commissioned by the Allied Nations to undertake another perilous mission in their continuing strugle against the warmongering Volgans. His task is to locate and seize the volgans' latest weapon. Stryker must land on the mysterious planet Volga. Penetrate the Volgans' underground defence systems, to find the spacecraft and requisition it.
Yes, has instructions
No posts found | aerospace |
https://www.oceanfm.ie/2018/01/16/loganair-to-take-over-donegalglasgow-service/ | 2021-11-27T08:18:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358153.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20211127073536-20211127103536-00075.warc.gz | 0.964965 | 117 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__85261900 | en | Scottish airline Loganair is to take over the operation of flights between Donegal Airport and Glasgow.
The service has been provided by Stobart Air.
Loganair will take over responsibility for the flights to Glasgbow from March 25th.
In the past two years, more than 23,000 passengers have used the service.
Donegal TD Pat the Cope Gallagher says that historically, west Donegal and Glasgow had very close connections.
He pointed out that in the past two years, Donegal Airport provided connections for more than 89,000 passengers. | aerospace |
https://usatechnoblade.com/chandrayaan-3-soft-landing-moon-india-triumph/ | 2024-03-01T13:06:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00740.warc.gz | 0.895631 | 1,331 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__165501168 | en | Last Updated on August 23, 2023 by Ashish
Chandrayaan-3’s Historic Lunar Landing Boosts Indian Space Ambitions
Chandrayaan-3, the latest advancement in India’s ambitious lunar exploration program, has achieved a momentous feat by successfully making a controlled landing on the lunar surface. This achievement comes in the wake of the mission’s previous setback in 2019. The historic touchdown occurred precisely at 5:34 a.m. PT (6:04 p.m. IST) on Wednesday, a little over a month after the spacecraft was launched. This accomplishment elevates India to the status of the fourth nation globally to master a soft lunar landing, following the examples of the former Soviet Union, the U.S., and China. Notably, India’s success also marks the first instance of a spacecraft touching down on the moon’s uncharted south pole. This region holds immense potential for advancing our insights into the moon’s atmosphere and laying the groundwork for upcoming space expeditions.
In a recent turn of events, Russia made an attempt to outpace India by launching Luna-25, a spacecraft intended for a gentle landing on the moon’s south pole before Chandrayaan-3 could achieve the feat. Regrettably, the Russian spacecraft encountered a mishap, crashing into the moon on a Saturday due to a communication breakdown with Roscosmos, Russia’s space agency.
ISRO’s Triumph: Chandrayaan-3 Launch and Lunar Landing
The credit for this achievement goes to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), which flawlessly launched the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft utilizing the “Launch Vehicle Mark-III” on July 14. The launch site was the Satish Dhawan Space Centre situated on Sriharikota island in South India.
Addressing the audience at ISRO’s mission operation complex in Bengaluru following the triumphant landing, Chairman S. Somanath attributed the success to the dedicated efforts of innumerable scientists, engineers, support staff, and industries associated with ISRO and other collaborating institutions.
In a display of solidarity, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson conveyed his congratulations to ISRO for Chandrayaan-3’s victorious moon landing through a post on the platform now referred to as X (previously Twitter). In his message, he expressed, “We are delighted to stand as your partners in this pioneering mission!”
Here is a related video you might find useful:
Chandrayaan-3: Advancing Lunar Exploration
Chandrayaan-3, the third edition of India’s Chandrayaan mission (translated as “moon vehicle” in Sanskrit), is aimed at showcasing a safe lunar landing, enabling roving on the moon’s surface, and conducting on-site scientific experiments. Developed within a budget of less than $75 million, the spacecraft is composed of a propulsion module, a lander, and a rover, all equipped with seven distinct scientific instruments.
Learning from the challenges faced by its predecessor, the lander of the Chandrayaan-3 mission incorporates enhanced sensors, software, and propulsion systems. ISRO conducted a series of simulations and supplementary tests to ensure the lander’s robustness for a successful landing.
The lander’s experimental scope encompasses seismic vibrations, near-surface plasma, lunar temperature, thermal conductivity, elemental composition, and spectral characteristics of Earth.
In the United States, preparations are underway for Artemis III, a crewed mission to the lunar south pole, with potential launch as early as 2025. Insights gained from India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission will be instrumental in understanding the lunar surface before any human missions.
Distinct from the lander, Chandrayaan-3’s rover is identical to the one used in Chandrayaan-2. The operational lifespan of both the lander and rover spans one lunar day, from sunrise to sunset, equivalent to about 14 Earth days.
Chandrayaan-3 comes more than 14 years after India’s debut moon landing mission in 2008, which led to the discovery of water molecules in the lunar atmosphere.
Despite the unfortunate landing incident of Chandrayaan-2’s lander rover, the orbiter from the same mission remains fully functional in lunar orbit, diligently continuing its lunar observations. The Chandrayaan-2 orbiter played a pivotal role in identifying the landing site for Chandrayaan-3’s lander and will continue to facilitate communication by relaying signals to Earth for interaction with the lander.
India’s Growing Space Exploration: Collaborations, Missions, and Prospects
“Certainly, this accomplishment doesn’t stem from our efforts alone. It signifies the culmination of work from a generation of ISRO leaders and scientists. This journey began with Chandrayaan-1 and continued with Chandrayaan-2, which is still operational and aiding our communication endeavors. As we celebrate Chandrayaan-3, it’s essential to recognize and express gratitude to all the teams that contributed to the development of Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2,” stated Somanath.
In recent years, India has exhibited a growing interest in space exploration. With the involvement of over a hundred space technology startups, the country has made substantial progress in creating solutions encompassing launch vehicles, satellites, and hyperspectral earth imaging. New Delhi has also introduced a space policy aimed at fostering collaboration between private entities and government agencies.
ISRO’s agenda extends beyond Chandrayaan-3, encompassing missions such as the eagerly anticipated human space flight mission, Gaganyaan, and the solar observatory project, Aditya L1, designed for studying the sun.
In June, India formalized collaboration with other nations in space exploration by signing NASA’s Artemis Accords. Collaborative efforts are also in motion, with NASA providing advanced training to Indian astronauts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, scheduled for subsequent deployment to the International Space Station next year. Moreover, ISRO and NASA are closely collaborating on launching a low-Earth observatory (LEO) in 2024. This observatory aims to comprehensively map the entire planet within a 12-day period, providing consistent data for analyzing changes in Earth’s ecosystems, ice mass, vegetation biomass, sea levels, and occurrences of natural disasters and hazards. | aerospace |
http://appsforpcdaily.com/2017/09/cause-of-crash-that-killed-troy-gentry-revealed/ | 2017-09-26T10:59:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695439.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926103944-20170926123944-00491.warc.gz | 0.961659 | 347 | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-39__0__81568414 | en | 14 September, 2017
Gentry died on September 8 in a helicopter crash on his way to a show in New Jersey.
Per the NTSB report, Gentry took a ride in the helicopter at Flying W Airport & Resort in Medford, N.J., to get a lay of the land prior to Montgomery Gentry's scheduled Friday night concert.
The pilot "was unable to control engine rpm with throttle inputs", meaning the motor wasn't responding to the aviator's moves, according to documents cited by TMZ.
The report says the pilot, 1000 feet up, chose to perform an emergency procedure called an autorotation - in which the rotor turns from upward airflow, without the engine.
Robinson, who logged 480.9 total hours of flight experience, spent the majority of his experience in the same helicopter make and model of the one that crashed.
The autorotation was reportedly attempted at 950 feet above the runway, before the helicopter plummeted to the ground.
Radio communication between emergency responders and the pilot reveal that an emergency landing was in the works, reports Billboard.
"Toward the end of the video, the descent profile became more vertical and the rate of the descent increased before the helicopter descended out of view", the report said. Gentry, the lone passenger, was cut from the wreckage and transported to Virtua Marlton in Evesham, where he was pronounced dead.
A final report with a probable cause for the accident isn't expected to be completed for another year.
Troy Gentry, best known as part of the country music duo Montgomery Gentry, will be remembered Thursday morning with a celebration of life at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville. | aerospace |
https://workinmaryland-green.jobs/laurel-md/sr-electrical-systems-engineer/AAFFE16459B843C0802C36C660BFA091/job/?vs=28 | 2021-02-28T00:33:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178359624.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227234501-20210228024501-00197.warc.gz | 0.905826 | 515 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__177998259 | en | KBR Sr. Electrical Systems Engineer in Laurel, Maryland
Sr. Electrical Systems Engineer
Oversees the design, development, integration, and testing of space-based electrical systems. The candidate should be a multidisciplinary individual with experience in multiple aspects of electrical systems.
Interprets system level requirements as they apply to the development of electrical systems and components, identifies design alternatives and performs trade-off studies, error budget, sensitivity, reliability, failure mode and worst-case analysis to determine the optimum approach for the design, and to predict performance of the system for the expected operational and environmental conditions.
Leads the execution of test sequences to measure and characterize the performance of electrical components and systems, and, subsequently, analyzes and interprets the test results and prepares summary reports. This position is in support of space flight missions.
This position requires some knowledge of analysis, design and development of electrical and electronic systems for space borne applications including hands-on work in the fabrication, ground test and integration and on-orbit operation of flight hardware.
Experience in the use of electronic instrumentation and test equipment and of computer aided analysis, design and simulation tools. Strong computer skills (Excel, Word, PowerPoint and other technical software) and excellent communication/interpersonal skills are required.
The candidate must be capable of communicating effectively with other subsystem leads (Optical, Mechanical, Thermal, etc.) as well as other discipline lead engineers.
Knowledge of analysis and design of control systems, the operation and interfacing to the spacecraft's command and telemetry and power subsystems, sensors and actuators, experience in the design of electronic instrumentation systems from the standpoint of grounding, shielding and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), component de-ratings, performance limitations and the effects of cosmic radiation, and the modeling and management of the thermal effects that result from the power dissipation in electrical components is desired.
- A Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering or equivalent is required.
- 10 years
Must be a US citizen to apply
Scheduled Weekly Hours:
KBR is a global provider of differentiated professional services and solutions across the asset and program life cycle within the government services and technology sectors. KBR employs approximately 28,000 people worldwide with customers in more than 80 countries and operations in 40 countries.
KBR is proud to work with customers across the globe to provide technology, value-added services, and long- term operations and maintenance services to ensure consistent delivery with predictable results. At KBR, We Deliver. | aerospace |
https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8700070/warren_veale_af_retirement_article_1964/ | 2018-09-18T21:29:37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267155702.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20180918205149-20180918225149-00317.warc.gz | 0.955331 | 313 | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-39__0__170448427 | en | Warren Veale AF Retirement Article 1964
AF Lt. Co. Veale Plans Retirement Lr a J Retirement of Air Force Lt. Col. Warren E. Veale, a Rochester native and World War II veteran who tested the p 1 a n e two years ago, was announced yesterday. Lt. CoL Veale was assigned to the Boeing Co. when he flew Lt.Col. the acceptance Veale flight of the Presidential VC137, Air Force One He retired as deputy inspector general at Norton Air Force Base in California. Lt. Col. Veale, son of Mrs. Mildred H. Veale of 610 Chambers St., Spencerport, was graduated from Jefferson High School. After studying at the Uni versity of Illinois and Univer sity of Seattle, he entered the Army Air Corps in 1932 and was commissioned the next year. He flew bomber missions with the 8th Air Force. City Man Takes Peace Corps Job Barry Burnett, son of Mr. and Mrs. Carl A. Barklund of 216 Raeburn Ave., is off to Panama to begin a two-year Peace Corps assignment. Burnett is a graduate of West High School and St. Lawrence University. He worked in production scheduling at Eastman Kodak Co. for the last two years. The Peace Corps group with which he trained studied Barry ' Panamanian his-Burnett tory, Spanish agriculture, n u t r i t i o n anc" health at the University o Arizona and recently spen a month at a corps camp i. Puerto Rico. | aerospace |
http://www.wbaltv.com/news/money/technology/Official-No-survivors-in-Nigerian-plan-crash/-/9379156/14443550/-/item/2/-/b2jjj7/-/index.html | 2013-05-19T11:11:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697420704/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094340-00008-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.977516 | 317 | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2013-20__0__16232874 | en | "President Jonathan assures air travelers in the country that every possible effort will be made to ensure that the right lessons are learned from the tragic loss of valuable lives in today's plane crash and that further measures will be put in place to boost aviation safety," the statement from Jonathan's office said.
Airplane disasters are nothing new for Nigeria. The deadliest came in July 1991, when all 261 on board a Nigerian Airways airliner died after its landing gear caught fire shortly after takeoff in Saudi Arabia en route to Nigeria, and the plane went down. About 225 people were killed in two crashes that occurred within two months of each other in late 2005.
And on Saturday, a Boeing 727 cargo plane operated by Nigerian-based Allied Air took off from Lagos and landed at Kotoka International Airport in Accra, Ghana. But it didn't stop on the runway, barreling through a fence and onto a street, where it hit a passenger bus and killed 10 people, officials said. Ghana Aviation Authority sources said they suspect brake failure may have contributed to that crash.
Dana Air, the airline behind the flight involved in the next day's crash, began operations in November 2008. The company has since become "one of Nigeria's leading airlines," according to its website.
While no specifics have been released about the plane that crashed, Dana Air said its fleet consists of Boeing MD-83 aircraft. Boeing's website notes that such planes can carry between 155 and 172 passengers, cover up to 2,504 nautical miles and have a fuel capacity of 7,000 gallons. | aerospace |
https://ecelebrityfacts.com/elon-musk-spacex-tesla-motors/ | 2023-09-22T22:30:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506423.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922202444-20230922232444-00153.warc.gz | 0.957956 | 994 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__201651160 | en | CEO of SpaceX & Tesla, Elon Musk, has launched world-changing inventions
Elon Musk conceptualized “Mars Oasis,” a mission to land a small greenhouse on Mars that would contain food crops growing on the Martian regolith. Additionally, by leading Tesla Motors, he has fulfilled the enthusiasm of adventure lovers with varieties of electric cars.
Elon Musk’s SpaceX has launched and successfully landed four rockets back to earth.
After Compaq and PayPal acquired Zip2 by eBay, he became more confident about his mission. He could invest $100 million of the amount he received for his 11.7% shares at PayPal to establish his third company SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies), in June 2002.
Now, he is the Chief Executive Officer & Chief Technology Officer of the Hawthorne, California-based company that currently develops and manufactures space launch vehicles aiming to advance rocket technology. The first two vehicles launched by the company are Falcon 1 & Falcon 9. Falcon 1 became the first privately funded vehicle to put a satellite into the earth’s orbit on 25 May 2012.
The aerospace company obtained a contract from NASA to continue the development & test of Falcon 9 and Dragon Spacecraft to handle cargo transport to international space in 2006. On May 1, 2017, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 was launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. The 23-story rocket took off from the launch pad in Cape Canaveral, FL, at 7:15 ET and landed back on the earth at Cape Canaveral Airforce Station. He shared the awe-inspiring view of the rocket’s landing.
In 2014, SpaceX sued to US Air Force for its practice of sending vehicles using only the United Launch Alliance, claiming that it awarded billions to only one company for national security launches. The company holds two launch contracts with Air Force to launch Global Positioning System Satellites in 2018 & 2019.
Nowadays, SpaceX is testing rocket landings & launching used rockets. Musk attempts to lower the rocket launching costs.
Elon Musk has been the chair of Tesla Motors since the 2008 financial crisis.
In 2003, Musk incorporated Tesla Motors, previously led by Marc Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard. Those two men financed the company until the Series A investment in 2004. That was when Musk joined the Board of Directors of Tesla and became the Chairman. Afterward, he took an active role within Tesla and supervised Roadster product design at the detailed level.
He assumed the company’s leadership as the Chief Executive Officer and product architect following the 2008 financial crisis. He still holds the position. Tesla Motors launched an electric sports car named Tesla Roadster in 2008 and got the sales of approx. 2,500 vehicles in 31 countries. He received the Global Green 2009 Product Design Award for the design.
The company dedicated to producing mass-market electric cars launched IPO (Initial Public Offering) with a stake in the company taken by Daimler and strategic collaboration with Toyota raising $226 million.
Rise of Tesla
Tesla’s first electric sedan, Model S, capable of covering 265 miles between charges, was launched in 2012. The car gained the title of “The Car of the Year 2013” by Motor Trend magazine.
In 2014, Model S85D and P85D came to light. The 1st electric car with a dual motor features insane acceleration (0-97 kph run of 3.2 seconds) and a revolutionary autopilot system (including radar, a forward-looking camera, and 360-degree ultrasonic sensors).
In March 2016, Elon launched a five-seated car, Tesla Model 3, considered the most affordable Tesla car to date, starting at $35,000. He claimed that the Model 3 would be one of the world’s safest cars, and deliveries would begin in late 2017.
In addition to building its cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Mercedes B-Class Electric Class Electric Drive, Mercedes A-Class, and Smart EV & to Toyota for RAV4 EV. He brought both companies as longtime investors in Tesla. He has often been compared to Henry Ford for his dedication to developing advanced vehicle powertrains.
Net Worth and More
Elon Musk holds incredible critical management skills that led to what the company is now. Moreover, Musk gave his everything while the company led to a downturn quite a few times.
Elon owns 30% of Tesla Motors, Inc. He was ranked #94 on the list of billionaires in 2016. Likewise, Musk landed #15 on the list of Richest People in Tech. And #21 in Powerful People in 2016 by Forbes. As of July 2017, he owns an estimated net worth of around $16.8 billion. And as of 2022, Mr. Musk holds an approximated net worth of $218.1 billion. | aerospace |
https://ub24news.com/watch-star-trek-actor-90-becomes-oldest-space-traveller-after-blue-origin-jaunt/ | 2021-10-25T07:07:51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587655.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025061300-20211025091300-00058.warc.gz | 0.961213 | 942 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__280131303 | en | Van Horn, Texas:
Actor William Shatner embarked on a suborbital trip aboard a Blue Origin rocket and landed in the Texas desert on Wednesday, becoming the oldest man in space at the age of 90 after flying the second tourist flight of US billionaire businessman Jeff Bezos.
Shutter was one of four passengers who boarded the fully autonomous 60-foot-long (18.3-meter-long) New Shepard spacecraft at the edge of space, 20 miles (32 km) outside the Blue Origin launch site in the rural West Texas town of Van Horn.
The four astronauts experienced a weightlessness of about three to four minutes and traveled 62 miles (100 km) above the Earth over the internationally recognized boundary of space known as the Karman Line. The crew returns to the Texas desert under the capsule parachute, lifting clouds of dust.
Four astronauts, all wearing blue flight suits with the company name in white letters on one arm, climbed into the crew capsule above the spacecraft before launch and got stuck after climbing the stairs with Bezos. Everyone rang an bell before entering the capsule, Bezos then closed the hatch. Earlier, they rode in a car with the Bezos to the launch pad.
The wind was light and the sky was clear for the launch, which was conducted after two delays of roughly 5 minutes.
Joining Shutner – who promised space travel in the 1960s classic TV series “Star Trek” and the next seven films – all civilian crew were former NASA engineer Chris Basuizen, clinical research entrepreneur Glenn de Vries and Vice President of Blue Origins
It marks the second space tourism flight of Blue Origin, the company of billionaire U.S. businessman Jeff Bezos, founded two decades ago.
The flight represents another important day for the new space tourism industry, which, according to UBS, could reach 3 billion annually in a decade. The flight, originally scheduled for Tuesday, was delayed by one day due to wind.
On July 20, Blue Origin had a successful debut space travel flight, which included Bezos and three others, who flew to the edge of space and returned in a journey of 10 minutes and 10 seconds. On that flight, at the age of 2, the leading female pilot, Wali Funk, became the oldest person to reach space. The previous record was set in 1998 when pioneer astronaut John Glenn returned to space as a 77-year-old U.S. senator.
Bezos, founder and current executive chairman of Amazon.com Inc., formed Blue Origin two decades ago.
Shutter, who turned0 in March, has been performing since the 1950s and has been involved in entertainment projects and fan conferences. He starred as Captain James T. of Starship Enterprise in the 1960s classic TV series “Star Trek.”
As an actor, Shatner was synonymous with space travel. During the opening credits of each episode of the series, he called the place “the ultimate frontier” and promised to “explore strange new worlds, find new life and new civilizations, where no one has gone before with the courage to go.”
“Beat Me Up,” Shutter’s character will tell Scott, the enterprise’s chief engineer, played by James Dohan, when he needed to be taken to the starship in a memorable catchphrase.
Shutter said there is both embarrassment and symmetry for his space travel, played by an astronaut for decades and now it is becoming one.
In the Blue Origin video, Shatner said, “After playing the role of Captain Kirk … I handed over my knowledge to a future astronaut, but I’m always curious.”
Shutter’s participation in the flight helped promote Blue Origin as it competed against two billionaire-backed rivals – Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic Holdings Inc.
Branson inaugurated his space travel service on July 11, boarding a suburban flight with six others on his company’s VSS Unity rocket aircraft. SpaceX, which has launched numerous astronauts and cargo payloads for NASA on the International Space Station, began its space tourism business by flying all the first civilian crew to reach Earth orbit on a three-day mission ending September 18.
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration said two weeks ago that it would review safety concerns raised by former and current Blue Origin employees who have complained against the company for prioritizing quality control and speed and cost savings over adequate workforce.
(Except for the title, this story was not edited by NDTV staff and was published from a syndicated feed.) | aerospace |
https://track-trace.live/flightradar/usa/california/travis-air-force-base/ | 2021-10-25T21:11:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00147.warc.gz | 0.72784 | 105 | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-43__0__79306279 | en | Travis Air Force Base flight radarWelcome to the Flightradar of Travis Air Force Base. This airport is located in the wonderful state of California. To be more exact, this airport belongs to Fairfield / Solano County.
The IATA (International Air Transport Association) code is SUU. More details can be found below the radar map.
|Airport Name:||Travis Air Force Base|
|Timezone / Hours to GMT:||America/Los_Angeles / -8 hours| | aerospace |
https://www.investopedia.com/boeing-q1-fy2022-earnings-report-recap-5268036 | 2023-06-01T12:56:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647810.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601110845-20230601140845-00071.warc.gz | 0.934734 | 798 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__121385403 | en | - Boeing delivered 95 commercial airplanes in Q1, missing analyst estimates.
- Commercial airplane deliveries were hit hard during the COVID-19 pandemic as air travel demand collapsed, but as that demand has begun to pick up, so too has demand for commercial airplanes.
- Boeing has submitted its certification plan to the FAA regarding the return to service of its 787 jetliner.
|Boeing Earnings Results|
|Metric||Beat/Miss/Match||Reported Value||Analysts' Prediction|
|Commercial Airplane Deliveries||Miss||95||101|
Source: Predictions based on analysts' consensus from Visible Alpha
Boeing (BA) Financial Results: Analysis
The Boeing Company (BA) reported Q1 FY 2022 earnings that dramatically missed analysts' consensus estimates. The company reported an adjusted loss per share that was significantly wider than analysts had forecast. Boeing said that the loss partly reflected costs related to impacts from the war in Ukraine. Revenue also came in well below expectations, falling 8.1% year over year (YOY). Analysts had predicted revenue to rise 5.7% YOY. Boeing delivered 95 commercial airplanes, which it reported earlier this month. That number also came in below analysts' estimates.
The company's shares fell more than 4% in pre-market trading. Over the past year, Boeing's shares have provided a total return of -30.8%, well below the S&P 500's total return of -0.3%.
BA Commercial Airplane Deliveries
Boeing's commercial airplane deliveries rose 23.4% compared to the year-ago quarter. Boeing manufactures both commercial and military aircraft. Demand for the former type is much more sensitive to economic conditions, whereas demand for the latter depends on government policy decisions regarding military programs. It should be noted that the commercial airplane deliveries figure is a lagging indicator of demand since it is based on past rather than current orders for aircraft.
Demand for Boeing's commercial airplanes has been devastated in recent years by the pandemic's impact on the airline industry. Furthermore, issues with some of the company's key aircraft, including the grounding of the 737 MAX and subsequent electrical issues, have also affected demand.
Boeing said in its earnings press release for the quarter that it has nearly completed the global return to service of its 737 MAX. It is still waiting for clearance in key markets like China. The company expects the 737 production rate to increase to 31 airplanes per month during the second quarter.
Deliveries of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner have been halted and are likely to remain frozen until the second half of the year, when it is expected to get approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In its earnings press release, Boeing noted that it has submitted its certification plan to the FAA and continues to work closely with the administration on the timing for resuming deliveries of the aircraft.
Boeing's next earnings report (for Q2 FY 2022) is anticipated to be released on July 26, 2022.
The Boeing Co. "Boeing Reports First-Quarter Results."
The Boeing Co. "Boeing Announces First-Quarter Deliveries."
Visible Alpha. "Financial Data."
TradingView. "Price Chart: BA and S&P 500."
Financial Times. "Aircraft Sales Show Signs of Life After Pandemic Slump."
Barron's. "This Is How Boeing’s 737 MAX Will Again Be Flying in China."
Reuters. "Exclusive: Boeing Tells Airlines 787 Deliveries to Restart Second-Half 2022 - Sources."
Yahoo! Finance. "Earnings Calendar: BA." | aerospace |
http://spacehacker.com/deep-space-industries-to-develop-asteroid-resource-technologies-for-nasa/ | 2021-06-21T04:18:11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488262046.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210621025359-20210621055359-00148.warc.gz | 0.900031 | 753 | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-25__0__19456303 | en | The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has selected Deep Space Industries (DSI), Silicon Valley, California, to develop methods to excavate and process asteroid soil and study methods to manufacture propellant from asteroid materials.
The NASA contracts come in the wake of DSI receiving a contract from Dunvegan Space Systems to build 24 nanostellite “BitSat” constellations.
The NIAC contract calls for NASA to fund research into the development of propellants from asteroid material that can be carried on long expeditions without requiring refrigeration. Carbonaceous chondrite asteroids contain 10 to 30 percent water and other volatile substances. Dormant comets may contain up to 75 percent volatiles.
Ideas for using water harvested from asteroids and comets as an in-space propellant envisions splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen and then drastically chilling the two to create liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Currently, these cryogenic fuels must be used almost immediately after launch before they warm up and boil off. The NIAC contract asks DSI to create room-temperature fuels such as methane by combining hydrogen from water with carbon available on many asteroids. These propellants are storable and will not boil off during deep space missions that may last for months to years.
The SBIR contract calls for NASA to fund the first phase of research into creating asteroid regolith simulants. The simulants will be used in the terrestrial testing of harvesting and processing technologies. Working in conjunction with the University of Central Florida (UCF), DSI will design, prototype and test a variety of asteroid simulants needed to validate most aspects of asteroid In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) processes. ISRU refers to the use of resources found or manufactured on other astronomical objects. The process will permit affordable extraterrestrial exploration by minimizing the materials carried from Earth.
The processes include physical simulants for excavation, transfer, and preparation; chemical/mineralogical/volatile simulants for processing tests that include propellant production, metal extraction, and oxygen production; and simulants to evaluate scientific and commercial instrumentation. The simulants created from this project will be commercially available in the near future, improving the validity of any number of scientific technological experiments in both the private and public sector.
“Simulants are needed in order to adequately test equipment and processes prior to launch to an actual asteroid. The simulant may need to adequately reproduce the physical characteristics of an asteroid to validate sampling techniques, anchoring methods, or to test hazards such as dust production,” said DSI Chief Scientist and SBIR principal investigator, Dr. John Lewis. “A simulant may need to reproduce the appearance and spectrum of an asteroid, in any of several wavelength ranges. It may need to replicate the mineralogy and possibly the volatiles content to test related instrumentation. Creating accurate and standardized simulants is a vital step in ensuring the consistency of scientific data in the testing of in-space harvesting and processing technologies.”
Deep Space Industries will complete the first phase of the SBIR contract by the end of the year. The NIAC contract should be completed by early 2016, in conjunction with ongoing spacecraft development projects.
NASA has selected research and technology proposals from 254 small businesses and 39 research institutions in the United States under the SBIR grant program. The purpose of the program is to develop new technologies that will further NASA’s journey to Mars project.
NASA has selected 15 proposals for study under Phase I of the NIAC program, which will develop pioneering technologies that will assist in the exploration beyond low-Earth orbit, and missions to asteroids and Mars. | aerospace |
https://www.simonahouse.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=17&product_id=281 | 2022-12-05T12:31:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711016.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205100449-20221205130449-00781.warc.gz | 0.914678 | 138 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__246580523 | en | A rare WW1 Zenith Mark V.A. aircraft altimeter in original condition.
Circa – 1917 / 18.
Serial no 25712/W.
The dial is in excellent clean condition, the outer case retaining most
of its military black paint with some loss and light corrosion to the rear.
The adjustment wheel is operational allowing the instrument to be set
to ‘zero’ prior to take off.
Correctly stamped with the Royal Flying Corps mark, proving its use
The Mark V.A. was fitted to most British aircraft towards the end of
WW1 – including the Sopwith Camel, Bristol Fighter etc... | aerospace |
https://well-of-souls.com/homeworld/kushan/interceptor.htm | 2020-02-18T05:03:13 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143505.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218025323-20200218055323-00436.warc.gz | 0.944104 | 350 | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-10__0__169814977 | en | fire. Burst length: 1.4 s; Burst wait: 1.1s.
research project, code-named 'Blade' was a disaster for
Kushan scientists and engineers from the very start. Saddled
with too many capability demands from the Intelligence arm,
the first 4 prototypes resulted in an Interceptor that was
capable at performing multiple roles, but was competent at
none of them. The specs called for a heavy version of the
Scout, upgraded engines for higher speed, wings for
atmospheric flight, and multiple light hardpoints for
weapons and recon sensors. Versions 3 and 4 both blew
themselves apart when plasma ducts burned through the
magnetic couplings. The project was about to be abandoned
when a single engineer and a test pilot executed an
off-shift redesign which resulted in the wing sections being
cut away and bonded to the inner hull as thermal insulation.
The resulting ship had lost all atmospheric capability,
along with its multiple hardpoints, but retained most of the
other desired characteristics and, most importantly, it had
ceased to be a guided fireball.
With the need for a radical redesign demonstrated to both
the research scientists and the military, work went ahead to
further strengthen what was now a considerably durable
The Blade Mk.5 went into final production with a heavy
rotary cannon mounted partially inside the nose armor plates
and a reinforced plating around the drive core and main
While its checkered past still clings, (Blade pilots still
carry the nickname 'Bomb Jockeys') this heavy interceptor is
slowly gaining acceptance as a space superiority fighter to
be reckoned with. | aerospace |
http://www.harakahdaily.net.my/index.php/latestnews/33110-un-aviation-body-to-propose-15-minute-flight-tracking-standard | 2017-02-23T16:22:15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171176.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00568-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.940401 | 140 | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-09__0__233121449 | en | The United Nations aviation agency will propose a new standard that requires commercial aircraft to report their position every 15 minutes as part of a global tracking initiative in the aftermath of the disappearance of a Malaysian jetliner.
The loss of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 last March sparked a global drive for a system that would make it possible to pinpoint the exact route and last location of an aircraft.
An International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) spokesman said on Tuesday that the standard, if adopted, could go into effect in the near term because it would not require new technology on planes. ICAO members are set to discuss the proposal at a major safety conference in Montreal next month.
Read the full story here | aerospace |
https://www.airpower.gv.at/messerschmitt-me-262/?lang=en | 2022-12-08T16:45:27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711344.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208150643-20221208180643-00744.warc.gz | 0.969271 | 499 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__242747438 | en | The Messerschmitt Me 262 (suggestive name: Schwalbe or Sturmvogel), a development of Messerschmitt AG, Augsburg, was the first jet aircraft to be built in series. Between 1943 and 1945, 1433 examples of the twin-engine aircraft were built, of which about 800 were delivered to the Wehrmacht air force during World War II.
On July 18, 1942, Messerschmitt chief pilot Fritz Wendel made the first flight with the Me 262 V3 from Leipheim airfield using the Jumo 004 jet engines from Junkerswerke intended for the production models, which were larger and heavier but also considerably more powerful than the BMW engines.
Wendel was only able to start the aircraft, which was still equipped with tailwheel landing gear at that time, by briefly braking the tail of the aircraft at a taxiing speed of about 180 km/h and thus achieving an inflow of the elevator. This was covered by the wings when taxiing with tailwheel and showed no effect. These takeoff characteristics were decisive in requiring a nose wheel landing gear for later series production. The rearward offset of the main landing gear required for the conversion entailed extensive changes to the wing structures; only the Me 262 V5 was equipped with such landing gear.
The aircraft on display at AIRPOWER22 is a replica of the legendary Me 262-B1-A jet fighter. As early as 1993, the reproduction of 5 machines of this type began in the USA with the help of drawing fragments and an original two-seater school machine, which served as a sample machine.
All parts had to be newly manufactured, no original parts were used. Equipped with modern engines and modern subsystems from American production, the first aircraft from the new series then flew for the first time on December 20, 2002 in Seattle, WA. The Messerschmitt Foundation aircraft had its maiden flight on August 15, 2005 in Seattle, WA and after a short flight in was disassembled, packed and shipped by air to Manching, its new home base.
After reassembly and ground testing, it flew for the first time on April 25, 2006 under the hands of Horst Philipp. In May 2006, the aircraft celebrated its European premiere at the ILA 2006 in Berlin-Schönefeld.
At AIRPOWER22, this specimen will be on display in the Flying Display. | aerospace |
https://legacy.tswdb.com/missions/scorched-desert/the-little-drone-that-could | 2022-10-05T16:26:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337631.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005140739-20221005170739-00218.warc.gz | 0.895624 | 172 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__105068531 | en | The Little Drone That Could
|Scorched Desert||Inactive Drone (410,710)||50 160 4 170 2|
Objective: Activate the drone
Interact with the inactive drone on the ground
Objective: Find out where the drone is going
Follow the drone, it moves pretty fast, but it will sometimes go in a certain direction only to turn around a few seconds later.
You will be ambushed by Locusts three times along the way. The drone will fall to the ground. When you have defeated them, reactivate the drone to continue.
Eventually, you will end up in Lisa Hui’s camp. Go inside the tent or behind it to finish the mission. There should be another mission there for the drone. | aerospace |
https://panchoamelia.com/product/poison-x-alps-ltf-en-d/ | 2023-06-05T14:25:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652116.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605121635-20230605151635-00711.warc.gz | 0.915302 | 202 | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-23__0__164125973 | en | skywalk Poison X-ALPS – LTF/EN: D
There is probably no better proving ground for a high performance wing than the Red Bull X-Alps. This was impressively proved by our team pilots Paul Guschlbauer, Stephan Gruber and Ivan Colas. A glider, flown by 3 different high class pilots, that withstands the world’s toughest adventure race over a 1000 kilometer route across the Alps has just the right qualities that performance-oriented XC pilots are looking for.
The POISON X-ALPS is the consequential further development of the X-ALPS2, which was produced in a small series with CCC homologation. Slight changes to trim have increased its performance and responsiveness. More robust top sail material, optimized lines and more clearly laid out risers make the POISON X-ALPS the ideal XC wing for top-pilots.
Link to the Poison page | aerospace |
http://www.stewart.army.mil/staff/ALO.asp | 2014-04-24T02:38:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223204388.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032004-00451-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.856836 | 131 | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2014-15__0__20874787 | en | AIR LIAISON OFFICER
Roles and Responsibilities
The ALO represents the Joint/Combined Forces Air Component Commander as a member of the Division Commander’s staff. The ALO provides subject matter expertise to lead, plan, and manage Commandand- Control and terminal execution of Air, Space, and Cyber operations in direct support of land component forces. The ALO develops fire support coordination plans to include Close Air Support (CAS), Air Interdiction (AI), Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), Electronic Warfare (EW), and Suppression/Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD/DEAD). | aerospace |
https://coldfury.com/2020/03/22/shredded/ | 2023-02-07T14:42:02 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500619.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207134453-20230207164453-00612.warc.gz | 0.960744 | 613 | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-06__0__109931191 | en | Mechanic ‘Accidentally’ Fires Vulcan Cannon & Obliterates F-16 Sitting on the Runway
The F-16, hit by the cannon fire, caught fire and exploded having recently been refuelled and made ready for a training sortie due to take place later that day. Another aircraft received minor damage.
If anyone ever needed a reminder of the lethal dangers of working with live munitions, then a recent incident at Florennes Air Base in Belgium is the ultimate wake-up call.
It is thought a maintenance worker accidentally activated the six-barrel 20mm Vulcan M61A-1 cannon hitting another plane parked on the runway.
“You can’t help thinking of what a disaster this could have been,” he said. The area was secured and checked to ensure there was no further discharge of toxic substances.
They have pics of the smoking ruins, and they’re…gruesome. Naturally, the BAF brass SPRANG into action right away:
The Belgian Air Force was reluctant to discuss the cause of the incident until the full investigation had been completed but were quick to condemn Belgian newspaper De Standaard for an article for unfairly lampooning the Air Force for destroying one of its own aircraft.
“Unfairly”? A little history, which is always of interest to a geek like moi.
Two fighter squadrons, 1 Squadron, formed in 1917, and 350 Squadron formed in 1942 in Britain during World War Two, are based at Florennes.
The base was used by the German Luftwaffe during WWII up until its capture by the Allies in September 1944. Ju88, Bf110 night-fighters and Focke-Wulf Fw190 day-fighters were based at the airfield.
Following capture the Allies based the USAAF 430th Fighter Squadron here flying ground attack missions with P38 Lockheed Lightnings. At night the Americans flew Northrop P-61 Black Widows with the 422nd Night Fighter Squadron.
My fellow military-aviation buffs will be quite familiar with the hallowed P38, whose proud escutcheon is currently being disgraced by the F35 Lightning II. Amusingly, the less well-known Black Widow looks quite similar:
The F-16, Fighting Falcon was developed by General Dynamics for the US Air Force as a superiority day-fighter and proved to be a versatile all-weather aircraft.
It’s also proved to be capable of kicking the crap out of the F35 in a dogfight—a bit of an unfair comparison, maybe, since avoiding a dogfight altogether is kinda the whole point behind the F35’s overall design.
Via MisHum, who quips: “We’ve all had bad days at work, amirite? I don’t think your day was ever quite this bad.” God, I should hope not. | aerospace |
http://www.paragonuav.com/armattan-kojak-flight-controller/ | 2017-10-22T17:28:59 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00054.warc.gz | 0.961279 | 160 | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-43__0__249832129 | en | Good Naze flight controller, better that it's rev5 than rev6 with all the gyro issues, quality flight controller, it's on sale now but when I ordered it was 25$, so slightly overpriced, at 12.50$ it can't be beat.
Posted by Jonas on 2016 Feb 10th
Cheap flight controller and I have even experienced less problems with the Mullet than with abusemarks acro controller.
Watch your eyes, the LEDs are really bright on this model :-)
Posted by Jon.m.barter on 2015 May 16th
No issues, came with everything I needed, sharp looking and the mullet logo adds good humor.
Bought three total. One was a dud unfortunately, only reason for 4 rather than 5. stars. | aerospace |
https://www.challoners.com/c/news/september-2012/engineering-enthusiasm | 2022-08-11T03:30:04 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571232.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811012302-20220811042302-00181.warc.gz | 0.976207 | 304 | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-33__0__15349873 | en | 21st September 2012
The summer term ended with an interesting visit for a group of engineering enthusiasts when they travelled down to the Farnborough International Air show. To start the day they attended two lectures, one on the future of flying presented by Airbus which demonstrated how flying may evolve in the future, the introduction of greater speed, comfort and more environmentally friendly aircraft. The second lecture was on how planes fly, discussing various new materials which are being used in modern aircraft and how planes actually gain lift.
An area called the "innovation zone" was the next target for the eleven students and two staff. This area contained many demonstrations from various universities and companies related to aircraft and the production of aircraft. These included ideas such as a robot which could solve a Rubik's cube in roughly 2 minutes, or the scale model of a jet engine made out of Lego which caught the student’s imagination and showed there really is no limit to what you can do. As for the air show itself, it was a spectacle that could only be matched by the sheer amount of noise some of the jets created. There were aircraft ranging from the Airbus A380 to the F-18 fighter jet. These aircraft did not fail to impress with their manoeuvrability and speed. The F-18 felt like it was creating its own earthquake every time it passed by, and left everyone extremely impressed.
Overall it was a very exciting day and one that has really shown the students the range of career opportunities available in the aircraft industry. | aerospace |
https://www.broadlinehardware.com/civil-aviation/aircraft-parts/ | 2024-04-19T19:08:14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296817442.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20240419172411-20240419202411-00315.warc.gz | 0.879247 | 405 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__184960395 | en | If you are seeking items belonging to popular civil aviation part categories like Angle-Lower Firewall, Axle Washbasin, Angle Prox Switch, Adapter Assy-Hydraulic Pump, Apu Fuel Shroud Drain Rh Tube, or others, look no further than our expansive selection of offerings here on Broadline Hardware. You are currently exploring our civil aviation part types catalog, where we have listed every category of civil aviation product we offer in alphabetical order for your ease of search. Feel free to explore our vast collection as you see fit, and if you happen to take an interest in any parts that are marked as available, you are always welcome to request a quote for your comparisons with our online RFQ forms.
With AS9120B, ISO 9001:2015, and FAA AC 00-56B accreditation, we strive to provide the best options on the market through our rigorous quality assurance practices and dedication to industry regulations. More than that, we strictly adhere to a NO CHINA SOURCING pledge, meaning that every item we carry is authentic and can be easily tracked across the supply-chain network. If you are ready to see how we can help you secure all you require from leading manufacturers with competitive price offerings and fast lead times, connect with our staff today.
Warrantied inventory at
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We sell only warrantied
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“We Proudly Support Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund that serves United States Military Personal experiencing the Invisible Wounds of War : Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS). Please visit website (www.fallenheroesfund.org) and help in their valiant effort”.
We Hope that You Will Visit Us Again the Next Time You Need Aircraft Parts and Make Us Your Strategic Purchasing Partner.Request for Quote | aerospace |
https://propvistaaviation.com/aircraft/king-air-300/ | 2023-09-28T13:21:12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00017.warc.gz | 0.934503 | 789 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__78454967 | en | In the world of aviation, there are aircraft that stand out as exceptional in terms of performance, design, and comfort. One such aircraft that has earned its place among the aviation elite is the King Air 300. This versatile turboprop aircraft has a rich history, offers top-notch design and performance, ensures cabin comfort, boasts impressive range and performance, incorporates cutting-edge technological innovations, and truly stands out in its class. In this blog, we delve into the King Air 300 and uncover the reasons behind its enduring appeal.
History and Development
The King Air 300, part of the Beechcraft King Air series, has a storied history that dates back to the 1960s. Beech Aircraft, now a part of Textron Aviation, introduced the King Air series to the world, setting a benchmark for twin-turboprop aircraft. Over the years, the King Air family has undergone numerous upgrades and refinements, with the King Air 300 being a standout in the lineup. Introduced in the mid-1980s, it has since undergone several iterations, each one improving upon the last, making it a trusted choice for both civilian and military applications.
Design and Performance
The King Air 300 boasts a sleek and aerodynamic design, ensuring not only aesthetic appeal but also optimal efficiency in the air. Its distinctive T-tail design enhances its stability, while the swept-blade propellers reduce noise and increase fuel efficiency. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney PT6A-60A turboprop engines, this aircraft is capable of cruising at impressive speeds while maintaining exceptional fuel efficiency. Its robust landing gear allows it to operate from short and unprepared runways, giving it unmatched versatility.
When it comes to cabin comfort, the King Air 300 shines. Its spacious interior is meticulously designed to provide a luxurious and comfortable experience for passengers. With seating configurations that can accommodate up to nine passengers, this aircraft offers ample legroom and large windows that provide excellent natural light and breathtaking views. The noise insulation ensures a quiet and peaceful cabin environment, enhancing the overall travel experience.
Range and Performance
The King Air 300 has a remarkable range, allowing it to cover vast distances without the need for frequent refueling stops. With a maximum range of approximately 1,700 nautical miles, it’s well-suited for both short-haul and long-haul flights. Additionally, it can reach altitudes of up to 35,000 feet, flying above most weather systems and ensuring a smooth and comfortable ride.
One of the factors that truly sets the King Air 300 apart is its incorporation of cutting-edge technology. Avionics systems like the Collins Pro Line 21 integrated flight deck provide pilots with advanced navigation and communication tools, enhancing safety and efficiency. Moreover, the aircraft is equipped with state-of-the-art weather radar and collision avoidance systems, further underlining its commitment to passenger and crew safety.
Why King Air 300 Stands Out
The King Air 300 stands out not just because of its individual attributes but due to its ability to seamlessly combine performance, comfort, and versatility. Its adaptability for various missions, including executive transport, cargo, and medical evacuation, makes it a favorite among operators and charter companies. Its longstanding reputation for reliability and durability cements its position as a trusted workhorse in the aviation industry.
In conclusion, the King Air 300 is a testament to the evolution of aviation technology. From its rich history and development to its outstanding design, cabin comfort, range, and technological innovations, it consistently exceeds expectations. This aircraft’s ability to adapt to various roles, combined with its exceptional performance, has made it a beloved choice in the world of aviation. Whether you’re a business executive seeking efficient travel or an adventurer looking for the ultimate exploration tool, the King Air 300 is sure to deliver an exceptional flying experience. | aerospace |
http://www.matrixbarcelona.com/page/562/ | 2022-05-23T08:15:53 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662556725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523071517-20220523101517-00708.warc.gz | 0.93871 | 246 | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-21__0__19040925 | en | Thank you for visiting the two-seat Sherwood Scout. We formerly offered Sherwood’s single-place Kub. Now, well known Uk journalist, Dave Unwin — master pilot of numerous aircraft of widely varying kinds — reviews the united kingdom company’s Scout model. All pictures are by British professional professional photographer extraordinaire, Keith Wilson. Because of both men. Enjoy! —DJ
A handsome high-wing, side-by-side two seater, Scout’s lineage extends back to 1983, whenever Dean Wilson’s trendsetter-to-be Avid Flyer was initially introduced.
Their often-imitated design had been the foundation for Kitfox, Rocky Mountain’s Ridge Runner in addition to Flying K Sky Raider. The second morphed to the simply Aircraft Escapade.
If the Light Aircraft Company — TLAC — purchased the style in 2013 the very first thing Paul Hendry-Smith along with his group did was implement a significant range improvements to both its design and construction. | aerospace |
https://www.avsensors.com/single-post/breaking-barriers-unleashing-advanced-performance-with-24-bit-resolution-pressure-sensors | 2023-12-01T02:39:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100264.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201021234-20231201051234-00377.warc.gz | 0.904777 | 648 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__118615889 | en | Breaking Barriers: Unleashing Advanced Performance with 24-Bit Resolution Pressure Sensors
In the dynamic world of sensor technology, precision and accuracy are paramount. As industries evolve and demand more sophisticated solutions, the role of pressure sensors becomes increasingly crucial. Among the recent breakthroughs in sensor resolution, the advent of 24-bit resolution has opened new frontiers for advanced performance, revolutionizing the capabilities of pressure sensors
Understanding Resolution: Resolution in pressure sensors refers to the smallest change in pressure that the sensor can detect. It is a critical factor in determining the sensor's precision and ability to capture subtle variations in pressure readings. The traditional 14-bit and 16-bit resolution sensors have been the industry standard for years, offering decent performance for many applications. However, as technology progresses, the need for higher precision has become more apparent.
The Power of 24-Bit Resolution: Imagine a pressure sensor that can distinguish between minute pressure changes with unparalleled accuracy. This is precisely what 24-bit resolution brings to the table. In comparison to its predecessors, a 24-bit pressure sensor can detect pressure changes at an incredibly fine level, providing a resolution that was previously thought to be unattainable.
Enhanced Sensitivity: One of the primary advantages of 24-bit resolution is its ability to capture even the slightest changes in pressure. This enhanced sensitivity makes it ideal for applications where precision is paramount, such as medical devices, aerospace, and scientific instrumentation systems. The sensor can now detect pressure variations that were previously undetectable, allowing for more nuanced and accurate data.
Greater Dynamic Range: The expanded dynamic range of 24-bit resolution sensors enables them to handle a broader spectrum of pressure levels. This versatility is particularly valuable in applications where pressure fluctuations can be extreme. Industries dealing with rapid changes in altitude, fluid dynamics, or highly sensitive systems benefit greatly from a sensor that can adapt to varying pressure conditions seamlessly.
Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio: With 24-bit ADC resolution, pressure sensors can deliver a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This means that the sensor can distinguish the signal (actual pressure data) from background noise more effectively. This improved SNR ensures that the sensor provides reliable and accurate readings in real-world environments, even in challenging conditions.
Precision in Critical Environments: In fields such as healthcare, where precise monitoring is crucial, or in industrial settings where the slightest deviation can lead to significant consequences, 24-bit resolution pressure sensors become invaluable. Their ability to maintain accuracy in critical environments sets a new standard for performance in demanding applications.
As technology continues to advance, the pressure sensor industry is at the forefront of innovation. The introduction of 24-bit resolution represents a leap forward in performance, unlocking new opportunities for industries that demand the utmost precision and accuracy. Whether it's in medical devices, aerospace or industrial applications, the 24-bit resolution pressure sensor is a game-changer, redefining the possibilities of what can be achieved in the world of sensor technology. Embrace the future of sensing with 24-bit resolution – where precision meets limitless potential.
John Valentini, Business Development AV Sensors (email@example.com) | aerospace |
https://robedgcumbe.com/tag/armstrong/ | 2024-04-22T21:58:44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712296818374.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20240422211055-20240423001055-00622.warc.gz | 0.984367 | 196 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__147229495 | en | Edwards AFB might be the home of the USAF flight test center but it is also home for NASA’s Armstrong test center. Consequently, NASA was included in the flying display. They put up a three ship formation that mad a series of passes. The formation was led by a Gulfstream with an F-15 and an F/A-18 on the wing tips. The Eagle is one that has been with NASA for years and is painted in a white scheme. The Hornet was still in Strike Test colors from Pax River but I have no idea how long it has been with NASA.
The two jets also did some demonstrations of sonic booms as they maneuvered high above the crowd with the booms reaching the ground at different times depending on how high they had been created. The sound was also modified by the maneuvering of the jet. Formations like this don’t appear regularly at air shows so this was a welcome addition to the flying program. | aerospace |
https://www.aerocrewnews.com/author/vesselinslaveykov/ | 2021-03-01T10:51:24 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362481.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301090526-20210301120526-00222.warc.gz | 0.953761 | 225 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__47590806 | en | The thought of flying has passionately fueled me ever since I was a kid. I fell in love with aviation when I was on my first flight, emigrating from Bulgaria to the United States. My dream of becoming a pilot became a reality when I earned my undergraduate degree in Aeronautical Science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in 2011. Dedication and focus led me to become an airline pilot and a co-founder of Professional Pilots of Tomorrow, teaching me the importance of communication, strategic planning and development. I am keen to learn, motivate others and improve the aviation industry.
Aero Crew News is a pilot-hiring magazine designed for pilots by pilots. Most months, we feature a mainline carrier, a regional carrier or a charter company that includes valuable information about the company, plus an interview gouge provided by an interviewer. Each month's issue of Aero Crew News also includes a variety of relevant articles, industry news, and a reference grid that compares more than 30 contractual aspects of three dozen airlines' pilot contracts. The Grid is continuously updated with current information and additional airlines' contracts. | aerospace |
https://te-parts.ru/cosmonauts-struggle-with-problems-due-to-air-leaks/ | 2021-09-19T01:36:43 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056656.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919005057-20210919035057-00108.warc.gz | 0.967298 | 636 | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-39__0__170105874 | en | Cosmonauts struggle with air supply problems in Russian part of International Space Station (ISS) because of a leak. The space travelers now had to find the leak, because the oxygen reserves were getting smaller, reported the state agency Tass after a switch between the ISS and the control center in Moscow. It is not clear where exactly the leak is located in a transition to the module "Zvezda" ("Star"), said an expert on Earth. The problem with air leakage and prere drop in the module has existed since August.
Time is running out, the problem must be solved, said the flight control center. Cosmonaut Sergei Ryzhkov on the ISS said that the air was leaking from a passage to the module "Zvezda" evade. It is unclear exactly where. Discussions are now underway to hermetically seal off this part of the module so as not to endanger the air supply. This will affect the work on the ISS, it said.
Searching for leaks with tea bags
"Everything is under control", said the head of the Russian space agency Roskosmos, Dmitry Rogozin, on Saturday. "There are still reserves", he appeased. In February also fly a new "Progress"-space freighter with oxygen reserves. Should it be necessary to supply additional oxygen to the ISS, U.S. partners at Nasa could deliver oxygen using their own unmanned transporter.
As early as October, the crew believed that they would be able to find a new home in a transitional part of the "Swesda"-module to have found the crack. The astronauts had used a tea bag for this purpose, which moved towards the leak in weightlessness. The hole, about 4.5 centimeters long, was plugged. The cause of the leak was unclear. Later it turned out that air continued to escape. Even a space mission in November did not bring more clarity.
"Time for retirement"
Russia’s space agency Roskosmos had always stressed that there was no immediate danger to the crew of the ISS. Space chief Rogozin said there was constant contact with the crew. According to his presentation, small meteorites could impact the body of the station and "Investigation processes" of the metal accelerate. Some of the modules produced in Soviet times – some 30 years ago – were intended to be used for only 15 years.
The station now let it be known: "It is time for me to retire", said Rogozin. Although the wounds were further "go healed"; but it is coming to an end. That’s why a new human eagle post is now being considered. Rogosin meinte, dass die ISS noch bis 2024 sicher durchhalte, vielleicht auch bis 2028.
The space station, which is more than 20 years old, is subject to repeated breakdowns. Most recently, there have also been problems with the power supply and the toilet facilities. There are currently seven astronauts – two Russians, four Americans and one Japanese – on the station, which is located about 400 kilometers above the Earth. | aerospace |
http://www.kippreport.com/fcs/dubai-aerospace-enterprise/ | 2015-11-29T12:38:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398457799.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205417-00002-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.931762 | 270 | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-48__0__77724861 | en | This marks the fifth consecutive quarter of real estate price slowdownNovember 29, 2015 2:41
Dubai Aerospace Enterprise
The state-owned aviation group was the second biggest buyer at the Farnborough this year, and its educational arm has just entered into a partnership with MIT.
July 22, 2008 1:35 by kippreport
DAE was started in 2006 with the aim to invest $15bn in the aerospace sector by 2015. The company has got some very heavy backers; its shareholders include the Dubai government, Emaar, Istithmar, Dubai Airport Free Zone Authority, Dubai International Capital, Dubai International Financial Centre and Amlak Finance.
The company hopes to target its airport development operations in China and India, and also offer engineering and engines manufacturing facilities to global aerospace players.
Headquartered in Dubai, DAE is planning an aerospace complex at Dubai World Central – the 140 sq km new airport and logistics city being constructed in Jebel Ali, which is expected to become the world’s largest aviation hub.
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Banks in UAE slash 350 jobs | aerospace |
http://cometfestival.com/index.php/comets/learning-sungra/ | 2019-01-16T18:07:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583657557.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20190116175238-20190116201238-00106.warc.gz | 0.913074 | 370 | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-04__0__29455433 | en | What Sungrazing Comets Reveal
Sungrazing comets can tell us much about the viagra side effect dynamic forces that assault it when the comet and discount viagra levitra tail interact with the levitra profesional sun's magnetic fields. When Comet Lovejoy passed exceedingly close to the sun in 2011, most people expected it to have an ignoble ending, but instead its tail was like a tracer that contorted and broke apart along the magnetic lines of the sun, as shown in fascinating NASA video from spacecraft. It's no wonder NASA is marshaling resources to study the passage of Comet ISON as it bears down on the sun.
Structure on the sun's surface is fairly easy to fake viagra prescription see as loops such as prominences, but in the sun's upper atmosphere the levitra canada prescription task is harder. Energetic oxygen interacting with Comet Lovejoy's tail glowed bright enough for NASA scientists to reconstruct the sun's field lines with an indication of their strength, too. The wispy comet tail was just bright enough to trace out out some upper atmosphere structure. The NASA video points out that observing sungrazing comets may tell "how hot material in the sun's corona cools and where that energy goes."
Within the first five million miles encircling the sun, charged particles emerging from the sun actually ramp up in speed from about 250,000 miles per hour to over one million miles per hour. Comet tails blown along the solar wind are distinguishable like a leaf in a stream, allowing astronomers to study the mechanism that causes the solar wind to accelerate myseriously.
Comet ISON may be a visual treat for the casual skygazer, but for the scientific community it is a target that merits close observation. | aerospace |
https://saflyer.com/which-is-best-the-c-130j-vs-c-390/ | 2024-03-01T15:39:55 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00032.warc.gz | 0.958605 | 2,036 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__142394472 | en | With the crash of a SAAF C-130BZ Hercules in Goma in early January, South Africa’s search and rescue mission capability is also woefully inadequate, particularly since the retirement of the SAAF 35 Squadron C-47TP turbine Dakota ‘Dakeltons’.
Meanwhile across the south Atlantic, the industrious Brazilians got on with building the aerospace industry South Africa could have had on the back of the former government’s massive investment in armaments self-sufficiency. One of the more interesting products to come out of the now massive Embraer factories is the C-390 airlifter, now called the C-390 Millennium.
Is this not the aircraft that the SAAF should be replacing its C-130 Hercs with? And in retrospect, the Embraer programme was probably the one Denel should have partnered with, rather than Airbus on the A400M.
And what of the venerable Herc? After dominating the medium-lift military tactical market for decades, Lockheed Martin might have good reason to feel uneasy about the C-390’s threat to its C-130J. With Embraer’s tie-up with Boeing, the Brazilians have said that they will sell the C-390 through a joint venture with the Americans. Embraer also plans to use the American company’s leverage to procure parts and services at keener prices – which should get the C-390 price down.
The C-390 won’t be the first aircraft to try beat the Herc. “The C-130 has always been there. People have been afraid to challenge it. People have tried to nibble away at it and gotten beaten down,” says Richard Aboulafia, writing for FlightGlobal.
Other notable contenders have been Airbus with its overengineered, overpriced and underperforming A400M, and the Russians with their old IL-76 and An-124, and the still in development Antonov An-77. Compared with the hundreds of fighters and helicopters that roll off assembly lines each year, the military transport market is not big. Nonetheless, Embraer is determined to get a piece of it. The South American firm may have a chance. “You are getting a lot of cargo box for the money. It’s a lot of lift and a lot of box,” says Aboulafia. “It’s probably the best single design in its class.”
Here in southern Africa, loyalty to the Herc remains strong. Safair was at one time the biggest single private operator of the C-130 in the world. In 2014 Safair signed a letter of intent for the purchase of 10 L-100Js, the civilian version of the C-130J. I asked their Kirby Gordon whether they would consider the C-390 as a replacement for their C-130s. He reckons that despite their earlier intent, “Safair now have no specific intention or instruction to take delivery of any C-130J or L-100J as the immediate issue is that neither is presently commercially certified.” But he also said that “given the choice we would take the Herc”.
Medium-lift transports are tasked with carrying out a wide variety of missions, including troop transport, medical evacuation, cargo air drop, fire bombing, paratrooper air drop, aerial refuelling, maritime patrol, and search and rescue. The C-130 has also been modified to fill several niche roles as an intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft, an electronic warfare platform and even a gunship called Spooky – that was genuinely shock and awe inspiring.
Embraer reckons its swept wing makes its C-390 jet the most efficient in the market. According to Embraer, a fleet of six C-390s flying 1,350nm (2,500km) round trips were able to deliver 500t and 1,000 passengers in less than two days. The company claims that’s 40% faster than the C-130J.
The C-390 also comes with the lowest life cycle cost in the medium airlift market, says Embraer. Much of that comes from systems and know-how integrated into the military transport from the Brazilian manufacturer’s commercial airline business, such as the V2500-E5 engine from IAE and the ProLine Fusion Avionics from Collins.
For its part, Lockheed Martin VP Tony Frese doesn’t argue about the advantages of the C-390’s speed and altitude. Rather, he argues that those capabilities are irrelevant. He says that most customers want a tactical aircraft that can fly low, slow and heavy – characteristics which require a turboprop. “These are just the physics behind the mission that really drive you to a four-engine, turboprop, straight-wing aircraft,” he says. “People ask me, if you designed an aircraft in 2019 that was a tactical airlifter, what would it look like? I tell them it would look a lot like a C-130. The advantage of a turboprop on a C-130 is that it’s a constant speed engine. You are just changing the pitch of the propeller in order to get more thrust,” says Frese. “So that pitch could be changed very rapidly.” He says turbofans – such as the C-390’s– can’t keep up due to the extra time it takes to spool-up. And that is important for getting out of tight spaces while air dropping fire retardant or cargo or evading enemy ground fire. “You need thrust to climb out. You need thrust to turn sharply and maintain speed,” says Frese. “Any time you can do that more quickly you are going to be more manoeuvrable.”
Embraer counters that the C-390 is more than capable at low speeds, thanks to its nimble fly-by-wire system and huge flaps. They point out that it can perform in-flight refuelling for helicopters at 120kt. This is a feat that Airbus struggled for years to get right with its A400M, so all the more credit to the Brazilians.
Lockheed Martin doesn’t take those claims lying down and says that a turbofan will be vulnerable on dirt (austere) landing strips if debris is sucked into its engines, especially when using reverse thrust. For its part, Embraer says that is irrelevant because of the high position of its engines. In turn, it criticises Lockheed Martin’s turboprop configuration by saying that the six-blade composite propellers found on the C-130J are expensive to replace if damaged. The Embraer uses just two readily available commercial jet engines, versus the four turboprop engines so C-390 maintenance will be significantly cheaper.
The C-390 may not be quite as go-anywhere as the C-130 Herc but very few situations call for the full bush plane capability of the Herc. FlightGlobal points out that the US uses the C-130 as a real battlefield truck that can land in hot conditions. But very few flights call for austere runway operations. It’s notable that the SAAF Hercs operate on long tarred runways. Yet the only accident to a C-390 to date is of all things – a runway overrun of one of the longest runways in the world – at Gavião Peixoto.
Embraer’s biggest C-390 customer is naturally the Brazilian Air Force, which has placed 27 firm orders according to Cirium’s Fleets Analyzer. The service received its first production aircraft in September last year. There are also 38 letters of intent (LoI) from international customers, including six from Argentina, six from Chile, 12 from Colombia, two from the Czech Republic, six from Portugal, and six from Lisbon-based SkyTech.
If South Africa so desperately needs a Herc replacement – why doesn’t it get in line for the C-390? The truth is it has tried a number of times to fulfil its transport and maritime patrol needs – but no
longer has the money. Our Defence columnist Darren Olivier explains that they have had a number of projects to fund this requirement: “Project Metsi was for Maritime Patrol and surveillance, replacing the C-47TPs in the maritime role but introducing a real intervention capability which includes the ability to drop sonobuoys or even torpedoes. Project Kiepie was for a light/medium transport to replace Casa 212s and C-47TPs. And project Kanfer was for a multi-engine medium transport, to replace the C-130BZs.
The earlier Project Saucepan was specifically for maritime patrol a function the C-390 is unarguably better at than the Herc due to its Mach 0.8 cruise speed and range. Embraer points out that in a search and rescue mission with a typical 1,250 nautical mile radius, a C-390 could cover the ground two hours faster than even the fastest turboprop. However, it would be interesting to know what the C-390’s loiter time is at 1250 nm compared to a SC-130J.
Given the catastrophe of the mismanagement and looting of state- owned enterprises, particularly Eskom and SAA, there is no money left for anything. So, there will be no long range search and rescue for missing airliners over the ocean – and the Chinese trawlers can rape South Africa’s territorial waters with impunity. The right aircraft for the job is the C-390, but it is further out of reach than ever before. | aerospace |
http://www.spencermagnet.com/content/elk-creek-man-working-ky-spacecraft | 2016-06-29T14:35:07 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.960207 | 1,080 | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2016-26__0__112367509 | en | - Special Sections
- Public Notices
Local resident, Mike Schulte, is one of the student engineers working on the Kentucky Spacecraft, KySat-1 satellite program NASA has recently chosen to fly on a mission in mid 2009.
Schulte and his wife, Laura, both 1978 graduates of Jeffersontown High School, have lived in Elk Creek for several years.
With his own amateur satellite tracking system in his back yard, Schulte is able to track the satellites of his choice, adding that anyone can visit the NASA Web site and get information on satellites and when they will be passing over.
Being interested in how these things work could explain how Schulte got where he is today.
“High speed action! The idea of shooting a bullet with a bullet is cool: especially when that bullet is taking the form of a missile that happens to be heading your way,” said Schulte. “I don’t know whether or not my abilities will ever reach this level; but, I want to at least try and learn the science and engineering behind it. Landing a probe on the Moon is another such challenge. Landing people and returning them home, miraculous.”
Schulte, a non-traditional, full-time mechanical engineering student at Jefferson Community and Technical College which is a part of Kentucky Community and Technical College, works with other students from universities in the state such as the University of Kentucky, Moorehead, Murray, Western Kentucky and the University of Louisville.
The Kentucky Space program is an association not only between universities, but public organizations and companies and, according to a press release from Governor Steve Beshear, has launched sub-orbital and near space missions.
The selection by NASA marks a historical first for not only the Kentucky Space program and for Kentucky, but for NASA as well. This will be the first launch of university built satellites into orbit by NASA.
Schulte said his main focus at this time is helping with “developing an environmental testing facility on UK’s campus where we can simulate the space environment for the purpose of testing the small, approximately four-cubic-inch, satellite. With this facility, we will be able to fix the satellite’s various components when they break. We hope to find and fix all components before they are sent up.”
The satellite itself, the KySat-1, is the first of its kind ever built in Kentucky. It is shaped like a cube, powered by solar energy and weighs just over two lbs. Once the satellite’s onboard computer confirms it has been released into orbit, Kentucky Space ground controllers in Kentucky will operate the satellite for the 18-24 month mission.
The hopes are that, after it is in orbit and verified to be working as it should be said Schulte, students of all ages around Kentucky and the world, will be able to access the satellite. By utilizing amatuer and HAM radio tracking systems, students can ask the satellite questions such as “how fast are you going?” and with a human generated voice, the satellite could respond. Students will also be able to ask it to take a picture from where it is right then, and receive the image.
Schulte said anyone can obtain free software that would enable them to track satellites, one way being to google SATPC32, follow the directions and be ready to go into orbit.
People do not have to live in Florida or California to get into this line of work, as Schulte is a perfect example. There are opportunities available right in your own back yard.
“While I am not interested in visiting space, scaffold work was plenty high for me,” said Schulte. “The students in this program are positioned on a path that could well lead to jobs involving space flight.”
Shulte said the group he is part of wants to gain the ability to launch at least one small satellite into space per year.
Satellites from the University of Colorado and Montana State University were also chosen for the mission.
Schulte said Moorehead University and UK are “going full boil on this.” And that Moorehead not only has a satellite tracking dish, but is building a Space Science Center on campus, which will allow students to go into fields such as astro-physics and interplanetary studies. UK has a testing center on campus which the group Schulte works with, utilizes to perform tests to the cube checking for thermal stress. This refers to any joints or spots on the cube that could be weakened while in orbit due to temperature changes from it passing from sunlight to dark.
The hardest part for Schulte is the traveling. He spends a lot of time in Lexington as well as time at Moorehead. The group communicates via the Internet, teleconferencing and meetings online which, Schulte said, can be difficult. But, the results are well worth it.
“It is hoped that the Kentuckians who dream of working in space exploration,” said Schulte. “will need to look no further than their own state for even greater space systems experience than is here already.” | aerospace |
http://www.teapartytribune.com/2012/11/21/mars-attacks/ | 2018-04-23T23:29:06 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946256.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423223408-20180424003408-00208.warc.gz | 0.922485 | 933 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__16779809 | en | By Mr. Curmudgeon:
Back in the late 1990s, I wrote a story concerning NASA’s proposed Mars Sample Return Mission: An ambitious plan to land a probe on the Red Planet, collect soil samples, rocket them to an orbiting capsule, and back to Earth.
During my research, I came across a curious factoid: Six months earlier, NASA created the Office of Planetary Protection to shield “Earth from possible life forms that may be returned from other solar system bodies.” In a telephone conversation with the office’s director, John Rummel, he informed me that NASA had previously tasked him with planet-protecting duties … but in a part-time capacity. That provided the perfect lead for my story: “Not so long ago, the role of guarding the Earth from extraterrestrial invaders was only a part-time job.”
Then the story took a strange turn. I discovered NASA was working with the Center for Disease Control to develop protocols for handling extraterrestrial material, even designing a portable bio-container to deposit Mars soil samples soon after the probe holding them crash-landed in the soft mud flats of a military test range in Utah.
According to NASA documents, Martian soil samples would be given a bio-safety level 4 designation – the same as the deadly Ebola virus – until proven safe.
An ominous report issued by the National Academy of Sciences (“The Quarantine and Certification of Martian Samples”) states, “Central to the topic of quarantining samples and certifying them for release from quarantine is the problem of detecting life in them, that is, determining if life is present or has recently been present. The problem is compounded by the possibility of life forms that function and reproduce in a manner outside the range of experiences with terrestrial [Earth] life.”
Then I happened upon the International Committee Against the Mars Sample Return website. “In light of the loss due to human error of many of the spacecraft sent to Mars over the course of the space age, the International Committee Against Mars Sample Return (ICAMSR) urges the scientific and environmental communities to consider avoiding the return of Martian samples directly to Earth as problems with electronic circuitry malfunctions are common as well as accidental impacts.” They suggest using the International Space Station as a safe, off-planet venue for studying Martian soil samples.
However, one paragraph on the website captured my attention: “Two NASA Viking … astrobiologists, Gilbert V. Levin and Patricia Ann Straat, have published numerous papers stating … they discovered living microorganisms in Martian soil,” and that an “instrument put on both Viking Mars landers tested Martian soil nine times under a variety of conditions at two different landing sites.”
Living microorganisms discovered on Mars by two American space probes from the 1970s? Could this be true? Poring over NASA documents relating to the Viking missions, I was shocked to find that they confirmed microbial life was indeed detected … but credited the findings to “exotic chemistry.”
That’s when I called astrobiologist Gilbert Levin for a chat. “Microorganisms thrive in the sand dunes of Death Valley,” Levin told me, “and there would be just about that much moisture present on Mars.” Levin insisted returning Martian soil to Earth posed a risk, “You’ve only got one Earth. You don’t take that risk if you’re rational.”
Last Tuesday, National Public Radio reported the SAM chemical analyzer onboard the Mars Curiosity rover detected something that “is gonna be one for the history books, it looks really good,” Curiosity’s principle investigator John P. Grotzinger told NPR.
Although Grotzingerr refused to say what exactly the rover discovered – waiting for additional verification – speculation in the scientific press suggests the rover may have found evidence of past … or existing microbial life.
“Is there any evidence of life in the planet’s past?” asks the Jet Propulsion Laboratory website, “If so, could any of these tiny living creatures still exist today? Imagine how exciting it would be to answer, ‘Yes!!’”
The discovery will likely be announced at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union gathering in San Francisco early this December.
The question then arises: Will NASA attempt to bring to Earth what lurks in the red Martian soil of Gale Crater?
Will Curiosity kill the cat? | aerospace |
http://m.changyigrinder.com/info/cnc-internal-grinding-machine-to-manufacture-e-39815343.html | 2021-02-26T00:27:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178355944.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20210226001221-20210226031221-00340.warc.gz | 0.963556 | 407 | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-10__0__133796049 | en | The CNC industry is an ever-changing industry, sleeping on the rapid development of electronic technology. CNC is more and more widely used in enterprises and workshops. The most important point of the CNC machine tool was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which was a specialized device for the manufacture of aircraft spiral rotors. Due to the immature technology at the time, CNC machine tools can only be linked by two axes, and the machining accuracy is not very high. However, compared with the traditional machine tools of the society at that time, it still has considerable advantages. Some people say that World War II was the world's peace-loving people who defeated fascism. CNC machine tools should also be counted as one of the heroes. He made the aircraft spiral rotor, which solved the insurmountable technical problem and greatly improved the performance of the aircraft. It is the flight distance that is extended and the combat time continues. For the final victory, we took the initiative of time and established an air defense network to cooperate with the ground forces. With the passage of time, the new generation of electronic products, the size of CNC machine tools is gradually reduced, and the distribution box is also integrated into the machine tool.
CNC internal grinding machine is the product of the numerical control era, because it needs to improve the flight time of the aircraft, the load capacity of the aircraft, and the fuel cost. A highly compact CNC internal grinding machine must be developed to solve this problem. The CNC internal grinding machine processes the engine parts of the aircraft, and the surface quality is smooth and clean, which can directly illuminate the figure. The processed engine parts are greatly improved in corrosion resistance due to the smooth surface. Solve the problem of the safety of the flight of the bad world. The service life of engine components has also been improved, which is an indispensable processing equipment in modern aircraft manufacturing. CNC internal circular beds are also widely used in high-tech industries such as automobile manufacturing and ships. | aerospace |
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2773592/weapons | 2017-01-24T22:28:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.840527 | 708 | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2017-04__0__194209476 | en | - Aerospace Weapons. // Airman;Jan2001, Vol. 45 Issue 1, p44
Provides information on the aerospace weapon systems and military aircrafts of the United States Air Force. Bombers; Fighter planes; Reconnaissance aircraft; Attack planes.
- Curbed Ambitions. Butler, Amy // Aviation Week & Space Technology;9/17/2012, Vol. 174 Issue 33, p56
The article discusses near-term goals for the U.S. Air Force in 2012 for projects such as designing weapons against buried targets, developing Long-Range Standoff Weapons to replace Air-Launched Cruise Missiles (ALCMs), and switching to stealth fighters. F-22 and F-35 jet fighters from aerospace...
- The Bombers: B-1, B-2 and B-52. Baker, Dan "Rcr" // Flying Safety;Jan/Feb2002, Vol. 58 Issue 1/2, p18
Reviews the mishap record of the B-1, B-2 and B-52 bombers of the United States Air Force in 2001.
- Heavy bombers holding the line. Schneider, May David W. // Airpower Journal;Winter94, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p45
Examines the composition of the US Air Force's heavy bomber force and its ability to perform its missions in the future. Fictional scenario; Operational objectives; Use of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bases; Weapons systems and procedures; Effective communications and control of the...
- F-15. Smith, Jason "Duke" // Flying Safety;Jan/Feb2002, Vol. 58 Issue 1/2, p14
Evaluates the mishaps record of f-15 fighter jets of the United States Air Force in 2001.
- A troubling past. Hallion, Richard P. // Airpower Journal;Winter90, Vol. 4 Issue 4, p4
Discusses the United States Air Force's acquisition of fighter aircraft from 1945 to 1990. Questions regarding aspects of American fighter development; Interplay and tension between doctrine and operational thought; Post-World War II technology; Century series; Policies that affected subsequent...
- USAF Confronts Key Weapons Choices. Wall, Robert // Aviation Week & Space Technology;4/8/2002, Vol. 156 Issue 14, p37
Reports the choices for key weapons by the U.S. Air Force. Budget deliberation of trade-offs; Program decision faced by officials; Replacement of engines to lower costs.
- The F-15 Eagle: Origins and Development, 1964-1972. Neufeld, Jacob // Air Power History;Spring2001, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p4
Traces the origins and development of the F-15 Eagle from 1964 to 1972 by the United States Air Force. Recognition of the need for an air superiority fighter after the Korean War; Working group's duties; Concept formulation; Commonality issue; Awarding of contract to McDonnell-Douglas in 1969;...
- Unmanned aerial vehicles. Tice, Brian P. // Airpower Journal;Spring91, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p41
Discusses the importance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to the US Air Force. Overview of UAVs; UAV's proven performance in combat; Test-bed UAVs used by the Army; Limitations of UAVs; UAV program in the United States. | aerospace |
https://www.mysticstamp.com/Products/United-States/C100/USA/ | 2020-04-03T22:32:33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370518767.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403220847-20200404010847-00534.warc.gz | 0.914944 | 149 | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-16__0__212474781 | en | 35¢ Glenn Curtiss
Aviation Pioneer and Aircraft Designer
Issue Date: December 30, 1980
City: Hammondsport, NY
Printed By: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Photogravure
Born in Hammondsport, New York, Glenn Curtiss’s interest in bicycle racing progressed to motorcycles and eventually flight. Curtiss (1878-1930) built his first airplane engine in 1907. After demonstrating that planes can land and take off from ships, Curtiss began making planes for the U.S. Navy. He manufactured thousands of planes during World War I. In 1919, a Navy-Curtiss flying boat became the first plane to cross the Atlantic Ocean. | aerospace |
http://spacegrant.colorado.edu/?jsn_setmobile=yes | 2015-01-29T16:16:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115859923.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161059-00062-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.879288 | 142 | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-06__0__156824279 | en | SG Home Slideshow
COSGC Robotics Challenge at the Great Sand Dunes National Park
ALL-STAR Student built 3U CubeSat at delivery
Students prior to the ELaNa I launch of Hermes 1U CubeSat
The Annual COSGC Space Research Symposium
Tanner is currently a senior at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs majoring in mechanical engineering, with minors in aerospace engineering and mathematics. He currently works at UCCS Space Grant developing algorithms in MATLAB for analyzing data on human gaits for research. Tanner plans to take these skills into the field once he graduates to either the aerospace industry, or to help incorporate video and high tech apparel into the sporting goods industry. | aerospace |
https://thetoytree.net/syma-x5c-vs-x5uc/ | 2022-11-28T20:39:35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710662.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128203656-20221128233656-00857.warc.gz | 0.92795 | 764 | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-49__0__122025917 | en | Drone is phenomenal for quadcopter user today. Many drone offers various features with affordable prices. One of popular drone today is Syma. Syma is a great choice for you who want a quadcopter with affordable prices and good quality of quadcopter products. Today, the topic of our discussion will be comparison between two Syma popular products, Syma X5C and Syma X5UC.
Syma X5C is very affordable product which included 2 MP Camera with 720p resolution. This drone has good performance. It has stabilized flight, agile and responsive. Syma X5UC has stabilized flight with simple design and this drone support camera, it will best to take picture or video with it and enjoy flying it at the same time. Syma X5C is a good choice, if you are the beginner and want to try flying drone at the first time because it is easy to fly and once you try to fly it you will be addicted to fly it more and more. Syma X5C batterylife limited for 7-10 minutes flight and you need to charge it for 90 minutes to get this drone fully charged. If you want to fly longer, make sure you provide a backup battery to your drone. (Read also: Syma X5C Vs X5C1)
Syma X5UC is great choice for you who learn about using drone. It is lightweight, comfortable and simple to use. Syma X5UC can fly indoor and outdoor without any problem. Decent design and featured 6-axis gyro system like Syma X5C, this drone offers better experience. Syma X5UC will provide very good anti-interference photography and video recording since it is featured with HD 2 MP camera and the price is affordable enough comparing with other products in the same range. Battery will stand for 7-8 minutes flight time and with 130 minutes charging time powered by 3.7V 500 mAh battery capacity. In the package, you will get two battery at the same time, so it will be back up for you who like to fly longer with your drone.
- 6-Axis gyro quad-rotorcraft flight, strong stability, can easily implement various flight movements, stronger wind resistance,easier to control.
- 2.4 technology adopted for anti-interference.Even more than one quadcopter is flying at the same time they will not interfere with each other.
- The quadcopter can fly both indoor and outdoor. Including 4CH digital proportional RC system.
- One key take-off/landing, 360 Degree eversion colorful flashing lights.Suitable for flying in the dark at night.
- HD CAM EQUIPMENT Quadcopter equipped with HD cameras, lets you control the aircraft Enjoy taking pictures/video of the pleasure flights.
- Video/Photograph/Raise & Down/Forwards & Backwards/Left & Right Turning/Left & Right Flying/Hovering andMODE2 two operating mode switch
Syma X5C Vs X5UC
Both of products, Syma X5C and Syma X5UC is good for the beginner user. The Syma X5C offers you nice performance with simple design and also attractive. Both of them features 2 MP Camera to take great picture and video in may perspective/angle at the time you are flying your quadcopter. Syma X5UC claims that it is able to fly 7-8 minutes with the same capacity as Syma X5C. If we are satisfied with Syma X5C but you want buy the newer version that offers the long flight time (with second battery), Syma X5UC will be great to you. | aerospace |
http://lifeofskipper.blogspot.com/2012/07/stennis-space-center.html | 2018-04-22T04:59:09 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945493.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422041610-20180422061610-00482.warc.gz | 0.976111 | 214 | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-17__0__175049363 | en | On our way to Momma M and Grandaddy's house we stopped at the Stennis Space Center to check out the new museum they built. It was a lot of fun. Lu is really into space and always wants her reward for her chore chart to be "to go to outer space." This is how we answered that. If you ever are crossing the Mississippi/Louisiana line, it is a great place to stop. They still have some work to do, but really fun to see.
Space shuttle made out of Legos
Reynolds, the astronaut
Phillip, the astronaut
Lucy in a tire from the space shuttle
This was part of the engine of the space shuttle.
Reynolds was working on some experiments. He's brilliant!
Lu and I had some space ice cream. Yum!
I don't know the correct name for this, but you know, it's on the bottom of the shuttle. Fire comes out...you know what I'm talking about. Anyways, it's big. | aerospace |
http://monde-geospatial.com/these-pictures-show-international-borders-that-are-visible-from-space/ | 2018-01-21T14:36:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890771.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121135825-20180121155825-00593.warc.gz | 0.946781 | 127 | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-05__0__89161259 | en | Seeing Earth from above reminds you how tiny we really are.
The world’s mountains and oceans pale in comparison to the empty space that surrounds us.
While humanity may appear quite insignificant when viewing the globe from above, the borders that divide us can actually become clearer than ever, acting as symbols of political and economic divides.
Being able to see an international border from space is very rare, but we had a look through the NASA Earth Observatory image database to find photos of the few instances where an international boundary can be seen.
All of the images below were taken either by astronauts on the ISS or by orbiting satellites. | aerospace |
https://edmonton.ctvnews.ca/laser-strikes-an-abusive-passenger-and-a-bounced-landing-8-strange-incidents-at-eia-since-september-1.4722390 | 2020-01-28T13:43:08 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00354.warc.gz | 0.965933 | 656 | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-05__0__215772267 | en | Laser strikes, an abusive passenger and a bounced landing: 8 strange incidents at EIA since September
EDMONTON -- It's been a busy three months at the Edmonton International Airport.
But amid those announcements, the airport is also home to its share of close calls and out-of-nowhere incidents that affect pilots, passengers, crews and staff.
CTV News reviewed Transport Canada reports through its civil aviation daily occurrence reporting system (CADORS) which provides public, preliminary reports on incidents involving any Canadian-registered aircraft and events that happen at Canadian airports or in Canadian airspace.
Many reports are of minor navigational errors, bird strikes and other incidents that don't affect flights. But the reports also give an insight into what those who work for and at EIA can deal with on any given day.
Here are eight of the stranger incidents there over the past three months.
On Nov. 22, a Jazz flight from Winnipeg reported it was being illuminated by a green laser somewhere west/southwest of the city's downtown core. Eleven days later on Dec. 3, a WestJet plane from Los Cabos, Mexico also reported a green laser attempting to strike the aircraft. The pilots weren't affected and told authorities the laser appeared to be coming from the town of Devon.
On Dec.1, WestJet Encore flight from Calgary bounced after initial touchdown during landing. The aircraft was directed for another approach and landed safely.
A Jazz flight from Yellowknife attempting to land on Nov. 21 aborted its landing on final approach due to a passenger walking around in the cabin.
SMOKE IN THE CABIN
On Oct. 30, a Canadian North flight bound for Calgary experienced smoke in the cockpit during engine start-up while at the gate. Smoke entered the flight deck at which point a number of flight instruments failed. The crew shut down the engine and evacuated the aircraft. No passengers were on board. The aircraft, a Dash 8-300, was removed from service pending an investigation and maintenance.
On Nov. 20, a FedEx cargo flight from Memphis, Tenn., was given landing instruction but didn't turn in the direction expected by the control tower. This put it on a course converging with a WestJet Encore flight from Regina. The tower intervened and directed the FedEx aircraft away from the other flight. Both planes landed safely.
Because of a mistake during a staffing change, an undeclared dangerous goods package was loaded onto a Canadian North flight bound for Yellowknife on Oct. 4. The package was discovered during routine screening and was eventually flown to Yellowknife where it was last being held.
PASSENGER ESCORTED OFF
A passenger on a Nov. 19 WestJet flight destined for Vancouver was taken off a plane by police for unruly behaviour. The passenger was reportedly verbally abusive to the crew and others onboard before being escorted off the flight and escorted to the baggage claim by Mounties. The passenger was re-booked to fly on a later flight.
TOO CLOSE TO LAND
On Sept. 4, a Jazz flight from Calgary to Edmonton on final approach performed a missed approach and aborted its landing attempt due to inadequate spacing with another arriving Jazz flight from Kelowna. | aerospace |
https://www.goodyearblimp.com/behind-the-scenes/art-of-flight.html | 2024-04-25T11:20:46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-18/segments/1712297292879.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20240425094819-20240425124819-00873.warc.gz | 0.943452 | 93 | CC-MAIN-2024-18 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-18__0__40359720 | en | Watch the new Blimp take flight
The new Goodyear Blimp conducted its inaugural test flight on March 17, 2014. The new model is vastly different in terms of take-off and landing as the vectored engines allows for a more vertical lift pattern.
Watch the GZ-20A take flight
As it has done thousands of times, the GZ-20A model vaults into the sky for another day of operations. | aerospace |
https://hermeticsolutions.com/services/class-7-medical-clean-room/ | 2019-09-19T04:08:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573439.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919040032-20190919062032-00555.warc.gz | 0.913606 | 212 | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2019-39__0__145922047 | en | Class 7 Medical Clean Room Services
At Hermetic Solutions Group, we are more than a little proud to offer a state-of -art Class 7 cleanroom to our customers. We can set it up to simulate an extension of your internal cleanroom area or to support those customers who do not have internal capabilities. We are ideally suited to serve both established medical device manufacturers and start-ups, as well as microwave and RF electronic package cleanroom requirements typically seen in the aerospace and defense industries.
Our ISO Class 7 Cleanroom Offers:
- ESD safe flooring
- Earth grounded
- HEPA filters
- Workstation monitors
- Humidity controls
- Helium bombing (per MIL Standard 883)
- Gross and fine leak checking
- Metallurgical lab testing with mounting, cross sectioning and high power weld analysis
- Visual inspection
- Laminar flow benches
- Segregated gowning area and transfer room
- Two glovebox laser hermetic sealing stations
Let us do the build for you! | aerospace |
https://www.theaviationzone.com/factsheets/kc135_variants.asp | 2021-12-02T19:08:29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362287.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20211202175510-20211202205510-00460.warc.gz | 0.955066 | 2,510 | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2021-49__0__62214671 | en | Primary Role: Strategic Airlift/Staff Transport
Derived from Boeing's prototype 707 jet airliner in the early 1950s, the versatile C-135 has been a visible fixture of the U.S. Air Force since the first one was acquired in August 1956. Although most of the 820 units were developed as KC-135A Stratotankers for the air refueling mission, they have also performed numerous transport and special-duty functions. Forty-five base-model aircraft were built as C-135A or C-135B transports, with tanking equipment excluded.
Fifteen C-135As, powered by J57 turbojets, were built. In later years, almost all were upgraded with TF33 turbofan engines and wide-span tailplanes then redesignated C-135E. Thirty C-135Bs were built with TF33 turbofans and wide-span tailplanes from the outset, and a small number remain in service in their original form. The C-135C designation applies to three WC-135B weather reconnaissance aircraft which reverted to transport status. Most of the other C-135Bs were converted to various special mission variants following their service with the Military Airlift Command (MAC).
C-135C "Speckled Trout"
Although most of the remaining C-135 aircraft are used as transports for senior military leaders and other high-ranking dignitaries, the C-135C communications aircraft serves as an aerial testbed for emerging technologies. Developmental tests using the "Speckled Trout" aircraft have demonstrated the capability to fly precision approaches using a local area differential GPS system. This modified C-135 has been fitted with a millimeter-wave camera and a new radome to test the camera's generation of video images of the forward scene in low-visibility conditions. The aircraft, which in the VIP transport role seats 14 passengers, gives the Joint Forces Air Component commander a limited ability to plan and control the simulated battle while in the air en route to the crisis area.
Primary Role: Airborne Command Post (ABCP)
In the early days of KC-135A production, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) identified the requirement for an Airborne Command Post (ABCP). The idea was for specially-equipped aircraft to be airborne at all times, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, in the event that SAC's underground command center was destroyed or became disabled.
The first aircraft adapted for the ABCP role were 17 TF33-engined KC-135B tankers. Dubbed the "Looking Glass", because the mission mirrored ground-based command, control, and communications, operations began on 3 February 1961. By 1964, the aircraft were considered dedicated to the role of ABCP and received the revised designation of EC-135.
The EC-135 fleet was equipped with comprehensive, high-tech communications equipment, which allows the airborne commander to link with national command authorities, theatre forces, other airborne command posts and with his assets on the ground. Its highly-trained crew and staff ensure there is always an aircraft ready to direct bombers and missiles from the air should ground-based command centers become inoperable. The crew consists of two pilots, a navigator, an airborne refueling systems operator, and several communications systems operators.
For 29 years, the EC-135s conducted continuous airborne operations, accumulating more than 281,000 accident-free flying hours an aviation phenomenon. On 24 July 1990, "Looking Glass" aircraft ceased continuous airborne alert, but remained on ground or airborne alert 24 hours a day.
Although the Cold War is over, a radically changing world environment, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and political uncertainty in countries possessing nuclear weapons are just a few reasons why the "Looking Glass" mission remains as vital today as when it began in 1961. That mission however, has undergone a change of "platform."
On 25 September 1998, the Air Force officially handed over its "Looking Glass" mission of command, control, and communications of the nation's strategic nuclear forces to the Navy's E-6B "Take Charge and Move Out" (TACAMO) aircraft. The impetus for the change was the cost-savings generated by using one aircraft to do the job that had formerly been done by two.
The EC-135 performed the flying command post mission for a total of 37 years, serving as a survivable, nuclear response airborne platform. All EC-135s have been retired to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, in Arizona.
Primary Role: NASA Testbed
Under various designations, including NC-135A, NKC-135A and NKC-135E, NASA and the U.S. Air Force operate a fleet of heavily-modified C-135 airframes as aerial testbeds. The type of work performed by these aircraft is greatly varied, but includes refueling tests with new aircraft types, airborne laser trials, weightlessness training for astronauts, and numerous programs involving the testing of airborne equipment and space technology.
Zero Gravity Trainer (Vomit Comet)
The NKC-135A Zero Gravity Trainer is used to fly parabolas to investigate the effects of "zero" gravity. This aircraft, designated NASA 930, is operated by the Johnson Space Center's Reduced Gravity Office in Houston, Texas.
To her crew, she's the "Weightless Wonder", to her passengers, she's the "Vomit Comet". Regardless of the name, this unusual aircraft helped the Planetary Missions and Materials Branch at the Johnson Space Center take another step closer to renewed human exploration of the moon, and beyond.
To fly on the "Comet" you must hold an Air Force Flying Class III Medical Examination card and complete an Aerospace Physiological Training course. The objective of the physiological training is to familiarize personnel who are exposed to a lowered barometric pressure with the physiological stresses encountered and how to successfully overcome these stresses.
By flying a series of "roller-coaster" parabolic maneuvers, short periods of reduced gravity are experienced onboard. Most flights are dedicated to zero-g astronaut training and equipment tests. During a "typical" mission, which lasts about two hours, the aircraft usually flies 40 parabolas. Longer flights are possible, depending on fuel and gross weight limitations. Consequently, more parabolas mean more flexing of the airframe and more stress.
Note: The NKC-135A "Vomit Comet" was used to film the zero-gravity scenes for the movie Apollo 13. Ron Howard, his crew, and the cast spent over six months on the plane to produce the movie.
Wingtip Research Aircraft
In 1979 and 1980, the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards AFB, California conducted a special wingtip "winglet" test program with the NKC-135. Winglets are small, nearly vertical fins installed on an airplane's wingtips to help produce a forward thrust in the vortices that typically swirl off the end of the wing, thereby reducing drag. This winglet idea was tested at Dryden on a modified KC-135A tanker loaned to NASA by the Air Force. The research showed that the winglets could increase an aircraft's range by as much as 7% at cruise speeds. The first application of NASA's winglet technology in industry was in general aviation business jets, but winglets are now being incorporated into most new commercial and military transport jets, including the C-17 Globemaster III military transport.
Primary Role: Strategic Reconnaissance
From an early date, the Boeing C-135 was recognized as an excellent airframe for various special missions. One of these was strategic reconnaissance, using the aircraft's capacious cabin to house large amounts of electronic equipment. Designated RC-135, these aircraft can be detached on a global basis to cover areas of the world where intelligence-gathering is required.
Several RC-135 versions are currently in service. Among these are three dedicated to general Signals Intelligence (Sigint) gathering. All feature large amounts of electronic recording and analyzing equipment on board, and have many aerials on the airframe, including slab-sided cheek fairings where many of the side-facing antennas are grouped. These serve the Automatic Elint Emitter Locator System (AEELS), which gathers signals from across the frequency spectrum, sifts out those of particular interest and relays data to operator stations in the cabin.
RC-135U "Combat Sent"
Two aircraft are designated RC-135U and are characterized by cheek fairings and additional fairings in the chin, boomer, wingtip, tailcone and fin-top positions. Until 1991 they were fitted with "towel rail" antennas above the cheek fairings, but these have been removed. The RC-135Us are believed to have special purposes within the Sigint fleet, and may also be used to trial new equipment.
RC-135V/W "Rivet Joint"
Eight aircraft are designated RC-135V, while six are the essentially similar RC-135W variant. These are the workhorses of the Sigint fleet and are distinguished by having extended "thimble" noses and large plate aerials under the center-section. External differences between the two variants are restricted to a lengthened cheek fairing on the W-model, which also lacks auxiliary air intakes on its engine pods.
Both aircraft are equipped with an extensive array of sophisticated intelligence gathering equipment enabling military specialists to monitor the electronic activity of adversaries. Also known as "RJ", the aircraft are sometimes called "hogs" due to the extended "hog nose" and "hog cheeks". "Rivet Joint" is an air refuelable theater asset with a nationally tasked priority. It collects, analyzes, reports, and exploits enemy BM/C4I. During most contingencies, it deploys to the theater of operations with the airborne elements of TACS (AWACS, ABCCC, Joint STARS, etc.) and is connected to the aircraft via datalinks and voice as required. The aircraft has secure UHF, VHF, HF, and SATCOM communications. Refined intelligence data can be transferred from "Rivet Joint" to AWACS through the Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL/A) or into intelligence channels via satellite and the Tactical Information Broadcast Service (TIBS), which is a nearly real-time theater information broadcast.
RC-135s have been widely used in the 1990's during Desert Storm, the occupation of Haiti, and more recently over Bosnia. Using automated and manual equipment, electronic and intelligence specialists can precisely locate, record and analyze much of what is being done in the electromagnetic spectrum. The fleet of 14 "Rivet Joint" aircraft increased to 15 in late-1999 with the addition of a converted C-135B.
RC-135S "Cobra Ball"
An altogether more specialized role is undertaken by three RC-135S aircraft which normally operate from Shemya Island, Alaska. In addition to "thimble" noses, electronic receivers mounted in cheek fairings and a teardrop-shaped fairing on the aft fuselage, these also have large circular windows in the fuselage for the photography of foreign ballistic-missile tests at long range. The intelligence equipment includes multiple infrared telescopes and is known as the Real Time Optical System (RTOS). These aircraft allow the U.S. to monitor every reentry vehicle flown from Russian test ranges, to determine the capabilities of each Russian missile, new or old.
Telemetry Intelligence (Telint) is the role of the "Cobra Ball". With the decrease in foreign ICBM tests following the end of the Cold War, the RC-135Ss may adopt a theatre role spotting battlefield missiles. This is in response to the difficulties caused by the Iraqi "Scud" missiles during the Gulf War.
The RC-135 fleet has consistently proved of great value, both as a strategic reconnaissance tool during peacetime and as a more tactical asset during times of tension.
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http://www.users.waitrose.com/~jandor/Hist60.htm | 2022-07-07T00:57:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104683020.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707002618-20220707032618-00730.warc.gz | 0.915101 | 111 | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-27__0__271501168 | en | Item Description. GGS Camera
Involved. GGS Camera
Fitted above the pilots gun site and used to record the pilots eye view the site
and his view ahead of the aircraft. Film from the camera was also analysed to
check on the pilots aim without the need to fire his guns
Date/ Date range.
Held By. In store at FAA Museum
Historians No. Hist60 | aerospace |
https://www.skytamer.com/Airbus_A300.html | 2023-10-04T03:44:47 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00159.warc.gz | 0.937599 | 2,887 | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-40__0__238814746 | en | Airbus A300 Series
Archive Photos 1
Airbus A300B Photos via the Skytamer Archive
The Airbus A300 is a short-range to medium-range widebody jet airliner. Launched in 1972 as the worlD's first Twin-engine widebody, it was the first product of Airbus Industrie, a consortium of European aerospace companies, fully owned today by EADS. The A300 can typically seat 266 passengers in a two-class layout, with a maximum range of 4,070 nautical miles (7,540 km) when fully loaded, depending on model.
Launch customer Air France introduced the type into service on 30 May 1974. Production of the A300 ceased in July 2007, along with its smaller A310 derivative. Freighter sales for which the A300 competed are to be fulfilled by a new A330-200F derivative.
The mission requirements were given in 1966 by Frank Kolk, an American Airlines executive, for a Boeing 727 replacement on busy short-range to medium-range routes such as United States transcontinental flights. His brief included a passenger capacity of 250 to 300 seated in a twin-aisle configuration and fitted with two engines, with the capability of carrying full passengers without penalty from high-altitude airports like Denver. American manufacturers responded with widebody trijets, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, as twinjets were banned from many routes by the FAA.
In September 1967, the British, French, and German governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding to start development of the 300-seat Airbus A300. An earlier announcement had been made in July 1967, but at that time the announcement had been clouded by the British Government's support for the Airbus, which coincided with its refusal to back British Aircraft Corporation's (BAC) proposed competitor, a development of the BAC 1-11, despite a preference for the latter expressed by British European Airways (BEA).
In the months following this agreement, both the French and British governments expressed doubts about the aircraft. Another problem was the requirement for a new engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce, the triple-spool RB207 of 47,500 lbf. In December 1968, the French and British partner companies (Sud Aviation and Hawker Siddeley) proposed a revised configuration, the 250-seat Airbus A250. Renamed the A300B, the aircraft would not require new engines, reducing development costs. To attract potential US customers, American General Electric CF6-50 engines powered the A300 instead of the British RB207. The British government was upset and withdrew from the venture; however, the British firm Hawker-Siddeley stayed on as a contractor, developing the wings for the A300, which were pivotal in later versions' impressive performance from short domestic to long intercontinental flights.
Airbus Industrie was formally set up in 1970 following an agreement between Aérospatiale (France) and the antecedents to Deutsche Aerospace (Germany). They were joined by the Spanish CASA in 1971. Each company would deliver its sections as fully equipped, ready-to-fly items.
In 1972 the A300 made its maiden flight, which was later commemorated on a French three franc stamp. The first production model, the A300B2, entered service in 1974 followed by the A300B4 one year later. Initially the success of the consortium was poor, but by 1979 there were 81 aircraft in service. It was the launch of the A320 in 1987 that established Airbus as a major player in the aircraft market - the aircraft had over 400 orders before it first flew, compared to 15 for the A300 in 1972.
The A300 was the first airliner to use just-in-time manufacturing techniques. Complete aircraft sections were manufactured by consortium partners all over Europe. These were airlifted to the final assembly line at Toulouse-Blagnac by a fleet of Boeing 377-derived Aero Spacelines Super Guppy aircraft. Originally devised as a way to share the work among Airbus' partners without the expense of two assembly lines, it turned out to be a more efficient way of building aircraft (more flexible and reduced costs) as opposed to building the whole aircraft at one site.
Airbus partners employed the latest technology, some derived from the Concorde. On entry into service in 1974, the A300 was a very advanced plane and influenced later subsonic airliner designs. The technological highlights include:
Later A300s incorporate other advanced features such as:
All these made the A300 a substitute for the widebody trijets such as McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 for short to medium routes. On the early versions, Airbus used the same engines and similar major systems as the DC-10.
Operational History 2
After the launch, sales of the A300 were weak for some years, with most orders going to airlines that had an obligation to favor the domestically made product - notably Air France and Lufthansa. At one stage, Airbus had 16 "whitetail" A300s - completed but unsold aircraft - sitting on the tarmac. Germanair was the worlD's first charter airline and Indian Airlines was the worlD's first domestic airline to purchase the A300. These have now been retired.
In 1974, Korean Air ordered four A300s, becoming the first non-European international airline to order Airbus aircraft. Airbus saw South-East Asia as a vital market ready to be opened up and believed Korean Air to be the 'key'.
It was becoming clear that the whole concept of a short haul widebody was flawed. Airlines operating the A300 on short haul routes were forced to reduce frequencies in order to try and fill the aircraft. As a result they lost passengers to airlines operating more frequent narrow body flights. The supposed widebody comfort which it was assumed passengers would demand was illusory. Eventually, Airbus had to build its own narrow body aircraft (the A320) to compete with the Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80. The savior of the A300 was the advent of Extended Range Twin Operations (ETOPS), a revised FAA rule which allows Twin-engine airliners to fly long-distance routes that were previously off-limits to them. This enabled Airbus to develop the aircraft as a medium/long range airliner.
In 1977, U.S. carrier Eastern Air Lines leased four A300s as an in-service trial. Frank Borman, ex-astronaut and the then CEO, was impressed that the A300 consumed 30% less fuel than his fleet of Tristars and then ordered 23 of the type. This order is often cited as the point at which Airbus came to be seen as a serious competitor to the large American aircraft-manufacturers Boeing and McDonnell Douglas. This was followed by an order from Pan Am. From then on, the A300 family sold well, eventually reaching a total of 878 delivered aircraft.
In December 1977, AeroCóndor Colombia became the first Airbus operator in Latin America, leasing one Airbus A300, named “Ciudad de Barranquilla”.
The aircraft found particular favor with Asian airlines, being bought by Japan Air System, Korean Air, China Eastern Airlines, Thai Airways International, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, China Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Indian Airlines, Trans Australia Airlines and many others. As Asia did not have restrictions similar to the FAA 60-minutes rule for twin-engine airliners which existed at the time, Asian airlines used A300s for routes across the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea.
In 1977, the A300B4 became the first ETOPS compliant aircraft - its high performance and safety standards qualified it for Extended Twin Engine Operations over water, providing operators with more versatility in routing. In 1982 Garuda Indonesia became the first airline to fly the A300B4-200FF. By 1981, Airbus was growing rapidly, with over 300 aircraft sold and options for 200 more planes for over forty airlines. Alarmed by the success of the A300, Boeing responded with the new Boeing 767.
The A300 provided Airbus the experience of manufacturing and selling airliners competitively. The basic fuselage of the A300 was later stretched (A330 and A340), shortened (A310), or modified into derivatives (A300-600ST Beluga Super Transporter).The largest freight operator of the A300 is FedEx Express, which, as of January 2012, had 71 A300 aircraft in service. UPS Airlines also operates freighter versions of the A300. The final version was the A300-600R and is rated for 180-minute ETOPS. The A300 has enjoyed renewed interest in the secondhand market for conversion to freighters. The freighter versions - either new-build A300-600s or converted ex-passenger A300-600s, A300B2s and B4s - account for most of the world freighter fleet after the Boeing 747 freighter.
In March 2006 Airbus announced the closure of the A300/A310 line making them the first Airbus aircraft to be discontinued. The final production A300 made its initial flight on 18 April 2007 and was delivered on 12 July 2007. It was an A300F freighter for FedEx. Airbus has announced a support package to keep A300s flying commercially until at least 2025.
Specifications and Performance Data (Airbus A300 Family) 2
|Airbus A300 Family Specifications|
220 passengers (three-class)
266 passengers (two-class)
375 passengers (one-class)
|Cargo capacity||+ 22/23 LD3 containers in the lower cargo compartment||15 (21) pallets on the main deck + 22/23 LD3 containers|
|Overall length||54.08 m (177.4 ft)|
|Wingspan||44.85 m (147.1 ft)|
|Wing area||260 m2 (2,800 ft2)|
|Overall height||16.62 m (54.5 ft)|
|Max cabin width||5.28 m (17.3 ft)|
|Fuselage diameter||5.64 m (18.5 ft)|
|Operating empty weight typical||88,500 kg (195,000 lb)||90,900 kg (200,000 lb)||81,900 kg (181,000 lb)|
|MTOW||165,000 kg (360,000 lb)||171,700 kg (379,000 lb)||170,500 kg (376,000 lb)|
|Takeoff field length (MTOW, SL, ISA)||N/A||2,324 m (7,625 ft)|
|Cruising speed||Mach 0.78 (833 km/h, 518 mph, 450 knots at 35,000 ft)|
|Maximum speed||Mach 0.86||Mach 0.82 (876 km/h, 544 mph, 473 knots at 35,000 ft)|
|Range fully loaded||6,670 km (3,600 nmi)||7,540 km (4,070 nmi)||4,850 km (2,620 nmi)|
|Maximum fuel capacity||62,900 L (16,600 US gal)||68,150 L (18,000 US gal)|
|CF6-80C2 or PW4158||Cockpit crew||Three||Two|
|Airbus A300 Family Engines|
|A300B2-1A||1974||General Electric CF6-50A|
|A300B2-1C||1975||General Electric CF6-50C|
|A300B2K-3C||1976||General Electric CF6-50CR|
|A300B4-2C||1976||General Electric CF6-50C|
|A300B4-103||1979||General Electric CF6-50C2|
|A300B4-120||1979||Pratt & Whitney JT9D-59A|
|A300B2-203||1980||General Electric CF6-50C2|
|A300B4-203||1981||General Electric CF6-50C2|
|A300B4-220||1981||Pratt & Whitney JT9D-59A|
|A300B4-601||1988||General Electric CF6-80C2A1|
|A300B4-603||1988||General Electric CF6-80C2A3|
|A300B4-620||1983||Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4H1|
|A300B4-622||2003||Pratt & Whitney PW4158|
|A300B4-605R||1988||General Electric CF6-80C2A5|
|A300B4-622R||1991||Pratt & Whitney PW4158|
|A300F4-605R||1994||General Electric CF6-80C2A5 or 2A5F|
|A300F4-622R||2000||Pratt & Whitney PW4158|
|A300C4-605R||2002||General Electric CF6-80C2A5| | aerospace |
http://simplyinvestasia.com/getting-off-the-ground-news-the-ledger/ | 2020-09-26T02:30:25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400232211.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926004805-20200926034805-00301.warc.gz | 0.959632 | 962 | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2020-40__0__93160458 | en | LAKELAND — Mark Boyd’s interest in drones began as a hobby. But it led to his newest career as the president for GRIFF Aviation North America, an independent company affiliated with the Norway-based GRIFF Aviation.
Three months ago, the super heavy-lift drone assembly plant opened at 3420 Flightline Drive in Lakeland, at Lakeland Linder Regional Airport. The plant will assemble drones — also known as unmanned aerial vehicles — for customers that include search-and-fire rescue teams, military personnel and companies with industrial and agricultural uses.
The company expects to assemble about six drones per week for distribution throughout North America. Each drone will have heavy-lift capabilities, some up to 900 pounds.
Boyd’s own interest in drones brought the plant to North America. He obtained his commercial-drone operator’s license in December.
“I had a small Phantom 3 drone,” said Boyd, 74, who was previously a project development manager for David Schultz Airshows. “I was flying it on my boat in Daytona Beach in the marina, and somebody wanted me to video their boat going out.”
But at the time, he couldn’t — he needed the commercial license.
“Taking that step made me more and more interested in that aspect of drones,” he said. “I started taking a keener interest in heavy, commercial drones that could lift 500 pounds, and I thought that was amazing.”
The company was GRIFF Aviation. Boyd booked a flight to Norway, where he negotiated a deal with GRIFF to represent all of North America. His North American team includes seven people now, including former military drone pilots and engineers. He plans to hire two more as business progresses.
With a drone-friendly atmosphere and quick access to Tampa shipping hot spots, Boyd said Lakeland Linder Regional Airport was the perfect location for the assembly plant.
“They’re very drone-friendly,” he said. “The airport management here is just terrific. There were already some existing drone operations at this airport, so it’s easy to get waivers and authorizations to fly our drones. We get our drone components from Norway, so it’s easy to bring them into Tampa.”
Though the airport is drone-friendly, flying will only take place on the premises at the request of GRIFF North America customers.
“The maximum we’ll ever fly here is maybe 20 feet,” Boyd said. The airport has a gated cage used for drone testing. “The only time we fly is when a customer wants to see a demonstration, and that’s done in the cage. We’re just an assembly plant, we don’t manufacture.”
Once customer orders come in, they’re sent to Norway for evaluation. GRIFF Aviation in Norway builds the drone, then disassembles it and sends it to the Lakeland assembly plant, where it’s put back together before being shipped out. Costs for GRIFF drones begin at about $250,000.
“That way it’s made in America, the money stays in America and I’m employing American people,” Boyd said.
Boyd anticipates about 50 percent of the company’s business will be military related. In the future, he hopes to add a West Coast operation and wants to build a manufacturing plant at the existing location.
Angela Brown, the operations manager for GRIFF North America, has seen the need for heavy-lift drones in the search and rescue field through her previous work as a firefighter paramedic in Brevard County.
“For search and rescue, it would be phenomenal,” said Brown, 47. “You can get to places where a helicopter can’t necessarily get. A drone can pretty much go anywhere, so that would make it easier to get to them.”
Brown said that drones also can be used in emergency situations, including after natural disasters.
“In a big disaster, you could use them to drop supplies just to help get people by until you get to them,” she said. “Every little bit counts.”
Even though the company plans to finish about six drones each week, drone construction can take about three weeks or more, depending on project requirements.
“We’ve had active orders,” Brown said. “And we have a lot of interest with a bunch of people we’ve been talking to that will likely develop into more orders.” | aerospace |
http://dailytwocents.com/212140-2/ | 2018-05-26T00:17:21 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867254.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525235049-20180526015049-00187.warc.gz | 0.94756 | 513 | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-22__0__217434785 | en | Drones are supposed to be fun, not expensive or complicated to fly. And who wants to be stuck “registering” a drone like it was something that the CIA planned to use. So that’s why the POWERUP FPV will make flying fun again — because it’s based on the iconic paper airplane design, yet manages to take it to the next level. And because it’s a “paper airplane/drone”, no FAA license is required. But it does require being assembled, but that only makes it more special. Add to that the ability to create/design your own wing designs and from the start this drone shows off its different approach to flying.
Physically the FPV is durably designed and built with sensibility in mind: automatic stabilization ensures calm flying, and automatic takeoff and crash detection schemes eliminate two of the most pressing problems. With a 300 foot+ WiFi streaming range and the ability to go up to 20 miles per hour, the 10 minutes of airtime per battery charge is more than sufficient. Just don’t expect to be bored, because there’s a wide angle, rotating camera installed in the drone for displaying a wider view than would normally be the case. But still, so what? The “what” is that what the camera sees it streams. And what is being streamed gets received for viewing by the one manning the controller (with audio too, for those who care for the full A/V experience).
And to make it even better, forget about using the app on your smartphone and staring down at it for “game mode’ control and instead pull out the included Google Cardboard VR for a first-person point of view. Then add the ability to influence the flight with head motions and that 10 minutes now flies by (pun intended).
Flying a drone, any drone, takes patience and practice. What makes the POWERUP FPV different than the others is that it’s not just easier to fly (due to all the embedded helpful technologies) but is a lot more fun to fly in the first place. This isn’t a drone that will be flown once and then put away because it was too hard to fly or too boring.; it will be flown often, so get a second battery, is what the solution to waiting for a recharge is. Do that right after you spend the $199 to make the POWERUP FPV yours and head for the much more friendly drone skies. | aerospace |
https://aviator.aero/press_releases/24827 | 2023-12-02T03:16:23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100309.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20231202010506-20231202040506-00246.warc.gz | 0.954899 | 349 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__70888276 | en | AUGUST 27TH, 2015
Norwegian increases its long-haul fleet and acquires two new Dreamliners
Norwegian has signed an agreement to acquire an additional two new Boeing 787-9 Dreamliners, enabling the company to launch even more long-haul routes. Both aircraft are scheduled to enter service in summer 2017. The 787-9 is larger than the eight 787-8s that Norwegian currently operates on its long-haul routes. With this new agreement, the long-haul fleet will consist of 19 Dreamliners by 2018.
Norwegian continues to expand its international operations by signing an agreement to lease two new Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner aircraft. Both aircraft are scheduled to enter service in summer 2017. Today, Norwegian has eight 787-8 Dreamliner aircraft in its long-haul fleet, as well as 11 787-9 Dreamliners on order. The company will have 19 long-haul aircraft in its fleet by 2018, whereof four will be delivered in 2016, five in 2017 and two in 2018.
“In order to make our long-haul operation even more competitive, we are dependent on more brand new cost-efficient aircraft. Our long-haul routes have been very popular and I´m very satisfied to have secured more Dreamliners. This will enable us to launch even more routes to exiting destinations all over the world. This is a fantastic airplane with high passenger comfort, long range and low fuel burn,” said Norwegian’s CEO Bjørn Kjos.
The 787-9 has 344 seats whereof 35 in premium and 309 in economy. The new aircraft will be leased by Norwegian’s asset company, Arctic Aviation Assets. | aerospace |
http://fernandolfyrl.tblogz.com/getting-my-best-drones-2018-under-1000-to-work-5978927 | 2018-11-18T12:20:49 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039744368.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20181118114534-20181118140534-00124.warc.gz | 0.933217 | 866 | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-47__0__119412090 | en | Getting My best drones 2018 under 1000 To Work
In terms of the functions’ aspect of your offer, this small birdie has a whole lot to brag about. For example, it sports activities Altitude Maintain, Custom made Flight Routes in addition to three traveling modes (novice, intermediate and specialist), all of which lead to an Over-all awesome traveling practical experience.
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The Revell Nano Quadcopter is one of the smallest traveling, video recording gadgets that you can buy. It requires 720p large-quality videos with its connected camera and instantly responds on the user’s Instructions.
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This Drones is modest in dimensions and gentle in pounds. It is actually Harmless more than enough to fly indoors.Best Drones for beginners.It's got some autonomous-flight solutions.This drone features MLP4DSM four-channel DSMX transmitter.it's got an analogous twin-manner option for faster and more agile flying.
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Despite the fact that I claimed you shouldn’t Select just about anything down below $three hundred During this price vary, it’s Alright to make an exception for HS300 since it’s not an explorer but an novice aerial photography platform. Battery lifestyle, Alternatively, goes anywhere from 10 to 15 minutes which is not half bad. All in all, if you want something cheap that can still provide you with excellent aerial videos and photos, you won’t obtain improved benefit for dollars than Holy Stone HS300!
Unfortunately, recharging the 500mAh battery will take two hours, but You need to understand that there will be trade-offs at this price issue.
It has a protracted number of flight distance at close to one hundred meters in length. The Hubsan X4 (H107C) has a large maneuverability, that permits the drone to fly outside the house in light or dark problems resulting from its LED lights. One of the Disadvantages relating to this drone is often the load although. It's a obstacle traveling in stormy or negative weather conditions, but nonetheless, it’s not a drone for that kind of temperature. | aerospace |
https://www.allflightmods.com/microsoft-flight-simulator-2020/msfs2020-aircraft/sr-71-aircraft/ | 2022-10-02T20:27:26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337339.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002181356-20221002211356-00076.warc.gz | 0.965658 | 640 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__69772951 | en | The SR-71 needs no introduction, but here is a detailed description of both the plane and why I was inspired to build a LEGO model of it:
The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is a reconnaissance aircraft that shattered many records, and even though it is well over 50 years old, is still officially the fastest aircraft in the world travelling at a speed of 2193.13 mph (or 3529.5km)
Some interesting facts on the SR-71 Blackbird:
- Had a typical cruising speed of 3.2 times the speed of sound, but was capable of over 3.5 times the speed of sound
- Cost $33 million USD per aircraft back in the 1970’s (which would be around $300 million USD today)
- During flight, the airframe (made primarily from titanium), could reach temperatures of over 510 degrees celsius (or 950 F) from air friction at such high speeds, so it was painted black to help radiate the heat. Most aircrafts are painted white to deflect heat from the Sun’s radiation, but at such high temperatures, black radiates more heat than it retains, hence where it got its name ‘Blackbird’.
- The SR-71 broke the record for the world’s highest sustained altitude in horizontal flight at 25,929m (over 85,000 feet)
- First flight was on Dec 22, 1964, and last flight was on Oct 9, 1999
- Powered by two Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet Engines
- Was originally designed with 1 seat (called the A-12) in 1962, but a two seat version evolved into the larger SR-71 specifically designed for reconnaissance missions
- Had a flight range of 5,400 km (3355 miles)
- The SR-71 was made for the United States Air Force but also used by NASA in the 1990’s as a testbed for high-speed and high-altitude aeronautical testing
- Was built by Skunk Works (Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Development Programs) to replace and fly faster and higher than the older U-2 spy plane
- It was originally supposed to be called the RS-71 but when announced by US President Johnson, he turned the letters around and called it the “SR-71” instead, which seems like a very minor thing, but Skunk Works had to then change around 29,000 blueprints / documents to accomodate this change.
As a huge fan of space flight and all things NASA, the SR-71 Blackbird has always gotten my attention, and so I thought it might be time to make a LEGO model of it. Not too mention it is one of the best looking aircrafts ever made in my opinion.
I have tried to keep the dimensions as close to the real thing as possible, which has been no easy feat using LEGO, but I have really enjoyed the challenge.
Extract to the game’s “Community” folder and ensure you see contents like this and not not another folder. | aerospace |
https://neo.ssa.esa.int/search?q=&tag=close%20approach&delta=30&start=1 | 2023-12-08T19:01:50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100769.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208180539-20231208210539-00621.warc.gz | 0.907506 | 241 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__282874946 | en | Please, accept cookies for optimal performance. More information
Total found (7)
In the evening of 07 September 2014, the newly discovered asteroid 2014 RC will have a very close fly-by of just above 30000 km to our planet. The object is estimated to be between 10 and 30 m in...
The fly-by of 2020 QG asteroid
The fly-by of 2020 HS7 asteroid
The fly-by of 2020 JJ asteroid
On 25 July, an asteroid the size of a football field flew by Earth, coming within 65 000 km of our planet’s surface during its closest approach – about one fifth of the distance to the Moon.
During the last observing run with the ESA 1-m telesope on Tenerife (the OGS = Optical Ground Station) the SSA-NEO programme successfully recovered three 'lost' NEOs. In addition, one new NEO was...
The first recovery campaign carried out by the ESA NEO Coordination Centre in coordination with ESO, using the Very Large Telescope (VLT) (VLT telescopes on the Paranal mountain in Chile (credit:...
Showing 1 to 7 of 7 entries. | aerospace |
https://blog.alliedmarketresearch.com/analyzing-the-role-and-emerging-trends-of-the-space-launch-services-industry-1385 | 2023-12-08T16:23:32 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100762.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208144732-20231208174732-00861.warc.gz | 0.964791 | 809 | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2023-50__0__164369798 | en | Analyzing the Role and Emerging Trends of the Space Launch Services Industry
20 Sep 2023
Recent achievements in the space sector have once again brought the space launch services industry into the limelight. Be it the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the southern side of the Moon or SpaceX’s Falcon-9 and Starship program, the space sector has witnessed some amazing events in the past few years. The role of the space launch service industry has been instrumental in making these events successful.
Role of space launch services in space missions
The Universe, the celestial bodies, and space in general has always ignited curiosity in the human mind. In this quest, space missions have been undertaken since the 1960s and many ambitious missions are further lined up which will try to answer some of the important questions regarding the Universe. Space launch services form the backbone of such space missions. Space launch services include manufacturing and provisioning of launch vehicles and associated equipment which can carry both manned and unmanned spaceships to outer space. The expanse of this industry has widened to such an extent that several corporations and companies have come up which have specialized in providing space launch services. With advancement of technologies, increasing curiosity about the Universe, and establishment of various corporations, many different kinds of launch vehicles have been designed. The equipment and facilities associated with these launch vehicles have also been upgraded.
Important trends affecting the space launch services industry
A report published by Allied Market Research has highlighted the growth story of the space launch services market. The report states that the market is expected to rise at a fascinating CAGR of 13.4% in the 2023-2032 timeframe. The report puts forth several important factors and trends which will aid in achieving this growth rate. The most important trend, as per the report, is the growing application of space launch services in security and defense sector, agriculture, disaster management, and environment protection. Owing to this growth in applicability, the governmental support in the form of funding and personnel has both increased drastically in the past few years. This has further helped the market to explore new growth opportunities. However, the most exciting growth driver which can really open new dimensions for the market is the emergence of space tourism. Space tourism has compelled corporations to upgrade their launch vehicles and equipment to meet the new wave of demands from the global market.
Mergers, partnerships, and collaborations
The space launch service market has traditionally been dominated by government-owned corporations as the space exploration industry was the prerogative of the state only. Hence, corporations and agencies like NASA, NSIL, JAXA, Glavkosmos, etc., have been the dominant players in the industry. However, this has been changing slowly since the post-1991 globalization era. SpaceX, which has been a pioneer in commercial space travel, opened the gates for the private sector and since then, many companies have started investing in the space industry. Apart from this, many companies have entered into partnerships or collaborations for better research and development of launch vehicles and accessories. For example, in one of the biggest partnerships in the space sector, NASA announced in June 2023, that it was partnering with 7 US corporations to enhance space capabilities and technologies. The seven companies include Blue Origin, Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, ThinkOrbital Inc., Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation, Special Aerospace Services, Vast Space LLC., and Sierra Space Corporation.
The space launch service, to summarize, is a highly dynamic industry with many stakeholders and market forces shaping its growth trajectory. Increasing governmental funding and growing private investments in this sector will go a long way towards increasing the scope of this industry.
Authors Bio- Koyel Ghosh is a blogger with a strong passion and enjoys writing in miscellaneous domains, as she believes it lets her explore a wide variety of niches. She has an innate interest in creativity and enjoys experimenting with different writing styles. A writer who never stops imagining, she has been serving the corporate industry for the last five years. | aerospace |
https://en.armradio.am/2022/05/27/national-academy-of-sciences-welcomes-the-launch-of-armenias-first-satellite/ | 2024-02-24T22:53:52 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474569.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224212113-20240225002113-00620.warc.gz | 0.895032 | 187 | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2024-10__0__59746229 | en | The National Academy of Sciences has welcomed the launch of the first Armenian satellite.
The Urdaneta-Armsat 1 iSIM-SAT 16U-CubeSat satellite with a iSIM-90 imager was sent to orbit by SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket that lifted off from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.
Geocosmos CJSC, established by the Government of Armenia to carry out functions in the field of space research, participates in receiving and processing satellite data together with the Spanish SATLANTIS company.
“The introduction of such technologies in our country allows us to use advanced knowledge, to train qualified professionals, to lay the groundwork for new developments and create technologies. In this regard, the implementation of scientific research in a number of areas – data processing, geolocation, image recognition, etc. – is of particular importance,” the National Academy of Sciences said. | aerospace |
https://www.boatus.com/expert-advice/expert-advice-archive/2019/june/sextant-in-space | 2022-10-01T17:50:19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030336880.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001163826-20221001193826-00128.warc.gz | 0.932717 | 344 | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2022-40__0__52597501 | en | It may be hard to believe, but today's astronauts use an 18th century marine navigational tool as back-up technology.
Invented in the 1600s and put to wide practical use by seafarers during the 1700s, sextants have long been used for navigation by mariners as they ranged and explored the globe. This brilliant device is used to plot a course by measuring the angle between the horizon and the sun, moon, or a star to determine latitudinal position on the high seas. With today’s modern satellite based GPS navigation and electronic charts, many experienced bluewater cruisers still keep a sextant onboard and train themselves in celestial navigation in the event of electronics failures underway. Turns out they aren't the only ones.
NASA astronauts on board the International Space Station are conducting sextant observations and experiments to be used as navigational tools in the event of catastrophic electronic system failures during future long-distance space expeditions to the moon or Mars. With the observational mechanics of celestial navigation holding true whether on the high seas or on deep space missions, Apollo astronaut James Lovell first demonstrated that a sextant could be practically and successfully used to navigate a spacecraft back to Earth during the first flyby moon missions in 1968. The first demonstrational sextant sightings and tests were done in space by the early Gemini astronauts as NASA prepared to go to the moon in 1965–66.
As America and humankind leaps toward another round of deep-space exploration with the manned Orion spacecraft currently under development, there’s something inherently comforting and optimistic about our modern space mariners reaching back to this revered old technology that helped us to first explore and navigate our planet. | aerospace |
http://www.wkyc.com/story/local/2012/10/10/3228245/ | 2015-10-06T18:38:45 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736678979.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215758-00241-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | 0.964568 | 637 | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2015-40__0__144192654 | en | CLEVELAND - Fearless Felix is the daredevil who wants to be the world's first supersonic skydiver.
Wind and weather concerns have delayed his free-fall for a second day. But he's determined to try again. How does he do it?
WKYC reporterSara Shookman went to the Great Lakes Science Center to figure it out.
"What's pretty unbelievable is that someone is doing this," said Director of Creative Projects Dante Centuori.
It's not easy to break four world records like Feliz Baumgartner will if he's successful.
Baumgartner is heading into very thin air, to skydive 23 miles down, faster than the speed of sound.
He'll need to survive a three-hour balloon ride in a 55-story balloon to 120,000 feet before free-falling back down.
"A human has never surpassed the speed of sound in free-fall before, and if all goes as planned, and the atmosphere conditions are just right, that will happen when he's in that five or so minutes of free-fall," said Centuori.
That's one of four world records Baumgartner is after if he can follow through with the Red Bull Stratos Jump. He'd make the first supersonic free fall, the highest altitude free fall, and longest free-fall time - more than five and half minutes, and the highest manned balloon flight.
"At that altitude, there's almost no air pressure," said Centuori.
Without a high tech suit to protect him, Fearless Felix could suffer in a vacuum of air pressure, less than one percent of the air you're breathing now. Centuori demonstrated the pressure's effect on a balloon and marshmallow peeps for WKYC cameras.
The jump poses many risks for Baumgartner. "If he can walk away from it, it's successful," said Centuori.
The reward for science could be great, as Felix hops out into the gray area between aeronautics and astronautics.
"We want to be able to devise systems, safety systems, where we know what happens if a pilot is at a very high altitude airplane and might need to bail," said Centuori.
A NASA spokesperson says the dive's data could be
valuable for astronaut safety in the future. "I'm sure there will be things to learn and I think it's an example of how we are using both government and individuals in the private sector to expand the space frontier," said NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver.
A dive like this hasn't been attempted since 1960 when former Air Force Captain Joe Kittinger reached his free-fall record at 19.5 miles, slightly slower than the speed of sound.
The next weather window for the dive will open on Sunday. On top of all the other sensors that Felix will wear, he'll have more than 30 cameras following the jump so the public can watch as it happens.
You can find out more, or watch the live feed, by clickinghere. | aerospace |
http://www.supplychain247.com/article/amazon_prime_air_cargo_planes_ready_for_takeoff_for_prime_day | 2018-03-21T15:12:56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647660.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321141313-20180321161313-00318.warc.gz | 0.936948 | 528 | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | webtext-fineweb__CC-MAIN-2018-13__0__50157108 | en | For The First Time Amazon Prime Air Cargo Planes Are Ready For Takeoff
Amazon Prime Air cargo planes are fueled and ready to support prime day in the U.S. for the first time as Amazon's diverse delivery network continues to expand with new prime members being added around the world.
Air Cargo Resources
Optimizing Your Supply Chain with Air Cargo
When evaluating how air cargo can help optimize supply chains, it is important to recognize the different variations within this transportation service.
- Value of Air Cargo: Air Transport and Global Value Chains
- Evolution of the U.S. Logistics Industry
- World Air Cargo Forecast 2014–2015
- All Resources
IATA is an international trade body, created over 70 years ago by a group of airlines. Today, IATA represents some 265 airlines comprising 83% of total air traffic. The organization also represents, leads and serves the airline industry in general. IATA’s Director General and CEO is Tony Tyler.…
- Company Quicklook
The e-commerce behemoth, which has helped grow the revenues of both FedEx and UPS' package delivery services, now wants a piece of the action.
Even if that action involves its own deliveries - for now.
Its first-ever branded cargo plane, the Amazon One, is a Boeing 767-300 operated by cargo service provider Atlas Air.
This is one of 40 planes Amazon has agreed to lease from Atlas Air and another partner, ATSG.
Amazon is currently using 11 of the cargo jets, but the company said it plans to roll out more planes in the fleet later this year.
In a press release statement ahead of the event, Dave Clark, Amazon's senior vice president of worldwide operations, outlined plans for a more expansive “air transportation network.”
The company is looking for more efficient ways to meet the large volume of deliveries it has daily, while also cutting down on delivery times across the country.
“Creating an air transportation network is expanding our capacity to ensure great delivery speeds for our Prime members for years to come,” Clark added.
“I cannot imagine a better way to celebrate the inaugural flight than in our hometown at Seafair alongside Amazon employees and Seattle residents.”
It would seem, controlling its own logistics instead of relying on either FedEx or UPS is one way Amazon plans to achieve its delivery goals.
To date, Amazon has insisted it has no intention of fully replacing its logistics partners. But with Amazon also experimenting with drone deliveries, UPS and FedEx can't rest on their laurels and expect to survive. | aerospace |
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