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Incubation period
What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period of the virus
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "e3t1f0rt", "ragcpbl6", "n0uwy77g", "x23ej29m", "56zhxd6e", "zph6r4il", "djq0lvr2", "n0vmb946", "awgyxn3t", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "glq0lckz", "8anqfkmo", "v3gww4iv", "66ulqu11", "ti9b1etu", "k3f7ohzg", "jxtch47t", "dbzrd23n", "j3avpu1y", "1mxjklgx", "ykofrn9i", "u8goc7io", "1mxjklgx", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19; a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis 1", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study", "Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series", "Title: A descriptive study of the impact of diseases control and prevention on the epidemics 1 dynamics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, lessons learned for", "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "4 days (IQR, 2-7)", "5.84 (99% CI: 4.83, 6.85) days", "mean incubation period of 5.2 days", "4 (3-7) days", "5 days (range 2-9 days)", "7.44 days", "4 days (IQR 3–7 days)", "The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "1.8 and 7.2 days", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "4 days (IQR 3-6)", "median of incubation period is 8·13 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7·37-8·91), the mean is 8·62 days (95% CI: 8·02-9·28)", "4 days (IQR, 2 to 7)", "5.1 days (CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days)", "4.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.4) days", "7.1 (6.13, 8.25) days for Singapore and 9 (7.92, 10.2) days for Tianjin", "6 days, ranged from 1 to 32 days", "6.7 days", "6 (IQR, 3-8) days", "6.4 days (95% 175 CI 5.3 to 7.6)", "between 3 and 6 days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "5.6 days (95% CI: 4.4, 7.4)", "6.4 (5.6 -7.7, 95% CI) days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "4·8 days (95% CI 4·2-5·4" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 4 days (IQR, 2-7), 5.84 (99% CI: 4.83, 6.85) days, mean incubation period of 5.2 days, 4 (3-7) days, 5 days (range 2-9 days), 7.44 days, 4 days (IQR 3–7 days), The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases, 1.8 and 7.2 days, 10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days, 4 days (IQR 3-6), median of incubation period is 8·13 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7·37-8·91), the mean is 8·62 days (95% CI: 8·02-9·28), 4 days (IQR, 2 to 7), 5.1 days (CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days), 4.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.4) days, 7.1 (6.13, 8.25) days for Singapore and 9 (7.92, 10.2) days for Tianjin, 6 days, ranged from 1 to 32 days, 6.7 days, 6 (IQR, 3-8) days, 6.4 days (95% 175 CI 5.3 to 7.6), between 3 and 6 days, average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days, 5.6 days (95% CI: 4.4, 7.4), 6.4 (5.6 -7.7, 95% CI) days, average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days, 4·8 days (95% CI 4·2-5·4
What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period
What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Length of viral shedding after illness onset
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a", "k36rymkv" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "2 days (range, 3-38 ) in nasopharyngeal swabs, 19 days (range, 5-37) in sputum and 18 days (range, 7-26) in stools", "20·0 days (IQR 17·0-24·0)" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 2 days (range, 3-38 ) in nasopharyngeal swabs, 19 days (range, 5-37) in sputum and 18 days (range, 7-26) in stools, 20·0 days (IQR 17·0-24·0)
What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Incubation period
What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Incubation period across different age groups
{ "id": [ "giabjjnz", "djq0lvr2", "awgyxn3t", "gxk5t1yp" ], "title": [ "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Significantly longer Covid-19 incubation times for the elderly, from a case study of 136 patients throughout China" ], "exact_answer": [ "7.74 d ± 3.22", "median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "15 -64 age group, the median incubation time of 7.00 +1.10 −0.90 days" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 7.74 d ± 3.22, median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases, 10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days, 15 -64 age group, the median incubation time of 7.00 +1.10 −0.90 days
What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "bmsmegbs", "7w1bhaz6", "xsqgrd5l", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "ofoqk100", "k3f7ohzg", "vhtc0jvq", "c5be70t6" ], "title": [ "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "High transmissibility of COVID-19 near symptom onset", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Clinical Characteristics of 24 Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19 Screened among Close Contacts in Nanjing, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals", "The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "21.7%", "19%", "there were 32 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including five household/family clusters and four asymptomatic patients", "49 (14.89%) were asymptomatic", "17.9%", "The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization.", "13 (5.0%) asymptomatic cases", "32.6%", " 29% (95% CI 23 to 37%) is an upper bound of SARS-CoV-2 infections that remain asymptomatic throughout" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 21.7%, 19%, there were 32 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including five household/family clusters and four asymptomatic patients, 49 (14.89%) were asymptomatic, 17.9%, The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization., 13 (5.0%) asymptomatic cases, 32.6%, 29% (95% CI 23 to 37%) is an upper bound of SARS-CoV-2 infections that remain asymptomatic throughout
What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "xsgxd5sy", "dmrtsxik", "7w1bhaz6", "jvhrp51s", "j58f1lwa", "mar8zt2t", "jsjxdmi2", "hd4qul4t", "pqg0g1nx" ], "title": [ "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data", "The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China -the character of children with COVID-19", "Title Page Running Title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta- Analysis", "A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China", "Clinical and Transmission Dynamics Characteristics of 406 Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China: A Review" ], "exact_answer": [ "20 (27.03%) cases", "ten (28%) patients", "28.6%", "8 no symptoms", "2 (8.0%) cases", "Six children (66.7%)", "19% had no symptoms", "Eleven children (34%) were asymptomatic", "asymptomatic infections and mild cases account for 44.8%" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 20 (27.03%) cases, ten (28%) patients, 28.6%, 8 no symptoms, 2 (8.0%) cases, Six children (66.7%), 19% had no symptoms, Eleven children (34%) were asymptomatic, asymptomatic infections and mild cases account for 44.8%
What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Asymptomatic transmission during incubation
{ "id": [ "eflwztji", "v3gww4iv", "56zhxd6e", "v3gww4iv", "st5vs6gq" ], "title": [ "Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Title: The serial interval of COVID-19 from publicly reported confirmed cases Running Head: The serial interval of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "44% of transmission prior to symptom onset", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "In 102 (43.78%) infector-infectee pairs, transmission occurred before infectors' symptom onsets", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "12.6% of reports indicating pre-symptomatic transmission" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 44% of transmission prior to symptom onset, (73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases, In 102 (43.78%) infector-infectee pairs, transmission occurred before infectors' symptom onsets, (73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases, 12.6% of reports indicating pre-symptomatic transmission
What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Length of viral shedding in stool
{ "id": [ "k86ljbxu", "ouca1bol", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3", "we9kzreh", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Do children need a longer time to shed SARS- CoV-2 in stool than adults?", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Title Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces -a rapid review", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "100% positive on the third week after onset and 30% positive 29 days later", "detected in feces till 14 days after the onset of symptoms", "18 days (range, 7-26)", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)", "1 to 33 days and in 1 patient up to 47 days", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 100% positive on the third week after onset and 30% positive 29 days later, detected in feces till 14 days after the onset of symptoms, 18 days (range, 7-26), 22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5), 1 to 33 days and in 1 patient up to 47 days, 22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)
What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Length of viral shedding from nasopharynx
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)", "12 days (range, 3-38 )", "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0), 12 days (range, 3-38 ), 10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)
What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Length of viral shedding in urine
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "all patient data were and urine samples were all negative, except for urine samples from two 53 severe cases at the latest available detection point (16 or 21 d.a.o)" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: all patient data were and urine samples were all negative, except for urine samples from two 53 severe cases at the latest available detection point (16 or 21 d.a.o)
What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Length of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "ac4aesoa" ], "title": [ "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients" ], "exact_answer": [ "15.67 ±6.68 days in non-ICU group and 22.25 ±3.62 days in ICU group" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 15.67 ±6.68 days in non-ICU group and 22.25 ±3.62 days in ICU group
What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Persistence of sources
What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Prevalence of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "12 plasmas (5.7%) from 9 patients (14.3%) were positive" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 12 plasmas (5.7%) from 9 patients (14.3%) were positive
What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Diagnostics
What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests
{ "id": [ "9p7hqk1u", "aa7slcnc", "na8odvj7", "py38bel4", "5skk3nj4", "cv3qgno3", "chln5r8w", "s7uqawbd" ], "title": [ "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis", "Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR", "Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing", "Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection", "Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area", "Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP", "Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?", "Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran- scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat- form: iLACO" ], "exact_answer": [ "97% sensitivity of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19", "The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of RT-dPCR were 90%, 100% and 93 %, respectively", "The areas under the ROC curves of IgM and IgG were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively.", "The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%.", "the overall accuracy rate of CT examination in the present study was 97.3%", "colorimetric LAMP assay showed 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results across a range of C q values", "sensitivity was therefore 97.2%", "iLACO is very sensitive, and as low as 10 copies of ORF1ab gene were detected successfully" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 97% sensitivity of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19, The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of RT-dPCR were 90%, 100% and 93 %, respectively, The areas under the ROC curves of IgM and IgG were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively., The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%., the overall accuracy rate of CT examination in the present study was 97.3%, colorimetric LAMP assay showed 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results across a range of C q values, sensitivity was therefore 97.2%, iLACO is very sensitive, and as low as 10 copies of ORF1ab gene were detected successfully
What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Seasonality
How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of temperature on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "r141na6j", "mdyojac2", "vc2eheb6", "fcaeoyxd", "drzphrqj", "eob22inx", "ekal5251", "og0zw56h", "lmjaldcs" ], "title": [ "Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China", "Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: an online surveillance tool", "Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal", "Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics", "Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality", "Relationship between Average Daily Temperature and Average Cumulative Daily Rate of Confirmed Cases of COVID-19", "Journal Pre-proof Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Correlation Between Weather and Covid-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia", "Meteorological factors correlate with transmission of 2019-nCoV: Proof of incidence of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Hubei Province, China" ], "exact_answer": [ "Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence", "a plausible negative correlation between warmer climate and COVID-19 spread rate", "a 1 • C increase in local temperature reduces new COVID-19 cases per 1 million people by 13%, with a 95% confidence interval of [-21%, -4%]", "Temperature and humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher", "Temperature is positively correlated with UV-index, for which one unit of increase results in a ~15% decrease in the mortality rate", "when there is a significant difference in the daily mean temperature between two regions of a country, a significant difference exists also in the average cumulative daily rate of confirmed cases", "temperature average ( 0 C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 (r=.392; p<.001)", "minimum temperature changes by 1 degree, and 72 incremental cases will change in the opposite direction" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence, a plausible negative correlation between warmer climate and COVID-19 spread rate, a 1 • C increase in local temperature reduces new COVID-19 cases per 1 million people by 13%, with a 95% confidence interval of [-21%, -4%], Temperature and humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe, higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher, Temperature is positively correlated with UV-index, for which one unit of increase results in a ~15% decrease in the mortality rate, when there is a significant difference in the daily mean temperature between two regions of a country, a significant difference exists also in the average cumulative daily rate of confirmed cases, temperature average ( 0 C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 (r=.392; p<.001), minimum temperature changes by 1 degree, and 72 incremental cases will change in the opposite direction
How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Seasonality
How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of humidity on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "6anr4xdw", "qz2joxys", "fcaeoyxd", "eob22inx" ], "title": [ "Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China", "Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases", "Title: Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality" ], "exact_answer": [ "both per 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death counts", "doubling time correlates positively with temperature and inversely with humidity, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of progression of COVID-19 with the arrival of spring and summer in the north hemisphere", "humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~4%, while a 1% increase in relative humidity raises" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: both per 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death counts, doubling time correlates positively with temperature and inversely with humidity, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of progression of COVID-19 with the arrival of spring and summer in the north hemisphere, humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe, Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~4%, while a 1% increase in relative humidity raises
How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Seasonality
How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of seasonality on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "f4hj35dr", "zxx7tikz", "f3qeoyvf", "okvu49y3", "3p2dl8yf", "x4qdiln9", "f4hj35dr", "nzat41wu", "rnn8wr50" ], "title": [ "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic", "Title: Modeling the Corona Virus Outbreak in IRAN", "Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID- 2019 epidemic dataset", "Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic", "A spatial model of CoVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread and peak timing", "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Social distancing strategies for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic", "Title: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates 2 3 4 Affiliation" ], "exact_answer": [ "Winter/spring establishments favored longer-lasting outbreaks with shorter peaks (Fig 3A) , while autumn/winter establishments led to more acute outbreaks (Fig 3B) ", "summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth", "available data is too small to identify seasonal patterns and make predictable variation in value", "prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019 are not influenced by the seasonality", "seasonal variation might slow down a pandemic", "Seasonal changes in transmission rate could shift the timing of the peak into winter months", "HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause annual wintertime outbreaks of respiratory illness in temperate regions (9, 10), suggesting that wintertime climate and host behaviors may facilitate transmission, as is true for influenza", "If SARS-Cov-2 transmission is similarly subject to seasonal forcing, summer outbreaks would naturally have lower peaks than winter outbreaks", "risk will decline across the northern 129 hemisphere this summer, remain active in the tropics, and increase in the southern hemisphere as The overall conclusion is that although COVID-19 might decrease temporarily during summer, 139 there is still a moderate probability that it is weakly affected by summer weather, and that it 140 could return in autumn and pose increasing risks by winter" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: Winter/spring establishments favored longer-lasting outbreaks with shorter peaks (Fig 3A) , while autumn/winter establishments led to more acute outbreaks (Fig 3B) , summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth, available data is too small to identify seasonal patterns and make predictable variation in value, prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019 are not influenced by the seasonality, seasonal variation might slow down a pandemic, Seasonal changes in transmission rate could shift the timing of the peak into winter months, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause annual wintertime outbreaks of respiratory illness in temperate regions (9, 10), suggesting that wintertime climate and host behaviors may facilitate transmission, as is true for influenza, If SARS-Cov-2 transmission is similarly subject to seasonal forcing, summer outbreaks would naturally have lower peaks than winter outbreaks, risk will decline across the northern 129 hemisphere this summer, remain active in the tropics, and increase in the southern hemisphere as The overall conclusion is that although COVID-19 might decrease temporarily during summer, 139 there is still a moderate probability that it is weakly affected by summer weather, and that it 140 could return in autumn and pose increasing risks by winter
How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Physical science
What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Purity of ethanol to inactivate COVID-19
{ "id": [ "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6" ], "title": [ "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols" ], "exact_answer": [ "WHO 21 formulation I, based on 85 % ethanol, efficiently inactivated the virus with reduction 22 factors", "Both alcohols, ethanol (Fig. 9 2A) and 2-propanol ( Fig. 2B) were able to reduce viral titers in 30 s exposure", "minimal concentration of 30 % ethanol or 2-propanol is sufficient for viral 12 inactivation" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: WHO 21 formulation I, based on 85 % ethanol, efficiently inactivated the virus with reduction 22 factors, Both alcohols, ethanol (Fig. 9 2A) and 2-propanol ( Fig. 2B) were able to reduce viral titers in 30 s exposure, minimal concentration of 30 % ethanol or 2-propanol is sufficient for viral 12 inactivation
What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Physical science
What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Temperature used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "heating (dry or in the presence humidity) <100 °C can preserve the filtration", "60°C for 90 minutes" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: heating (dry or in the presence humidity) <100 °C can preserve the filtration, 60°C for 90 minutes
What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Physical science
What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "254 nm, 8 W lamp, and 475 cm 2 internal area", "at least 1,000 mJ/cm 2" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 254 nm, 8 W lamp, and 475 cm 2 internal area, at least 1,000 mJ/cm 2
What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
Metaresearch
How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Sample size used in COVID-19 studies
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "ragcpbl6", "56zhxd6e", "djq0lvr2", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "tne83uu0", "glq0lckz", "ti9b1etu", "1mxjklgx", "u8goc7io", "r5a46n9a", "giabjjnz", "bmsmegbs", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "k3f7ohzg", "dmrtsxik", "jvhrp51s", "ouca1bol", "ac4aesoa", "4aps0kvp", "3q2bj7cr", "nrdiqees", "as6tbfrh", "5ciaonf0", "niw61l9r", "pd70i3d8", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou, China Affiliations: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Abstract", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS- CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients", "Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes", "Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019", "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California", "Title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study", "Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study", "Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "59 cases", "49 cases", "587 cases", "2015 cases", "36 individuals", "sample size of 1211", "162 cases", "69 hospitalized patients", "104 cases", "1212 patients", "88 confirmed cases", "67 patients", "40 articles", "83 cases", "329 cases", "634 cases,", "262 patients", "36 children", "82 confirmed cases", "10 cases", "thirty-two patients", "16 people", "three paediatric cases", "275 publicly reported confirmed cases", "54 patients", "291 patients", "214 patients", "61 patients", "183 cases" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: 59 cases, 49 cases, 587 cases, 2015 cases, 36 individuals, sample size of 1211, 162 cases, 69 hospitalized patients, 104 cases, 1212 patients, 88 confirmed cases, 67 patients, 40 articles, 83 cases, 329 cases, 634 cases,, 262 patients, 36 children, 82 confirmed cases, 10 cases, thirty-two patients, 16 people, three paediatric cases, 275 publicly reported confirmed cases, 54 patients, 291 patients, 214 patients, 61 patients, 183 cases
How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Hypertension
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "yx8b2moc" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "pooled crude relative risk of ~3-5 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD", "hypertension (RR = 4.48; 95% CI" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: pooled crude relative risk of ~3-5 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD, hypertension (RR = 4.48; 95% CI
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "7s9ot4vq", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.32)", "HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.32), HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6
What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "v6frcc5r", "vof63qat", "o56j4qio", "3ti3y4y9", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t", "avwk4fwi" ], "title": [ "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection", "Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19 Mortality and Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails", "Journal Pre-proof Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission" ], "exact_answer": [ "There were significant correlations between COVID-19 severity and hypertension [OR=2.3 [95% CI (1.76, 3.00), P<0.01]", "hypertension (1.97, 95% CI 1.40 -2.77)", "Higher risk of hypertension (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46–3.83)", "OR: 2.69, 95%CI 1.", "hypertension: OR = 2.72, 95% CI (1.60,4.64), P = 0.0002", "HTN (n= 10, OR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.02, I 2 = 0.0%, Q-value= 7.38, P= 0.597)", "hypertension had a significantly increased risk of ICU admission (OR¼2.54; 95% CI, 1.83e3.54; P<0.0001; I 2 ¼42%)" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: There were significant correlations between COVID-19 severity and hypertension [OR=2.3 [95% CI (1.76, 3.00), P<0.01], hypertension (1.97, 95% CI 1.40 -2.77), Higher risk of hypertension (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46–3.83), OR: 2.69, 95%CI 1., hypertension: OR = 2.72, 95% CI (1.60,4.64), P = 0.0002, HTN (n= 10, OR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.02, I 2 = 0.0%, Q-value= 7.38, P= 0.597), hypertension had a significantly increased risk of ICU admission (OR¼2.54; 95% CI, 1.83e3.54; P<0.0001; I 2 ¼42%)
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "r0r1kvkp" ], "title": [ "Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "Patients with hypertension, showed a significantly higher mortality rate (p<0·001)." ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: Patients with hypertension, showed a significantly higher mortality rate (p<0·001).
What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Diabetes
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "oqo8pa1p", "v6frcc5r", "yx8b2moc", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t" ], "title": [ "Risk factors for severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients : a systematic review and meta analysis", "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails" ], "exact_answer": [ "OR = 3.04 [2.01, 4.60]", "[OR=2.67, 95% CI (1.91, 3.74), P<0.01]", "2.49; 95% CI, ; n = 10; I 2 = 44%", "OR=3.68, 95% CI (2.68, 5.03), P < 0.00001;", "OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-7.01, I 2 = 58.4%, Q-value= 19.22, P= 0.014" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: OR = 3.04 [2.01, 4.60], [OR=2.67, 95% CI (1.91, 3.74), P<0.01], 2.49; 95% CI, ; n = 10; I 2 = 44%, OR=3.68, 95% CI (2.68, 5.03), P < 0.00001;, OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-7.01, I 2 = 58.4%, Q-value= 19.22, P= 0.014
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "u6uqroi0", "4mnmaky6" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Journal Pre-proof Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Title: Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Short Title: Diabetes and COVID-19 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID- 19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression", "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "relative risk estimate of 2.81 (2.01-3.93)", "RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p<0.001; I 2 : 45%, p=0.04", "diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: relative risk estimate of 2.81 (2.01-3.93), RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p<0.001; I 2 : 45%, p=0.04, diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "nrdiqees", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "HR=1.1, p=0.61", "HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: HR=1.1, p=0.61, HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2
What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "skknfc6h" ], "title": [ "Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus was Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study" ], "exact_answer": [ "[aHR]=3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 12.21" ] }
answers_to_qn
Generate a possible question to the following answers: {{answers["exact_answer"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a possible question to the following answers: [aHR]=3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 12.21
What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Incubation period
What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period of the virus
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "e3t1f0rt", "ragcpbl6", "n0uwy77g", "x23ej29m", "56zhxd6e", "zph6r4il", "djq0lvr2", "n0vmb946", "awgyxn3t", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "glq0lckz", "8anqfkmo", "v3gww4iv", "66ulqu11", "ti9b1etu", "k3f7ohzg", "jxtch47t", "dbzrd23n", "j3avpu1y", "1mxjklgx", "ykofrn9i", "u8goc7io", "1mxjklgx", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19; a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis 1", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study", "Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series", "Title: A descriptive study of the impact of diseases control and prevention on the epidemics 1 dynamics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, lessons learned for", "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "4 days (IQR, 2-7)", "5.84 (99% CI: 4.83, 6.85) days", "mean incubation period of 5.2 days", "4 (3-7) days", "5 days (range 2-9 days)", "7.44 days", "4 days (IQR 3–7 days)", "The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "1.8 and 7.2 days", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "4 days (IQR 3-6)", "median of incubation period is 8·13 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7·37-8·91), the mean is 8·62 days (95% CI: 8·02-9·28)", "4 days (IQR, 2 to 7)", "5.1 days (CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days)", "4.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.4) days", "7.1 (6.13, 8.25) days for Singapore and 9 (7.92, 10.2) days for Tianjin", "6 days, ranged from 1 to 32 days", "6.7 days", "6 (IQR, 3-8) days", "6.4 days (95% 175 CI 5.3 to 7.6)", "between 3 and 6 days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "5.6 days (95% CI: 4.4, 7.4)", "6.4 (5.6 -7.7, 95% CI) days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "4·8 days (95% CI 4·2-5·4" ] }
keyword_form
Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period of the virus
Incubation period
What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Length of viral shedding after illness onset
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a", "k36rymkv" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "2 days (range, 3-38 ) in nasopharyngeal swabs, 19 days (range, 5-37) in sputum and 18 days (range, 7-26) in stools", "20·0 days (IQR 17·0-24·0)" ] }
keyword_form
Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Length of viral shedding after illness onset
Incubation period
What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Incubation period across different age groups
{ "id": [ "giabjjnz", "djq0lvr2", "awgyxn3t", "gxk5t1yp" ], "title": [ "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Significantly longer Covid-19 incubation times for the elderly, from a case study of 136 patients throughout China" ], "exact_answer": [ "7.74 d ± 3.22", "median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "15 -64 age group, the median incubation time of 7.00 +1.10 −0.90 days" ] }
keyword_form
Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Incubation period across different age groups
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "bmsmegbs", "7w1bhaz6", "xsqgrd5l", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "ofoqk100", "k3f7ohzg", "vhtc0jvq", "c5be70t6" ], "title": [ "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "High transmissibility of COVID-19 near symptom onset", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Clinical Characteristics of 24 Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19 Screened among Close Contacts in Nanjing, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals", "The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "21.7%", "19%", "there were 32 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including five household/family clusters and four asymptomatic patients", "49 (14.89%) were asymptomatic", "17.9%", "The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization.", "13 (5.0%) asymptomatic cases", "32.6%", " 29% (95% CI 23 to 37%) is an upper bound of SARS-CoV-2 infections that remain asymptomatic throughout" ] }
keyword_form
Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of patients who were asymptomatic
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "xsgxd5sy", "dmrtsxik", "7w1bhaz6", "jvhrp51s", "j58f1lwa", "mar8zt2t", "jsjxdmi2", "hd4qul4t", "pqg0g1nx" ], "title": [ "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data", "The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China -the character of children with COVID-19", "Title Page Running Title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta- Analysis", "A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China", "Clinical and Transmission Dynamics Characteristics of 406 Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China: A Review" ], "exact_answer": [ "20 (27.03%) cases", "ten (28%) patients", "28.6%", "8 no symptoms", "2 (8.0%) cases", "Six children (66.7%)", "19% had no symptoms", "Eleven children (34%) were asymptomatic", "asymptomatic infections and mild cases account for 44.8%" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Asymptomatic transmission during incubation
{ "id": [ "eflwztji", "v3gww4iv", "56zhxd6e", "v3gww4iv", "st5vs6gq" ], "title": [ "Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Title: The serial interval of COVID-19 from publicly reported confirmed cases Running Head: The serial interval of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "44% of transmission prior to symptom onset", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "In 102 (43.78%) infector-infectee pairs, transmission occurred before infectors' symptom onsets", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "12.6% of reports indicating pre-symptomatic transmission" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Asymptomatic transmission during incubation
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Length of viral shedding in stool
{ "id": [ "k86ljbxu", "ouca1bol", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3", "we9kzreh", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Do children need a longer time to shed SARS- CoV-2 in stool than adults?", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Title Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces -a rapid review", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "100% positive on the third week after onset and 30% positive 29 days later", "detected in feces till 14 days after the onset of symptoms", "18 days (range, 7-26)", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)", "1 to 33 days and in 1 patient up to 47 days", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Length of viral shedding in stool
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Length of viral shedding from nasopharynx
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)", "12 days (range, 3-38 )", "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Length of viral shedding from nasopharynx
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Length of viral shedding in urine
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "all patient data were and urine samples were all negative, except for urine samples from two 53 severe cases at the latest available detection point (16 or 21 d.a.o)" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Length of viral shedding in urine
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Length of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "ac4aesoa" ], "title": [ "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients" ], "exact_answer": [ "15.67 ±6.68 days in non-ICU group and 22.25 ±3.62 days in ICU group" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Length of viral shedding in blood
Persistence of sources
What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Prevalence of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "12 plasmas (5.7%) from 9 patients (14.3%) were positive" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Prevalence of viral shedding in blood
Diagnostics
What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests
{ "id": [ "9p7hqk1u", "aa7slcnc", "na8odvj7", "py38bel4", "5skk3nj4", "cv3qgno3", "chln5r8w", "s7uqawbd" ], "title": [ "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis", "Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR", "Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing", "Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection", "Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area", "Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP", "Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?", "Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran- scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat- form: iLACO" ], "exact_answer": [ "97% sensitivity of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19", "The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of RT-dPCR were 90%, 100% and 93 %, respectively", "The areas under the ROC curves of IgM and IgG were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively.", "The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%.", "the overall accuracy rate of CT examination in the present study was 97.3%", "colorimetric LAMP assay showed 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results across a range of C q values", "sensitivity was therefore 97.2%", "iLACO is very sensitive, and as low as 10 copies of ORF1ab gene were detected successfully" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests
Seasonality
How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of temperature on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "r141na6j", "mdyojac2", "vc2eheb6", "fcaeoyxd", "drzphrqj", "eob22inx", "ekal5251", "og0zw56h", "lmjaldcs" ], "title": [ "Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China", "Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: an online surveillance tool", "Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal", "Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics", "Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality", "Relationship between Average Daily Temperature and Average Cumulative Daily Rate of Confirmed Cases of COVID-19", "Journal Pre-proof Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Correlation Between Weather and Covid-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia", "Meteorological factors correlate with transmission of 2019-nCoV: Proof of incidence of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Hubei Province, China" ], "exact_answer": [ "Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence", "a plausible negative correlation between warmer climate and COVID-19 spread rate", "a 1 • C increase in local temperature reduces new COVID-19 cases per 1 million people by 13%, with a 95% confidence interval of [-21%, -4%]", "Temperature and humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher", "Temperature is positively correlated with UV-index, for which one unit of increase results in a ~15% decrease in the mortality rate", "when there is a significant difference in the daily mean temperature between two regions of a country, a significant difference exists also in the average cumulative daily rate of confirmed cases", "temperature average ( 0 C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 (r=.392; p<.001)", "minimum temperature changes by 1 degree, and 72 incremental cases will change in the opposite direction" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of temperature on the transmission of COVID-19
Seasonality
How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of humidity on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "6anr4xdw", "qz2joxys", "fcaeoyxd", "eob22inx" ], "title": [ "Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China", "Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases", "Title: Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality" ], "exact_answer": [ "both per 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death counts", "doubling time correlates positively with temperature and inversely with humidity, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of progression of COVID-19 with the arrival of spring and summer in the north hemisphere", "humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~4%, while a 1% increase in relative humidity raises" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of humidity on the transmission of COVID-19
Seasonality
How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of seasonality on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "f4hj35dr", "zxx7tikz", "f3qeoyvf", "okvu49y3", "3p2dl8yf", "x4qdiln9", "f4hj35dr", "nzat41wu", "rnn8wr50" ], "title": [ "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic", "Title: Modeling the Corona Virus Outbreak in IRAN", "Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID- 2019 epidemic dataset", "Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic", "A spatial model of CoVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread and peak timing", "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Social distancing strategies for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic", "Title: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates 2 3 4 Affiliation" ], "exact_answer": [ "Winter/spring establishments favored longer-lasting outbreaks with shorter peaks (Fig 3A) , while autumn/winter establishments led to more acute outbreaks (Fig 3B) ", "summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth", "available data is too small to identify seasonal patterns and make predictable variation in value", "prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019 are not influenced by the seasonality", "seasonal variation might slow down a pandemic", "Seasonal changes in transmission rate could shift the timing of the peak into winter months", "HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause annual wintertime outbreaks of respiratory illness in temperate regions (9, 10), suggesting that wintertime climate and host behaviors may facilitate transmission, as is true for influenza", "If SARS-Cov-2 transmission is similarly subject to seasonal forcing, summer outbreaks would naturally have lower peaks than winter outbreaks", "risk will decline across the northern 129 hemisphere this summer, remain active in the tropics, and increase in the southern hemisphere as The overall conclusion is that although COVID-19 might decrease temporarily during summer, 139 there is still a moderate probability that it is weakly affected by summer weather, and that it 140 could return in autumn and pose increasing risks by winter" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of seasonality on the transmission of COVID-19
Physical science
What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Purity of ethanol to inactivate COVID-19
{ "id": [ "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6" ], "title": [ "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols" ], "exact_answer": [ "WHO 21 formulation I, based on 85 % ethanol, efficiently inactivated the virus with reduction 22 factors", "Both alcohols, ethanol (Fig. 9 2A) and 2-propanol ( Fig. 2B) were able to reduce viral titers in 30 s exposure", "minimal concentration of 30 % ethanol or 2-propanol is sufficient for viral 12 inactivation" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Purity of ethanol to inactivate COVID-19
Physical science
What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Temperature used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "heating (dry or in the presence humidity) <100 °C can preserve the filtration", "60°C for 90 minutes" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Temperature used for inactivating COVID-19
Physical science
What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "254 nm, 8 W lamp, and 475 cm 2 internal area", "at least 1,000 mJ/cm 2" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19
Metaresearch
How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Sample size used in COVID-19 studies
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "ragcpbl6", "56zhxd6e", "djq0lvr2", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "tne83uu0", "glq0lckz", "ti9b1etu", "1mxjklgx", "u8goc7io", "r5a46n9a", "giabjjnz", "bmsmegbs", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "k3f7ohzg", "dmrtsxik", "jvhrp51s", "ouca1bol", "ac4aesoa", "4aps0kvp", "3q2bj7cr", "nrdiqees", "as6tbfrh", "5ciaonf0", "niw61l9r", "pd70i3d8", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou, China Affiliations: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Abstract", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS- CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients", "Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes", "Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019", "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California", "Title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study", "Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study", "Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "59 cases", "49 cases", "587 cases", "2015 cases", "36 individuals", "sample size of 1211", "162 cases", "69 hospitalized patients", "104 cases", "1212 patients", "88 confirmed cases", "67 patients", "40 articles", "83 cases", "329 cases", "634 cases,", "262 patients", "36 children", "82 confirmed cases", "10 cases", "thirty-two patients", "16 people", "three paediatric cases", "275 publicly reported confirmed cases", "54 patients", "291 patients", "214 patients", "61 patients", "183 cases" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Sample size used in COVID-19 studies
Hypertension
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "yx8b2moc" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "pooled crude relative risk of ~3-5 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD", "hypertension (RR = 4.48; 95% CI" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
Hypertension
What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "7s9ot4vq", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.32)", "HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
Hypertension
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "v6frcc5r", "vof63qat", "o56j4qio", "3ti3y4y9", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t", "avwk4fwi" ], "title": [ "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection", "Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19 Mortality and Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails", "Journal Pre-proof Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission" ], "exact_answer": [ "There were significant correlations between COVID-19 severity and hypertension [OR=2.3 [95% CI (1.76, 3.00), P<0.01]", "hypertension (1.97, 95% CI 1.40 -2.77)", "Higher risk of hypertension (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46–3.83)", "OR: 2.69, 95%CI 1.", "hypertension: OR = 2.72, 95% CI (1.60,4.64), P = 0.0002", "HTN (n= 10, OR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.02, I 2 = 0.0%, Q-value= 7.38, P= 0.597)", "hypertension had a significantly increased risk of ICU admission (OR¼2.54; 95% CI, 1.83e3.54; P<0.0001; I 2 ¼42%)" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
Hypertension
What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "r0r1kvkp" ], "title": [ "Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "Patients with hypertension, showed a significantly higher mortality rate (p<0·001)." ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension
Diabetes
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "oqo8pa1p", "v6frcc5r", "yx8b2moc", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t" ], "title": [ "Risk factors for severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients : a systematic review and meta analysis", "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails" ], "exact_answer": [ "OR = 3.04 [2.01, 4.60]", "[OR=2.67, 95% CI (1.91, 3.74), P<0.01]", "2.49; 95% CI, ; n = 10; I 2 = 44%", "OR=3.68, 95% CI (2.68, 5.03), P < 0.00001;", "OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-7.01, I 2 = 58.4%, Q-value= 19.22, P= 0.014" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
Diabetes
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "u6uqroi0", "4mnmaky6" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Journal Pre-proof Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Title: Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Short Title: Diabetes and COVID-19 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID- 19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression", "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "relative risk estimate of 2.81 (2.01-3.93)", "RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p<0.001; I 2 : 45%, p=0.04", "diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
Diabetes
What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "nrdiqees", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "HR=1.1, p=0.61", "HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2" ] }
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Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
Diabetes
What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "skknfc6h" ], "title": [ "Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus was Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study" ], "exact_answer": [ "[aHR]=3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 12.21" ] }
keyword_form
Provide the keyword form of the following query: {{question_query}} ||| {{keyword_query}}
Provide the keyword form of the following query: What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
Incubation period
What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period of the virus
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "e3t1f0rt", "ragcpbl6", "n0uwy77g", "x23ej29m", "56zhxd6e", "zph6r4il", "djq0lvr2", "n0vmb946", "awgyxn3t", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "glq0lckz", "8anqfkmo", "v3gww4iv", "66ulqu11", "ti9b1etu", "k3f7ohzg", "jxtch47t", "dbzrd23n", "j3avpu1y", "1mxjklgx", "ykofrn9i", "u8goc7io", "1mxjklgx", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19; a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis 1", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study", "Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series", "Title: A descriptive study of the impact of diseases control and prevention on the epidemics 1 dynamics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, lessons learned for", "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "4 days (IQR, 2-7)", "5.84 (99% CI: 4.83, 6.85) days", "mean incubation period of 5.2 days", "4 (3-7) days", "5 days (range 2-9 days)", "7.44 days", "4 days (IQR 3–7 days)", "The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "1.8 and 7.2 days", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "4 days (IQR 3-6)", "median of incubation period is 8·13 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7·37-8·91), the mean is 8·62 days (95% CI: 8·02-9·28)", "4 days (IQR, 2 to 7)", "5.1 days (CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days)", "4.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.4) days", "7.1 (6.13, 8.25) days for Singapore and 9 (7.92, 10.2) days for Tianjin", "6 days, ranged from 1 to 32 days", "6.7 days", "6 (IQR, 3-8) days", "6.4 days (95% 175 CI 5.3 to 7.6)", "between 3 and 6 days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "5.6 days (95% CI: 4.4, 7.4)", "6.4 (5.6 -7.7, 95% CI) days", "average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days", "4·8 days (95% CI 4·2-5·4" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19, Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19; a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis 1, Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study, Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study, Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study, Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background, Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms, Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?, The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period, Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series, Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures, Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study, Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population, The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application, Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole, Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19, Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China, Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing, Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series, Title: A descriptive study of the impact of diseases control and prevention on the epidemics 1 dynamics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, lessons learned for, A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster, Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv, Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data, Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv, Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study
What is the incubation period of the virus?
Incubation period
What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Length of viral shedding after illness onset
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a", "k36rymkv" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "2 days (range, 3-38 ) in nasopharyngeal swabs, 19 days (range, 5-37) in sputum and 18 days (range, 7-26) in stools", "20·0 days (IQR 17·0-24·0)" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study
What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?
Incubation period
What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Incubation period across different age groups
{ "id": [ "giabjjnz", "djq0lvr2", "awgyxn3t", "gxk5t1yp" ], "title": [ "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series", "Significantly longer Covid-19 incubation times for the elderly, from a case study of 136 patients throughout China" ], "exact_answer": [ "7.74 d ± 3.22", "median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases", "10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days", "15 -64 age group, the median incubation time of 7.00 +1.10 −0.90 days" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections, Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?, Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series, Significantly longer Covid-19 incubation times for the elderly, from a case study of 136 patients throughout China
What is the incubation period across different age groups?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "bmsmegbs", "7w1bhaz6", "xsqgrd5l", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "ofoqk100", "k3f7ohzg", "vhtc0jvq", "c5be70t6" ], "title": [ "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "High transmissibility of COVID-19 near symptom onset", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Clinical Characteristics of 24 Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19 Screened among Close Contacts in Nanjing, China", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals", "The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "21.7%", "19%", "there were 32 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including five household/family clusters and four asymptomatic patients", "49 (14.89%) were asymptomatic", "17.9%", "The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization.", "13 (5.0%) asymptomatic cases", "32.6%", " 29% (95% CI 23 to 37%) is an upper bound of SARS-CoV-2 infections that remain asymptomatic throughout" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population, High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China, High transmissibility of COVID-19 near symptom onset, Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries, Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020, Clinical Characteristics of 24 Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19 Screened among Close Contacts in Nanjing, China, Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing, Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals, The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis
What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic
{ "id": [ "xsgxd5sy", "dmrtsxik", "7w1bhaz6", "jvhrp51s", "j58f1lwa", "mar8zt2t", "jsjxdmi2", "hd4qul4t", "pqg0g1nx" ], "title": [ "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data", "The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China -the character of children with COVID-19", "Title Page Running Title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta- Analysis", "A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China", "Clinical and Transmission Dynamics Characteristics of 406 Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China: A Review" ], "exact_answer": [ "20 (27.03%) cases", "ten (28%) patients", "28.6%", "8 no symptoms", "2 (8.0%) cases", "Six children (66.7%)", "19% had no symptoms", "Eleven children (34%) were asymptomatic", "asymptomatic infections and mild cases account for 44.8%" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019, Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study, High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China, Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China, Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data, The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China -the character of children with COVID-19, Title Page Running Title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta- Analysis, A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China, Clinical and Transmission Dynamics Characteristics of 406 Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China: A Review
What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?
Asymptomatic shedding
What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Asymptomatic transmission during incubation
{ "id": [ "eflwztji", "v3gww4iv", "56zhxd6e", "v3gww4iv", "st5vs6gq" ], "title": [ "Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole", "Title: The serial interval of COVID-19 from publicly reported confirmed cases Running Head: The serial interval of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "44% of transmission prior to symptom onset", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "In 102 (43.78%) infector-infectee pairs, transmission occurred before infectors' symptom onsets", "(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases", "12.6% of reports indicating pre-symptomatic transmission" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19, Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole, Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background, Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole, Title: The serial interval of COVID-19 from publicly reported confirmed cases Running Head: The serial interval of COVID-19
What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Length of viral shedding in stool
{ "id": [ "k86ljbxu", "ouca1bol", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3", "we9kzreh", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Do children need a longer time to shed SARS- CoV-2 in stool than adults?", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Title Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces -a rapid review", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "100% positive on the third week after onset and 30% positive 29 days later", "detected in feces till 14 days after the onset of symptoms", "18 days (range, 7-26)", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)", "1 to 33 days and in 1 patient up to 47 days", "22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Do children need a longer time to shed SARS- CoV-2 in stool than adults?, Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau, Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19, Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3, Title Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces -a rapid review, Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3
What is the length of viral shedding in stool?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Length of viral shedding from nasopharynx
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3", "r5a46n9a", "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)", "12 days (range, 3-38 )", "10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3, Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19, Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3
What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Length of viral shedding in urine
{ "id": [ "1fyag5x3" ], "title": [ "Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3" ], "exact_answer": [ "all patient data were and urine samples were all negative, except for urine samples from two 53 severe cases at the latest available detection point (16 or 21 d.a.o)" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3
What is the length of viral shedding in urine?
Persistence of sources
What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Length of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "ac4aesoa" ], "title": [ "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients" ], "exact_answer": [ "15.67 ±6.68 days in non-ICU group and 22.25 ±3.62 days in ICU group" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients
What is the length of viral shedding in blood?
Persistence of sources
What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Prevalence of viral shedding in blood
{ "id": [ "r5a46n9a" ], "title": [ "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "12 plasmas (5.7%) from 9 patients (14.3%) were positive" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19
What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?
Diagnostics
What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests
{ "id": [ "9p7hqk1u", "aa7slcnc", "na8odvj7", "py38bel4", "5skk3nj4", "cv3qgno3", "chln5r8w", "s7uqawbd" ], "title": [ "Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis", "Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR", "Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing", "Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection", "Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area", "Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP", "Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?", "Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran- scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat- form: iLACO" ], "exact_answer": [ "97% sensitivity of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19", "The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of RT-dPCR were 90%, 100% and 93 %, respectively", "The areas under the ROC curves of IgM and IgG were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively.", "The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%.", "the overall accuracy rate of CT examination in the present study was 97.3%", "colorimetric LAMP assay showed 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results across a range of C q values", "sensitivity was therefore 97.2%", "iLACO is very sensitive, and as low as 10 copies of ORF1ab gene were detected successfully" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis, Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR, Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing, Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection, Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area, Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP, Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?, Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran- scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat- form: iLACO
What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?
Seasonality
How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of temperature on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "r141na6j", "mdyojac2", "vc2eheb6", "fcaeoyxd", "drzphrqj", "eob22inx", "ekal5251", "og0zw56h", "lmjaldcs" ], "title": [ "Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China", "Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: an online surveillance tool", "Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal", "Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics", "Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality", "Relationship between Average Daily Temperature and Average Cumulative Daily Rate of Confirmed Cases of COVID-19", "Journal Pre-proof Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Correlation Between Weather and Covid-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia", "Meteorological factors correlate with transmission of 2019-nCoV: Proof of incidence of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Hubei Province, China" ], "exact_answer": [ "Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence", "a plausible negative correlation between warmer climate and COVID-19 spread rate", "a 1 • C increase in local temperature reduces new COVID-19 cases per 1 million people by 13%, with a 95% confidence interval of [-21%, -4%]", "Temperature and humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher", "Temperature is positively correlated with UV-index, for which one unit of increase results in a ~15% decrease in the mortality rate", "when there is a significant difference in the daily mean temperature between two regions of a country, a significant difference exists also in the average cumulative daily rate of confirmed cases", "temperature average ( 0 C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 (r=.392; p<.001)", "minimum temperature changes by 1 degree, and 72 incremental cases will change in the opposite direction" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: an online surveillance tool, Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal, Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics, Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020, Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality, Relationship between Average Daily Temperature and Average Cumulative Daily Rate of Confirmed Cases of COVID-19, Journal Pre-proof Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Correlation Between Weather and Covid-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia, Meteorological factors correlate with transmission of 2019-nCoV: Proof of incidence of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Hubei Province, China
How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Seasonality
How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of humidity on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "6anr4xdw", "qz2joxys", "fcaeoyxd", "eob22inx" ], "title": [ "Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China", "Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases", "Title: Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics", "Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality" ], "exact_answer": [ "both per 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death counts", "doubling time correlates positively with temperature and inversely with humidity, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of progression of COVID-19 with the arrival of spring and summer in the north hemisphere", "humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe", "Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~4%, while a 1% increase in relative humidity raises" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases, Title: Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics, Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality
How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Seasonality
How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Effects of seasonality on the transmission of COVID-19
{ "id": [ "f4hj35dr", "zxx7tikz", "f3qeoyvf", "okvu49y3", "3p2dl8yf", "x4qdiln9", "f4hj35dr", "nzat41wu", "rnn8wr50" ], "title": [ "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic", "Title: Modeling the Corona Virus Outbreak in IRAN", "Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID- 2019 epidemic dataset", "Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic", "A spatial model of CoVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread and peak timing", "Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period", "Social distancing strategies for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic", "Title: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates 2 3 4 Affiliation" ], "exact_answer": [ "Winter/spring establishments favored longer-lasting outbreaks with shorter peaks (Fig 3A) , while autumn/winter establishments led to more acute outbreaks (Fig 3B) ", "summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth", "available data is too small to identify seasonal patterns and make predictable variation in value", "prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019 are not influenced by the seasonality", "seasonal variation might slow down a pandemic", "Seasonal changes in transmission rate could shift the timing of the peak into winter months", "HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause annual wintertime outbreaks of respiratory illness in temperate regions (9, 10), suggesting that wintertime climate and host behaviors may facilitate transmission, as is true for influenza", "If SARS-Cov-2 transmission is similarly subject to seasonal forcing, summer outbreaks would naturally have lower peaks than winter outbreaks", "risk will decline across the northern 129 hemisphere this summer, remain active in the tropics, and increase in the southern hemisphere as The overall conclusion is that although COVID-19 might decrease temporarily during summer, 139 there is still a moderate probability that it is weakly affected by summer weather, and that it 140 could return in autumn and pose increasing risks by winter" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period, Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic, Title: Modeling the Corona Virus Outbreak in IRAN, Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID- 2019 epidemic dataset, Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, A spatial model of CoVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread and peak timing, Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period, Social distancing strategies for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic, Title: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates 2 3 4 Affiliation
How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?
Physical science
What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Purity of ethanol to inactivate COVID-19
{ "id": [ "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6", "c1n994j6" ], "title": [ "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols", "Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols" ], "exact_answer": [ "WHO 21 formulation I, based on 85 % ethanol, efficiently inactivated the virus with reduction 22 factors", "Both alcohols, ethanol (Fig. 9 2A) and 2-propanol ( Fig. 2B) were able to reduce viral titers in 30 s exposure", "minimal concentration of 30 % ethanol or 2-propanol is sufficient for viral 12 inactivation" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols, Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols, Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols
What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?
Physical science
What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Temperature used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "heating (dry or in the presence humidity) <100 °C can preserve the filtration", "60°C for 90 minutes" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?, Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process
What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?
Physical science
What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19
{ "id": [ "dm1wkpnv", "d48u5w0h" ], "title": [ "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?", "Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process" ], "exact_answer": [ "254 nm, 8 W lamp, and 475 cm 2 internal area", "at least 1,000 mJ/cm 2" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?, Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process
What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?
Metaresearch
How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Sample size used in COVID-19 studies
{ "id": [ "wuclekt6", "ragcpbl6", "56zhxd6e", "djq0lvr2", "0hnh4n9e", "it4ka7v0", "tne83uu0", "glq0lckz", "ti9b1etu", "1mxjklgx", "u8goc7io", "r5a46n9a", "giabjjnz", "bmsmegbs", "56zhxd6e", "atnz63pk", "k3f7ohzg", "dmrtsxik", "jvhrp51s", "ouca1bol", "ac4aesoa", "4aps0kvp", "3q2bj7cr", "nrdiqees", "as6tbfrh", "5ciaonf0", "niw61l9r", "pd70i3d8", "9mact9br" ], "title": [ "Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19", "Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?", "Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures", "Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study", "Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou, China Affiliations: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Abstract", "Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population", "Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China", "Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv", "Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China", "Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19", "Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections", "A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS- CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population", "Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background", "Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020", "Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing", "Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study", "Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China", "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau", "Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients", "Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes", "Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019", "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California", "Title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study", "Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study", "Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage", "Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study" ], "exact_answer": [ "59 cases", "49 cases", "587 cases", "2015 cases", "36 individuals", "sample size of 1211", "162 cases", "69 hospitalized patients", "104 cases", "1212 patients", "88 confirmed cases", "67 patients", "40 articles", "83 cases", "329 cases", "634 cases,", "262 patients", "36 children", "82 confirmed cases", "10 cases", "thirty-two patients", "16 people", "three paediatric cases", "275 publicly reported confirmed cases", "54 patients", "291 patients", "214 patients", "61 patients", "183 cases" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19, Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study, Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background, Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?, Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures, Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study, Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou, China Affiliations: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Abstract, Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population, Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China, Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv, Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19, Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections, A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS- CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population, Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background, Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020, Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing, Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study, Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China, Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau, Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients, Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes, Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019, History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study, Title: Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California, Title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study, Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study, Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage, Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study
How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?
Hypertension
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "yx8b2moc" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "pooled crude relative risk of ~3-5 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD", "hypertension (RR = 4.48; 95% CI" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "7s9ot4vq", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.32)", "HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis, Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio
What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "v6frcc5r", "vof63qat", "o56j4qio", "3ti3y4y9", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t", "avwk4fwi" ], "title": [ "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection", "Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19 Mortality and Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails", "Journal Pre-proof Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission" ], "exact_answer": [ "There were significant correlations between COVID-19 severity and hypertension [OR=2.3 [95% CI (1.76, 3.00), P<0.01]", "hypertension (1.97, 95% CI 1.40 -2.77)", "Higher risk of hypertension (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46–3.83)", "OR: 2.69, 95%CI 1.", "hypertension: OR = 2.72, 95% CI (1.60,4.64), P = 0.0002", "HTN (n= 10, OR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.02, I 2 = 0.0%, Q-value= 7.38, P= 0.597)", "hypertension had a significantly increased risk of ICU admission (OR¼2.54; 95% CI, 1.83e3.54; P<0.0001; I 2 ¼42%)" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection, Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19 Mortality and Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails, Journal Pre-proof Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Hypertension
What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension
{ "id": [ "r0r1kvkp" ], "title": [ "Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19" ], "exact_answer": [ "Patients with hypertension, showed a significantly higher mortality rate (p<0·001)." ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19
What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?
Diabetes
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "oqo8pa1p", "v6frcc5r", "yx8b2moc", "ubqexcof", "4su6v83t" ], "title": [ "Risk factors for severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients : a systematic review and meta analysis", "Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19", "Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis", "The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails" ], "exact_answer": [ "OR = 3.04 [2.01, 4.60]", "[OR=2.67, 95% CI (1.91, 3.74), P<0.01]", "2.49; 95% CI, ; n = 10; I 2 = 44%", "OR=3.68, 95% CI (2.68, 5.03), P < 0.00001;", "OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-7.01, I 2 = 58.4%, Q-value= 19.22, P= 0.014" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Risk factors for severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients : a systematic review and meta analysis, Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19, Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis, The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails
What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "4mnmaky6", "u6uqroi0", "4mnmaky6" ], "title": [ "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "Journal Pre-proof Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Title: Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Short Title: Diabetes and COVID-19 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID- 19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression", "The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis" ], "exact_answer": [ "relative risk estimate of 2.81 (2.01-3.93)", "RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p<0.001; I 2 : 45%, p=0.04", "diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal Pre-proof Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Title: Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Short Title: Diabetes and COVID-19 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID- 19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression, The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "nrdiqees", "ol21k1a8" ], "title": [ "History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study", "Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio" ], "exact_answer": [ "HR=1.1, p=0.61", "HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study, Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio
What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
Diabetes
What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes
{ "id": [ "skknfc6h" ], "title": [ "Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus was Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study" ], "exact_answer": [ "[aHR]=3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 12.21" ] }
papers_to_qn
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): {{answers["title"]|join(", ")}} ||| {{question_query}}
Generate a question whose answer could be found within the following papers (only titles have been provided): Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus was Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?
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