matteodagos/MNLP_M3_mcqa_dataset_extended · Datasets at Hugging Face

QUESTION stringlengths 3 2.5k	ANSWER stringlengths 4 302	CHOICES sequencelengths 1 4	RATIONALE stringlengths 0 14.5k ⌀	dataset stringclasses 8 values	id stringlengths 12 26
Helicopter pilots can recover from piloting errors by decreasing altitude, turning some of their potential energy into what kind of energy?	D. kinetic	[ "active", "electrical", "free", "kinetic" ]	Helicopter pilots are quite familiar with rotational kinetic energy. They know, for example, that a point of no return will be reached if they allow their blades to slow below a critical angular velocity during flight. The blades lose lift, and it is impossible to immediately get the blades spinning fast enough to regain it. Rotational kinetic energy must be supplied to the blades to get them to rotate faster, and enough energy cannot be supplied in time to avoid a crash. Because of weight limitations, helicopter engines are too small to supply both the energy needed for lift and to replenish the rotational kinetic energy of the blades once they have slowed down. The rotational kinetic energy is put into them before takeoff and must not be allowed to drop below this crucial level. One possible way to avoid a crash is to use the gravitational potential energy of the helicopter to replenish the rotational kinetic energy of the blades by losing altitude and aligning the blades so that the helicopter is spun up in the descent. Of course, if the helicopter’s altitude is too low, then there is insufficient time for the blade to regain lift before reaching the ground. Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Energy 1. Determine that energy or work is involved in the rotation. Determine the system of interest. A sketch usually helps. Analyze the situation to determine the types of work and energy involved. For closed systems, mechanical energy is conserved. That is,.	sciq	sciq_0011257
3^4+3^4+3^4=?	C. c) 3^5	[ "a) 3^3", "b) 3^4", "c) 3^5", "d) 3^6" ]	The correct answer is C 3^5 3^5 = 3^4+3^4+3^4	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0004394
Lucid interval is most commonly seen in -	A. Acute extradural hemorrhage	[ "Acute extradural hemorrhage", "Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage", "Acute Subdural Hemorrhage", "Subarachnoid hemorrhage" ]	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute extradural hemorrhage Acute Extradural hematomao Accumulation of blood b/w skull & durao Bleeding is from a branch of middle meningeal artery* in 90% of caseso Trauma is usually severe associated with concussion and skull fracture.o With arterial bleeding, the hematoma expands rapidly, and symptoms appear within hours after injuryo The clinical course is acute -# After a head injury often associated with a variable period of concussion - the patient appears normal for several hours (lucid interval).# After this lucid interval, the pt. develops evidence of increased intracranial pressure with headache, vomitting, altered consciousness, and papilledema.# Tentorial herniation rapidly follows, with occulomotor nerve palsy (pupillary inequality appears first, followed by failure of reaction to light k/a Hutchinson's sign and pyramidal tract compression.# Compression of the brain stem follows, resulting in changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.# Coma and death rapidly ensue in untreated cases.o Its an emergency and requires prompt diagnosis & surgical evacuation of the extradural blood collection.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0004289
Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have what stage?	B. larval	[ "egg", "larval", "reproductive", "adult" ]	Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have a larval stage. Instead, newly hatched reptiles look like smaller versions of the adults. They are able to move about on their own, but they are vulnerable to predators. Even so, most reptile parents provide no care to their hatchlings. In fact, most reptiles don’t even take care of their eggs. For example, female sea turtles lay their eggs on a sandy beach and then return to the ocean. The only exceptions are female crocodiles and alligators. They may defend their nest from predators and help the hatchlings reach the water. If the young remain in the area, the mother may continue to protect them for up to a year.	sciq	sciq_0008838
a man prpare the technical document it takes 2 hours for half an hour presentation and technical preparation. its screening takes 30 more minuts to prepare with the other guy.for to present a 7 half an hours how much time it will take	C. 37 1/2 hours	[ "37 hours", "35 hours", "37 1/2 hours", "33 hours" ]	here first 2 hours to prepare a technical document and half-an-hour to screen it ..so total 2 1/2 hour work is need to 1/2 hour presentation.... For 7 1/2 hours presentation... 1/2 hour presentation-------------->>2 1/2 hour work done 7 1/2 hr presentation --------------> x hours work done just do cross multiplication u will get x value i.e. required amount of time since 7 1/2 hours contains 15 half-an-hours ...15* 2 1/2===== 30+7.5===total 37 1/2 hours ANSWER:C	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0002921
What is the sum of the first 15 terms of an A.P whose 11 th and 7 th terms are 5.25 and 3.25 respectively	A. 56.25	[ "56.25", "60", "52.5", "5.25" ]	a +10d = 5.25, a+6d = 3.25, 4d = 2, d = ½ a +5 = 5.25, a = 0.25 = ¼, s 15 = 15/2 ( 2 * ¼ + 14 * ½ ) = 15/2 (1/2 +14/2 ) = 15/2 *15/2 =225/ 4 = 56.25 ANSWER:A	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0002513
Investigation to distinguish between pregnancy acquired hemophilia A and lupus anticoagulant?	B. dRVVT	[ "Factor 8 assay", "dRVVT", "von Willlebrand Factor assay", "aPTT" ]	In some cases of pregnancy there is antibody formation against the clotting factors, paicularly against factor 8. Dilute Russell's viper venom time- -In-vitro diagnostic test is based on the ability of the venom of the Russell's viper to induce thrombosis. -The venom contains some substances (RVV-V and RVV-X) which directly activate factor V and factor X which turns prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of phospholipid and calcium. -This makes the test sensitive to the presence of lupus anticoagulants, because these antibodies interfere with the clot-promoting role of phospholipid in vitro, and their presence results in a prolonged clotting time. NOTE - the dilute Russell's viper venom test and the hexagonal-phase phospholipids test will be Negative in patients with an acquired inhibitor and Positive in patients with lupus anticoagulants.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006810
Which object is powered by an electrical circuit?	B. a flashlight	[ "a drum", "a flashlight", "a matchstick", "a wind-up toy" ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0000089
A common characteristic of all living things is that they	C. are made of cells.	[ "breathe air.", "walk upright.", "are made of cells.", "use sunlight for growth." ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0002229
Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. What do these two changes have in common? a piece of pear turning brown salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny	D. Both are chemical changes.	[ "Both are only physical changes.", "Both are caused by heating.", "Both are caused by cooling.", "Both are chemical changes." ]	Step 1: Think about each change. A piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter. If you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear. Salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.	scienceqa_textonly	scienceqa_textonly_0000651
There is enough provisions for 600 men in an army camp for 25 days. If there were 250 men less, how long will the provision last?	D. 60days	[ "10days", "40days", "50days", "60days" ]	Exp: We have, M1D1 = M2D2 60025= 250 D2 D2 = 600*25/250 = 60 days. Answer: D	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0005019
Tachyzoites are seen in -	A. Toxoplasma	[ "Toxoplasma", "Toxocara", "Pulmonary eosinopjilia", "Ascaris" ]	rapidly multiplying Proliferative forms of trophozoites In pseudocyst seen in acute infection (refer pgno:64 baveja 3 rd edition)	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006855
Sandy buys an old scooter for $800 and spends $200 on its repairs. If Sandy sells the scooter for $1200, what is the gain percent?	C. 20%	[ "15%", "18%", "20%", "22%" ]	selling price / total cost = 1200/1000 = 1.2 The gain percent is 20%. The answer is C.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0003274
In myocardial infarction, the infarct acquires hyperemic rim with a yellow centre at -	A. 3-7 days	[ "3-7 days", "10-20 days", "7-14 days", "1-2 hours" ]	null	medmcqa	medmcqa_0001602
What do water, aluminum, redwood trees, and valley quail all have in common?	D. They are all made of atoms.	[ "They are all pure elements.", "They are all made of cells.", "They are all living creatures.", "They are all made of atoms." ]		arc_challenge	arc_challenge_0000674
In how many ways letters of the word RSCUPERATE be arranged?	D. 302400	[ "357898", "654326", "865453", "302400" ]	RESUPERATE has 10 letters, out of which E repeated 3 times, R repeated 2 times. Hence total ways = 10! / (3!*2!) = 302400 ways E	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0007824
What is the measure of change in velocity of a moving object?	B. acceleration	[ "transmission", "acceleration", "vibration", "kinetic energy" ]	Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It shows how quickly velocity changes. Acceleration may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Because acceleration includes both a size (speed) and direction, it is a vector.	sciq	sciq_0002527
C and D started a business by investing Rs.1000/- and Rs.1500/- respectively. Find the D’s share out of a total profit of Rs.500:	D. 100	[ "400", "300", "200", "100" ]	C = Rs.1000/- D = Rs.1500/- C share 2 parts & D share 3 parts Total 5 parts -----> Rs.500/- ----> 1 part -------> Rs.100/- D share = 3 parts -----> Rs.300/- D	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0001438
Which statement is the best description of the Milky Way galaxy?	D. a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity	[ "a collection of gases held together by inertia", "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "a collection of stars and gases with the Sun as its center", "a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity" ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0000988
Which type of organism is the best at fixing nitrogen?	A. bacteria	[ "bacteria", "fungi", "protists", "animals" ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0001248
Students studying rocks notice that in a particular location there are many igneous rocks that are very similar. This observation best supports which statement?	D. A nearby volcano had once been active.	[ "A nearby volcano is tall.", "A nearby volcano is inactive.", "A nearby volcano is about to erupt.", "A nearby volcano had once been active." ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0002172
The mechanism by which cytosol pyruvate is transported to mitochondria is	B. Proton symport	[ "Chloride antiport", "Proton symport", "ATP dependent antiport", "Facilitated uniport" ]	Pyruvate is formed from glucose oxidation (glycolysis) in cytosol. It is transported into the mitochondria along with Er (proton) symport by a monocarboxylate carrier.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0004607
What are the three classifications of elements?	C. metals, non-metals and metaloids	[ "metals, non-metals and alkaloids", "alkaloids, metaloids, and non-metals", "metals, non-metals and metaloids", "metals, metaloids, and alkaloids" ]	The majority of known elements are classified as metals. Metals are elements that are lustrous, or shiny. They are also good conductors of electricity and heat. Examples of metals include iron, gold, and copper. Fewer than 20 elements are classified as nonmetals. Nonmetals lack the properties of metals. Examples of nonmetals include oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Certain other elements have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are known as metalloids. Examples of metalloids include silicon and boron.	sciq	sciq_0001174
A single discount equivalent to the discount series of 20%, 10% and 5% is?	C. 31.6	[ "31.7", "31.21", "31.6", "31.37" ]	100(80/100)(90/100)*(95/100) = 68.4 100 - 68.4 = 31.6 Answer:C	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0004182
Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the united states. now most of them have been killed by what?	B. dutch elm disease	[ "carbon dioxide", "dutch elm disease", "cancer", "beetles" ]	Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the United States. Now most of them, like this tree, have been killed by Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus. This is just one example of how fungi can interact with other species.	sciq	sciq_0008663
A school’s annual budget for the purchase of student computers increased by 50% this year over last year. If the price of student computers increased by 20% this year, then the number of computers it can purchase this year is what percent greater than the number of computers it purchased last year?	C. 25%	[ "33.33%", "40%", "25%", "28%" ]	Lats year: budget = $100, price = $1 --> the number of computers purchased = 100/1 = 100; This year: budget = $150, price = $1.2 --> the number of computers purchased = 150/1.2 = 125. Increase in the number of computers purchased = 25%. Answer: C.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0004002
The cost of 3 kg of sugar is $30. What will the cost of 8 kg of sugar be?	C. 80	[ "20", "40", "80", "160" ]	3 kg costs $30 1 kg costs $10 8 kg costs $80 The answer is C.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0007177
Which of the following antismoking drugs can lead to suicidal ideation?	C. Varenicline	[ "Baclofen", "Rimonobant", "Varenicline", "Naltrexone" ]	Vareniciline is a partial agonist at α4 β2 substype of nicotine receptor used to treat tobbacco addiction. Side effects include suicidal ideation, nausea, headache & insomnia.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006086
Where do living things obtain the energy to carry out all life processes?	D. food	[ "oxygen", "fuel", "waste", "food" ]	Living things need energy to carry out all life processes. They get energy from food.	sciq	sciq_0007848
What is the name of the organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids?	A. endoplasmic reticulum	[ "endoplasmic reticulum", "mitochondria", "nucleus", "plasma membrane" ]	The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids. It’s made of folded membranes. Bits of membrane can pinch off to form tiny sacs called vesicles. The vesicles carry proteins or lipids away from the ER.	sciq	sciq_0010470
There are 3 numbers A, B and C. If A:B = 3/4, B:C = 4/5, C:D = 5/6, then A:D will be?	A. 1 : 2	[ "1 : 2", "3 : 5", "5 : 7", "6 : 11" ]	Sol. A : B = 3 : 4, B : C = 4 : 5, C : D = 5 : 6 ∴A∶B∶C∶D= 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. Thus, A : D = 3 : 6 or, 1 : 2 A	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0001689
Dementia is a feature of which disease?	A. Whipple	[ "Whipple", "Celiac", "Tropical sprue", "Chron" ]	Whipple : Other features are nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, joint pains.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0004179
Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates a what?	C. intrinsic magnetic field	[ "suppressed electrical field", "magnified rupulsed field", "intrinsic magnetic field", "intrinsic electrical field" ]	We already know that the magnitude of angular momentum is quantized for electron orbits in atoms. The new insight is that the direction of the orbital angular momentum is also quantized. The fact that the orbital angular momentum can have only certain directions is called space quantization. Like many aspects of quantum mechanics, this quantization of direction is totally unexpected. On the macroscopic scale, orbital angular momentum, such as that of the moon around the earth, can have any magnitude and be in any direction. Detailed treatment of space quantization began to explain some complexities of atomic spectra, but certain patterns seemed to be caused by something else. As mentioned, spectral lines are actually closely spaced doublets, a characteristic called fine structure, as shown in Figure 30.53. The doublet changes when a magnetic field is applied, implying that whatever causes the doublet interacts with a magnetic field. In 1925, Sem Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, two Dutch physicists, successfully argued that electrons have properties analogous to a macroscopic charge spinning on its axis. Electrons, in fact, have an internal or intrinsic angular momentum called intrinsic spin S . Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates an intrinsic magnetic field.	sciq	sciq_0010505
What are butterflies and bees an example of?	A. pollinators	[ "pollinators", "species", "spores", "parasites" ]		sciq	sciq_0003896
Most dependent pa of abdomen in standing position is	B. Pouch of douglas	[ "Vesicouterine pouch", "Pouch of douglas", "Morrison pouch", "Left paracolic gutter" ]	The recto-uterine pouch (cul-de-sac or pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus. It is the most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity and therefore the first location where free fluid accumulates . ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg244	medmcqa	medmcqa_0007737
Light reflex is carried through: March 2005	D. Cranial nerve II	[ "Cranial nerve VI", "Cranial nerve VII", "Cranial nerve V", "Cranial nerve II" ]	Ans. D: Cranial nerve II The optic nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the light reflex - it senses the incoming light. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the light reflex - it drives the muscles that constrict the pupil. Neuron 1: The light reflex pathway begins with retinal ganglion cells, which convey information from photoreceptors to the optic nerve ( the optic disc). The optic nerve connects to the pretectal nucleus of the upper midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual coex. Neuron 2: From the pretectal nucleus, axons connect to neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves. Neuron 3: Oculomotor nerve axons synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons. Neuron 4: Neuron 4 innervates the constrictor muscle of the iris	medmcqa	medmcqa_0003591
When positive integer n is divided by 3, the remainder is 1. When n is divided by 8, the remainder is 5. What is the smallest positive integer p, such that (n + p) is a multiple of 15?	B. 2	[ "1", "2", "5", "19" ]	When positive integer n is divided by 3, the remainder is 1 i.e., n=3x+1 values of n can be one of {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22..............49, 52, 59..................} Similarly, When n is divided by 8, the remainder is 5..i.e., n=7y+5 values of n can be one of {5, 13, 21, 29, 37, 45, 53, 61........} combining both the sets we get n={13, 37, ...........} What is the smallest positive integer p, such that (n + p) is a multiple of 15 or 15x in case of n=13 p=2 so for min value of p, we take min value of n. B is the answer.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0008795
Granular deposition of IgA at dermal papillae on immunofluorescence is seen in:	B. Dermatitis herpetiformis	[ "Herpes gestationalis", "Dermatitis herpetiformis", "Bullous pemphigoid", "IgA dermatosis of childhood" ]	Ans. b. Dermatitis herpetiformis Granular deposition of IgA at dermal papillae on immunofluorescence is seen in dermatitis herpetiformis.Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Diagnosis is confirmed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of normal appearing or faintly erythematous perilesional skin (adjacent to active lesion), by demonstration of granular deposits of IgA (with or without complements) in papillary dermis** and along the epidermal basement membrane zone (EBMZ)."Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Duhring Disease)* Associated with Subclinical gluten sensitive enteropathy^* Associated with HLA-B8 (60%)/DRW3 (95%) and HLA-DQW2 haplotype (95-100%)* Increased incidence of autoimmune disorders e.g. thyroid abnormalities (mostly hypothyroid), achlorhydria, atrophic gastritis, and antigastric parietal cell antibodies, insulin dependent DM. SLE, Sjogren syndrome, vitiligo, RA. UC, myasthenia and gastrointestinal non Hodgkins Lymphoma.* Dietary gluten sensitivity in DH is associated with IgA endomysial autoantibodies that target tissue transglutaminase.* On direct immunofluorescence, IgA autoantibodies against epidermal transglutaminase and granular deposits of IgA in papillary dermis (dermal papillae),Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Duhring Disease)Clinical Feature:* Most common in 2nd- 4th decade* Intensely (itchy) pruritic0. papulovesicular/urticarial skin ds characterized by lesions symmetrically distributed over extensor surfaces (i.e. elbows, knees, buttocks, back, scalp and posterior neck)0* Primary lesion is a papule, papulovesicles or urticarial plaque.* Because pruritus is prominent, patients may present with excoriation and crusted papules with no observable primary lesion0.* Pruritus may have a distinctive burning or stinging component.Diagnosis:* Lesion biopsy reveal subepidermal blister with neutrophils in dermal papillae i.e. subepidermal bullae with papillary tip abscess0* Diagnosis is confirmed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of normal appearing or faintly erythematous perilesional skin (adjacent to active lesion), by demonstration of granular deposits of IgA (with or without complements) in papillary dermis0and along the epidermal basement membrane zone (EBMZ)Treatment:* IgA deposits in skin are unaffected by control of disease w ith medication dapsone; but decrease or disappear in patients maintained on long periods on a strict gluten-free diet (treatment of choice).Dapsone (diaminodiphenvlsulfone: Drug of choice), sulfoxone (diasone) and sulfapyridine control but do not cure disease.* Elemental diet (composed of free amino acids, short chain polysaccharides and small amount of triglycerides) without full proteins can alleviate skin disease within few weeks.* Atkins diet with high protein, unlimited fat and low carbohy drate also lead to complete resolution of skin disease	medmcqa	medmcqa_0001042
Some of 50%-intensity red paint is replaced with 25% solution of red paint such that the new paint intensity is 45%. What fraction of the original paint was replaced?	B. 1/5	[ "1/30", "1/5", "2/3", "3/4" ]	45% is 20%-points above 25% and 5%-points below 50%. Thus the ratio of 25%-solution to 50%-solution is 1:4. 1/5 of the original paint was replaced. The answer is B.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0009033
Evaluate (51 + 52 + 53 + ... + 100)	A. 3775	[ "3775", "3665", "3456", "3459" ]	Sn = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50 + 51 + 52 + ... + 100) - (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50) = (50 x 101) - (25 x 51) = (5050 - 1275) = 3775. Option A	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0000702
Which is not an anxiolytic -	A. Risperidone	[ "Risperidone", "SSRI", "Clonazepam", "Buspirone" ]	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Risperidone	medmcqa	medmcqa_0005159
Which of the following opioid analgesic acts primarily through lc opioid receptors?	A. Pentazocine	[ "Pentazocine", "Methadone", "Buprenorphine", "Pethidine" ]	null	medmcqa	medmcqa_0004651
Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or what?	D. pressure	[ "cold", "radiation", "chemical reaction", "pressure" ]	Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure. The minerals in the rock change but do not melt. The rock experiences these changes within the Earth.	sciq	sciq_0004223
Ross is 20 years older than his daughter Julie. In 5 years Ross will be twice as old as Julie. What is Julies current age.	B. 15	[ "10", "15", "20", "30" ]	Now: Julie = x, Ross =x+20 In 5 years Julie = x+5, Ross = x+20+5 or 2(x+5) x+20+5 = 2(x+5) x+25=2x+10 25=x+10 15=x Julie is 15 years old, the answer is B)	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0007841
The gingiva is attached to the tooth by:	D. Gingival fibers	[ "Lamina propria", "Periosteum", "Epithelial attachment", "Gingival fibers" ]	null	medmcqa	medmcqa_0002798
A glucose molecule contains 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen atoms. During photosynthesis, green plants create glucose daily. If, over a period of 12 days, an eucalyptus plant (a green plant) creates 12,000 molecules of glucose then approximately how many more atoms of hydrogen than carbon are created on average per day?	B. 6,000	[ "60,000", "6,000", "2,500", "250" ]	Solution: We know that 12,000 glucose molecules are created over a period of 12 days. Therefore 12,000/12 = 1,000 glucose molecules are created on average per day. Each glucose molecule contains 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms. So 1,000 glucose molecules contain 6 × 1,000 = 6,000 carbon atoms and 12 × 1,000 = 12,000 hydrogen atoms. The difference is 12,000 – 6,000 = 6,000. The correct answer is B.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0005129
X, Y, and Z are consecutive numbers and X > Y > Z. Also, X + 3Y + 3Z = 5Y + 4. What is the value of Z?	B. 2	[ "6", "2", "4", "3" ]	If X, Y, and Z are consecutive numbers and X > Y > Z, then Y = Z+1 and X = Z+2. X + 3Y + 3Z = 5Y + 4 Z+2+3Z+3+3Z = 5Z+5+4 2Z = 4 Z = 2 The answer is E.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0009934
Without the dominant disturbance, the fire-adapted species are usually outcompeted and biodiversity is what?	C. reduced	[ "increased", "unaffected", "reduced", "immaterial" ]		sciq	sciq_0000578
Human bodies have complex structures that support growth and survival. What is the most basic structure of the human body that supports growth and survival?	A. a cell	[ "a cell", "a tissue", "an organ", "an organ system" ]		arc_challenge	arc_challenge_0000621
The length of a year is equivalent to the time it takes for one A. rotation of Earth B. rotation of the Sun C. revolution of Earth around the Sun D. revolution of the Sun around Earth Answer:	C. revolution of Earth around the Sun	[ "" ]	To understand why the correct answer is C. "revolution of Earth around the Sun," let's analyze each option step by step. A. Rotation of Earth: This refers to the spinning of the Earth on its axis. One complete rotation takes approximately 24 hours, which defines the length of a day, not a year. B. Rotation of the Sun: The Sun does rotate, but its rotation period is not related to the concept of a year. The rotation of the Sun is measured in days (about 25 days at the equator) and does not define a year. C. Revolution of Earth around the Sun: This is the correct answer. A year is defined as the time it takes for the Earth to complete one full orbit (or revolution) around the Sun. This period is roughly 365.25 days, which is why we have leap years to account for the extra quarter of a day. D. Revolution of the Sun around Earth: This option reflects an outdated geocentric view of the solar system, where it was believed that the Sun revolves around the Earth. In reality, the Earth revolves around the Sun, making this statement incorrect. In conclusion, the length of a year is indeed defined by the time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, making option C the correct answer.	mmlu	mmlu_0000161
Where is the first place a scientist should present new research data about the structure of a galaxy in order to receive the most appropriate review of the research?	C. a peer-reviewed science journal	[ "a high school science classroom", "a university science blog", "a peer-reviewed science journal", "a popular science news magazine" ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0001502
The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as what?	B. glycolysis	[ "Digestion", "glycolysis", "photosynthesis", "Respiration" ]	The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as glycolysis.	sciq	sciq_0003503
What do we call the diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration?	C. osmosis	[ "cell transportation", "electrolysis", "osmosis", "hemostasis" ]	The diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration is called osmosis.	sciq	sciq_0003297
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. How long is a leather belt?	B. 25 inches	[ "25 miles", "25 inches", "25 yards", "25 feet" ]	The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 25 inches. 25 feet, 25 yards, and 25 miles are all too long.	scienceqa_textonly	scienceqa_textonly_0000138
What planet has the most volcanoes?	B. venus	[ "Earth", "venus", "uranus", "Mars" ]	Venus has more volcanoes than any other planet. There are between 100,000 and one million volcanoes on Venus! Most of the volcanoes are now inactive. There are also a large number of craters. This means that Venus doesn’t have tectonic plates. Plate tectonics on Earth erases features over time. Figure below is an image made using radar data. The volcano is Maat Mons. Lava beds are in the foreground. Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown.	sciq	sciq_0003305
Find out the wrong term. 2, 5, 10, 50, 500, 5000	D. 5000	[ "5", "10", "50", "5000" ]	25=10 510=50 1050=500 50?=5000 ANSWER:D	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0007164
Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. How long is a seesaw?	A. 4 yards	[ "4 yards", "4 feet", "4 miles", "4 inches" ]	The best estimate for the length of a seesaw is 4 yards. 4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long.	scienceqa_textonly	scienceqa_textonly_0000602
If the average weights of three groups of 15,20,25 children respectively is 20,25,30 what is the average weights of all the children?	D. 25.83	[ "32.89", "12.89", "38.76", "25.83" ]	Average weights of group 1 =20 children in group 1 = 15 Total weights of group 1 = 1520 Average weights of group 2 = 25 children in group 2 = 20 Total weights of group 2 = 2520 Average weights of group 3 = 30 children in group 3 = 25 Total weights of group 3 = 2530 Total children = 15+20+ 25 = 60 Average weights of all the children =((1520)+(25×20)+(25×30))/60 =155/6 =25.83 Answer is D.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0001450
The average (arithmetic mean) of four numbers is 4x + 1. If one of the numbers is x, what is the average of the other three numbers?	C. 5x + 4/3	[ "x + 1", "3x + 3", "5x + 4/3", "5x + 4" ]	If the average of four numbers is 4x + 1, then the sum of all four numbers if 4 * (4x + 1) = 16x + 12. If one of the numbers is x, then the average of the remaining three numbers would be: (16x + 4 - x)/3 = (15x + 4)/3 = 5x + 4/3. Answer is C.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0001783
Which one of the following is not a cause for restrictive cardiomyopathy -	A. Alcohol	[ "Alcohol", "Hemochromatosis", "Amyloidosis", "sarcoidosis" ]	null	medmcqa	medmcqa_0002990
21 ball numbered 1 to 21. A ballis drawn and then another ball is drawn without replacement.	C. 9/42	[ "5/34", "3/37", "9/42", "5/41" ]	The probability that first toy shows the even number, =1021=1021 Since, the toy is not replaced there are now 9 even numbered toys and total 20 toys left. Hence, probability that second toy shows the even number, =920=920 Required probability, =(1021)×(920)=(1021)×(920) =9/42 C	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0002207
The lungs, kidneys, skin, and large intestine are all part of what organ system?	D. excretory	[ "sensory", "respiratory", "digestive", "excretory" ]	Organs of the excretory system include the kidneys, large intestine, skin, and lungs.	sciq	sciq_0010749
Annual growth rate in moderate growth -	B. 0.5-1.0	[ "<0.5", "0.5-1.0", "1.0-1.5", "1.5-2.0" ]	Relation between annual growth rate (AGR) and population. Rating Annual GR(%) Population doubling Time Stationary population None - Slow growth <0.5 >139 years Moderate growth 0.5-1.0 139-70 Rapid growth 1.0-1.5 70-47 Very rapid growth 1.5-2.0 47-35 Explosive growth 2.0-2.5 35-28 Explosive growth 2.5-3.0 28-23 Explosive growth 3.0-3.5 23-20 Explosive growth 3.5-4.0 20-18 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 532	medmcqa	medmcqa_0009688
What consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow?	B. electric circuit	[ "cooling circuit", "electric circuit", "magnetic poles", "thermal reaction" ]	An electric circuit consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow. It has a voltage source and a conductor and may have other devices such as lights and switches.	sciq	sciq_0001385
A diploid zygote is formed when one sperm does what?	A. fertilizes the egg	[ "fertilizes the egg", "cracks the egg", "repels the egg", "incapacitates the egg" ]		sciq	sciq_0001625
Atrial depolarization in ECG is represented by	A. 1	[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]	1 (Description: P wave in EC6)	medmcqa	medmcqa_0001628
When a hammer strikes a nail, the nail	D. exerts an equal and opposite force back on the hammer.	[ "exerts balanced forces that helps it from moving.", "exerts a force equal to the weight of the hammer.", "exerts an unbalanced force that changes its velocity.", "exerts an equal and opposite force back on the hammer." ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0001352
If the a radio is sold for Rs 490 and sold for Rs 465.50.find loss%.	B. 5%	[ "4%", "5%", "6%", "3%" ]	sol. cp=rs490,sp= 465.50. loss=rs(490-465.50)=rs 24.50. loss%=[(24.50/490)*100]%=5% Answer is B.	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0001399
The reaction that releases energy for use by the cell occurs in which site?	D. mitochondrial membrane	[ "Golgi apparatus", "endoplasmic reticulum", "cytoplasmic membrane", "mitochondrial membrane" ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0001833
What are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay?	C. nuclear symbols	[ "critical symbols", "radioactive symbols", "nuclear symbols", "trigonometric symbols" ]	Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the beta-minus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:.	sciq	sciq_0000013
Pain insensitive structure	B. Choroid plexus	[ "Middle cerebral aery", "Choroid plexus", "Dural sheath", "Falx cerebri" ]	The cranium, brain parenchyma, ependymal lining of the ventricles, and choroid plexus are all pain insensitive Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006110
Pa of ethambutol in RNTCP regime ?	C. Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli	[ "Bactericidal + detrimental to semidormant bacilli", "Bactericidal + detrimental to dormant bacilli,", "Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli", "Bacteristatic + detrimental to slow multiplying bacilli" ]	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli Ethambutol It is selectively bacteriostatic and is active against MAC as well as some other mycobacteria. Fast multiplying bacilli are more susceptible With the triple drug therapy it hastens the sputum conversion and also helps to prevent the development of resistance (primary purpose of using it). It inhibits arabinosyltransferase involved in arabinogalactan synthesis, therby interfering with mycolic acid incorporationin mycobacterial cell wall.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0005422
Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit production of what secretion?	A. gastric juice	[ "gastric juice", "digestive juice", "sweat", "metabolic juice" ]	Gastric Secretion The secretion of gastric juice is controlled by both nerves and hormones. Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit gastric juice production. This is why the three phases of gastric secretion are called the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases (Figure 23.17). However, once gastric secretion begins, all three phases can occur simultaneously.	sciq	sciq_0006514
What are materials that have high resistance to electric current called?	A. electric insulators	[ "electric insulators", "cooling insulators", "power insulators", "motion reducers" ]	Materials that have high resistance to electric current are called electric insulators . Wood, rubber, and plastic are examples of electric insulators. Dry air is also an electric insulator.	sciq	sciq_0009673
In Duchennes muscular dystrophy, calf muscle is: September 2009	D. Pseudohyperophied	[ "Hyperophied", "Atrophied", "Pseudoatrophied", "Pseudohyperophied" ]	Ans. D: Pseudohyperophied Duchenne muscular dystrophy is by far the most common childhood-onset muscular dystrophy, afflicting 1 in 3300 boys with an overall prevalence of 63 cases per million. One third of these cases are due to spontaneous mutations, while the rest are inherited in an X-linked dominant manner. Duchenne muscular dystrophy clinically manifests in patients aged 3-7 years, with development of lordosis, a waddling gait, and the Cowers sign. Calf pseudohyperophy follows 1-2 years later. Most patients are wheelchair bound by age 12 years. Diagnostic criteria include: Weakness with onset in the legs; Hyperlordosis with wide-based gait; Hyperophy of weak muscles; Progressive course over time; Reduced muscle contractility on electrical stimulation in advanced stages of the disease; and (6) absence of bladder or bowel dysfunction, sensory disturbance, or febrile illness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is much more than a disease of skeletal muscles. Dystrophin is also found in the hea, brain, and smooth muscle. Late-stage cardiac fibrosis can lead to output failure and pulmonary congestion, a common cause of death. Additionally, cardiac fibrosis can include cardiomyopathy and conduction abnormalities, which can induce fatal arrhythmias.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0003074
What "apparatus" is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?	B. golgi apparatus	[ "plasma apparatus", "golgi apparatus", "receptor apparatus", "secretion apparatus" ]	The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office. The Golgi apparatus looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly shaped pancakes. Like the ER, these discs are membranous. The Golgi apparatus has two distinct sides, each with a different role. One side of the apparatus receives products in vesicles. These products are sorted through the apparatus, and then they are released from the opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles. If the product is to be exported from the cell, the vesicle migrates to the cell surface and fuses to the cell membrane, and the cargo is secreted (Figure 3.15).	sciq	sciq_0009895
A student observes zinc turning from a solid to a liquid in a laboratory investigation. Which statement describes the change in zinc atoms while melting?	B. The zinc atoms lost their relative fixed position.	[ "The mass of the zinc atoms decreased.", "The zinc atoms lost their relative fixed position.", "The zinc atoms were changed into atoms of another element.", "The size of the zinc atoms decreased." ]		arc_challenge	arc_challenge_0000312
A boy pulls a sweater off over his head. His hair is attracted to the sweater due to A. a magnetic force B. a heat transfer C. a chemical change D. an electrical charge Answer:	D. an electrical charge	[ "" ]	To determine why the correct answer is D. an electrical charge, we can analyze the situation step by step: 1. Understanding the Scenario: The boy is pulling a sweater off over his head, and we notice his hair being attracted to the sweater. This suggests that there is some kind of interaction between the hair and the sweater. 2. Evaluating the Options: - A. a magnetic force: Magnetic forces typically involve magnets or magnetic materials. Hair and sweaters are not magnetically charged or made of magnetic materials, so this option is unlikely. - B. a heat transfer: Heat transfer involves the movement of thermal energy from one object to another. While pulling off a sweater may involve some heat, it does not explain the attraction between the hair and the sweater. - C. a chemical change: A chemical change involves a transformation that alters the chemical structure of a substance. There is no chemical reaction occurring between the hair and the sweater in this scenario, so this option doesn't apply. - D. an electrical charge: When the boy pulls the sweater off, it can create static electricity due to friction. The movement of the sweater can cause electrons to transfer between the hair and the sweater, leading to one of them becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. Opposite charges attract, which is why the hair is drawn towards the sweater. 3. Conclusion: Since option D explains the phenomenon observed (the attraction of hair to the sweater due to static electricity generated by friction), it is the most logical choice. Thus, the correct answer is D. an electrical charge.	mmlu	mmlu_0001227
A company is designing a new laptop computer. The computer must not exceed a certain weight. Which of the following is the most likely reason to have a weight restriction for the computer?	C. to make it easier to transport the computer	[ "to make it easier to test the prototype", "to reduce the cost of making the computer", "to make it easier to transport the computer", "to reduce the cost of building the prototype" ]		arc_challenge	arc_challenge_0000073
Six years ago Anita was P times as old as Ben was. If Anita is now 17 years old, how old is Ben now in terms of P ?	A. 11/P + 6	[ "11/P + 6", "11/P + 7", "11/P + 2", "11/P + 1" ]	Let Ben’s age now be B Anita’s age now is A. (A - 6) = P(B - 6) But A is 17 and therefore 11 = P(B - 6) 11/P = B-6 (11/P) + 6 = B Answer: A	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0003585
The average height of 50 pupils in a class is 150 cm. Five of them whose height is 146 cm, leave the class and five others whose average height is 156 cm, join. The new average height of the pupils of the class (in cm) is?	B. 151 cm	[ "718 cm", "151 cm", "627 cm", "282 cm" ]	Total height = 150 * 50 = 7500 cm. New average = [7500 - 5 * 146 + 5 * 156 ] / 50 = 151 cm. Answer:B	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0005144
Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Select the vertebrate.	B. emerald tree boa	[ "curlyhair tarantula", "emerald tree boa", "red-spotted purple butterfly", "bess beetle" ]	An emerald tree boa is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an emerald tree boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. Like other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.	scienceqa_textonly	scienceqa_textonly_0001436
The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greatly influenced by the reservoir of carbon where?	A. in the oceans	[ "in the oceans", "in the earth", "after the oceans", "before the oceans" ]	As stated, the atmosphere is a major reservoir of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide that is essential to the process of photosynthesis. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greatly influenced by the reservoir of carbon in the oceans. The exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and water reservoirs influences how much carbon is found in each, and each one affects the other reciprocally. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere dissolves in water and, unlike oxygen and nitrogen gas, reacts with water molecules to form ionic compounds. Some of these ions combine with calcium ions in the seawater to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a major component of the shells of marine organisms. These organisms eventually form sediments on the ocean floor. Over geologic time, the calcium carbonate forms limestone, which comprises the largest carbon reservoir on Earth. On land, carbon is stored in soil as organic carbon as a result of the decomposition of living organisms or from weathering of terrestrial rock and minerals. Deeper under the ground, at land and at sea, are fossil fuels, the anaerobically decomposed remains of plants that take millions of years to form. Fossil fuels are considered a non-renewable resource because their use far exceeds their rate of formation. A non-renewable resource is either regenerated very slowly or not at all. Another way for carbon to enter the atmosphere is from land (including land beneath the surface of the ocean) by the eruption of volcanoes and other geothermal systems. Carbon sediments from the ocean floor are taken deep within Earth by the process of subduction: the movement of one tectonic plate beneath another. Carbon is released as carbon dioxide when a volcano erupts or from volcanic hydrothermal vents. Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere by the animal husbandry practices of humans. The large number of land animals raised to feed Earth’s growing human population results in increased carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere caused by their respiration. This is another example of how human activity indirectly affects biogeochemical cycles in a significant way. Although much of the debate about the future effects of increasing atmospheric carbon on climate change focuses on fossils fuels, scientists take natural processes, such as volcanoes, plant growth, soil carbon levels, and respiration, into account as they model and predict the future impact of this increase.	sciq	sciq_0010799
When you heat a pot of water on a stove top, energy moves from the pot to its metal handle by what process?	B. conduction	[ "induction", "conduction", "convection", "thermal radiation" ]	Sunlight is turned into electricity at a solar power plant. These power plants use a large group of mirrors to focus sunlight on one place. This place is called a receiver ( Figure below ). At the receiver, a liquid such as oil or water is heated to a high temperature. The liquid transfers its heat by conduction . In conduction, energy moves between two objects that are in contact. The higher temperature object transfers heat to the lower temperature object. For example, when you heat a pot of water on a stove top, energy moves from the pot to its metal handle by conduction. At a solar power plant, the energy conducted by the heated liquid is used to make electricity.	sciq	sciq_0004993
A student has to secure 30% marks to get through. If he gets 80 marks and fails by 70 marks, find the maximum marks set for the examination.	A. 500	[ "500", "1000", "1200", "1500" ]	Here, x = 30 , y = 80 and z = 70 Therefore, Maximum marks = [100( y + z )] / x. = [100( 80 + 70 )]/30 = 500. ANSWER:A	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0003498
The best parameter to measure air pollution is –	A. SO2	[ "SO2", "CO2", "CO", "N20" ]	null	medmcqa	medmcqa_0004205
Examples of acute forms of what type of diseases include the common cold and influenza?	A. viral diseases	[ "viral diseases", "bacterial diseases", "inherited diseases", "attributable diseases" ]	As you will learn in the next module, animal viruses are associated with a variety of human diseases. Some of them follow the classic pattern of acute disease, where symptoms get increasingly worse for a short period followed by the elimination of the virus from the body by the immune system and eventual recovery from the infection. Examples of acute viral diseases are the common cold and influenza. Other viruses cause long-term chronic infections, such as the virus causing hepatitis C, whereas others, like herpes simplex virus, only cause intermittent symptoms. Still other viruses, such as human herpesviruses 6 and 7, which in some cases can cause the minor childhood disease roseola, often successfully cause productive infections without causing any symptoms at all in the host, and thus we say these patients have an asymptomatic infection. In hepatitis C infections, the virus grows and reproduces in liver cells, causing low levels of liver damage. The damage is so low that infected individuals are often unaware that they are infected, and many infections are detected only by routine blood work on patients with risk factors such as intravenous drug use. On the other hand, since many of the symptoms of viral diseases are caused by immune responses, a lack of symptoms is an indication of a weak immune response to the virus. This allows for the virus to escape elimination by the immune system and persist in individuals for years, all the while producing low levels of progeny virions in what is known as a chronic viral disease. Chronic infection of the liver by this virus leads to a much greater chance of developing liver cancer, sometimes as much as 30 years after the initial infection. As already discussed, herpes simplex virus can remain in a state of latency in nervous tissue for months, even years. As the virus “hides” in the tissue and makes few if any viral proteins, there is nothing for the immune response to act against, and immunity to the virus slowly declines. Under certain conditions, including various types of physical and psychological stress, the latent herpes simplex virus may be reactivated and undergo a lytic replication cycle in the skin, causing the lesions associated with the disease. Once virions are produced in the skin and viral proteins are synthesized, the immune response is again stimulated and resolves the skin lesions in a few days by destroying viruses in the skin. As a result of this type of replicative cycle, appearances of cold sores and genital herpes outbreaks only occur intermittently, even though the viruses remain in the nervous tissue for life. Latent infections are common with other herpesviruses as well, including the varicellazoster virus that causes chickenpox. After having a chickenpox infection in childhood, the varicella-zoster virus can remain latent for many years and reactivate in adults to cause the painful condition known as “shingles” (Figure 21.11ab).	sciq	sciq_0000725
Nucleus pulposus is seen in	A. Intervertebral disc	[ "Intervertebral disc", "Medical meniscus", "Brain", "Vestibulo cochlear region" ]	(Intervertebral disc) (210-BDC-1 6th edition) (689-snell 9th edition)* The intervertebral disc is made up of a peripheral annulus fibrosus and a central nucleus pulposus* The physical characteristics permit them to serve as the shock absorbers* No discs are found between the first two cervical vertebrae or in the sacrum or coccyx* Laminae are connected by ligament flava* Spines are connected together by interspinous ligament and the ligamentous nuchae (represents the supra spinous ligament). The ligament gives origin to the splenius rhomboid and trapezius muscle* The intervertebral disces form about one quarter the length of the colomn* Discs are thickest in the lumber region* The most characteristic feature of the thoracic vertebrae is the body has costal facetsStructure of an intervertebral disc, (a) Superior view, (b) arrangement of laminae, and (c) vertical section	medmcqa	medmcqa_0009173
The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a what?	C. molecular control system	[ "protons control system", "anti-lock control system", "molecular control system", "nucleus control system" ]	12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system.	sciq	sciq_0008329
An urn contains 5 red, 6 blue and 8 green balls. 4 balls are randomly selected from the urn, find the probability that the drawn ball are 1 blue and 3 red?	D. 5/323	[ "1/969", "2/969", "4/969", "5/323" ]	Sample space = no. of ways 4 balls were drawn from urn = 19C4 = 3876 No. ways 1 blue balls and 3 red were drawn from bag = 6C1 * 5C3 = 60 Probability = 60 / 3876 = 5/323 Ans - D	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0007435
How many numbers from 45 to 110 are exactly divisible by 12?	C. 6	[ "5", "7", "6", "11" ]	Option 'C' 45/12 = 3 and 110/12 = 9 ==> 9 - 3 = 6 Numbers	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0004971
Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the left kidney?	C. Sympathetic chain	[ "Psoas major", "Medial arcuate ligament", "Sympathetic chain", "Ilioiguinal nerve" ]	The sympathetic chain is not a posterior relation of the left kidney. The posterior relations of the kidney are as follows: Vessels(1): Subcostal vessels Ligaments (2): Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments Nerves (3): Subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Muscles (4): Diaphragm, psoas major, Quadratus lumborum, and transverses abdominis. The right kidney is related to the 12th rib and the left kidney is related to the 11th and 12th ribs. Ref: Gray's Anatomy 41st edition Pgno: 1240	medmcqa	medmcqa_0009560
Alpha-methyldopa is primarily used for	A. Pregnancy induced hypeension	[ "Pregnancy induced hypeension", "Renovascular hypeension", "First line agent in hypeension", "Refractory hypeension" ]	They act on central alpha 2a receptors to decrease efferent sympathetic activity. It decreases t.p.r more than H.R or C.O It is infrequently used now. (Ref: Essentials of medical pharmacology, K.D Tripathi, 7th edition, page 566)	medmcqa	medmcqa_0000604
Breast milk is maximum at –	C. 5–6 months	[ "1–2 months", "3–4 months", "5–6 months", "7–8 months" ]	Breast milk is maximum at 5-6 months of lactation -9 730 ml/day. It is minimum at 37-38 months of lactation --> 345 ml/day.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0009466
Each of the integers from 1 to 14 is written on the a seperate index card and placed in a box. If the cards are drawn from the box at random without replecement, how many cards must be drawn to ENSURE that the product of all the integers drawn is even?	A. 8	[ "8", "12", "11", "10" ]	Out of the 14 integers: 7 are odd and 7 are even. If we need to make sure that the product of all the integers withdrawn is even then we need to make sure that we have at least one even number. In the worst case: 1. we will end up picking odd numbers one by one, so we will pick all 7 odd numbers first 2. 8th number will be the first even number So we need to withdraw at least 8 numbers to make sure that we get one even number and the product of all the integers picked is even. So, answer will be 8. (E)	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0005651
The average weight of 10 persons increases by 3.2 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?	D. 97 kg	[ "76 kg", "80 kg", "85 kg", "97 kg" ]	Solution Total weight increased = (10 x 3.2)kg = 32 kg. Weight of new person = (65 + 32)kg = 97 kg. Answer D	aqua_rat	aqua_rat_0000777
When a cell transforms itself into different lineage the ability us known as -	C. Trans-differentiation	[ "De-differentiation", "Re-differentiation", "Trans-differentiation", "Sub-differentiation" ]	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trans-differentiation Transdifferentiationo Transdifferentiation takes place when a non-stem cell transform into a different type of cell, or when an already-differentiated stem cell creates cells outside its already established differentiation.o Remember very important fact that it is the non-stem cell or already differentiated stem cell (i.e. mature cell) that is transformed into other type of cell. It is not stem cell that is transforming,o Transdifferentiation is a type of metaplasia.o Then, what is the difference between transdifferentiation and metaplasia.In Transdifferentiation only differentiated stem cell is transformed into other cell type, while in metaplasia any of the two, either stem cell or differentiated cell can transform into other cell type.So, all transdifferentiation processes are metaplasia, but not all metaplasia are transdifferentiation.	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006994
Gastric emptying sequence into the duodenum	A. Fat > protein > carbohydrate	[ "Fat > protein > carbohydrate", "Fat < carbohydrate < protein", "Protein < fat < carbohydrate", "Protein > fat > carbohydrate" ]	Food rich in carbohydrate leaves the stomach in a few hours. Protein-rich foods leave more slowly and emptying is slowest after a meal containing fat. Hyperosmotic contents in duodenum decrease gastric emptying. CCK is also an inhibitor of gastric emptying	medmcqa	medmcqa_0006438
What branch of biology studies animal behavior?	D. ethology	[ "geology", "embryology", "microbiology", "ethology" ]	The branch of biology that studies animal behavior is called ethology . Ethologists usually study how animals behave in their natural environment, rather than in a lab. They generally try to answer four basic questions about the behaviors they observe:.	sciq	sciq_0009185
Which of the following is a crucial piece of evidence supporting scientists' theory of how the continents and the ocean basins formed?	C. Currents redistribute heat in an unevenly heated liquid.	[ "Gravitational forces result in the fusion of small atoms.", "A differentiated iron core expresses magnetic properties.", "Currents redistribute heat in an unevenly heated liquid.", "A stream of charged ions disperses lightweight gases." ]		arc_easy	arc_easy_0001646

Helicopter pilots can recover from piloting errors by decreasing altitude, turning some of their potential energy into what kind of energy?

D. kinetic

[ "active", "electrical", "free", "kinetic" ]

Helicopter pilots are quite familiar with rotational kinetic energy. They know, for example, that a point of no return will be reached if they allow their blades to slow below a critical angular velocity during flight. The blades lose lift, and it is impossible to immediately get the blades spinning fast enough to regain it. Rotational kinetic energy must be supplied to the blades to get them to rotate faster, and enough energy cannot be supplied in time to avoid a crash. Because of weight limitations, helicopter engines are too small to supply both the energy needed for lift and to replenish the rotational kinetic energy of the blades once they have slowed down. The rotational kinetic energy is put into them before takeoff and must not be allowed to drop below this crucial level. One possible way to avoid a crash is to use the gravitational potential energy of the helicopter to replenish the rotational kinetic energy of the blades by losing altitude and aligning the blades so that the helicopter is spun up in the descent. Of course, if the helicopter’s altitude is too low, then there is insufficient time for the blade to regain lift before reaching the ground. Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Energy 1. Determine that energy or work is involved in the rotation. Determine the system of interest. A sketch usually helps. Analyze the situation to determine the types of work and energy involved. For closed systems, mechanical energy is conserved. That is,.

sciq

sciq_0011257

3^4+3^4+3^4=?

C. c) 3^5

[ "a) 3^3", "b) 3^4", "c) 3^5", "d) 3^6" ]

The correct answer is C 3^5 3^5 = 3^4+3^4+3^4

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0004394

Lucid interval is most commonly seen in -

A. Acute extradural hemorrhage

[ "Acute extradural hemorrhage", "Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage", "Acute Subdural Hemorrhage", "Subarachnoid hemorrhage" ]

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute extradural hemorrhage Acute Extradural hematomao Accumulation of blood b/w skull & durao Bleeding is from a branch of middle meningeal artery* in 90% of caseso Trauma is usually severe associated with concussion and skull fracture.o With arterial bleeding, the hematoma expands rapidly, and symptoms appear within hours after injuryo The clinical course is acute -# After a head injury often associated with a variable period of concussion - the patient appears normal for several hours (lucid interval).# After this lucid interval, the pt. develops evidence of increased intracranial pressure with headache, vomitting, altered consciousness, and papilledema.# Tentorial herniation rapidly follows, with occulomotor nerve palsy (pupillary inequality appears first, followed by failure of reaction to light k/a Hutchinson's sign and pyramidal tract compression.# Compression of the brain stem follows, resulting in changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration.# Coma and death rapidly ensue in untreated cases.o Its an emergency and requires prompt diagnosis & surgical evacuation of the extradural blood collection.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0004289

Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have what stage?

B. larval

[ "egg", "larval", "reproductive", "adult" ]

Unlike amphibians, reptiles do not have a larval stage. Instead, newly hatched reptiles look like smaller versions of the adults. They are able to move about on their own, but they are vulnerable to predators. Even so, most reptile parents provide no care to their hatchlings. In fact, most reptiles don’t even take care of their eggs. For example, female sea turtles lay their eggs on a sandy beach and then return to the ocean. The only exceptions are female crocodiles and alligators. They may defend their nest from predators and help the hatchlings reach the water. If the young remain in the area, the mother may continue to protect them for up to a year.

sciq

sciq_0008838

a man prpare the technical document it takes 2 hours for half an hour presentation and technical preparation. its screening takes 30 more minuts to prepare with the other guy.for to present a 7 half an hours how much time it will take

C. 37 1/2 hours

[ "37 hours", "35 hours", "37 1/2 hours", "33 hours" ]

here first 2 hours to prepare a technical document and half-an-hour to screen it ..so total 2 1/2 hour work is need to 1/2 hour presentation.... For 7 1/2 hours presentation... 1/2 hour presentation-------------->>2 1/2 hour work done 7 1/2 hr presentation --------------> x hours work done just do cross multiplication u will get x value i.e. required amount of time since 7 1/2 hours contains 15 half-an-hours ...15* 2 1/2===== 30+7.5===total 37 1/2 hours ANSWER:C

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0002921

What is the sum of the first 15 terms of an A.P whose 11 th and 7 th terms are 5.25 and 3.25 respectively

A. 56.25

[ "56.25", "60", "52.5", "5.25" ]

a +10d = 5.25, a+6d = 3.25, 4d = 2, d = ½ a +5 = 5.25, a = 0.25 = ¼, s 15 = 15/2 ( 2 * ¼ + 14 * ½ ) = 15/2 (1/2 +14/2 ) = 15/2 *15/2 =225/ 4 = 56.25 ANSWER:A

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0002513

Investigation to distinguish between pregnancy acquired hemophilia A and lupus anticoagulant?

B. dRVVT

[ "Factor 8 assay", "dRVVT", "von Willlebrand Factor assay", "aPTT" ]

In some cases of pregnancy there is antibody formation against the clotting factors, paicularly against factor 8. Dilute Russell's viper venom time- -In-vitro diagnostic test is based on the ability of the venom of the Russell's viper to induce thrombosis. -The venom contains some substances (RVV-V and RVV-X) which directly activate factor V and factor X which turns prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of phospholipid and calcium. -This makes the test sensitive to the presence of lupus anticoagulants, because these antibodies interfere with the clot-promoting role of phospholipid in vitro, and their presence results in a prolonged clotting time. NOTE - the dilute Russell's viper venom test and the hexagonal-phase phospholipids test will be Negative in patients with an acquired inhibitor and Positive in patients with lupus anticoagulants.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006810

Which object is powered by an electrical circuit?

B. a flashlight

[ "a drum", "a flashlight", "a matchstick", "a wind-up toy" ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0000089

A common characteristic of all living things is that they

C. are made of cells.

[ "breathe air.", "walk upright.", "are made of cells.", "use sunlight for growth." ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0002229

Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. What do these two changes have in common? a piece of pear turning brown salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny

D. Both are chemical changes.

[ "Both are only physical changes.", "Both are caused by heating.", "Both are caused by cooling.", "Both are chemical changes." ]

Step 1: Think about each change. A piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter. If you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear. Salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

scienceqa_textonly

scienceqa_textonly_0000651

There is enough provisions for 600 men in an army camp for 25 days. If there were 250 men less, how long will the provision last?

D. 60days

[ "10days", "40days", "50days", "60days" ]

Exp: We have, M1D1 = M2D2 600*25= 250* D2 D2 = 600*25/250 = 60 days. Answer: D

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0005019

Tachyzoites are seen in -

A. Toxoplasma

[ "Toxoplasma", "Toxocara", "Pulmonary eosinopjilia", "Ascaris" ]

rapidly multiplying Proliferative forms of trophozoites In pseudocyst seen in acute infection (refer pgno:64 baveja 3 rd edition)

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006855

Sandy buys an old scooter for $800 and spends $200 on its repairs. If Sandy sells the scooter for $1200, what is the gain percent?

C. 20%

[ "15%", "18%", "20%", "22%" ]

selling price / total cost = 1200/1000 = 1.2 The gain percent is 20%. The answer is C.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0003274

In myocardial infarction, the infarct acquires hyperemic rim with a yellow centre at -

A. 3-7 days

[ "3-7 days", "10-20 days", "7-14 days", "1-2 hours" ]

null

medmcqa

medmcqa_0001602

What do water, aluminum, redwood trees, and valley quail all have in common?

D. They are all made of atoms.

[ "They are all pure elements.", "They are all made of cells.", "They are all living creatures.", "They are all made of atoms." ]

arc_challenge

arc_challenge_0000674

In how many ways letters of the word RSCUPERATE be arranged?

D. 302400

[ "357898", "654326", "865453", "302400" ]

RESUPERATE has 10 letters, out of which E repeated 3 times, R repeated 2 times. Hence total ways = 10! / (3!*2!) = 302400 ways E

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0007824

What is the measure of change in velocity of a moving object?

B. acceleration

[ "transmission", "acceleration", "vibration", "kinetic energy" ]

Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It shows how quickly velocity changes. Acceleration may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Because acceleration includes both a size (speed) and direction, it is a vector.

sciq

sciq_0002527

C and D started a business by investing Rs.1000/- and Rs.1500/- respectively. Find the D’s share out of a total profit of Rs.500:

D. 100

[ "400", "300", "200", "100" ]

C = Rs.1000/- D = Rs.1500/- C share 2 parts & D share 3 parts Total 5 parts -----> Rs.500/- ----> 1 part -------> Rs.100/- D share = 3 parts -----> Rs.300/- D

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0001438

Which statement is the best description of the Milky Way galaxy?

D. a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity

[ "a collection of gases held together by inertia", "a group of planets revolving around a single star", "a collection of stars and gases with the Sun as its center", "a group of stars, dust, and planets held together by gravity" ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0000988

Which type of organism is the best at fixing nitrogen?

A. bacteria

[ "bacteria", "fungi", "protists", "animals" ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0001248

Students studying rocks notice that in a particular location there are many igneous rocks that are very similar. This observation best supports which statement?

D. A nearby volcano had once been active.

[ "A nearby volcano is tall.", "A nearby volcano is inactive.", "A nearby volcano is about to erupt.", "A nearby volcano had once been active." ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0002172

The mechanism by which cytosol pyruvate is transported to mitochondria is

B. Proton symport

[ "Chloride antiport", "Proton symport", "ATP dependent antiport", "Facilitated uniport" ]

Pyruvate is formed from glucose oxidation (glycolysis) in cytosol. It is transported into the mitochondria along with Er (proton) symport by a monocarboxylate carrier.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0004607

What are the three classifications of elements?

C. metals, non-metals and metaloids

[ "metals, non-metals and alkaloids", "alkaloids, metaloids, and non-metals", "metals, non-metals and metaloids", "metals, metaloids, and alkaloids" ]

The majority of known elements are classified as metals. Metals are elements that are lustrous, or shiny. They are also good conductors of electricity and heat. Examples of metals include iron, gold, and copper. Fewer than 20 elements are classified as nonmetals. Nonmetals lack the properties of metals. Examples of nonmetals include oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Certain other elements have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are known as metalloids. Examples of metalloids include silicon and boron.

sciq

sciq_0001174

A single discount equivalent to the discount series of 20%, 10% and 5% is?

C. 31.6

[ "31.7", "31.21", "31.6", "31.37" ]

100*(80/100)*(90/100)*(95/100) = 68.4 100 - 68.4 = 31.6 Answer:C

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0004182

Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the united states. now most of them have been killed by what?

B. dutch elm disease

[ "carbon dioxide", "dutch elm disease", "cancer", "beetles" ]

Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the United States. Now most of them, like this tree, have been killed by Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus. This is just one example of how fungi can interact with other species.

sciq

sciq_0008663

A school’s annual budget for the purchase of student computers increased by 50% this year over last year. If the price of student computers increased by 20% this year, then the number of computers it can purchase this year is what percent greater than the number of computers it purchased last year?

C. 25%

[ "33.33%", "40%", "25%", "28%" ]

Lats year: budget = $100, price = $1 --> the number of computers purchased = 100/1 = 100; This year: budget = $150, price = $1.2 --> the number of computers purchased = 150/1.2 = 125. Increase in the number of computers purchased = 25%. Answer: C.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0004002

The cost of 3 kg of sugar is $30. What will the cost of 8 kg of sugar be?

C. 80

[ "20", "40", "80", "160" ]

3 kg costs $30 1 kg costs $10 8 kg costs $80 The answer is C.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0007177

Which of the following antismoking drugs can lead to suicidal ideation?

C. Varenicline

[ "Baclofen", "Rimonobant", "Varenicline", "Naltrexone" ]

Vareniciline is a partial agonist at α4 β2 substype of nicotine receptor used to treat tobbacco addiction. Side effects include suicidal ideation, nausea, headache & insomnia.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006086

Where do living things obtain the energy to carry out all life processes?

D. food

[ "oxygen", "fuel", "waste", "food" ]

Living things need energy to carry out all life processes. They get energy from food.

sciq

sciq_0007848

What is the name of the organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids?

A. endoplasmic reticulum

[ "endoplasmic reticulum", "mitochondria", "nucleus", "plasma membrane" ]

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids. It’s made of folded membranes. Bits of membrane can pinch off to form tiny sacs called vesicles. The vesicles carry proteins or lipids away from the ER.

sciq

sciq_0010470

There are 3 numbers A, B and C. If A:B = 3/4, B:C = 4/5, C:D = 5/6, then A:D will be?

A. 1 : 2

[ "1 : 2", "3 : 5", "5 : 7", "6 : 11" ]

Sol. A : B = 3 : 4, B : C = 4 : 5, C : D = 5 : 6 ∴A∶B∶C∶D= 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. Thus, A : D = 3 : 6 or, 1 : 2 A

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0001689

Dementia is a feature of which disease?

A. Whipple

[ "Whipple", "Celiac", "Tropical sprue", "Chron" ]

Whipple : Other features are nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, joint pains.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0004179

Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates a what?

C. intrinsic magnetic field

[ "suppressed electrical field", "magnified rupulsed field", "intrinsic magnetic field", "intrinsic electrical field" ]

We already know that the magnitude of angular momentum is quantized for electron orbits in atoms. The new insight is that the direction of the orbital angular momentum is also quantized. The fact that the orbital angular momentum can have only certain directions is called space quantization. Like many aspects of quantum mechanics, this quantization of direction is totally unexpected. On the macroscopic scale, orbital angular momentum, such as that of the moon around the earth, can have any magnitude and be in any direction. Detailed treatment of space quantization began to explain some complexities of atomic spectra, but certain patterns seemed to be caused by something else. As mentioned, spectral lines are actually closely spaced doublets, a characteristic called fine structure, as shown in Figure 30.53. The doublet changes when a magnetic field is applied, implying that whatever causes the doublet interacts with a magnetic field. In 1925, Sem Goudsmit and George Uhlenbeck, two Dutch physicists, successfully argued that electrons have properties analogous to a macroscopic charge spinning on its axis. Electrons, in fact, have an internal or intrinsic angular momentum called intrinsic spin S . Since electrons are charged, their intrinsic spin creates an intrinsic magnetic field.

sciq

sciq_0010505

What are butterflies and bees an example of?

A. pollinators

[ "pollinators", "species", "spores", "parasites" ]

sciq

sciq_0003896

Most dependent pa of abdomen in standing position is

B. Pouch of douglas

[ "Vesicouterine pouch", "Pouch of douglas", "Morrison pouch", "Left paracolic gutter" ]

The recto-uterine pouch (cul-de-sac or pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus. It is the most inferior aspect of the peritoneal cavity and therefore the first location where free fluid accumulates . ref - BDC 6e vol2 pg244

medmcqa

medmcqa_0007737

Light reflex is carried through: March 2005

D. Cranial nerve II

[ "Cranial nerve VI", "Cranial nerve VII", "Cranial nerve V", "Cranial nerve II" ]

Ans. D: Cranial nerve II The optic nerve is responsible for the afferent limb of the light reflex - it senses the incoming light. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the light reflex - it drives the muscles that constrict the pupil. Neuron 1: The light reflex pathway begins with retinal ganglion cells, which convey information from photoreceptors to the optic nerve ( the optic disc). The optic nerve connects to the pretectal nucleus of the upper midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual coex. Neuron 2: From the pretectal nucleus, axons connect to neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves. Neuron 3: Oculomotor nerve axons synapse on ciliary ganglion neurons. Neuron 4: Neuron 4 innervates the constrictor muscle of the iris

medmcqa

medmcqa_0003591

When positive integer n is divided by 3, the remainder is 1. When n is divided by 8, the remainder is 5. What is the smallest positive integer p, such that (n + p) is a multiple of 15?

B. 2

[ "1", "2", "5", "19" ]

When positive integer n is divided by 3, the remainder is 1 i.e., n=3x+1 values of n can be one of {1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22..............49, 52, 59..................} Similarly, When n is divided by 8, the remainder is 5..i.e., n=7y+5 values of n can be one of {5, 13, 21, 29, 37, 45, 53, 61........} combining both the sets we get n={13, 37, ...........} What is the smallest positive integer p, such that (n + p) is a multiple of 15 or 15x in case of n=13 p=2 so for min value of p, we take min value of n. B is the answer.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0008795

Granular deposition of IgA at dermal papillae on immunofluorescence is seen in:

B. Dermatitis herpetiformis

[ "Herpes gestationalis", "Dermatitis herpetiformis", "Bullous pemphigoid", "IgA dermatosis of childhood" ]

Ans. b. Dermatitis herpetiformis Granular deposition of IgA at dermal papillae on immunofluorescence is seen in dermatitis herpetiformis.Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Diagnosis is confirmed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of normal appearing or faintly erythematous perilesional skin (adjacent to active lesion), by demonstration of granular deposits of IgA (with or without complements) in papillary dermis** and along the epidermal basement membrane zone (EBMZ)."Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Duhring Disease)* Associated with Subclinical gluten sensitive enteropathy^* Associated with HLA-B8 (60%)/DRW3 (95%) and HLA-DQW2 haplotype (95-100%)* Increased incidence of autoimmune disorders e.g. thyroid abnormalities (mostly hypothyroid), achlorhydria, atrophic gastritis, and antigastric parietal cell antibodies, insulin dependent DM. SLE, Sjogren syndrome, vitiligo, RA. UC, myasthenia and gastrointestinal non Hodgkins Lymphoma.* Dietary gluten sensitivity in DH is associated with IgA endomysial autoantibodies that target tissue transglutaminase.* On direct immunofluorescence, IgA autoantibodies against epidermal transglutaminase and granular deposits of IgA in papillary dermis (dermal papillae),Dermatitis Herpetiformis (Duhring Disease)Clinical Feature:* Most common in 2nd- 4th decade* Intensely (itchy) pruritic0. papulovesicular/urticarial skin ds characterized by lesions symmetrically distributed over extensor surfaces (i.e. elbows, knees, buttocks, back, scalp and posterior neck)0* Primary lesion is a papule, papulovesicles or urticarial plaque.* Because pruritus is prominent, patients may present with excoriation and crusted papules with no observable primary lesion0.* Pruritus may have a distinctive burning or stinging component.Diagnosis:* Lesion biopsy reveal subepidermal blister with neutrophils in dermal papillae i.e. subepidermal bullae with papillary tip abscess0* Diagnosis is confirmed by direct immunofluorescence microscopy of normal appearing or faintly erythematous perilesional skin (adjacent to active lesion), by demonstration of granular deposits of IgA (with or without complements) in papillary dermis0and along the epidermal basement membrane zone (EBMZ)Treatment:* IgA deposits in skin are unaffected by control of disease w ith medication dapsone; but decrease or disappear in patients maintained on long periods on a strict gluten-free diet (treatment of choice).Dapsone (diaminodiphenvlsulfone: Drug of choice), sulfoxone (diasone) and sulfapyridine control but do not cure disease.* Elemental diet (composed of free amino acids, short chain polysaccharides and small amount of triglycerides) without full proteins can alleviate skin disease within few weeks.* Atkins diet with high protein, unlimited fat and low carbohy drate also lead to complete resolution of skin disease

medmcqa

medmcqa_0001042

Some of 50%-intensity red paint is replaced with 25% solution of red paint such that the new paint intensity is 45%. What fraction of the original paint was replaced?

B. 1/5

[ "1/30", "1/5", "2/3", "3/4" ]

45% is 20%-points above 25% and 5%-points below 50%. Thus the ratio of 25%-solution to 50%-solution is 1:4. 1/5 of the original paint was replaced. The answer is B.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0009033

Evaluate (51 + 52 + 53 + ... + 100)

A. 3775

[ "3775", "3665", "3456", "3459" ]

Sn = (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50 + 51 + 52 + ... + 100) - (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50) = (50 x 101) - (25 x 51) = (5050 - 1275) = 3775. Option A

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0000702

Which is not an anxiolytic -

A. Risperidone

[ "Risperidone", "SSRI", "Clonazepam", "Buspirone" ]

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Risperidone

medmcqa

medmcqa_0005159

Which of the following opioid analgesic acts primarily through lc opioid receptors?

A. Pentazocine

[ "Pentazocine", "Methadone", "Buprenorphine", "Pethidine" ]

null

medmcqa

medmcqa_0004651

Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or what?

D. pressure

[ "cold", "radiation", "chemical reaction", "pressure" ]

Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure. The minerals in the rock change but do not melt. The rock experiences these changes within the Earth.

sciq

sciq_0004223

Ross is 20 years older than his daughter Julie. In 5 years Ross will be twice as old as Julie. What is Julies current age.

B. 15

[ "10", "15", "20", "30" ]

Now: Julie = x, Ross =x+20 In 5 years Julie = x+5, Ross = x+20+5 or 2(x+5) x+20+5 = 2(x+5) x+25=2x+10 25=x+10 15=x Julie is 15 years old, the answer is B)

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0007841

The gingiva is attached to the tooth by:

D. Gingival fibers

[ "Lamina propria", "Periosteum", "Epithelial attachment", "Gingival fibers" ]

null

medmcqa

medmcqa_0002798

A glucose molecule contains 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen atoms. During photosynthesis, green plants create glucose daily. If, over a period of 12 days, an eucalyptus plant (a green plant) creates 12,000 molecules of glucose then approximately how many more atoms of hydrogen than carbon are created on average per day?

B. 6,000

[ "60,000", "6,000", "2,500", "250" ]

Solution: We know that 12,000 glucose molecules are created over a period of 12 days. Therefore 12,000/12 = 1,000 glucose molecules are created on average per day. Each glucose molecule contains 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms. So 1,000 glucose molecules contain 6 × 1,000 = 6,000 carbon atoms and 12 × 1,000 = 12,000 hydrogen atoms. The difference is 12,000 – 6,000 = 6,000. The correct answer is B.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0005129

X, Y, and Z are consecutive numbers and X > Y > Z. Also, X + 3Y + 3Z = 5Y + 4. What is the value of Z?

B. 2

[ "6", "2", "4", "3" ]

If X, Y, and Z are consecutive numbers and X > Y > Z, then Y = Z+1 and X = Z+2. X + 3Y + 3Z = 5Y + 4 Z+2+3Z+3+3Z = 5Z+5+4 2Z = 4 Z = 2 The answer is E.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0009934

Without the dominant disturbance, the fire-adapted species are usually outcompeted and biodiversity is what?

C. reduced

[ "increased", "unaffected", "reduced", "immaterial" ]

sciq

sciq_0000578

Human bodies have complex structures that support growth and survival. What is the most basic structure of the human body that supports growth and survival?

A. a cell

[ "a cell", "a tissue", "an organ", "an organ system" ]

arc_challenge

arc_challenge_0000621

The length of a year is equivalent to the time it takes for one A. rotation of Earth B. rotation of the Sun C. revolution of Earth around the Sun D. revolution of the Sun around Earth Answer:

C. revolution of Earth around the Sun

[ "" ]

To understand why the correct answer is C. "revolution of Earth around the Sun," let's analyze each option step by step. A. **Rotation of Earth**: This refers to the spinning of the Earth on its axis. One complete rotation takes approximately 24 hours, which defines the length of a day, not a year. B. **Rotation of the Sun**: The Sun does rotate, but its rotation period is not related to the concept of a year. The rotation of the Sun is measured in days (about 25 days at the equator) and does not define a year. C. **Revolution of Earth around the Sun**: This is the correct answer. A year is defined as the time it takes for the Earth to complete one full orbit (or revolution) around the Sun. This period is roughly 365.25 days, which is why we have leap years to account for the extra quarter of a day. D. **Revolution of the Sun around Earth**: This option reflects an outdated geocentric view of the solar system, where it was believed that the Sun revolves around the Earth. In reality, the Earth revolves around the Sun, making this statement incorrect. In conclusion, the length of a year is indeed defined by the time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, making option C the correct answer.

mmlu

mmlu_0000161

Where is the first place a scientist should present new research data about the structure of a galaxy in order to receive the most appropriate review of the research?

C. a peer-reviewed science journal

[ "a high school science classroom", "a university science blog", "a peer-reviewed science journal", "a popular science news magazine" ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0001502

The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as what?

B. glycolysis

[ "Digestion", "glycolysis", "photosynthesis", "Respiration" ]

The monosaccharide glucose is broken down through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions known as glycolysis.

sciq

sciq_0003503

What do we call the diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration?

C. osmosis

[ "cell transportation", "electrolysis", "osmosis", "hemostasis" ]

The diffusion of water across a membrane because of a difference in concentration is called osmosis.

sciq

sciq_0003297

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. How long is a leather belt?

B. 25 inches

[ "25 miles", "25 inches", "25 yards", "25 feet" ]

The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 25 inches. 25 feet, 25 yards, and 25 miles are all too long.

scienceqa_textonly

scienceqa_textonly_0000138

What planet has the most volcanoes?

B. venus

[ "Earth", "venus", "uranus", "Mars" ]

Venus has more volcanoes than any other planet. There are between 100,000 and one million volcanoes on Venus! Most of the volcanoes are now inactive. There are also a large number of craters. This means that Venus doesn’t have tectonic plates. Plate tectonics on Earth erases features over time. Figure below is an image made using radar data. The volcano is Maat Mons. Lava beds are in the foreground. Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown.

sciq

sciq_0003305

Find out the wrong term. 2, 5, 10, 50, 500, 5000

D. 5000

[ "5", "10", "50", "5000" ]

2*5=10 5*10=50 10*50=500 50*?=5000 ANSWER:D

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0007164

Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. How long is a seesaw?

A. 4 yards

[ "4 yards", "4 feet", "4 miles", "4 inches" ]

The best estimate for the length of a seesaw is 4 yards. 4 inches and 4 feet are too short. 4 miles is too long.

scienceqa_textonly

scienceqa_textonly_0000602

If the average weights of three groups of 15,20,25 children respectively is 20,25,30 what is the average weights of all the children?

D. 25.83

[ "32.89", "12.89", "38.76", "25.83" ]

Average weights of group 1 =20 children in group 1 = 15 Total weights of group 1 = 15*20 Average weights of group 2 = 25 children in group 2 = 20 Total weights of group 2 = 25*20 Average weights of group 3 = 30 children in group 3 = 25 Total weights of group 3 = 25*30 Total children = 15+20+ 25 = 60 Average weights of all the children =((15*20)+(25×20)+(25×30))/60 =155/6 =25.83 Answer is D.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0001450

The average (arithmetic mean) of four numbers is 4x + 1. If one of the numbers is x, what is the average of the other three numbers?

C. 5x + 4/3

[ "x + 1", "3x + 3", "5x + 4/3", "5x + 4" ]

If the average of four numbers is 4x + 1, then the sum of all four numbers if 4 * (4x + 1) = 16x + 12. If one of the numbers is x, then the average of the remaining three numbers would be: (16x + 4 - x)/3 = (15x + 4)/3 = 5x + 4/3. Answer is C.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0001783

Which one of the following is not a cause for restrictive cardiomyopathy -

A. Alcohol

[ "Alcohol", "Hemochromatosis", "Amyloidosis", "sarcoidosis" ]

null

medmcqa

medmcqa_0002990

21 ball numbered 1 to 21. A ballis drawn and then another ball is drawn without replacement.

C. 9/42

[ "5/34", "3/37", "9/42", "5/41" ]

The probability that first toy shows the even number, =1021=1021 Since, the toy is not replaced there are now 9 even numbered toys and total 20 toys left. Hence, probability that second toy shows the even number, =920=920 Required probability, =(1021)×(920)=(1021)×(920) =9/42 C

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0002207

The lungs, kidneys, skin, and large intestine are all part of what organ system?

D. excretory

[ "sensory", "respiratory", "digestive", "excretory" ]

Organs of the excretory system include the kidneys, large intestine, skin, and lungs.

sciq

sciq_0010749

Annual growth rate in moderate growth -

B. 0.5-1.0

[ "<0.5", "0.5-1.0", "1.0-1.5", "1.5-2.0" ]

Relation between annual growth rate (AGR) and population. Rating Annual GR(%) Population doubling Time Stationary population None - Slow growth <0.5 >139 years Moderate growth 0.5-1.0 139-70 Rapid growth 1.0-1.5 70-47 Very rapid growth 1.5-2.0 47-35 Explosive growth 2.0-2.5 35-28 Explosive growth 2.5-3.0 28-23 Explosive growth 3.0-3.5 23-20 Explosive growth 3.5-4.0 20-18 Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 532

medmcqa

medmcqa_0009688

What consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow?

B. electric circuit

[ "cooling circuit", "electric circuit", "magnetic poles", "thermal reaction" ]

An electric circuit consists of one or two closed loops through which current can flow. It has a voltage source and a conductor and may have other devices such as lights and switches.

sciq

sciq_0001385

A diploid zygote is formed when one sperm does what?

A. fertilizes the egg

[ "fertilizes the egg", "cracks the egg", "repels the egg", "incapacitates the egg" ]

sciq

sciq_0001625

Atrial depolarization in ECG is represented by

A. 1

[ "1", "2", "3", "4" ]

1 (Description: P wave in EC6)

medmcqa

medmcqa_0001628

When a hammer strikes a nail, the nail

D. exerts an equal and opposite force back on the hammer.

[ "exerts balanced forces that helps it from moving.", "exerts a force equal to the weight of the hammer.", "exerts an unbalanced force that changes its velocity.", "exerts an equal and opposite force back on the hammer." ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0001352

If the a radio is sold for Rs 490 and sold for Rs 465.50.find loss%.

B. 5%

[ "4%", "5%", "6%", "3%" ]

sol. cp=rs490,sp= 465.50. loss=rs(490-465.50)=rs 24.50. loss%=[(24.50/490)*100]%=5% Answer is B.

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0001399

The reaction that releases energy for use by the cell occurs in which site?

D. mitochondrial membrane

[ "Golgi apparatus", "endoplasmic reticulum", "cytoplasmic membrane", "mitochondrial membrane" ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0001833

What are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay?

C. nuclear symbols

[ "critical symbols", "radioactive symbols", "nuclear symbols", "trigonometric symbols" ]

Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the beta-minus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:.

sciq

sciq_0000013

Pain insensitive structure

B. Choroid plexus

[ "Middle cerebral aery", "Choroid plexus", "Dural sheath", "Falx cerebri" ]

The cranium, brain parenchyma, ependymal lining of the ventricles, and choroid plexus are all pain insensitive Ref Harrison20th edition pg 2345

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006110

Pa of ethambutol in RNTCP regime ?

C. Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli

[ "Bactericidal + detrimental to semidormant bacilli", "Bactericidal + detrimental to dormant bacilli,", "Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli", "Bacteristatic + detrimental to slow multiplying bacilli" ]

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bactristatic + detrimental to fast multiplying bacilli Ethambutol It is selectively bacteriostatic and is active against MAC as well as some other mycobacteria. Fast multiplying bacilli are more susceptible With the triple drug therapy it hastens the sputum conversion and also helps to prevent the development of resistance (primary purpose of using it). It inhibits arabinosyltransferase involved in arabinogalactan synthesis, therby interfering with mycolic acid incorporationin mycobacterial cell wall.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0005422

Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit production of what secretion?

A. gastric juice

[ "gastric juice", "digestive juice", "sweat", "metabolic juice" ]

Gastric Secretion The secretion of gastric juice is controlled by both nerves and hormones. Stimuli in the brain, stomach, and small intestine activate or inhibit gastric juice production. This is why the three phases of gastric secretion are called the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases (Figure 23.17). However, once gastric secretion begins, all three phases can occur simultaneously.

sciq

sciq_0006514

What are materials that have high resistance to electric current called?

A. electric insulators

[ "electric insulators", "cooling insulators", "power insulators", "motion reducers" ]

Materials that have high resistance to electric current are called electric insulators . Wood, rubber, and plastic are examples of electric insulators. Dry air is also an electric insulator.

sciq

sciq_0009673

In Duchennes muscular dystrophy, calf muscle is: September 2009

D. Pseudohyperophied

[ "Hyperophied", "Atrophied", "Pseudoatrophied", "Pseudohyperophied" ]

Ans. D: Pseudohyperophied Duchenne muscular dystrophy is by far the most common childhood-onset muscular dystrophy, afflicting 1 in 3300 boys with an overall prevalence of 63 cases per million. One third of these cases are due to spontaneous mutations, while the rest are inherited in an X-linked dominant manner. Duchenne muscular dystrophy clinically manifests in patients aged 3-7 years, with development of lordosis, a waddling gait, and the Cowers sign. Calf pseudohyperophy follows 1-2 years later. Most patients are wheelchair bound by age 12 years. Diagnostic criteria include: Weakness with onset in the legs; Hyperlordosis with wide-based gait; Hyperophy of weak muscles; Progressive course over time; Reduced muscle contractility on electrical stimulation in advanced stages of the disease; and (6) absence of bladder or bowel dysfunction, sensory disturbance, or febrile illness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is much more than a disease of skeletal muscles. Dystrophin is also found in the hea, brain, and smooth muscle. Late-stage cardiac fibrosis can lead to output failure and pulmonary congestion, a common cause of death. Additionally, cardiac fibrosis can include cardiomyopathy and conduction abnormalities, which can induce fatal arrhythmias.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0003074

What "apparatus" is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

B. golgi apparatus

[ "plasma apparatus", "golgi apparatus", "receptor apparatus", "secretion apparatus" ]

The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office. The Golgi apparatus looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly shaped pancakes. Like the ER, these discs are membranous. The Golgi apparatus has two distinct sides, each with a different role. One side of the apparatus receives products in vesicles. These products are sorted through the apparatus, and then they are released from the opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles. If the product is to be exported from the cell, the vesicle migrates to the cell surface and fuses to the cell membrane, and the cargo is secreted (Figure 3.15).

sciq

sciq_0009895

A student observes zinc turning from a solid to a liquid in a laboratory investigation. Which statement describes the change in zinc atoms while melting?

B. The zinc atoms lost their relative fixed position.

[ "The mass of the zinc atoms decreased.", "The zinc atoms lost their relative fixed position.", "The zinc atoms were changed into atoms of another element.", "The size of the zinc atoms decreased." ]

arc_challenge

arc_challenge_0000312

A boy pulls a sweater off over his head. His hair is attracted to the sweater due to A. a magnetic force B. a heat transfer C. a chemical change D. an electrical charge Answer:

D. an electrical charge

[ "" ]

To determine why the correct answer is D. an electrical charge, we can analyze the situation step by step: 1. **Understanding the Scenario**: The boy is pulling a sweater off over his head, and we notice his hair being attracted to the sweater. This suggests that there is some kind of interaction between the hair and the sweater. 2. **Evaluating the Options**: - **A. a magnetic force**: Magnetic forces typically involve magnets or magnetic materials. Hair and sweaters are not magnetically charged or made of magnetic materials, so this option is unlikely. - **B. a heat transfer**: Heat transfer involves the movement of thermal energy from one object to another. While pulling off a sweater may involve some heat, it does not explain the attraction between the hair and the sweater. - **C. a chemical change**: A chemical change involves a transformation that alters the chemical structure of a substance. There is no chemical reaction occurring between the hair and the sweater in this scenario, so this option doesn't apply. - **D. an electrical charge**: When the boy pulls the sweater off, it can create static electricity due to friction. The movement of the sweater can cause electrons to transfer between the hair and the sweater, leading to one of them becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. Opposite charges attract, which is why the hair is drawn towards the sweater. 3. **Conclusion**: Since option D explains the phenomenon observed (the attraction of hair to the sweater due to static electricity generated by friction), it is the most logical choice. Thus, the correct answer is D. an electrical charge.

mmlu

mmlu_0001227

A company is designing a new laptop computer. The computer must not exceed a certain weight. Which of the following is the most likely reason to have a weight restriction for the computer?

C. to make it easier to transport the computer

[ "to make it easier to test the prototype", "to reduce the cost of making the computer", "to make it easier to transport the computer", "to reduce the cost of building the prototype" ]

arc_challenge

arc_challenge_0000073

Six years ago Anita was P times as old as Ben was. If Anita is now 17 years old, how old is Ben now in terms of P ?

A. 11/P + 6

[ "11/P + 6", "11/P + 7", "11/P + 2", "11/P + 1" ]

Let Ben’s age now be B Anita’s age now is A. (A - 6) = P(B - 6) But A is 17 and therefore 11 = P(B - 6) 11/P = B-6 (11/P) + 6 = B Answer: A

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0003585

The average height of 50 pupils in a class is 150 cm. Five of them whose height is 146 cm, leave the class and five others whose average height is 156 cm, join. The new average height of the pupils of the class (in cm) is?

B. 151 cm

[ "718 cm", "151 cm", "627 cm", "282 cm" ]

Total height = 150 * 50 = 7500 cm. New average = [7500 - 5 * 146 + 5 * 156 ] / 50 = 151 cm. Answer:B

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0005144

Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. Select the vertebrate.

B. emerald tree boa

[ "curlyhair tarantula", "emerald tree boa", "red-spotted purple butterfly", "bess beetle" ]

An emerald tree boa is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an emerald tree boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. Like other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.

scienceqa_textonly

scienceqa_textonly_0001436

The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greatly influenced by the reservoir of carbon where?

A. in the oceans

[ "in the oceans", "in the earth", "after the oceans", "before the oceans" ]

As stated, the atmosphere is a major reservoir of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide that is essential to the process of photosynthesis. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greatly influenced by the reservoir of carbon in the oceans. The exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and water reservoirs influences how much carbon is found in each, and each one affects the other reciprocally. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere dissolves in water and, unlike oxygen and nitrogen gas, reacts with water molecules to form ionic compounds. Some of these ions combine with calcium ions in the seawater to form calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a major component of the shells of marine organisms. These organisms eventually form sediments on the ocean floor. Over geologic time, the calcium carbonate forms limestone, which comprises the largest carbon reservoir on Earth. On land, carbon is stored in soil as organic carbon as a result of the decomposition of living organisms or from weathering of terrestrial rock and minerals. Deeper under the ground, at land and at sea, are fossil fuels, the anaerobically decomposed remains of plants that take millions of years to form. Fossil fuels are considered a non-renewable resource because their use far exceeds their rate of formation. A non-renewable resource is either regenerated very slowly or not at all. Another way for carbon to enter the atmosphere is from land (including land beneath the surface of the ocean) by the eruption of volcanoes and other geothermal systems. Carbon sediments from the ocean floor are taken deep within Earth by the process of subduction: the movement of one tectonic plate beneath another. Carbon is released as carbon dioxide when a volcano erupts or from volcanic hydrothermal vents. Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere by the animal husbandry practices of humans. The large number of land animals raised to feed Earth’s growing human population results in increased carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere caused by their respiration. This is another example of how human activity indirectly affects biogeochemical cycles in a significant way. Although much of the debate about the future effects of increasing atmospheric carbon on climate change focuses on fossils fuels, scientists take natural processes, such as volcanoes, plant growth, soil carbon levels, and respiration, into account as they model and predict the future impact of this increase.

sciq

sciq_0010799

When you heat a pot of water on a stove top, energy moves from the pot to its metal handle by what process?

B. conduction

[ "induction", "conduction", "convection", "thermal radiation" ]

Sunlight is turned into electricity at a solar power plant. These power plants use a large group of mirrors to focus sunlight on one place. This place is called a receiver ( Figure below ). At the receiver, a liquid such as oil or water is heated to a high temperature. The liquid transfers its heat by conduction . In conduction, energy moves between two objects that are in contact. The higher temperature object transfers heat to the lower temperature object. For example, when you heat a pot of water on a stove top, energy moves from the pot to its metal handle by conduction. At a solar power plant, the energy conducted by the heated liquid is used to make electricity.

sciq

sciq_0004993

A student has to secure 30% marks to get through. If he gets 80 marks and fails by 70 marks, find the maximum marks set for the examination.

A. 500

[ "500", "1000", "1200", "1500" ]

Here, x = 30 , y = 80 and z = 70 Therefore, Maximum marks = [100( y + z )] / x. = [100( 80 + 70 )]/30 = 500. ANSWER:A

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0003498

The best parameter to measure air pollution is –

A. SO2

[ "SO2", "CO2", "CO", "N20" ]

null

medmcqa

medmcqa_0004205

Examples of acute forms of what type of diseases include the common cold and influenza?

A. viral diseases

[ "viral diseases", "bacterial diseases", "inherited diseases", "attributable diseases" ]

As you will learn in the next module, animal viruses are associated with a variety of human diseases. Some of them follow the classic pattern of acute disease, where symptoms get increasingly worse for a short period followed by the elimination of the virus from the body by the immune system and eventual recovery from the infection. Examples of acute viral diseases are the common cold and influenza. Other viruses cause long-term chronic infections, such as the virus causing hepatitis C, whereas others, like herpes simplex virus, only cause intermittent symptoms. Still other viruses, such as human herpesviruses 6 and 7, which in some cases can cause the minor childhood disease roseola, often successfully cause productive infections without causing any symptoms at all in the host, and thus we say these patients have an asymptomatic infection. In hepatitis C infections, the virus grows and reproduces in liver cells, causing low levels of liver damage. The damage is so low that infected individuals are often unaware that they are infected, and many infections are detected only by routine blood work on patients with risk factors such as intravenous drug use. On the other hand, since many of the symptoms of viral diseases are caused by immune responses, a lack of symptoms is an indication of a weak immune response to the virus. This allows for the virus to escape elimination by the immune system and persist in individuals for years, all the while producing low levels of progeny virions in what is known as a chronic viral disease. Chronic infection of the liver by this virus leads to a much greater chance of developing liver cancer, sometimes as much as 30 years after the initial infection. As already discussed, herpes simplex virus can remain in a state of latency in nervous tissue for months, even years. As the virus “hides” in the tissue and makes few if any viral proteins, there is nothing for the immune response to act against, and immunity to the virus slowly declines. Under certain conditions, including various types of physical and psychological stress, the latent herpes simplex virus may be reactivated and undergo a lytic replication cycle in the skin, causing the lesions associated with the disease. Once virions are produced in the skin and viral proteins are synthesized, the immune response is again stimulated and resolves the skin lesions in a few days by destroying viruses in the skin. As a result of this type of replicative cycle, appearances of cold sores and genital herpes outbreaks only occur intermittently, even though the viruses remain in the nervous tissue for life. Latent infections are common with other herpesviruses as well, including the varicellazoster virus that causes chickenpox. After having a chickenpox infection in childhood, the varicella-zoster virus can remain latent for many years and reactivate in adults to cause the painful condition known as “shingles” (Figure 21.11ab).

sciq

sciq_0000725

Nucleus pulposus is seen in

A. Intervertebral disc

[ "Intervertebral disc", "Medical meniscus", "Brain", "Vestibulo cochlear region" ]

(Intervertebral disc) (210-BDC-1 6th edition) (689-snell 9th edition)* The intervertebral disc is made up of a peripheral annulus fibrosus and a central nucleus pulposus* The physical characteristics permit them to serve as the shock absorbers* No discs are found between the first two cervical vertebrae or in the sacrum or coccyx* Laminae are connected by ligament flava* Spines are connected together by interspinous ligament and the ligamentous nuchae (represents the supra spinous ligament). The ligament gives origin to the splenius rhomboid and trapezius muscle* The intervertebral disces form about one quarter the length of the colomn* Discs are thickest in the lumber region* The most characteristic feature of the thoracic vertebrae is the body has costal facetsStructure of an intervertebral disc, (a) Superior view, (b) arrangement of laminae, and (c) vertical section

medmcqa

medmcqa_0009173

The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a what?

C. molecular control system

[ "protons control system", "anti-lock control system", "molecular control system", "nucleus control system" ]

12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system.

sciq

sciq_0008329

An urn contains 5 red, 6 blue and 8 green balls. 4 balls are randomly selected from the urn, find the probability that the drawn ball are 1 blue and 3 red?

D. 5/323

[ "1/969", "2/969", "4/969", "5/323" ]

Sample space = no. of ways 4 balls were drawn from urn = 19C4 = 3876 No. ways 1 blue balls and 3 red were drawn from bag = 6C1 * 5C3 = 60 Probability = 60 / 3876 = 5/323 Ans - D

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0007435

How many numbers from 45 to 110 are exactly divisible by 12?

C. 6

[ "5", "7", "6", "11" ]

Option 'C' 45/12 = 3 and 110/12 = 9 ==> 9 - 3 = 6 Numbers

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0004971

Which of the following is not a posterior relation of the left kidney?

C. Sympathetic chain

[ "Psoas major", "Medial arcuate ligament", "Sympathetic chain", "Ilioiguinal nerve" ]

The sympathetic chain is not a posterior relation of the left kidney. The posterior relations of the kidney are as follows: Vessels(1): Subcostal vessels Ligaments (2): Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments Nerves (3): Subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves Muscles (4): Diaphragm, psoas major, Quadratus lumborum, and transverses abdominis. The right kidney is related to the 12th rib and the left kidney is related to the 11th and 12th ribs. Ref: Gray's Anatomy 41st edition Pgno: 1240

medmcqa

medmcqa_0009560

Alpha-methyldopa is primarily used for

A. Pregnancy induced hypeension

[ "Pregnancy induced hypeension", "Renovascular hypeension", "First line agent in hypeension", "Refractory hypeension" ]

They act on central alpha 2a receptors to decrease efferent sympathetic activity. It decreases t.p.r more than H.R or C.O It is infrequently used now. (Ref: Essentials of medical pharmacology, K.D Tripathi, 7th edition, page 566)

medmcqa

medmcqa_0000604

Breast milk is maximum at –

C. 5–6 months

[ "1–2 months", "3–4 months", "5–6 months", "7–8 months" ]

Breast milk is maximum at 5-6 months of lactation -9 730 ml/day. It is minimum at 37-38 months of lactation --> 345 ml/day.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0009466

Each of the integers from 1 to 14 is written on the a seperate index card and placed in a box. If the cards are drawn from the box at random without replecement, how many cards must be drawn to ENSURE that the product of all the integers drawn is even?

A. 8

[ "8", "12", "11", "10" ]

Out of the 14 integers: 7 are odd and 7 are even. If we need to make sure that the product of all the integers withdrawn is even then we need to make sure that we have at least one even number. In the worst case: 1. we will end up picking odd numbers one by one, so we will pick all 7 odd numbers first 2. 8th number will be the first even number So we need to withdraw at least 8 numbers to make sure that we get one even number and the product of all the integers picked is even. So, answer will be 8. (E)

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0005651

The average weight of 10 persons increases by 3.2 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?

D. 97 kg

[ "76 kg", "80 kg", "85 kg", "97 kg" ]

Solution Total weight increased = (10 x 3.2)kg = 32 kg. Weight of new person = (65 + 32)kg = 97 kg. Answer D

aqua_rat

aqua_rat_0000777

When a cell transforms itself into different lineage the ability us known as -

C. Trans-differentiation

[ "De-differentiation", "Re-differentiation", "Trans-differentiation", "Sub-differentiation" ]

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Trans-differentiation Transdifferentiationo Transdifferentiation takes place when a non-stem cell transform into a different type of cell, or when an already-differentiated stem cell creates cells outside its already established differentiation.o Remember very important fact that it is the non-stem cell or already differentiated stem cell (i.e. mature cell) that is transformed into other type of cell. It is not stem cell that is transforming,o Transdifferentiation is a type of metaplasia.o Then, what is the difference between transdifferentiation and metaplasia.In Transdifferentiation only differentiated stem cell is transformed into other cell type, while in metaplasia any of the two, either stem cell or differentiated cell can transform into other cell type.So, all transdifferentiation processes are metaplasia, but not all metaplasia are transdifferentiation.

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006994

Gastric emptying sequence into the duodenum

A. Fat > protein > carbohydrate

[ "Fat > protein > carbohydrate", "Fat < carbohydrate < protein", "Protein < fat < carbohydrate", "Protein > fat > carbohydrate" ]

Food rich in carbohydrate leaves the stomach in a few hours. Protein-rich foods leave more slowly and emptying is slowest after a meal containing fat. Hyperosmotic contents in duodenum decrease gastric emptying. CCK is also an inhibitor of gastric emptying

medmcqa

medmcqa_0006438

What branch of biology studies animal behavior?

D. ethology

[ "geology", "embryology", "microbiology", "ethology" ]

The branch of biology that studies animal behavior is called ethology . Ethologists usually study how animals behave in their natural environment, rather than in a lab. They generally try to answer four basic questions about the behaviors they observe:.

sciq

sciq_0009185

Which of the following is a crucial piece of evidence supporting scientists' theory of how the continents and the ocean basins formed?

C. Currents redistribute heat in an unevenly heated liquid.

[ "Gravitational forces result in the fusion of small atoms.", "A differentiated iron core expresses magnetic properties.", "Currents redistribute heat in an unevenly heated liquid.", "A stream of charged ions disperses lightweight gases." ]

arc_easy

arc_easy_0001646