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Microbial mat A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to 120 °C. A fe... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,863 |
Microbial mat The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water. As a result, microbial mats began to produce the atmosphere we know today, in which free oxygen is a vital component. At aro... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,864 |
Microbial mat These colonies of bacteria form on surfaces at many types of interface, for example between water and the sediment or rock at the bottom, between air and rock or sediment, between soil and bed-rock, etc. Such interfaces form vertical chemical gradients, i.e. vertical variations in chemical composition, wh... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,865 |
Microbial mat Although the composition of individual mats varies depending on the environment, as a general rule the by-products of each group of microorganisms serve as "food" for other groups. In effect each mat forms its own food chain, with one or a few groups at the top of the food chain as their by-products are n... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,866 |
Microbial mat For example, in hypersaline ponds near Guerrero Negro (Mexico) various kind of mats were explored. There are some mats with a middle purple layer inhabited by photosynthesizing purple bacteria. Some other mats have a white layer inhabited by chemotrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria and beneath them an oliv... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,867 |
Microbial mat Thinner, less complex biofilms live in many sub-aerial environments, for example on rocks, on mineral particles such as sand, and within soil. They have to survive for long periods without liquid water, often in a dormant state. Microbial mats that live in tidal zones, such as those found in the Sippewiss... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,868 |
Microbial mat Stromatolites, bioherms (domes or columns similar internally to stromatolites) and biostromes (distinct sheets of sediment) are among such microbe-influenced build-ups. Other types of microbial mat have created wrinkled "elephant skin" textures in marine sediments, although it was many years before these ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,869 |
Microbial mat Within a short time (by geological standards) the build-up of dead microorganisms would have created an ecological niche for scavenging heterotrophs, possibly methane-emitting and sulfate-reducing organisms that would have formed new layers in the mats and enriched their supply of biologically useful chem... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,870 |
Microbial mat The role of the hydrothermal vents was now limited to supplying reduced metals into the oceans as a whole rather than being the main supporters of life in specific locations. Heterotrophic scavengers would have accompanied the photosynthesizers in their migration out of the "hydrothermal ghetto". The evol... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,871 |
Microbial mat All photosynthetic reactions require a reducing agent, but the significance of oxygenic photosynthesis is that it uses water as a reducing agent, and water is much more plentiful than the geologically produced reducing agents on which photosynthesis previously depended. The resulting increases in the popu... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,872 |
Microbial mat Oxygen is toxic to organisms that are not adapted to it, but greatly increases the metabolic efficiency of oxygen-adapted organisms — for example anaerobic fermentation produces a net yield of two molecules of adenosine triphosphate, cells' internal "fuel", per molecule of glucose, while aerobic respirati... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,873 |
Microbial mat There is still debate about the origins of eukaryotes, and many of the theories focus on the idea that a bacterium first became an endosymbiont of an anaerobic archean and then fused with it to become one organism. If such endosymbiosis was an important factor, microbial mats would have encouraged it. The... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,874 |
Microbial mat As a result of this Cambrian substrate revolution, marine microbial mats are confined to environments in which burrowing is non-existent or negligible: very harsh environments, such as hyper-saline lagoons or brackish estuaries, which are uninhabitable for the burrowing organisms that broke up the mats; r... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,875 |
Microbial mat As a result of the growing commercial potential, there have been applications for and grants of patents relating to the growing, installation and use of microbial mats, mainly for cleaning up pollutants and waste products. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229656 | Microbial mat | 139,876 |
DuPont Danisco Cellulosic Ethanol LLC is a 50/50 joint venture between DuPont and Genencor, a subsidiary of Danisco. The company is accelerating development and deployment of cellulosic ethanol, which is made from non-food biomass. DDCE plans to license its technology and also will engage in limited operations of cellu... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229900 | DuPont Danisco | 139,877 |
Glossary of botanical terms This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary of leaf morphology. For other related terms, see Glo... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18238240 | Glossary of botanical terms | 139,878 |
Tussock grasslands of New Zealand Tussock grasslands form expansive and distinctive landscapes in the South Island and to a lesser extent in the central plateau region of the North Island of New Zealand. Most of the plants referred to as tussocks are in the genera "Carex", "Chionochloa", "Festuca", and "Poa". What woul... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18240273 | Tussock grasslands of New Zealand | 139,879 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest is a book about the differing views of biologists Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould by philosopher of biology Kim Sterelny. When first published in 2001 it became an international best-seller. A new edition was published in 2007 to include Gould's "The St... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,880 |
Dawkins vs. Gould He then discusses in chapter 3, Dawkins' view of heritability, with genes as difference makers that satisfy replicator principles and have phenotypic power, increasing the likelihood of phenotypic expression, depending on environmental context. In chapter 4, he discusses aspects of genomes and genetic... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,881 |
Dawkins vs. Gould "Everyone accepts that many characteristics of organisms are not the direct result of selection", as in the example of redness of blood, which is a by-product of its oxygen-carrying properties. (p. 70) Numerous general truths are uncontroversial "though their application to particular cases may be. No... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,882 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 78) But whereas in his earlier work Gould considered variation supply as a brake on evolutionary change, in "The Structure of Evolutionary Theory" he carefully notes that it can also enhance possibilities for change. "So while both Dawkins and Gould recognise the central role of developmental biology ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,883 |
Dawkins vs. Gould For example, contemporary sex differences in human males and females need not be adaptations, but could be evolutionary vestiges of a greater sexual dimorphism in ancestral species. But Gould's main target is 'extrapolationism', concerning the relationship between evolutionary processes occurring with... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,884 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Secondly, in his Natural History writings, Gould often argued that the history of life was profoundly affected by mass extinctions caused by environmental catastrophes such as an asteroid impact causing the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which wiped out pterosaurs, large marine reptiles and no... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,885 |
Dawkins vs. Gould For example, despite diversity in beetle species their body plans follow the same general pattern. He argues that survival has been contingent, and that if the tape of life was replayed from the earliest Cambrian, with small alterations in the initial conditions, a different set of survivors may have ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,886 |
Dawkins vs. Gould " (p. 92) Sterelny notes two issues arising from consideration of Gould's case against extrapolationism. "Are the patterns in life's history that he claims to detect real? And do these patterns really show the existence of evolutionary mechanisms other than those operating at the scale of local popula... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,887 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Jonathan Weiner's The Beak of the Finch describes this very process." (p. 96) Sterelny notes that despite the fact that the fossil record represents, for several reasons, a biased sample, "the consensus seems to be shifting Gould's way: the punctuated equilibrium pattern is common, perhaps even predom... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,888 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 100) Thus, while "Gould somewhat overstates the adherence of orthodoxy to strict extrapolationism", punctuated equilibrium is more important than some of the more "ungenerous treatment" that has been meted out. (pp. 100–101) In chapter 9, Sterelny discusses mass extinction, and notes Gould's hypothesi... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,889 |
Dawkins vs. Gould "In short, Gould's case for the importance of mass extinction depends on the view that there is a qualitative difference between mass extinction and background extinction, and that major groups have disappeared that would otherwise have survived". (p. 113) A plausible but difficult to prove claim, as ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,890 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 116) "This explosive evolutionary radiation of the Cambrian seems to be unique. Plants seem to have arisen somewhat more gradually ... nor was there a similar radiation when animals invaded the land ... the colonisation of the land saw no new ways of making an animal." (p. 117) Despite adaptations, th... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,891 |
Dawkins vs. Gould It also allows the obtaining of molecular clock dates for lineages without a fossil record, which shows that zero-fossil phyla are also ancient. Such information comes with important caveats in relation to methodology, including the underlying assumptions of each method. "However, even the youngest da... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,892 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Sterelny describes the distinction between disparity and diversity, and then explores Gould's claim that since the Cambrian, diversity has increased, but disparity has decreased. Since the Cambrian, not just species within phyla, but whole phyla themselves have become extinct. The major subdivisions o... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,893 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Central to Ridley's approach is cladistics, in which the purpose of biological systematics is to discover and represent genealogical relationships between species. Biological classifications are thus evolutionary genealogies, where only monophyletic groups (e.g. genera, families, orders, classes, phyl... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,894 |
Dawkins vs. Gould As above, with the example of horses, Gould argues that there has been no directional trend, but rather, a massive extinction in the horse lineage, with the surviving remnants happening to be largish grazers. So the appearance of a trend is generated by a reduction in heterogeneity. "A trend which is ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,895 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Displayed as a frequency distribution curve or histogram, the shape would be skewed to the right (i.e. positively skewed), with the mode near the left. Over time, the range would increase as average complexity drifts upwards. But the mode would remain at left, with the curve spreading to the right, be... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,896 |
Dawkins vs. Gould "There is no reason to suppose that there is any arrow of overall improvement here." (p. 150) However, Dawkins thinks that relationships between organisms and their enemies, such as predator-prey, or parasite-host relationships, are locked into a permanent arms race, and such lineages generate progres... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,897 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Dawkins pursues a similar, though less detailed, argument* in discussing the evolution of evolvability, in which a series of 'watershed events' make new life forms possible. These watersheds in evolvability comprise the evolution of sex, of multi-celled life together with a life cycle that takes large... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,898 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 153) Similarly, until a series of evolutionary innovations facilitated the evolution of multi-celled organisms, eukaryotic complexity was set by the limits on a single eukaryotic cell. "Maynard Smith and Szathmary argue that social existence, too, has evolutionary preconditions. Until these are met, a... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,899 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 153) In Chapter 12, Sterelny notes that "Dawkins and his allies really do have a different conception of evolution from that embraced by Eldredge, Lewontin and other collaborators of Gould", but that this does not explain the undercurrent of hostility generated in the debate, as illustrated by a serie... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,900 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Theisms of all varieties are just bad ideas about how the world works, and science can prove that those ideas are bad. What is worse, as he sees it, these bad ideas have mostly had socially unfortunate consequences." (pp. 158–159) In contrast, Gould thought theism is irrelevant to religion. "He interp... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,901 |
Dawkins vs. Gould "If 'expressivism' is right, there is no independent domain of moral knowledge to which religion contributes", with moral utterances reflecting not objective features of the world, but attitudes and opinions of the speakers. Conversely, "if naturalism is right, science is central to morality. For it d... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,902 |
Dawkins vs. Gould 161) Gould's Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (first published in 1987) "locates the development of our conception of deep history in its cultural and intellectual context without any suggestion that that cultural context perverted the development of geology", whereas "in Wonderful Life, Gould argued that t... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,903 |
Dawkins vs. Gould But his general approach has gained some popularity, as illustrated by works which explore the interaction between cultural and biological evolution, such as Peter Richerson and Robert Boyd's "Not By Genes Alone". as well as Eytan Avital and Eva Jablonka's" Animal Traditions". "So though Dawkins appro... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,904 |
Dawkins vs. Gould They "tend not to emphasise the importance of development and history in imposing constraints on adaptation, the problems in translating microevolutionary change into species-level change, the role of contingency and mass extinction in reshaping evolving lineages, or the importance of paleobiology to ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,905 |
Dawkins vs. Gould The vehicles of Dawkins replicators need not be individuals, but can also be groups, although animal co-operation is not sufficient to claim group selection. Evolution's central explanatory imperative is the existence of complex adaptation, which can only be explained by natural selection. This comple... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,906 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Further, complex adaptations are but one phenomenon explanations in evolutionary biology. Extrapolationism is not a good theory, with large-scale patterns in the history of life not explainable by extrapolating from measurable events in local populations. Evolutionary biology needs a theory of variati... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,907 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Extended phenotypes, as exemplified by parasitic species, are common and important, with probably all parasitic gene pools including "genes whose adaptive effects are on host organisms." (p. 171) And "the outlaw count is unknown, but it is growing all the time", and may transpire to be more common tha... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,908 |
Dawkins vs. Gould Gould is betting that when the facts of developmental biology are in, it will turn out that the evolutionary possibilities of most lineages are highly constrained", with some characteristics "frozen" into their respective lineages. "They are developmentally entrenched. That is, these basic organisatio... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,909 |
Dawkins vs. Gould In discussing the effects of mutations, Sterelny's "best current guess is that developmental biology probably does generate biases in the variation that is available to selection, and hence that evolutionary trajectories will often depend both on selection and these biases in supply" (173), vindicatin... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,910 |
Dawkins vs. Gould " Sterelny thinks that "we have to score Gould's contingency claims as: 'Don't know; and at this stage don't know how to find out'". (p. 175) Gould seems right that mass extinctions played a role in shaping evolutionary history, and "is probably right that extinction works by different rules in mass e... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,911 |
Dawkins vs. Gould The problem is to find: (i) traits that are aspects of species, not the organisms making up the species; (ii) traits that are relevant to extinction and survival; and (iii) traits that are transmitted to daughter species, granddaughter species and so forth". And "transmission to daughter species is es... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,912 |
Dawkins vs. Gould This section of Sterelny's book contains, chapter by chapter, a comprehensive list of recommended reading, covering all of the main publications by Dawkins, Gould, and their respective proponents, along with many lesser-known publications by them, with accompanying commentary on either the authors, th... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18244814 | Dawkins vs. Gould | 139,913 |
Morley Kare Dr. Morley Richard Kare (1922–1990) was a physiologist and biologist. Morley Richard Kare was born in 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He received his bachelor's degree in agriculture from the University of Manitoba in 1943, his master’s in nutrition from the University of British Columbia in 1948 and his Ph.D. ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247348 | Morley Kare | 139,914 |
Spore (2008 video game) Spore is a 2008 life simulation real-time strategy God game developed by Maxis, published by Electronic Arts and designed by Will Wright, and was released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Covering many genres including action, real-time strategy, and role-playing games, "Spore" allows a playe... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,915 |
Spore (2008 video game) "Spore" allows the player to develop a species from a microscopic organism to its evolution into a complex animal, its emergence as a social, intelligent being, to its mastery of the planet and then finally to its ascension into space, where it interacts with alien species across the galaxy. Thr... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,916 |
Spore (2008 video game) At the end of each phase, the player's actions cause their creature to be assigned a characteristic, or consequence trait. Each phase has three consequence traits, usually based on how aggressively or peacefully the phase was played. Characteristics determine how the creature will start the next... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,917 |
Spore (2008 video game) The player can find "meteor bits" (apparently from the aforementioned panspermic meteor) or kill other cells to find parts that upgrade their creature by adding abilities such as electricity, poison or other parts. Once the microbe has found a part, the player can call a mate to enter the editor... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,918 |
Spore (2008 video game) The player creature's Hunger becomes a measured stat as well as its Health in this stage; depletion of the Hunger meter results in Health depletion and eventual death of the player creature unless food is eaten. In the Creature Stage, the player has a home nest where members of their own species... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,919 |
Spore (2008 video game) Progress in the Creature Stage is determined by the player's decisions on whether to befriend or attack other species, and to which degree; these decisions will affect the abilities of the player's species in subsequent stages of the game. Successful socialization and hunting attempts will give ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,920 |
Spore (2008 video game) This is only possible if the player played the previous stages; if the player started directly from the "Galaxy Screen", they are locked. Gameplay during this stage is styled as an RTS. Rather than controlling one creature, the player now controls an entire tribe and can give them commands such ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,921 |
Spore (2008 video game) Fruit is gathered from trees and bushes, and players can also domesticate animals for eggs, which all diet types can eat. Any foreign animals in the player's pack in the Creature Stage are automatically added to the tribe as farm animals. Epic creatures may threaten nests or tribes. Allied tribe... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,922 |
Spore (2008 video game) These vehicles serve military, economic or religious purposes. The main unit of currency is "Sporebucks", which is used to purchase vehicles and buildings. To earn income, players can capture spice geysers and set up spice derricks at their locations, conduct trade, or build factories. In constr... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,923 |
Spore (2008 video game) The Space Stage provides new goals and paths as the player's species begins to spread through the galaxy. The game adopts the principle of mediocrity, as there are numerous forms of life scattered throughout the galaxy. The player controls a single spaceship, built at the beginning of the Space ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,924 |
Spore (2008 video game) One of the main goals in the Space Stage is for the player to push their way toward a supermassive black hole at the galaxy's center, which introduces the game's final antagonists, the Grox, a unique species of cybernetic aliens with a powerful empire of 2400 systems surrounding the core. Gettin... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,925 |
Spore (2008 video game) The Creature editor, for example, allows the player to take what looks like a lump of clay with a spine and mould it into a creature. Once the torso is shaped, the player can add parts such as legs, arms, feet, hands, noses, eyes, and mouths. Many of these parts affect the creature's abilities (... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,926 |
Spore (2008 video game) One of "Spore's" most social features is the "Sporecast", an RSS feed that players can use to subscribe to the creations of any specific "Spore" player, allowing them to track their creations. There is a toggle which allows the player to restrict what downloadable content will be allowed; choice... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,927 |
Spore (2008 video game) The content that the player can create is uploaded automatically to a central database, cataloged and rated for quality (based on how many users have downloaded the object or creature in question), and then re-distributed to populate other players' games. The data transmitted is very small — onl... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,928 |
Spore (2008 video game) Players can upload their creations to Spore.com to be viewed by the public at the "Sporepedia" website. The ever-growing list of creations made by players is past the 100 million mark so far. "Spore" uses procedural generation extensively in relation to content pre-made by the developers. Wright... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,929 |
Spore (2008 video game) 5 (of 5) -star review, GameSpy wrote ""Spore" is a technological triumph that introduces a whole new way of tapping into a bottomless well of content." Most of the criticism of "Spore" came from the lack of depth in the first four phases, summarized by Eurogamer's 9 of 10 review, which stated, "... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,930 |
Spore (2008 video game) " While a review in "PC Gamer" US stated that "it just isn't right to judge "Spore" in the context of so many of the other games we judge", "Zero Punctuation" was also critical of the game, claiming it did not live up to the legacy of "The Sims": "The chief failing of "Spore" is that it's trying... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,931 |
Spore (2008 video game) It received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. "Spore" uses a modified version of the controversial digital rights management (DRM) software SecuROM as copy protecti... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,932 |
Spore (2008 video game) Electronic Arts cited "SecuROM" as a "standard for the industry" and Apple's iPod song DRM policy as justification for the control method. Former Maxis developer Chris Harris labeled the DRM a "screw up" and a "totally avoidable disaster". The "SecuROM" software was not mentioned on the box, in ... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,933 |
Spore (2008 video game) EA began selling "Spore" without SecuROM on December 22, 2008 through Steam. Furthermore, EA Games president Frank Gibeau announced that maximum install limit would be increased from 3 to 5 and that it would be possible to de-authorize and move installations to new machines, citing the need to a... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,934 |
Spore (2008 video game) Ryan Gregory of the University of Guelph and Niles Elredge of the American Museum of Natural History reviewed the Cell and Creature stages. William Sims Bainbridge, a sociologist from the U.S. National Science Foundation, reviewed the Tribe and Civilization stages. NASA's Miles Smith reviewed th... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,935 |
Spore (2008 video game) While "Seed" does not entirely reject "Spore" as a teaching tool, admiring its ability to show the user experimentation, observation, and scale, biological concepts did not fare so well: Will Wright argues that developers "put the player in the role of an intelligent designer" because of the lac... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,936 |
Spore (2008 video game) Pepper in early 2010, 14 new robotic parts for "Spore" creatures were released in a new patch (1.06.0000) available only from the Dr. Pepper website. Codes found on certain bottles of Dr Pepper allow the player to redeem these parts, albeit only for the USA, excluding Maine. It was only availabl... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,937 |
Spore (2008 video game) Buechner confirmed it, revealing that plans for a Wii version were underway, and that the game would be built from the ground up and would take advantage of the Wii Remote, stating, "We're not porting it over. You know, we're still so early in design and prototyping that I don't know where we're... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,938 |
Spore (2008 video game) There is an iTunes-style ""Spore" Store" built into the game, allowing players to purchase external "Spore" licensed merchandise, such as t-shirts, posters, and future "Spore" expansion packs. There are also plans for the creation of a type of "Spore" collectible card game based on the "Sporeped... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,939 |
Spore (2008 video game) "Spore: Galactic Edition", a special edition of the game; includes a "Making of Spore" DVD video, "How to Build a Better Being" DVD video by National Geographic Channel, "The Art of Spore" hardback mini-book, a fold-out "Spore" poster and a 100-page Galactic Handbook published by Prima Games. EA... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248185 | Spore (2008 video game) | 139,940 |
Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron The combination milbemycin oxime/lufenuron (trade names Sentinel Flavor Tabs, by Novartis Animal Health, and Program plus) is a parasite control drug in which the active ingredient, milbemycin oxime, eliminates worms, while a second active ingredient, lufenuron, arrests the development of egg... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248420 | Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron | 139,941 |
Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron Less serious side effects are an upset stomach or loss of appetite, various skin irritations, and mood changes. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18248420 | Milbemycin oxime/lufenuron | 139,942 |
PBLU pBLU is a commercially produced bacterial plasmid that contains genes for ampicillin resistance (beta lactamase and beta galactosidase). It is often used in conjunction with an ampicillin-susceptible "E. coli" strain to teach students about transformation of eubacteria. It is 5,437 base pairs long. There is a mult... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18255533 | PBLU | 139,943 |
Combinatorial biology In biotechnology, combinatorial biology is the creation of a large number of compounds (usually proteins or peptides) through technologies such as phage display. Similar to combinatorial chemistry, compounds are produced by biosynthesis rather than organic chemistry. This process was developed ind... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18259841 | Combinatorial biology | 139,944 |
Improvision is a software developer based in Coventry, England. The company is the developer of Confocal, live cell imaging solutions and image analysis software for 2D, 3D and 4D imaging. was founded in 1990 by Ken Salisbury, Andrew Waterfall and John Zeidler. was acquired by PerkinElmer on 2 April 2007, in a cash tra... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18263923 | Improvision | 139,945 |
Intron-encoded endonuclease I-SceI Intron-encoded endonuclease I-Sce I is a homing endonuclease. The enzyme is used in biotechnology as a meganuclease. It recognises an 18-base pair sequence TAGGGATAACAGGGTAAT and leaves a 4 base pair 3' hydroxyl overhang. It is a rare cutting endonuclease. Statistically an 18-bp seque... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18267886 | Intron-encoded endonuclease I-SceI | 139,946 |
Allion Healthcare () was the parent company of MOMSpharmacy based in Melville, New York primarily known for providing mail order HIV medications to patients who are primarily on Medicaid or the AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP). Among the offerings is the MOMSPak in which the drugs are packed together in dated indivi... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18277696 | Allion Healthcare | 139,947 |
Allion Healthcare " According to the complaint: To date none of such has been proven. The indictment said at least $155 million in false claims were associated with the charge. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18277696 | Allion Healthcare | 139,948 |
Group Selection (book) Group Selection is a 1971 book edited by George C. Williams, containing papers written by biologists arguing against the view of group selection as a major force in evolution. The group of biologists writing on a single unified (if somewhat broad) theme contrasts with Williams' earlier seminal 19... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18290237 | Group Selection (book) | 139,949 |
Genetically modified mouse A genetically modified mouse or genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) is a mouse ("Mus musculus") that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques. Genetically modified mice are commonly used for research or as animal models of human diseases, and are also... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18293050 | Genetically modified mouse | 139,950 |
Genetically modified mouse During the early eighties, Palmiter and Brinster developed and led the field of transgenesis, refining methods of germline modification and using these techniques to elucidate the activity and function of genes in a way never possible before their unique approach. There are two basic technica... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18293050 | Genetically modified mouse | 139,951 |
Genetically modified mouse They also have advantages over other mammals, in regards to research, in that they are available in hundreds of genetically homogeneous strains. Also, due to their size, they can be kept and housed in large numbers, reducing the cost of research and experiments. The most common type is the kn... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18293050 | Genetically modified mouse | 139,952 |
Genetically modified mouse Even basic issues like choosing the correct "wild-type" control mouse to use for comparison are sometimes overlooked. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18293050 | Genetically modified mouse | 139,953 |
List of instruments used in anatomy Instruments used in Anatomy dissections are as follows: | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18311517 | List of instruments used in anatomy | 139,954 |
Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center The Hematology-Oncology Research Center and Stem Cell Transplantation (HORCSCT; formerly HORCBMT) is affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) and based in Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran. As a main national hematology-oncology center, i... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18311730 | Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center | 139,955 |
Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes: comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system, typically its brain or eye. Because these structures are extremely complex, methods within this field use a high-throughput application of neural imaging and histological techniques in order t... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18314899 | Connectomics | 139,956 |
Connectomics By comparing diseased connectome and healthy connectomes, we should gain insight into certain psychopathologies, such as neuropathic pain, and potential therapies for them. Generally, the field of neuroscience would benefit from standardization and raw data. For example, connectome maps can be used to info... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18314899 | Connectomics | 139,957 |
Connectomics The better expanding property, the higher minimum bipartition width and the greater minimum vertex cover show deep advantages in network connectivity in the case of female braingraph. Human connectomes have an individual variability, which can be measured with the cumulative distribution function, as it wa... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18314899 | Connectomics | 139,958 |
Connectomics It uses social computing to help map the connectome of the brain. It has attracted over 130,000 players from over 100 countries. | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18314899 | Connectomics | 139,959 |
Fungivore Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and other fungi. Some of these, which only eat fungi, are called fungiv... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18320085 | Fungivore | 139,960 |
Fungivore A natural consequence of this is the virtual absence of obligate vertebrate fungivores, with the diprotodont family Potoridae being the major exception. One of the few extant vertebrate fungivores is the northern flying squirrel, but it is believed that in the past there were numerous vertebrate fungivores an... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18320085 | Fungivore | 139,961 |
Fungivore In 2008, "Euprenolepis procera" a species of ant from the rainforests of South East Asia was found to harvest mushrooms from the rainforest. Witte & Maschwitz found that their diet consisted almost entirely of mushrooms, representing a previously undiscovered feeding strategy in ants. Several beetle families,... | Biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18320085 | Fungivore | 139,962 |
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