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Harvard University computer scientists have developed a model for studying the arrangement of tissue networks that are created by cell division. "We developed a model that allows us to study the topologies of tissues, or how cells connect to each other, and understand how that connectivity network is created through generations of cell division," says Harvard professor Radhika Nagpal. "Given a cell division strategy, even if cells divide at random, very predictable 'signature' features emerge at the tissue level." The new framework could create new insights on how multicellular systems achieve, or fail to achieve, robustness from the seemingly random behavior in groups of cells, and help researchers looking to artificially emulate complex biological behavior.
Using the computational model, Nagpal and her colleagues demonstrated that the regularity of the tissue can act as an indicator for inferring properties about the cell division mechanism itself. "Even with modern imaging methods, we can rarely directly 'ask' the cell how it decided upon which way to divide," Nagpal says. "The computational tool allows us to generate and eliminate hypotheses about cell division."
The researchers plan to use the new model to detect and study mutations that adversely affect cell division processes in epithelial tissues, which can cause cancer. "One day we may even be able to use our model to help researchers understand other kinds of natural cellular networks, from tissues to geological crack formations, and, by taking inspiration from biology, design more robust computer networks," Nagpal says.
From Harvard University
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Abstracts Copyright © 2009 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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50 years later, the star--and Godard--still ravish
Godard's 50-years-young classic makes its bid to become immortal
Resnais's latest plays like a soap opera. And that's a compliment.
She's an actress, a character, and Paris in Godard's 1967 classic
Tigers, Copulating Horses, Camel(s) | <urn:uuid:3ff5c7bc-ba1b-4afa-9805-8e5f5038897c> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 284 |
UK Muslim Film is proud to welcome director Lena Khan and actress Mehwish Hayat as its first two patrons of the organisation
Award-winning actor and campaigner Mehwish Hayat and acclaimed writer and director Lena Khan have joined UK Muslim Film to help the organisation challenge stereotypes of Muslims on-screen. UK Muslim Film is proud to announce both Mehwish Hayat and Lena Khan as their first Patrons for the charity and it’s initiatives.
Mehwish’s decision to support UKMF is a reflection of her personal interest in and her commitment to ensure Muslims depicted on screen are authentically portrayed.
Mehwish Hayat says: “I am honoured to be joining UK Muslim Film as a Patron. Representation of Muslims on-screen is something that I have been tirelessly working to highlight for the past few years.”
“Misrepresentation has done untold damage to us and I sincerely believe has fuelled the rise of Islamophobia. With UK Muslim Film, I look forward to working with the industry to make sure that the way that we are portrayed on-screen, if not positive, is at least a lot fairer.”
She added “It is equally incumbent on us as Muslims to be telling our own stories. I am excited that UKMF will be supporting emerging Muslim talent and helping them get their work to larger audiences.”
Mehwish is one of the most socially active celebrities globally and Pakistan’s reigning box-office queen. Hailing from a well-known show business family, Mehwish has widely spoken out about human rights abuses on the global stage and has been particularly vocal about the representation of Muslims in mainstream media for many years now.
Mehwish rose to global attention after playing the character of ‘Aisha’ in the hugely successful ‘Ms Marvel’ series.
Acclaimed writer and filmmaker Lena Khan, director of Disney’s hit original film ‘Flora & Ulysses’ and episodes of Netflix’s hit series ‘Never Have I Ever’, also joins as a Patron and UK Muslim Film will be hosting a special pop-up cinema event on Saturday 13th August at Edgbaston to celebrate her work.
She says: “I’m honored and excited about supporting UK Muslim Film and to be having an event focused around my films this month. Besides the fact that they were a heck of a lot of fun to make (and I’m told also fun to watch) — they were made alongside my journey to get to a place in the industry where I can try to fight for truth and representation in this crazy industry. That’s why I’m thrilled to be on this journey, and to support UKMF and its efforts toward truthful and authentic representation.
She adds: “Representation in films and television literally changes our cultural landscape — for better or worse. It impacts policy, how we see people, how we operate with each other. And it’s not that hard to do. I hope we can continue to expand the scope and quality of how our fellow humans are seen on screen, and enjoy the ride and the stories along the way!”
Lena’s own journey is one which UK Muslim Film would be looking to replicate for future generations of British Muslim filmmakers. Lena met UK Muslim Film founder Sajid Varda in Orange County at an event where she was speaking about independent filmmaking and her debut feature ‘The Tiger Hunter’. After their initial meeting, Sajid was impressed by Lena’s enthusiasm and vision and went on to help with the production of ‘The Tiger Hunter’, her first feature film, which picked up 4 awards. Varda is now looking to support more debut filmmakers via UK Muslim Film.
Sajid Varda, Founder and CEO, established UK Muslim Film and the upcoming first Muslim International Film Festival to champion creative endeavours by Muslims from around the world. Sajid is himself an Actor, Producer, Writer and Broadcaster and has worked in the entertainment and media industry for over 30 years, having been cast in roles for both drama and comedy on primetime British television. He serves as a story consultant on several productions.
Sajid Varda says: “We are delighted to have Mehwish Hayat and Lena Khan join us as our first Patrons. Mehwish has not only had an incredible career to date but has been an outspoken proponent for justice. Mehwish has used her celebrity status and global reach to bring light to important issues, such as the way in which Muslims are portrayed on screen.
Lena is someone who I’ve known personally for many years now and it has been hugely inspiring to see her journey from an independent filmmaker to now working with some of the giants in the industry like Disney and Netflix. I know her story will inspire a new generation of young Muslims wanting to pursue a career in filmmaking.
“We have a great deal of work ahead of us to change perceptions within the media and in particular the screen industries. With the addition of Mehwish and Lena to the team we are incredibly hopeful that together we can ‘change the script’.”
UK Muslim Film host their first event this month on Saturday 13th August at The Plaza, Edgbaston Stadium. The special ‘Pop-Up’ Cinema event will be a family day out celebrating the work of Lena Khan with the first ever big screen showing of her Disney+ original film ‘Flora & Ulysses’ as well as ‘The Tiger Hunter’.
For more information and tickets for the event please visit www.ukmuslimfilm.org | <urn:uuid:c78cd3a6-626d-49fe-86db-d3a5e28cf8e7> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 5,258 |
Every week Cole Patterson will break down the performance of the New York Jets tight ends. Here is his take on week seven. The Jets were without starting tight ends Kellen Winslow Jr. and Jeff Cumberland against the Saints. While their absence was felt, a young hero stepped up off the bench. A film study on Zach …
To quote Heath Ledger’s iconic turn as The Joker, “and….here….we…go.” That dreaded “P” word has started to crop up around Florham Park. Yes, the New York Jets stand in control of their playoff destiny entering the bye week. They sport a 5-4 record featuring signature wins against the New England Patriots, New Orleans Saints, and …
TOJ Staff Writer Dalbin Osorio grades the New York Jets running backs after their Week 9 victory against the New Orleans Saints.
Dan Marcus hands out Game Balls after the Jets 26-20 win over the Saints
TJ Rosenthal goes No Huddle on a New York Jets team gearing up for a second half run
Initial reaction to the Jets impressive upset victory over the New Orleans Saints, 26-20
TOJ Staff Writer Dalbin Osorio breaks down the New York Jets Week 9 opponent in this week’s Know Your Opponent.
Joe Caporoso with predictions for Jets vs. Saints
Joe Caporoso with some halfway point observations on thew New York Jets | <urn:uuid:2522edf9-e41e-4ebd-aef2-5639832042d2> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,258 |
Migrants and refugees flooding into Europe have introduced European leaders and policymakers with their biggest challenge because the debt disaster. The Worldwide Organization for Migration calls Europe probably the most harmful destination for irregular migration on the earth, and the Mediterranean the world’s most dangerous border crossing.
Distinguishing migrants from asylum seekers and refugees shouldn’t be all the time a clear-cut course of, but it is a essential designation as a result of these groups are entitled to totally different levels of assistance and safety beneath international regulation.
An asylum seeker is outlined as a person fleeing persecution or conflict, and subsequently in search of worldwide protection underneath the 1951 Refugee Conference on the Standing of Refugees; a refugee is an asylum seeker whose claim has been accredited. Nevertheless, the UN considers migrants fleeing warfare or persecution to be refugees, even earlier than they officially obtain asylum. (Syrian and Eritrean nationals, for example, take pleasure in prima facie refugee status.) An financial migrant, against this, is individual whose main motivation for leaving his or her residence nation is economic achieve. The term migrant is seen as an umbrella term for all three teams. Stated another means: all refugees are migrants, but not all migrants are refugees.
Both the burden and the sharing are in the eye of the beholder. I do not know if any EU nation will ever find the equity that is being sought
Migrant detention centers throughout the continent, together with in France, Greece, and Italy have all invited fees of abuse and neglect through the years. Many rights teams contend that a variety of these detention centers violate Article III (PDF) of the European Convention on Human Rights, which prohibits inhuman or degrading remedy.
In contrast, migrants within the richer north and west discover comparatively well-run asylum centers and generous resettlement insurance policies. But these harder-to-reach nations typically cater to migrants who have the wherewithal to navigate entry-point states with protected air passage with the assistance of smugglers.
These nations nonetheless remain inaccessible to many migrants looking for international protection. As with the sovereign debt crisis, national interests have persistently trumped a standard European response to this migrant influx.
Some specialists say the block’s increasingly polarized political local weather, during which many nationalist, anti-immigrant parties are gaining traction, is partially accountable for the muted humanitarian response from some states. France and Denmark have also cited security considerations as justification for his or her reluctance in accepting migrants from the Middle East and North Africa, notably in the wake of the Paris and Copenhagen terrorist shootings.
The backdrop is the problem that many European nations have in integrating minorities into the social mainstream”
Underscoring this level, leaders of japanese European states like Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic have all just lately expressed a robust choice for non-Muslim migrants. In August 2015, Slovakia introduced that it might only accept Christian refugees from Syria. Whereas choosing migrants based mostly on faith is in clear violation of the EU’s non-discrimination legal guidelines, these leaders have defended their policies by pointing to their own constituencies discomfort with rising Muslim communities.
The current financial crisis has also spurred a demographic shift across the continent, with residents of crisis-hit member states migrating to the north and west in document numbers in quest of work. Some specialists say Germany and Sweden’s open immigration insurance policies additionally make economic sense, given Europe’s demographic trajectory (PDF) of declining start charges and ageing populations. Migrants, they argue, might increase Europe’s economies as staff, taxpayers, and shoppers, and assist shore up its famed social safety nets.
In August 2015, Germany announced that it was suspending Dublin for Syrian asylum seekers, which effectively stopped deportations of Syrians again to their European country of entry. This move by the block’s largest and wealthiest member country was seen as an necessary gesture of solidarity with entry-point states. Nevertheless, German Chancellor Angela Merkel also warned that the future of Schengen was in danger until all EU member states did their part to find a more equitable distribution of migrants.
Germany reinstated short-term border controls along its border with Austria in September 2015, after receiving an estimated forty thousand migrants over one weekend. Carried out on the eve of an emergency migration summit, this transfer was seen by many specialists as a sign to different member states concerning the urgent want for an EU-wide quota system. Austria, the Netherlands, and Slovakia soon followed with their own border controls. These developments have been referred to as the best blow to Schengen in its twenty-year existence.
In September 2015, the European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker introduced plans to revisit a migrant quota system for the block’s twenty-two collaborating members.
Some policymakers have referred to as for asylum facilities to be inbuilt North Africa and the Center East to allow refugees to apply for asylum without enterprise perilous journeys throughout the Mediterranean, as well as chopping down on the variety of irregular migrants arriving on European shores. Nevertheless, critics of this plan argue that the sheer number of applicants expected at such scorching spots might additional destabilize already fragile states.
Different policies floated by the European Fee embrace drawing up a standard safe-countries record that may assist nations expedite asylum purposes and, the place wanted, deportations. Most weak to this procedural change are migrants from the Balkans, which lodged 40 % of the full asylum purposes acquired by Germany in the first six months of 2015. Nevertheless, some human rights groups have questioned the methodology utilized by several nations in drawing up these lists and, extra critically, cautioned that such lists might violate asylum seekers rights. | <urn:uuid:52f7ab9c-4194-40d3-86fb-a7dbae8b8f87> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 6,335 |
This essay From Pods to Communists has a total of 134 words and 1 pages.
From Pods to Communists
The Movie invasion of the body snatchers clearly displays communism in which the pods slowly, but effectively, try to take over the world, just as the communists tried to do. Slowly the pods would spread until eventually everyone was one of the pods and there would be no one to go against, like the communists slowly persuaded people to join their end of the war. Another example of communism is the fact that after the pods take over everybody, there will be no freedom, everyone will be the same, and there will be no emotion, like communism. The same with communism in which the people have no religion and no freedom, everyone is following the dame rules too become just like one and other in the end of it all.
Topics Related to From Pods to Communists
English-language films, Body Snatchers, PODS, Communism, Pod People | <urn:uuid:4e0645a1-19bd-401c-86ed-fbf4b9e81d32> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 923 |
Lizards With Bigger Toes and Smaller Hind Legs Survive Hurricanes
A serendipitous study comparing the physical traits of lizards before and after 2017’s hurricane season shows natural selection in action
It was August 2017, a few days before a catastrophic hurricane would sweep through the small Caribbean island archipelago of Turks and Caicos, and some residents were woefully unprepared. While islanders were busy equipping houses or flying out of the country, many of the endemic island lizards lacked the evolutionary chops to deal with the coming deluge.
Colin Donihue, a National Science Foundation post-doctoral fellow at Harvard University, and his colleagues had just wrapped up a study in which they filmed, captured and measured Turks and Caicos anoles in an effort to see whether a planned eradication of invasive black rats on the islands would have any effect on the lizards’ behavior and bodies.
All went according to plan until four days after Donihue left. Hurricane Irma hit Turks and Caicos before moving northwest to strike the Florida mainland then its devastating trail was followed about two weeks later by Hurricane Maria, which would go on to wreak havoc on Puerto Rico and Dominica.
The researcher was immediately concerned about colleagues working on other aspects of the rat eradication project. But after the initial threats died down, his thoughts turned to science—the lizard survey he had helped conduct days before presented a rare opportunity to determine not just what the storms’ effects were on the lizard population, but what traits best equipped lizards to survive the storm.
“We realized we were in a unique position, having had last eyes on these lizards,” he says. Six weeks after Donihue left, he was back on the island repeating his lizard measurements.
He and his colleagues found that many of the lizards did not survive the storm, and those which had likely did so thanks to key differences in their body proportions.
While other research has looked at the effects hurricanes have had on animals like birds, frogs and primates, they mostly deal with the aftermath since it is difficult for researchers to predict the path of future storms. Donihue says this new study, published today in the journal Nature, is a first-of-a-kind look at the before and after physical traits of a population.
“What we’ve documented is a strong case of natural selection due to hurricane,” Donihue says.
In both trips, they conducted the research by walking transects through two small islands in Turks and Caicos—Pine Cay and Water Cay. They would catch lizards along these trails using long poles equipped with slip knots on the end. In the first trip, they took about 70 lizards back to the lab and measured their various body parts.
On the return trip, Donihue says he witnessed significant devastation, both to human structures and to trees and wilderness, with roofs blown off houses, trees overturned and vegetation stripped of its leaves. The researchers worked significantly harder to catch enough lizards due to a relative shortage of the anoles, but eventually ended up with more than 90.
On average, they found the survivors were smaller, and had different physical characteristics.
The toe pads on their front legs were about 9 percent larger while their back toe pads were about 6 percent larger. Donihue says larger toe pads would be critical as the gecko-like appendages would allow them an improved grip on branches or leaves in the face of hurricane-level winds.
The scientists found the survivors’ front legs were about 2 percent longer on average, but they were surprised to find the hind legs were about 6 percent shorter.
To discover why, they ran another experiment on the captured anoles to see their survival strategies. They let loose hurricane-level winds using a leaf blower on capture anoles on a wooden perch similar to a tree branch. The lizards first placed the perch between themselves and the wind then streamlined their body to get the least exposure to the artificial gale. They tucked their arms close to their body and tucked their heads down but the researchers noticed that their back legs were conspicuously exposed to the full force of the wind.
“As the wind speed increased more and more, these back legs would catch more and more wind, kind of acting as sails, until eventually the hind limbs were blown off the perch,” Donihue says.
(No lizards were harmed in this experiment and all were released to their point of original capture.)
The anoles would hang on with their front limbs for a while before being blown off and into a padded wall behind. “No lizards were harmed, everybody was returned back to their point of capture,” Donihue stresses, but adds that during the actual hurricane, lizards with larger back legs would have likely been blown out to sea.
He says that it’s possible that some lizards with these traits were blown into Pine and Water cays during the storms, but it’s unlikely. “This is natural selection in action,” he says.
Martha Muñoz, a biology professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University who studies lizards and salamanders, says that the study is exciting and “really cool” as it shows an example of evolution occurring in real time—something the scientific community didn’t think possible with vertebrates until a study published in 2006 showed how drought might affect natural selection among Darwin’s finches.
“I think it enriches our understanding of how organisms respond and are impacted by contemporary selective pressures,” says Muñoz, who was not involved in Donihue’s study.
Donihue says that further research must be undertaken to see if this natural selection will extend to the next generation of Turks and Caicos anoles, but Muñoz would not be surprised to see an improved clinging capacity in the lizards moving forward.
“Evolution shocks us with how fast it can be,” she says. “You only need one generation to observe evolution occurring even in vertebrates.”
Donihue believes it’s possible that anoles may regain their larger hind legs since in day-to-day life, this trait helps them jump to avoid predators or catch prey.
“They’re in this constant feedback in their environment,” he says, adding that those adapted to some conditions may not be able to survive others.
David Spiller, a project scientist at the University of California, Davis who was involved in a study on the effects of hurricanes Irene in 2011 and Sandy in 2012 on population levels of Cuban brown anoles (anolis sagrei) on small islands in the Bahamas, worries that climate change may negatively impact this feedback if hurricanes become more frequent and increasingly destructive as predicted.
“If disturbances get even more frequent, species are not going to be as adapted as well to their environment,” says Spiller, who was not involved in Donihue’s study. “It keeps them out of equilibrium.”
Muñoz agrees: “What if the traits that allow you to survive a major impact are in conflict with the traits that are normally under selection for other reasons?” | <urn:uuid:7353bbeb-5731-4d6b-af03-fe480e81346d> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 7,070 |
REGISTER FOR College Planning Program
2020-2021 IB Leadership Program
Due to Covid, the IB Leadership Institute program has been redesigned for the 2020-2021 school year.
This school year the IB Leadership Institute will be offering IB Diploma Program students the opportunity to participate in unique programs designed to support students as they prepare for transition to college.
2020 Student Leadership Team
IB Leadership Institute is led by the IB Parent Board IBLI Chair along with a group of selected IB Seniors, that participated in the program last year:
Leila McMillan, Ellen Robinson, Hayley Lynn Black, Claire Sasser, Zoe Karunakar and Isabel Grace Atkins
Questions? Email IBLI Chair
The 4-part VIRTUAL program developed by Kim Stodghill of Stodghill College Consulting, will take Juniors through all aspects of the college planning process with the goal of helping them find a good college fit, understand how college admission works, and highlight their personal story.
Cost is $50 per student
Space is limited
Click below to register and pay the program fee:
Saturday Sept 12, 10-11:30 am
Where oh where will I go?
Basics of the college search and how to determine what factors matter most to you when selecting where to apply.
Saturday, Nov 14, 10-11:30 am
Who gets in anyway?
Learn how admission officers review files as you participate in a mock admission committee meeting.
Saturday, Feb 27, 10-11:30 am
Who am I?
Learn how to write a resume and discuss how to highlight key points to colleges through your application.
Saturday, Apr 24, 10-11:30 am
What am I supposed to say?
Introduction to essay writing and expressing yourself to get results. | <urn:uuid:f6200ac8-2788-47fb-b987-55a3a9bd66db> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,665 |
Acacias are a characteristic feature of dry regions in India and the African savannah, where they are called umbrella trees because of their shape.
Hayfever and asthma occur through exposure to the pollen. Rhinitis and asthma have been described in wood workers exposed to Acacia wood Copyright Copyright © 2006 Phadia AB. Source: ImmunoCap, ImmunoCap
Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae. Many non-Australian species tend to be thorny, whereas the majority of Australian Acacias are not. They are pod-bearing, with sap and leaves typically bearing large amounts of tannins and condensed tannins that historically in many species found use as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
Acacias are also known as thorntrees, whistling thorns or wattles, including the yellow-fever acacia and umbrella acacias.
Until 2005, there were thought to be roughly 1300 species of acacia worldwide, about 960 of them native to Australia, with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres, including Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and the Americas. However, the genus was then divided into five, with the name Acacia retained for the Australian species, and most of the species outside Australia divided into Vachellia and Senegalia. Copyright Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ for details. Source: Wikipedia, Wikipedia
Basic Part Properties
- Part Display Name
- Wattle (Acacia longifolia)
- Part Type
- Component (Describes the core component or analyte measured)
- Created On
- Construct for LOINC Short Name
LOINC Terminology Service (API) using
HL7® FHIR® Get Info
Requests to this service require a free LOINC username and password. Below is a sample of the possible capabilities. See the LOINC Terminology Service documentation for more information.
- CodeSystem lookup
- ConceptMap translate
Language Variants Get Info
|fr-CA||French (Canada)||Acacia longifolia|
|et-EE||Estonian (Estonia)||Pikalehine akaatsia|
|es-ES||Spanish (Spain)||Acacia longifolia|
|it-IT||Italian (Italy)||Acacia longifolia
Synonyms: Mimosa (Acacia longifolia)
|tr-TR||Turkish (Turkey)||Acacia longifolia|
|ru-RU||Russian (Russian Federation)||Acacia longifolia
Synonyms: Акация длиннолистная (Acacia longifolia)
|nl-NL||Dutch (Netherlands)||Acacia longifolia|
|fr-BE||French (Belgium)||Inhibiteur de l'activateur du plasminogène|
|pl-PL||Polish (Poland)||Acacia longifolia
Synonyms: Akacja długolistna (acacia longifolia)
Copyright © 2023 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. All Rights Reserved. To the extent included herein, the LOINC table and LOINC codes are copyright | <urn:uuid:a6219f84-31ff-46df-8f13-d9d188fc176f> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 2,728 |
SARS-CoV-2 stays active in or on aerosols for up to 3 hours, copper for up to 4 hours, cardboard for up to 24 hours, and plastic and stainless steel for up to 2 to 3 days.
The rate of transmission seems to be what makes COVID-19 a more serious threat than an earlier iteration of a coronavirus outbreak, a transmission rate aided by carriers who are asymptomatic, according to a research letter in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). The virus that causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, was compared to SARS-CoV-1, which emerged in the early 2000s, but was quickly brought under control. SARS-CoV-1 is the human coronavirus most closely related to SARS-CoV-2.
The data in the NEJM letter-compiled by investigators with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Princeton University-were widely shared during the past two weeks, with the findings being placed on a preprint server.
Investigators found that SARS-CoV-2 stays active on surfaces for about the same duration as SARS-CoV-1. It’s detectable in or on aerosols for up to 3 hours, copper for up to 4 hours, cardboard for up to 24 hours, and plastic and stainless steel for up to 2 to 3 days. The estimated differences in the half-lives of the viruses was small except in the case of cardboard.
“We found that the stability of SARS-CoV-2 was similar to that of SARS-CoV-1 under the experimental circumstances tested,” the study states. “This indicates that differences in the epidemiologic characteristics of these viruses probably arise from other factors, including high viral loads in the upper respiratory tract and the potential for persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 to shed and transmit the virus while asymptomatic.”
The measures used to successfully control SARS-CoV-1 will have a tougher time against SARS-CoV-2, the NIH pointed out in a press release. SARS-CoV-1 was stopped by intensive contact tracing and case isolation measures. No cases have been detected since 2004.
“In contrast to SARS-CoV-1, most secondary cases of virus transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appear to be occurring in community settings rather than healthcare settings,” the NIH says. “However, healthcare settings are also vulnerable to the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2, and the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces likely contributes to transmission of the virus in healthcare settings.”
The findings mirror those in 2 other recent studies by Dutch and Japanese investigators that also point to the problem of asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19. Japanese researchers looked at the 634 passengers who tested positive for COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess cruise ship. They found that 17.9% of these passengers were asymptomatic. Dutch researchers estimate that the “the proportion of pre-symptomatic transmission was 48% (95%CI 32-67%) for Singapore and 62% (95%CI 50-76%) for Tianjin, China.” | <urn:uuid:2a660e2a-6210-4220-93b2-601ef97ceea9> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 2,956 |
In his mission to refocus GE on its engineering roots, CEO Jeff Immelt last week announced a restructuring plan that will see the company divest most of its real estate portfolio and shrink its finance arm faster than expected.
Bloomberg News reports the stock market took the announcement very well with the shares jumping 8.7% on the news.
GE now expects “high-value industrials” such as jet engines, oilfield equipment and diesel locomotives to generate more than 90 percent of earnings by 2018, up from just over half in 2014.
That the company’s announcement has been taken so well by the market shows how the US economy is slowly shifting from financial engineering and debt driven spending to building real products.
For the rest of the world there’s a clear message – the 1980s era of Gordon Gekko is coming to a close. It’s time to start figuring out where the real growth is going to come from rather than just goosing household spending with easy credit.
Where companies like GE are going today is where governments will be looking in five to ten years time. Some will find they are further behind than others when the shift becomes apparent. | <urn:uuid:fda49f4c-4810-4e62-a6f6-7fb94cb92995> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,152 |
Natalie J. Smith, MD
Immunization Champion Award
The Immunization Champion Award was established in 2003 in memory of Natalie Joy Smith, M.D, M.P.H. (1962-2003). Dr. Smith was Deputy Director of the National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; former Chief of the Immunization Branch, California Department of Health Services (1994-2002); and a founder of the California Coalition for Childhood Immunization, a precursor organization to the California Immunization Coalition. This annual award, first presented in 2004, memorializes Dr. Smith’s exceptional leadership and her dedication to eliminating vaccine preventable diseases.
The award is presented at the California Immunization Coalition Summit to an individual, group, or organization in California that has made an outstanding contribution in the immunization arena. Nominees must have made a significant contribution to immunization at the state or local level. Their leadership or other activities may be in a variety of contexts, including, but not limited to, the following:
- Development of partnerships and coalitions
- Policy and legislative advocacy
- Innovative programs to reach disadvantaged populations
- Philanthropic support of state or local activities
- Leadership in public health
- Advances in service delivery in the context of preventive health and primary care
Nomination Review and Award Determination
The CIC Board of Directors designates a committee to review nominations and select the awardees(s). | <urn:uuid:19c681e6-25c4-4508-bbe3-24584421d4af> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,513 |
I’m sure I will get a lot of doubters reading this article. Seems the majority of traders you talk to are very bearish on the Commodity and Stock markets at the moment. And that is a good thing if you are bullish. I love watching shorts scramble to cover their positions because they thought the markets were going to zero.
Unfortunately, too many traders are like lemmings and follow some guru or herd right off the edge of the bridge. Trading is a thinking game and using some common sense is very beneficial.
No market goes straight up or straight down, but they move in cycles of different durations causing price to move in large impulse waves (direction of the trend) and short choppy corrective waves (countertrend moves). I’m a trend follower type of trader, but I also follow Seasonal patterns and keep up with macro fundamental events pertaining to markets I’m trading.
I was talking with some traders the other day and the price of oil came up. They could not let go of the fact that Iran is going to start pumping oil and flooding an already crowded market. I always appreciate another trader’s opinion because that is what makes a market: differences of opinion. My response was, “News like that is already in the market and has been discounted.” In the oil market the news of too much oil is as saturated as the tankers trying to hold all of this oil, everybody knows it. The money has been made on that side of the trade. Markets are discounting and forward looking mechanisms.
The markets will not wait until there are obvious physical signs that the inventories are low in oil before it rallies. Keep in mind, I’m not looking for $100 oil anytime soon, but a bounce in price is possible in the future and worth trading if it does, in my opinion.
Note: This is not a trade recommendation. I write this for purposes of getting a trader to think out of the box and use this for educational purposes only. I currently have long positions in the Energy market.
Moore Research (MRCI) is a research company on Seasonal patterns in the Futures markets that I use. If you are interested in a trial subscription they are still offering OTA students a 10% discount after the two week free trial. Each month, they offer approximately 15 outright and Spread trading research ideas.
This month has some interesting patterns. MRCI has found that in the month of February Gasoline, Nasdaq, Crude Oil, Canadian Dollar and the Australian Dollar have all rallied between 80% and 93% of the time over the past 15 years.
Looking at this and thinking in terms of correlations got me thinking about how closely correlated these markets have been trading in the past. The MRCI website has a free market correlation page. Looking at this correlation page I found that over the last 60 trading days these markets have had the following correlations to one another:
By combining the strong Seasonal tendency that MRCI has identified and the strong market correlations between all of these Seasonal Buy markets, I can see a reason for these markets to turn up in February (excluding the Treasury Bonds).
The Treasury Bonds have a Seasonal Sell this month as well, and looking at how the inverse correlation is at -90% this suggests the Bonds should be going in different directions than the Nasdaq market. Considering how far the Bond market has rallied this trend could be getting weak.
Looking back to the last Quarter of 2015, there was an auto sales report that showed the largest auto sales for a 4th quarter. Typically Energy prices rally into the spring driving season as refiners refine gasoline for the busy summer driving season. My question is, “Do you think that the largest auto sales report will have cars sitting in driveways or out on our nation’s highways this summer with low gasoline prices?”
“Believe you can and you’re halfway there.” Theodore Roosevelt | <urn:uuid:ab06ce85-23cc-4135-b670-f4c7bc3e2ba6> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 3,863 |
Like virtually every other industry, the recording business has been transformed by advances in digital technologies. Some argue that cutting-edge digital “effects” and electronic “sweeting” can make even a mediocre performance sound good. I wouldn’t necessarily go that far, but I can speak from experience, having played bass on a couple of professional recordings, in saying the post-production recording tools available today ensure that singers and musicians are given every advantage to shine.
With that in mind, I recently paid a visit to Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, where they still make records the old-fashioned way, with just a handful of microphones, a simple control board and a reel-to-reel mono tape machine. The only voices and instruments heard are those that are actually in the room. And yes, the final product ends up on vinyl. It’s the way they did it when Sun first opened its doors in 1950. It’s the way Elvis Presley recorded his first hit single, “That’s all Right,” at Sun Studio 60 years ago this weekend. Others who recorded here include Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Howlin Wolf, and Carl Perkins.
Sun Studio is a National Landmark and little has changed since the late Sam Phillips founded the tiny storefront studio, from the faded acoustic tiles lining the walls and ceiling, to the plain linoleum floor. Tourists come by daily to view the studio, see the framed pictures of famous artists who recorded here, and take pictures posing in front of the very mic Elvis sang with. By night, working musicians anxious to capture the simpler raw sound of the pre-digital era still come here to record. Studio engineer Matt Ross-Spang has painstakingly restored the studio with vintage, but fully functioning, equipment.
During our visit, veteran Sun session musicians, drummer J.M. Van Eaton, and bassist David Roe, joined guitarist Jerry Phillips, son of the studio’s founder, along with pianist Rick Steff and Country singer Dale Watson for a late night recording session. Roe, who recorded here with Johnny Cash, says at Sun, “You kind of get a blend like you would at a rehearsal or at a live gig.” Matt Ross-Spang calls the sound “real.”
For musicians, Sun is a sacred place. A revered piece of American history. And so it was both an honor and a thrill when David Roe handed over his upright bass and invited me to join the guys in playing the final tune of the night. This cut would be only for us. A little jam in the key of F, with Dale on vocals. There were no headphones to wear, no studio monitors, and no one to “auto-tune” or dub in some extra accompaniment. It was just us, along with the echoes of some of the greats who recorded here, playing our hearts out with the knowledge that every note we played — for better or worse — would be faithfully reproduced. Refreshingly authentic. The way it used to be. | <urn:uuid:b6a4a136-efb5-4559-9df8-0d0da96ced88> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,853 |
Ethnicity is one of the cultural issues that influence performance in schools. Maestri (2017) researched to evaluate whether ethnic diversity positively affects student achievement. In their article “Can ethnic diversity positively affect school achievement?”, Maestri (2017) hypothesized that ethnic diversity reduces teaching efficiency, stimulates students’ interests, and may reduce social interaction, ethnic identification, and performance. Data was collected from 650 schools regarding test scores in mathematics, language, and reading (Maestri, 2017). Additional information evaluated includes social integration, self-confidence, school well-being, and how much instructors feel at ease with the students. Maestri (2017) used a sample comprising 61% native, 11% Turkish, 10% Moroccan, 5% Surinamese, and 13% other several ethnic minority groups. The findings indicate ethnic diversity positively impacts minority students’ test scores. However, ethnic diversity hurts social integration among students and teachers.
The findings from this article are important since they show that ethnicity, which is considered one of the cultural issues that negatively impact academic performance, can positively influence the latter. Maestri (2017) holds that ethnic diversity in educational institutions plays a significant role in acquiring language skills among students from minority groups. This perspective is true because it is easier to acquire language skills when interacting with native speakers than learning through theory. Although cultural differences based on ethnic background can hurt social integration in schools, improved performance in tests offsets this negative impact (Maestri, 2017). Educational institutions can use findings from this study to encourage design policies that ensure all students embrace ethnic diversity. Additionally, it can allow instructors to learn approaches to instruct students using different languages. As a result, learners will understand what is taught and tested, improving their academic achievement.
Maestri, V. (2017). Can ethnic diversity have a positive effect on school achievement? Education Economics, 25(3), 290-303. | <urn:uuid:d70d87ab-f704-4aeb-bc11-75136791b798> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 2,178 |
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Posted on June 17 2018
One of the best things about summer is the fact that laying by a pool for hours on end is not only acceptable, but encouraged. For many year round swimmers, this is best time of year - but not necessarily for your hair. Because we begin to live in the water, the regular hair care may not be enough to keep your hair soft and healthy. Between the water and the constant exposure to sun rays, this season can do a number on your hair if you aren’t prepared.
But don’t fret! There are simple things you can do to not only keep your hair healthy, but that are easy to build into your routine! Below are a list of five products that have been my godsend after living in Texas and dealing with many a hot summer.
Find a Pre-Swim Conditioner
This may seem a bit ridiculous or unorthodox, but using a gentle protector before you get in the chlorine/salt water pools this summer, comb it through your strands from crown to ends to coat your locks with some plant-based polymers that help protect against drying pool chemicals. Typically these types of products are from children’s lines and are often very inexpensive and perfect for anyone’s summer swim bag.
Use a Clarifying Shampoo once you leave the water
For anyone who has oily or buildup prone hair, this step will come as no surprise. By using a clarifying shampoo rinsing out stubborn chlorine and other chemicals, dirt or impurities, you can protect your hair by creating a clean base for the next step: moisturizing.
Find a moisturizing leave-in conditioner
Having perpetual exposure to harsh pool chemicals can leave your hair dry and damaged - regardly if it saltwater or chlorine - , so give your strands some extra love this season by utilizing a hydrating conditioner everyday. This is a step that should not be repeated year round; and if you are experiencing any buildup or excess oil dial it back to every other day or 3-4 times a week. Using a deep conditioner will help to bring back moisture and protein and vitamins so your locks will be stronger than ever and less prone to future damage.
Use a UV protection spray for those days you are going to be in the sun longer than normal.
The best thing you can do for your hair this summer is to protect your strands against harmful UV rays. Find a spray that not only protects against UV rays but also protects against frizz and adds a bit of a shine.
Add a hair mask to your routine.
This is for those whose hair is a bit more run down than just the everyday summer damage. If you’re ready for some serious hair repair, this is a fast and easy step to add to any routine. You are gonna want to find a hair mask that combats damage while still giving you the moisture and shine you desire. This is the perfect way to fix pool damaged hair and should be added into your routine 1-3 times a week based on your need.
How do you take care of your hair when swimming?
Please note*: Our wigs.com guest writers share their opinions and experiences and we appreciate them! | <urn:uuid:22236c2e-0e66-48c9-8c1c-406e0500cd73> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,997 |
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Welcome to the Friars Primary School Library
At Friars we LOVE to read and we are very lucky to have two fantastic, large libraries full of wonderful and diverse books. Our books cover every subject and include both modern and classic fiction.
There are over 10,000 books to choose from, books about adventure, heroes and magicians to books about castles, volcanoes and beautiful countries… plus everything in between.
We use an online library system called Junior Librarian to catalogue, issue and track our books and our pupils can access it both at school AND from home. Using their individual login details given out by their teachers, pupils can log in and look at all the books in our library. This makes using our library very easy, great fun and accessible to everyone.
Using the online system, pupils can search for a particular book or look for books by a specific author. The system will also suggest books that users might like to try based on their genre searches. Our system has the facility for pupils to reserve a book at home and then collect it from the school library the next time their class visits.
We are very interested in our pupils’ opinions of all the books that they read. Following the guidelines, pupils can write a book review. Our librarian, Mrs. Kipling checks the book reviews and then publishes them to the system for other children to enjoy.
For more information about how to use the system, how to complete a book review, or for direct access to the Friars’ Junior Librarian system, please click the buttons below.
If you have any questions or queries about the library, please email Mrs. Dyer our English Leader and Lower Key Stage 2 Phase Leader by emailing the following address: | <urn:uuid:9e843e74-2226-4a68-a309-c02118a1a550> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,719 |
Hello, today we will talk about how high-quality programs are created, or rather, I will tell you what stages this process is divided into, so if you want to create cool applications, then you should definitely follow all these stages, well, or at least a large one part of them. All these stages are provided by the famous software development companies, including IntellectSoft.
Why do you need to design a program and follow the development steps?
You may ask why you need to follow some stages there, because developing a program is just sitting down and writing a code. However, this is not the case, with this approach it will not work to create a normal application.
Depending on the size of software projects, the development stages may differ, in some cases they will be very detailed and bureaucratic stages, and in some they will be simply formulated in any form convenient for developers.
So, for example, when building a barn in your country house, you will not plan, research, inspect something in detail there, but in the case of, say, the construction of a power plant, everything will be planned in great detail, designed, the working hours of the workers will be scheduled every minute, so as the cost of an error at any stage will be significantly higher than in the case of the construction of a simple barn.
The same happens in software development, if the project is large and very important, which may affect people’s lives or is associated with huge financial risks, all stages of software development will be followed, i.e. worked out in detail and even new stages, micro-stages and so on will be added.
All this is done in order to prevent errors and implement the product that is really needed.
The sooner errors are discovered or the wrong approach to the implementation of an action is revealed, the less the cost of these errors will be. In other words, depending on the stage of error detection, its price can change from 10 to 100 times. Therefore, the stages of software development are very important, and the developer must comply with them and try to convey this vision to managers who always need only the result … Since they either devote too little time to this or do not consider it necessary at all, for example, why develop any requirements or design something there when programming.
Step 1 – Defining the problem
Before you start coding, you need to clearly formulate the problem that your future program should solve. Because without a good definition of the problem, you can spend a lot of time and effort solving the wrong problem.
At this stage, a simple formulation of the essence of the problem is carried out without any hints at its possible solutions, while it should be formulated in a language understandable to the user, i.e. it must be described from a user point of view.
Stage 2 – Formulation of requirements
What are requirements and why do you need to develop them?
Requirements for a program are a detailed description of all the features of the program and the actions that the program must perform. Such requirements are sometimes also referred to as “Functional Specification” or simply “Specification” .
Requirements are designed to minimize changes to the system once development begins. Such requirements must necessarily be official, i.e. documented. This ensures that the functionality of the system is determined by the customer and not the programmer. Even in the case of internal corporate developments, such requirements must be recorded, for example, in the form of a technical assignment signed by all involved persons, thereby avoiding unnecessary conversations and disputes, for example, about the fact that the implemented functionality does not do everything or is wrong.
Requirements development is very important, as it allows you to define the functionality of the program before starting programming.
Stage 3 – Create a development plan
At this stage, you should already formally draw up a software development plan, taking into account the existing problem and the developed requirements. In other words, you must make a plan for how you will proceed next.
Stage 4 – System architecture or high-level design
This stage is also very important, because, without a good architecture, you can solve the right problem, but come to the wrong solution. Good program architecture makes programming easier, and bad architecture makes it harder.
The system architecture usually includes:
- General description of the system;
- Main components;
- Format and method of data storage;
- Specific business rules;
- The way the user interface is organized;
- System security approach;
- Performance ratings;
- Scaling capabilities;
- Moments related to internationality, i.e. whether the system will be international.
In addition, the architecture should include confirmation that the design of this architecture considered alternatives in each of the above directions, with the rationale for the final choice and approach.
Stage 5 – Detailed design
At this stage, the design of the program is carried out at a low level, in other words, classes and methods are designed here, various options are considered, evaluated and compared, and the reasons for choosing the final approaches and methods of implementation.
When developing small programs, programmers usually design the program themselves at this level, it looks like writing pseudocode or drawing diagrams, therefore this stage is often considered as part of the direct coding and in such cases the final document ( if formality requires it ) consists mainly of various sketches and notes programmers.
But in the implementation of large projects, this process is assigned a separate stage and design in this case is carried out with a very high degree of detail.
Stage 6 – Coding and Debugging
This is exactly the stage that everyone knows and probably thinks that this is the only stage in the software development process – this is the direct writing of the code and its debugging. But, as you can see, this is far from the first and not the only stage of software development.
If all of the above steps are completed, then this step implies purely mechanical work, i.e. coding. In this case, the programmer does not need to invent and develop something on his own, he just needs to write the code that implements the given algorithm, which is very detailed in the project.
After the code is written, the programmer needs to debug this code so that there are no errors in it.
Stage 7 – Testing the Components
After the code is written and debugged, it is necessary to test the implemented functionality. If a program consists of several components, each component is tested first separately, since very large programs include huge functionality, which is often divided into separate components, the development of which is carried out separately. On smaller projects, this step may simply involve testing individual classes.
Phase 8 – Component Integration
When testing of all components is finished, you can proceed to the integration of all components into a single software package, this stage just implies the integration process, i.e. merging all components into a single system.
In small projects, this stage may consist in combining several classes, which will take no more than one day, but in large projects this stage may last for more than one month.
Stage 9 – Testing the entire system
At this stage, the entire system is tested, already taking into account the integration of all components. At this stage, you can identify problems with the interaction of components and fix them. Also at this stage, the main subject of testing is security, performance, resource leakage and other points that cannot be tested at lower testing levels.
Stage 10 – Maintenance, modification, optimization
After the program is launched into commercial operation, the program is maintained, i.e. making changes based on the identified shortcomings during the operation of the system, as well as optimizing the functionality or adding a new one. | <urn:uuid:db8033c2-6657-4517-8fa2-88a8c19c44d2> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 8,067 |
At some point in the last ten thousand years, human beings began to use control as a way to make their lives better. In doing so, an over-arching model was established: conformity and thus control because conformity renders something controllable through predictability. For example, a hunter-gather has no control over assuring food for himself or others on any given day. However, if the gatherer becomes a planter, then there is more assurance that a predictable source of food will be where he or she expects. Having witnessed Nature’s cycles, we try to repeat them in hopes that abundance with result.
If we ponder the idea of conformity in order to control and control for improvement or a better, easier way of life, it soon becomes obvious:
- that the improvement is not universal (not everyone or everything experiences betterment. Tragically the opposite is quite often the result.);
- that control is a response to a set of circumstances. Change the circumstances while locked into an established response and there is inertia along with an inability to change to the new circumstances;
- that in Nature conformity is not isolated or separated from chaos and dynamism. The two are necessary for both adaptive and newly stabilizing functioning of the whole and its parts. Separated from dynamism, conformity becomes stagnation, torpor, and death to any system of life. Equally, dynamism without temporary periods of stability and pattern is unending chaos and cannot sustain life.
It also becomes obvious that conformity will, at some point, require uniformity. Ah, tricky waters there.
Look out your window and think about it for a moment. Depending on where you live, you will see the impact of man and conformity or the variations and looseness of Nature. If you are fortunate, you live where both are functioning well which means that, where you live, people have understood the value and necessity of Nature’s “wildness.”
Take a moment and inventory all the conformity that you can itemize right now. Remember to include your clothes, haircut, windows, chair, computer or mobile device, any streets that might be in your view, the cars or modes of transportation on them, and so forth. Then consider the amount of control these give you. The list would include: where you can go, how to get there. This list also includes the amount of control others have over you, as well as the control that you personally no longer have because of the established norms of conformity and uniformity that pervade our human life.
Domestication of all animals began with the wolf following and preying upon hunters and small clans of people. Wolves are smart. Some determined that it was easier to get a meal from the humans than to try to take down a baby mammoth. And humans are, by nature, curious and caring. They would adopt found or abandoned wolf pups. One thing led to another.
In addition to the beginning of the age-long relationship of man and his best friend, this also began the domestication of other animals that human beings have tamed. As a result, food sources (eggs, cheese, milk, meats), clothing (hides, sinew, thread, wool), labor (elephants, horses, oxen, mules and donkeys, etc), pets of all kinds, and sport are part of human life. In each case, the animal was made to conform to the human need or desire. Ultimately, animals were bred for the uniformity of characteristics such as size, color, or specific reason for being through breeding processes. Examples of this give us the variety of cows and milk-fat content, pugs and poodles, and blue egg laying chickens as well as brown. | <urn:uuid:436c8c11-94eb-494b-8b44-e0e9ad9a3a58> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 3,607 |
Many students in primary school ask about the sea/ocean ecosystem. Therefore, we have come up with this simple post to illustrate how the sea/ocean considered as an independent ecosystem.
Learn About The Ocean
The ocean is a huge and dynamic ecosystem. Even so, there are numerous other independent environments in this ecosystem. An example would be tropical coral reefs, the hard coastal waters and the oceans.
An ecosystem is a relationship between the biocenosis and the biotope. The biotope is the respective inanimate habitat and is composed of the abiotic factors, eg the temperature. All organisms in this habitat interact with each other in a variety of ways and, as a biotic environment, form a community, the biocoenosis.
All ecosystems are open systems
A system is said to be “open” if both energy and material transport take place across the system boundaries. In other words, all habitats, biological systems and associations that exchange materials and energy, such as heat, with their environment are open. That is why every ecosystem is an open system.
The question now is what are the system boundaries of an ecosystem when everything is open and interrelated?
Ecosystems are not always spatially separated, such as a mountain lake from the surrounding mountain landscape or a piece of forest with a fixed edge of the forest. For this reason, ecosystems are generally defined by their respective, specific material and energy cycles. If a community of organisms with the abiotic conditions prevailing in this habitat is able to maintain the material cycles of this open system, then one speaks of a functioning ecosystem. Other biotic or abiotic conditions therefore indicate a neighboring ecosystem.
The ocean – an open system
Through numerous interactions, the sea exchanges more matter and energy with the direct and indirect environment than any other ecosystem on earth. The four main factors should make this clear:
1) Climate regulation
Water has a high heat capacity. This means that a comparatively large amount of heat is required to heat a certain amount of water by 1 ° C. Accordingly, the sea has the ability to store the radiation energy from the sun in the form of thermal energy for a long time without being excessively heated itself. This energy reserve is replenished in summer, so to speak, and released slowly and evenly in winter. The oceans are the main climate regulator of our earth, because only through this heat absorption and emission the temperatures on our planet allow life and temperature fluctuations are strongly compensated by the oceans.
2) Ocean currents
Another aspect of the world climate is the distribution of thermal energy and the associated nutrients all over the world. This happens through currents. Such currents as the Gulf Stream allow palm trees to grow in a more northern region, such as England, or that floods of warm, nutrient-rich water are brought to colder areas that are poorer in nutrients and supply the flora and fauna there. Due to the amount of sunshine and the fresh water supply from rivers, the temperature and salinity change in different areas of the world’s oceans. This creates ocean currents that allow warm and cold ocean water to flow around our planet. Warm water stays on the surface of the sea, colder, more salty and therefore heavier water sinks to deeper levels in the water,
3) Gas exchange
Around 70% of the oxygen on Earth is formed in the sea and around 30% of the CO 2 emissions are absorbed by the oceans. This dynamic gas exchange enables us to live on our planet as we know it. In addition, this mass transfer compensates for a lot of human fault, for example in the form of emissions, and the resulting greenhouse effect is reduced.
4) Water cycle
The sun’s rays cause large amounts of water to evaporate from the oceans and reach the air as water vapor. Due to the cooler temperatures there, the water vapor condenses and water drops form from which the clouds are made. If enough liquid water has accumulated, then this water is too heavy and precipitates. On the one hand, these precipitates wash pollutants and other substances from our air, on the other hand they provide nature with vital water and feed rivers and lakes with water.
There’s so much to learn about the sea ecosystem. As we all already know, all life comes from water. But the sea is not only a source of life in the past, but it is also of central importance for the present and the future. The fact is that the sea is home to an immense number and variety of living things – from microscopic single-cell plants to the largest living animals. But the sea not only enables life below the surface of the water, it also has a direct impact on all other habitats in the world.
People try to copy the sea ecosystem through aquariums giving it the best accessories (see the top aquarium filters 2020) to give it a more natural feel for the fishes and other habitats of the man-made ecosystem. These aquariums give children a chance to learn more about marine life and the open ocean. | <urn:uuid:19b6d3ee-55c3-4162-82de-2bd051ab4e15> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 5,056 |
9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. Ten theses on politics pdf later only narrowly escaped a plot by some cardinals to poison him. Luther on a number of areas and made ongoing engagement difficult.
Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted “everything that smacks of sacrifice”, these were documents prepared by the church and bought by individuals either for themselves or on behalf of the dead that would release them from punishment due to their sins. After the sixth sermon, although many scholars have taken this view, the Pope’s right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men. Martin Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation – peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money? 1537 and 1540, believed that he had been born in 1484. Jews’ property and money; and referred to them with violent language.
He borrowed and spent heavily. A significant patron of the arts, upon election Leo is alleged to have said, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it. Under his reign, progress was made on the rebuilding of St. He was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election to the papacy. | <urn:uuid:3de8c186-c598-4305-b38e-fae36b0bb7c5> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 1,267 |
While I grew up in South Florida and went to college in Miami, I never really immersed myself into the nightlife. As you can guess by my output here, I grew up on rock shows. So, with a Christmas break of nearly two weeks, I decided to be an investigative reporter and search for The Scene, an ever-elusive alternative/indie/underground culture, in South Florida. Something, anything, that proves my old stomping ground is more than retirees and South Beach superclubs.
Like any good reporter, I did my research, scouring the Internets for venues, performers, and promoters, without much luck. There lacks any cohesive resource for finding out what’s going on in South Florida, the nearly 75 mile stretch of communities off of I-95. Love it or hate it, at least BrightestYoungThings exists. The closest thing I found was The Honeycomb, which, while helpful, is far from comprehensive.
My search took me to Respectable Street Cafe, the “oldest alt music club in the SE USA,” for the Thursday night weekly Flaunt, which bills itself as an Indie / Hip Hop / Electro / Dance party. Nothing says “hipster bait” like $1 PBRs, so I was off to Clematis Street.
While DC was preparing for Snowpocalypse 2009, South Florida was being assaulted by torrential downpour. Ever go to The Living Seas at Epcot? The weather reminded me of how oceans were born: “the deluge.” So I’ll forgive Clematis for not exactly being at its finest on Thursday.
Respectable Street is a mid-sized venue, complete with a stage, dance floor, patio, and rows of couch/booth hybrids. The crowd was a disparate mix of tattooed punks, hipsters, and dress-to-impress kids who got lost on their way to Miami. Unity in the scene or a lack of options on a Thursday? You decide!
Musically, I was expecting something along the lines of DC9’s Liberation Dance Party: a mix of Pitchfork-approved dance tracks. I wasn’t disappointed; the DJ collective of Marvelous Kendall, The Commissioner, JJ Contramus, Glowtape, and Ozwaldus started the night with some indie-dancers like Girls’ “Lust for Life” and the Jokers of the Scene remix of “Little Secrets” by Passion Pit. As the night progressed, the music traversed down the La Roux-Calvin Harris axis, and the dance floor was packed and moving. A bit of hard techno was out of place and unwelcome to most (“What is this, the Jersey Shore?”), but after the brief Guido-foray, things were back to normal. Headlining DJ Jason Tyler brought a trumpet into the mix, a welcome but unusual addition to a DJ set. And when West Palm got down at Major Lazer O’clock, I felt at home.
I would definitely check out Flaunt again: cheap drinks, interesting crowd, above-average playlist, and a 3am close. Well done, West Palm. Well done.
Next Dispatch from Suburbia: Miami’s Design District | <urn:uuid:ca617908-9e89-4472-b498-6537397fa261> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,778 |
The Hon. J.S.L. DAWKINS ( 14:46 ): I seek leave to make a brief
explanation before asking the Acting Minister for Mental Health and Substance
Abuse a question regarding the state's Suicide Prevention Strategy.
The Hon. J.S.L. DAWKINS: Last year, the government
committed to add an additional one full-time equivalent to assist the rollout
of the state's Suicide Prevention Strategy. On 18 July 2014 in estimates, the
Minister for Mental Health and Substance Abuse assured the opposition during
questioning on the Suicide Prevention Strategy—and I quote from a line of
questioning by the member for Morphett (Dr McFetridge) in another place:
In the suicide prevention programs. In the community grants area,
I understand there is only [ one ] staff member who is organising the rollout of these programs. Is
there any intent to increase that?
The Minister for Mental Health and Substance Abuse, the Hon. J.J.
That one FTE is actually an additional position on top of what we
have currently got.
I was very pleased to hear that, particularly regarding the need
to assist in the establishment of further suicide prevention networks across
the South Australian community. However, I was frustrated to find towards the
end of last year that no appointment had been made. I subsequently followed up
that concern with letters to minister Snelling early this year. Having had no
response again, in early April the honourable member for Taylor in another
place said, 'The minister's parliamentary secretary wrote to me on 15 April
admitting that there had been a delay and advising me that the position should
be filled by July 2015.' However, at this point I am yet to hear of any concrete
appointment to that position. My question is: when will the additional
full-time equivalent position to assist with the rollout of the Suicide
Prevention Strategy, as advised by the minister in his answers during estimates
last year, actually be filled?
The Hon. K.J. MAHER (Minister
for Manufacturing and Innovation, Minister for Automotive Transformation,
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation) ( 14:49 ): I thank the honourable member
for his question. I do not have the answer to his question with me now, but I
will take it on notice and make sure a reply is brought back as soon as
possible. I do note his continuing and very genuine interest in this matter,
both in this chamber and advocating for the community on suicide prevention. I
think the work he has done in this field is a great credit to him, so I will
make sure a reply is brought back as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:437d253f-25ec-4c32-9f06-88880bf9c822> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,570 |
Crawfish Boil Invitation
Get the fun crawfish boil invitations you’ve been looking for, for your cray crayfish birthday, baby shower, bridal shower, wedding party or any other fun reason to grub on crustaceans, featuring a red gingham and let's get CRAY with kraft accent. This crayfish birthday invitation is professionally printed on 100lb uncoated cover on both sides. Backside is as shown, with matching red gingham. Each invitation is 4x6 or 5x7, produced quickly and with high quality for your picnic party! (Note: Not real kraft, this is a printed design) These invites are sure to put a smile on your guests face when they receive them! | <urn:uuid:24d8c8bf-75ea-42c8-9401-0baf74982f02> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 644 |
Earl once broke a figurine of Joy and now he wants to make up for that by buying her a new one (while Joy'd rather see him buying her a hot tub). Pretty soon however, Earl learns the figurine can't be bought because it's the first prize in a mother and daughter beauty pageant. He visits Joy's former adversary and multiple winner of the prize Shelly Stoker as he hopes he can buy one of her many figurines. Unfortunately, she doesn't want to sell him a figurine, but she does promise him that if he helps her and her daughter Candy to win this year's pageant, he can have the figurine. Earl agrees. When Joy finds out about this, she decides to stop at nothing to win the contest so Earl will have to buy her a hot tub in order to be able to cross her off his list. Written by
Marco van Hoof <firstname.lastname@example.org>
Did You Know?
Earl completes the following item on his list in this episode: - #153: "Broke Joy's fancy figurine". See more
[eating the Frosted Flakes that Joy took from Earl
Hey, Earl, thanks for the Flakes!
No problem, Crabman!
References B.J. and the Bear
Wind Beneath My Wings
Written by Larry Henley
and Jeff Silbar
Performed by Jaime Pressly See more | <urn:uuid:697e38ae-8ad0-4c7e-8aad-9452f5cf7dbd> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,182 |
Interactive story times with Miss Erin at Vero Beach Book Center are so much fun! I'm excited to be joining her and will be reading my two latest picture books, A Horse Named Jack and Hannah's Tall Order. Hope you can join us!
Wonewoc-Union Center School District Wonewoc, WI March 5, 2019
Gegan Elementary School Menasha, WI April 26, 2019
Gerard H. Van Hoof Memorial Library - Little Chute, WI Storytime Monday, April 29, 2019 6:15 p.m.
Gerard H. Van Hoof Memorial Library 625 Grand Avenue Little Chute, WI 54140 920-788-7825
Garland County Library Author Visit and Book Signing Friday, June 14, 2019 2:00 p.m.
Garland County Library 1427 Malvern Avenue Hot Springs, AR 71901 501-623-4161 | 501-922-4483 gclibrary.com/
Fairy Walk Monday, August 26, 2019 5:00-7:30 p.m. 1000 Islands Environmental Center 1000 Beaulieu Court Kaukauna WI 54130 Kaukauna Public Library and 1,000 Islands Environmental Center present the annual Fairy Walk! Join us for fun activities and a walk around the boardwalk to vote for your favorite fairy house. Fairy costumes are highly recommended for extra fun this evening! Join us for live music, crafts, face painting, balloons and more! Enter your own fairy house into the competition.
Oneida Big Apple Fest Saturday, September 21, 2019 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 3703 Hillcrest Drive Green Bay, WI 54304
Books available for purchase and signing at the Firefly Acres booth (located in the farmer's market area). All profits from book sales at this event will benefit Firefly Acres Horse Rescue and Therapy Program. fireflyacres.wordpress.com/
Annual Furry Flurry Pet Walk & Fun Fest Fundraiser for Neenah Animal Shelter Saturday, August 22,2020 8:00 a.m. - 11:00 a.m. | <urn:uuid:d8c680ba-177b-4836-83b9-8fd79da8a680> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,693 |
The royal party reached the top of a hill and started down into a valley. Through the coach windows Princess Evaughnlynn saw Bar Dor in the distance. It was completely unlike any
fortress she had ever seen. The outer wall surrounded an area large enough for a city while there was a sizeable unwalled town in front of the fortress centered on the main gate.
She turned to her father, slumped on the other side of the coach asleep. “Father, wake up. We’re approaching Bar Dor.”
Neima leaned over Evaughnlynn to see out the window, causing Badger to sit up from where he had been sleeping with his head on her lap. Ragnon blinked several times and opened his eyes to
look directly at Badger, who yawned widely. Ragnon also yawned, then watched the badger turn in a circle before settling down again. “Me to,” he mumbled. He sat up and looked at
his daughter. “What is it?”
“Bar Dor. It’s not what I expected.” She pointed out the window.
Ragnon leaned over and looked out. He nodded his head and leaned back with his eyes closed. “The Freemen army is largely cavalry, not infantry. That takes a lot of room and a lot
of support. This is the support depot.”
“We have cavalry stationed on the coast but that fortress isn’t much bigger than Hawk’s Keep.”
He nodded his head, but still didn’t open his eyes. “We have cavalry, but not like they do.” He shifted his body and sat up. Then he yawned and sighed. “The Freeman
have scout patrols along the border and company sized fortresses with signaling devices to relay news. But response beyond normal patrols all comes from Bar Dor. Even though many troops
are on the border at any time, there’s a large number of cavalry stationed here.”
Ragnon looked at Evaughnlynn for a few moments, then shrugged. “Look, we have border posts but friendly neighbors on the north and south, so they’re small. All we have to worry about
are the seasonal raider bands landing on the coast or savage bands encroaching from the Wildermarch. For that we send out patrols. Our only real danger comes from the sea. We put
our heavy cavalry on the south coast to prevent raiders from landing while Hawk’s Keep and Tower Farm hold the north.
The Freeholds has a very long southern border with two unfriendly neighbors, neither of whom can control their lands beyond the major cities. That’s why traveling to Anglia two years ago was
He nodded his head toward the window. “Bar Dor has grown into a sizeable town since the last war. The Freeman believe overwhelming force on the border will be enough to detour an
invasion. Their standing army is not much smaller than Anglia’s, but it’s spread out along the border and controlled and supported from here.”
Evaughnlynn looked out the window again. “No wonder an invasion was planned from the west, it bypassed most of the Freeman army.” She leaned back and looked at her father. “But I
still think there’ll be an attack.”
Ragnon leaned forward to face his daughter. “And you’re here to treat the sick. And I’m here to make sure you go home when you’re done. The Freeman army is quite capable of
defending the country.”
Evaughnlynn could see the small river which ran down from the mountains to the town before flowing off toward the coast many leagues away. The vision rose up of the fields and town burning
like the village of Yalding had when Tower Farm was attacked.
“It’s only a possibility, not an eventuality. The Freeman will not be an easy prey for the Dark.”
“I know, Sorcha, but I sense something at the edge of my mind whispering that the Dark Ones are on the move.” Evaughnlynn sighed and turned to her father. “Will you talk to the
Freeman Captain General about my belief that the sickness is part of a greater plan?”
Ragnon smiled. “Certainly, my dear.”
Evaughnlynn turned back to the window of the coach. The only part of the fortress wall she could see rising over the town was the battlement, along with part of one side wall. Cut-stone
towers with catapults on the flat crenelated rooves stood at each corner. As they approached the town she saw that the river had been diverted to run around the fortress in a wide mote and
there were arrow slits in the tower walls to allow archers to pick off anyone trying to scale the walls.
Neima touched Evaughnlynn on the sleeve. “May we go to the Warrior’s Temple in Bar Dor?”
Evaughnlynn turned to her. “There’s a temple in Bar Dor? I thought the only temple in the Freeholds was in Bar Krouth.”
Neima nodded. “It is. The Warrior’s Temple is different. We consider dying for our people the greatest sacrifice one can make. To honor those who have fallen a smaller
version of the temple in Bar Krouth was built after the war so that those who fall in battle can be celebrated there each year. The names of all the fallen are engraved on the walls of the
Warrior’s Temple so that all Freemen may know who they were.” She smiled up at Evaughnlynn. “My father’s older brother was killed on the border many years ago. We have a family
celebration every year. I’d like to tell my father I saw and touched his name on the wall.”
Ragnon leaned over and patted Neima on the knee. “Then, of course you shall.” Neima turned and smiled at him. He shook his head. “Your smile is as powerful against men as my
daughter’s. Be careful with it or you’ll have a gang of courtiers following after you, begging to do your bidding, just like she does.” He grinned at Evaughnlynn.
Evaughnlynn flashed a return smile and looked out the window again. Now she knew what Sorcha had meant when she told her that Gunther’s father was on the wall of heroes. However, the
scene out the window was bothering her. “Something isn’t right.” She shook her head. “The town’s too close to the fortress to survive a siege if there were an invasion from
“Well, we’re a captain of war now, are we?” When she turned back to him, her father held up his hand. “I know, I know, you’ve read all the war scrolls in my collection and pestered your
poor uncle to the point of distraction, but there’s much more to war than defending a small keep in a backwater area.”
She settled facing him with her hands on her lap. “Are you saying a large force couldn’t take Bar Dor?”
Her father nodded his head to one side. “Good question.” He smiled quickly. “By the way, Bar Dor is supplied for a long siege because they supply the fortresses on the
border.They also have heavy cavalry sally gates in the rear and side walls.” He nodded his head again at the look of surprise on her face. “It would not be a comfortable
siege with heavy cavalry popping out in the middle of the night to say ‘boo.’”
“You’re saying that they couldn’t attack the city?”
He looked at his daughter’s eyes boring into his and her forehead wrinkled in concentration. “Don’t wrinkle your forehead like that. It’ll leave lines.” He smiled.”
“Father! Be serious. Can they attack the city?”
“Yes, but they’d have to get here first. It’s protected by the land.”
“What?” She sat back in her seat, staring at him with a distracted look in her eye for a moment, then she blinked several times and nodded her head. “Of course.”
He nodded his head several times as well. “If an army crossed the southern border word would reach Bar Dor with in an hour, two at the most. An hour later a division of cavalry would
ride out. You should see it, they do it twice a year to be sure they can do it right.”
“One division against an army?”
“That’s right. One division. Their job is to force the enemy to halt their forward movement while the rest of the Freeman army moves to attack the enemy flanks.” He leaned
back. “Do you remember how we held the raiders back in Yalding during the attack on Tower Farm?” He wove his hands back and forth in front of him. “We crisscrossed in front of
their infantry forcing them to move at a walk behind a shield wall or get destroyed.”
Ragnon slapped his knee with his right hand. “A Freeman cavalry division is something to see in battle. The center of an attack is heavy cavalry and the flanks, light cavalry.
Nothing stands against them.”
“Father, the army coming against them will have wizards, and the gods know what else—orcs, goblins, even trolls? What change will heavy cavalry have against wizards?
“Unless you’re there, you mean? You forget the Freeman have fought wizards before and won.”
“They had wizards on their side then, too.”
He shrugged his shoulders. “It’s all speculation at this point. We’re not even sure there’s going to be an invasion, let alone a battle. The purpose of attacking the dwarves in
Hollow Mountain was to avoid facing the army on the border by hitting Bar Dor from the west. The dark ones may well have given up on an invasion when Faolan destroyed the gremlins.”
“Perhaps you’re right.” She sat back in her seat and looked out the window again. “But, something is going to happen at Bar Dor. I can feel it.”
Gunther sat just outside the town in front of the fortress and watched down the road. He could see the princess’s coach and riders crossing the farmlands and estimated they would reach the
town in ten minutes or so. He began going over what Faolan had told him to say in his mind. He desperately wanted to get it right.
Following the dark wizard and his men cross country had been easy for Faolan, who could see invisible marks on the ground to tell which way they had gone. Gunther had understood and even seen
the marks. What he hadn’t been able to understand was how Faolan knew those particular marks were made by the wizard’s party. There were many marks on the ground. But he had
listened, and nodded, and tried to remember.
The frightening part had come when they approached Bar Dor. Faolan had left him and circled ahead so that he would be in the city before the wizard. Gunther had then followed the wizard
right to the town and waited some ways back for him to enter. Then he had gone to the fortress gate and reported himself as an apprentice blacksmith coming to meet his master, who was already
in the fort. He was frightened and concentrated on what Faolan had told him about Bar Dor being just another big cavern with bigger holes in the roof. It helped. He went through
the gate and began looking for the tavern inside which Faolan had told him about.
Sometime later Faolan arrived and made him memorize a message for the Princess. Faolan said it would be several hours before the princess and her party reached the town and that Gunther
should wait in the tavern until it was time to meet the royal party. When it was near time, Gunther had left the fortress and gone to the edge of town to wait.
The princess’s coach arrived and Gunther waved at the big man in the lead as he hurried over. “I have a message for the Princess,” he said when Bullnose dismounted and bent over to look down
“Have you, now?” Bullnose looked right and left, then motioned Gunther to follow before he turned and walked to the coach and opened the door. Bullnose lifted him into the coach,
saying, “Faolan sent a message.” He closed the door behind Gunther.
The king regarded the dwarf with his head cocked to one side. “What message?”
“Your Majesty.” Gunther bowed. “Master Faolan bid me tell you that the stoneless wizard went to an inn in the town and registered for three days. He is clearly here to meet
another wizard who must already be here because the sickness is here. However, the sickness is only in the poor area of the town and the military authorities have the sick quarantined.”
Evaughnlynn jerked forward in her seat. “Tell Master Faolan not to watch the wizard, but to report which inn he’s at as soon as possible. The dark wizard the stoneless one is here to
meet will be looking for watchers. Not only does he risk capture or death, the presence of a watcher will let the dark ones know we are aware of them and their plans.”
“Yes, Your Highness.” Gunther bowed to her, then glanced at Neima and smiled. He turned and bowed to the king again before he jumped out the door.
Ragnon looked at his daughter with his head tilted. “We know their plans, do we?”
Evaughnlynn smiled. “Not completely, but Faolan could put himself in sever danger. Remember what his uncle said about following the wizard Padraig in Anglia. Padraig’s dark power
let him know he was being followed.”
The king nodded. “And you don’t want Faolan confronted by a wizard without you.”
“They can’t touch his mind, but they can kill him with a curse.” She shook her head. “He’s been lucky so far. They seem almost afraid to attack him.”
“Afraid?” He leaned forward.
“When I was struck by the wizard the first time he didn’t curse Faolan even though Faolan stopped the attack. I’m sure there was a dark wizard involved at the battle of Windy Hill and nothing
happened to Faolan. But there were definitely wizards in the Samhain attack and they also left him alone. In fact, except for the attempt at knocking down the gate, the wizards were not
involved in the fight.”
Her father leaned back. “You were there at Samhain. They were probably afraid of you.”
“I have let it be known far and wide that I carry a dru stone, nothing more, other than it had been held by the elves. I’ve gone out of my way to keep Lord Arnol convinced I’m but a silly
girl. One false truism maintained by men is that young men are inexperienced while young women are silly and foolish.” She smiled at him. “A truism, I’m happy to say, you’ve never
been stupid enough to believe.”
Her father’s eyes misted up. “All who knew your mother knew that ‘truism’ to be false. She was my most trusted advisor, my best friend, and,” he leaned forward to pat her knee, “but for
you, my heart.”
She smiled at her father, but her mind was already trapped in the realm of Fear. Will Faolan heed my warning? If not for himself, for the sake of keeping our plans unknown to our
enemies? They know we’re coming, but they don’t know we know they’re here. We need that edge if we’re to win this battle, whatever it may prove to be.
Brother Drogo sat in his room, alone, waiting. The Master had promised that Brother Fulradt would have a stone for him. Anger and fear had stretched his mind so taunt it had no room for
shame. I will kill that deviate dwarf. I know he’ll be here with his secret wizard, but his master can’t protect him all the time.
His mind oscillated between remembering how the dwarf grabbed his stone of power and mentally creating an alternate version where he moved fast enough to protect the stone. He had sent his
acolyte, Uric, out on an unnecessary shopping trip to get rid of him. The boy was a constant reminder of his powerlessness.
Suddenly a sense of power rose in his mind and Drogo came to his feet. A stone of power was nearby. The door to his room opened by itself and a few seconds later a tall man in his
sixties dressed as an Anglian trader strode in. Brother Drogo went to his knee. “Milord.”
“Rise, Brother, we have much to do.” The room door slammed shut behind the newcomer. “The witch will arrive within the hour.”
“Here, Milord?” Drogo’s heart pounded.
“Not here—the city. I had the approach watched and my men reported her eminent arrival. Our plan is working so far.” He reached inside his coat and withdrew a small cloth bag
which he tossed to Brother Drogo. “Here’s your new stone of power. The Master told me you had to sacrifice yours in his service.”
He looked appraisingly at his equally tall associate. “You are also of the Mountain People. Good. The talent runs deep in us.” He pointed at the bag in Drogo’s hand.
“Your new stone is unusual. There is only one other like it known, and it’s held by a brother of great power. The Master expects great deeds of you. This stone will make you
Brother Drogo heard what was said, but the words drifted through his mind without retention. He was too absorbed in the power flowing into him. His mind was filled with images of the
cursed dwarf screaming in pain as a killing curse struck, or as a ball of fire enveloped him. Even the image of the secret sorcerer felled by his curse fleeted past. But that image
brought him back to the hotel room.
“What we’re going to do here will change the world.” His eyes centered on Drogo. “So, move carefully and act only according to the plan.” Brother Fulradt swept across the room and
dropped into the only comfortable chair. “Where’s your acolyte? I have a task for him.”
“Out on an errand for me.” Brother Drogo walked to the small table and held up the decanter of dark red wine toward Brother Fulradt, who shook his head.
Drogo poured himself a goblet. “Have you any word of Brother Knobu?”
A deep chuckle came out of Brother Fulradt. “I didn’t know you two were so close.”
Drogo turned to his superior. “His mission in Bar Elam was to kill the witch. Yet you said she was soon to arrive. I was but concerned that his failure meant we’d lost another
brother to her powers.”
“Brother Knobu is alive and well. He was not presented with an opportunity to attack the witch.” Brother Fulradt turned in the chair to look out the window. “The Master
anticipated the witch’s interference in our plans. Alternate attacks were prepared based on the possibility her actions forced the abandonment of our original attack. Her presence here
is now part of our plan. If she plays her part as we expect, we’ll see the downfall of the Freeman.”
© Copyright 2019 R. M. Keegan. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c4a08702-95f6-4b97-9b46-e5a00e37b792> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 17,272 |
Covering News And Entertainment.
Janet Collins was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and at the age of four moved with her family to Los Angeles, California, where Collins received her first dance training at a Catholic community center. She studied primarily with Carmelita Maracci, Lester Horton, and Adolph Bolm, who were among the few ballet teachers who accepted black students.In 1932, aged 15, Collins auditioned with success for the prestigious Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, but as she was required to paint her face and skin white in order to be able to perform, she did not join the company. In 1948, she moved to New York and got the chance to dance her own choreography on a shared program at the 92nd Street YMHA. In 1951 she won the Donaldson Award for best dancer on Broadway for her work in Cole Porter’s Out of This World. She also performed in Aida, Carmen, and was the first Black ballerine to perform at the Metropolitan Opera. She could not tour in parts of the Deep South, owing to her race. In later life Collins taught modern dance at Balanchine’s School of American Ballet in New York City, and at Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York. Janet Collins struggled repeatedly against racism, which did not spare the world of professional ballet dancing. Not many African-American dancers and performers achieved the successful career she was able to attain, and she paved the way for others to follow. In 1951, she became the first African American to be hired full-time by the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Marian Anderson, the first to sing there, did not perform until 1955. In the year Collins retired, Arthur Mitchell, joined the New York City Ballet. Janet Collins’ dance reputation today resides primarily in her role in breaking the colour barrier; the constraints on Black classical dancers were too strong for her to have a vibrant performing career. However, her original choreography, which she performed in solo tours, was clearly of note, although few records survive. In her late forties she retired, turning to religion and finding comfort as an oblate in the Benedictine order. She was also an accomplished painter. Collins passed away in 2003 at the age of 86, in Fort Worth, Texas. In 2007, in recognition of Collins’ great work and dedication, her renowned cousin Carmen De Lavallade established the Janet Collins Fellowship to honor aspiring talented ballet dancers. She received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1989.
“Janet Collins was the first African American to become Prima Ballerina at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. That was over 60 years ago and she alone today still holds that accomplishment. Just as Jackie Robinson broke the color barriers of baseball, Janet Collins broke the toughest barrier in the all-white world of classical ballet. Yet she still remains virtually unknown. Join DTH in celebrating her legacy…” —Dance Theatre of Harlem | <urn:uuid:c7b821ed-1418-4f33-80aa-4028d390287a> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 2,940 |
Done with your Christmas shopping? Every gift bought? Good to go?
Congratulations. Well done. But many of us neglect the kind of gift-giving that may be most pleasing to God and most reflective of the spirit of Christmas: giving to the poor, the lonely, the neglected, those outside our own families.
In my tiny brain and heart, Christmas isn't truly celebrated unless I give generously, not only to my family and friends, but also to the types of people God made sure to include in the first Christmas: foreigners, despised, poor, forgotten, old people. If you are of a similar mind and heart, I'd be tickled if this post encourages you to give a Christmas gift to one of my favorite causes:
The Salvation Army Online Red Kettle
WEGO Peru, the missionary enterprise of our friends Don and Christie Latta
Harvest of Hope, through which you can buy nutrition for a slum child or a goat, cow, or chicken for a family
Samaritan's Purse, which offers an online "gift catalog" from which to choose | <urn:uuid:e8a47b29-d048-4ef3-b6d2-92bd2b293dc8> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 992 |
Staffy, Male, 12 months
Adoption Fee $250
We need a special home for a special boy. His name is Rubble, this young man wants nothing but love. Rubble will be the perfect doggy for someone who will put time and effort into him. He loves to be a couch potato once he has been on a walk. Rubble doesn’t deserve to be sitting in kennels.
If you are interested in adopting Rubble, please fill out our adoption form | <urn:uuid:43750b61-7352-49f6-81be-63da2a7bc078> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 409 |
Class IV Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Therapy uses an intense beam of light directed into tissues. Class IV lasers can be broken down into two categories; surgical & therapeutic. A surgical laser cuts tissue.
In contrast, a therapeutic laser heals tissue. Laser therapy reduces pain, reduces inflammation, and accelerates healing by a process called photobiostimulation.
Science has known for many years about the phenomenon of light producing beneficial effects on animals and other organisms. A basic example of photobiostimulation is photosynthesis, which occurs both in plants (to produce oxygen) and in skin (to produce Vitamin D). The Class IV laser is simply a way to target this light to produce fast and specific results. Deep, penetrating light allows relief of pain by the release of endorphins and stimulates injured cells to heal at an accelerated rate.
This laser allows us to ease pain and improve mobility without the use of surgery or pharmaceuticals.
Some disorders that respond positively to laser therapy;
- Hip Dysplasia
- Skin conditions & irritated anal glands
- Post surgical pain relief & increased healing
These disorders are commonly result in pain, inflammation and scaring. Treatment times may vary between 3 -5 minutes for each affected area (multiple times on a flexible schedule) producing a gentle and pleasant warming sensation.
Commonly asked questions regarding the therapeutic laser;
How does it reduce pain?
- The laser effects nerve cells and nociceptors (sensory receptor reacting to a damaging stimuli responding through the spinal cord/brain) by increasing their stimulatory threshold. It is also causing a reduction in neuronal impulses while increasing the release of endorphins. Together these effects will result in a decrease in the animals pain perception.
How does it reduce inflammation?
- The laser causes a decrease in release of prostaglandins & inflammatory mediators and reduces edema through dilation of lymphatics.
How does it accelerate healing?
- The laser accelerates healing by an increase in blood flow caused by vasodilation, by increasing angiogenesis(growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels)and capillary production, increased release of cytokines and finally by stimulation of fibroblast activity and collagen production. | <urn:uuid:a7cef6a4-3f2b-46e0-9a91-5a279e50a365> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 2,336 |
I can’t believe how vocal the opponents of gay marriage have been lately, especially considering that we have far more important things to worry about in this country, like the economy being in the toilet, the environment, and the war in Afghanistan.
And now The Advocate tells us, the organization One Million Moms, which in fact has far, far less than a million members, is apparently all upset about two gay characters in X-Men getting married.
“This is ridiculous!” they posted on their website. “Why do adult gay men need comic superheroes as role models? They don’t but do want to indoctrinate [sic] impressionable young minds by placing these gay characters on pedestals in a positive light.”
And of course, they also thumped the bible, telling us, “As Christians, we know that homosexuality is a sin (Romans 1:26-27).”
So One Million Moms wants to launch a campaign against all this, urging their followers to contact DC and Marvel, and quit with the gay superheroes. They also complained to Toys “R” Us for carrying an Archie comic that also had a gay wedding. Whether the protest had any effect on this at all, the issue sold out. They also tried to get JC Penney to drop Ellen DeGeneres as their spokesperson, both to no avail.
What anti-gay groups can’t seem to understand is that no gay show, like Queer as Folk, Queer Eye For the Straight Guy, or gay comic could ever get anyone to “convert.” If these comics and shows are trying to teach anything it is tolerance.
And of course, there’s already reports about superheroes being outed, with DailyPioneer.com reporting that Robin, Mystique (Raven), and Catwoman are gay, although this is sure news to me, and The Guardian also ran a report headline: “Why is everyone in a hurry to out Batman?” Then again, as they say in Hollywood, you haven’t made it in the business until there’s “the rumor” about you. | <urn:uuid:e249eb3e-e70f-4dac-8778-1575bda05243> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,866 |
149 Hall Street
Phoenixville, PA 19460
"We at the Montessori Children's House of Valley Forge believe that a large portion of an individual's pattern of behavior develops during childhood. We feel that the goal of early childhood is to stimulate the formation of those patterns which will be of the greatest benefit in future learning situations. Our most important objective, as a Montessori school, is to cultivate the child's natural curiosity and desire to learn. We do this through the development of:
Positive self image - In a Montessori classroom the activities are child-directed, non-competitive and self-correcting. As a result, each child experiences success rather than frustration. This develops the child's sense of self-esteem and self-confidence and allows him or her to be self-motivated.
Concentration and persistence - Since each activity in the classroom has a beginning, middle and end, this helps the child to develop a sense of order and to also increase his or her attention span. The activities and the classroom set-up allows each child to follow through the steps of an activity with a teacher or an assistant always available to answer any questions or help with difficulties. Thus, the child gains the ability to work independently with the inner discipline to follow the project to completion.
Cooperation and respect for others and the environment - Each child is free to choose to work alone or with another child. Working with a friend encourages cooperation and harmony. If the child chooses to work alone, he or she learns to respect the other children in the classroom and knows not to disturb one another. Every item in the Montessori classroom has a specific place and when a child finishes with an activity, he or she returns each item to its appropriate place. "
Excerpted from the preschool's website | <urn:uuid:35c0d617-e31e-4690-9085-0466e6543842> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 1,842 |
What is Peru Civil Unrest?
Peru civil unrest is the social, economic and political instability that has been affecting the country for years. It typically involves protests, strikes, and demonstrations against government policies or corporate practices.
- The main causes of this unrest are poverty, inequality and corruption in Peru
- In recent years, there have been a number of high-profile mining conflicts that have led to violent clashes between protesters and police
- The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these issues as many Peruvians struggle to make ends meet due to business closures and rising unemployment rates.
How Peru Civil Unrest Began and Escalated: A Timeline of Events
In recent years, Peru has been a country in the midst of political and social turmoil. The South American nation has witnessed an uptick in civil unrest that began with protests against government corruption and evolved into widespread demonstrations fueled by economic inequality, COVID-19 pandemic management, police brutality, and discrimination.
Peru’s president at the time Martin Vizcarra took over from Pedro Pablo Kuczynski after he resigned due to his involvement in two corruption scandals but failed to clean up the country’s heavily politicized institutions. As history repeated itself again unfortunately for Peru’s first female head of state – President Merino who had taken office last November was accused of being illegitimate amid reports that lawmakers were bribing their colleagues behind closed doors. Her public approval ratings fell dramatically as she faced criticism from all sectors particularly the youth movements who believed that their voice was not being heard.
On November 9th 2020, Protests broke out against President Manuel Merino which saw thousands take to the streets across Peru with signs declaring no more human rights abuses or community oppression under any form whether it be environmental pollution caused disproportionately by international corporations exploiting resources without consent; internal displacement through predatory mining company policies across indigenous land & waterways; dealing with cover-ups endemic within Peruvian society leading too frequent sexual assault cases nationally involving young women such as Solsiret Rodríguez Aybar case just weeks before .
Small groups protested peacefully prior but when student Daniel Arevalo passed away following police brutality ten days earlier demonstrators united – Millennial Youth Front noted they wanted accountability not only those responsible personally involved but also speculators.
Merino refused to step down causing tension between him and citizens calling for democracy ultimately led towards violent dispersals where two people lost their lives following gunshots fired directly at unarmed protesters
Following significant media coverage including Citizen Journalism piece on TV show “Al Rojo Vivo” matters escalated quickly: hundreds gathered outside Parliament calling for Justice in Lima leading to the 17-day blackout media then added fuel-to-fire decrying Military & Police Brutality, economic inequality and corrupt practices.
Merino stepped down after only five days in office following news that protester Inti Sotelo and Jack Pintado were killed as well as many more reported injured. After Merino fled the palace a power vacuum was left however maturer political heads began rectifying injustices whilst alleviating chaos so that Constitutional integrity remained sincere thusly maintaining human rights protection for protestors.
The new President Francisco Sagasti quickly got to work by saying he wants dialogue not confrontation with citizens which immediately diffused tensions. He was appointed last November on the back of protests against other Presidents’ corruption scandals but notably less vocal from natives domestic communities- With support seemingly genuine across all areas his focus currently is preparing vaccines for targeted-risk groups whilst promoting Tourism via governmental promotion strategies alongside proactive public health initiatives awareness campaigns ala NZ covidfree practise amongst others .
Whilst confusion about how new leadership will play out remains at least there seems steps taken restoration law enforcement regulations rebuild trust build upon prior administration Policy objectives maintain transparency rigorously monitored surveillance using Social Media platforms outside counsellors such encouraging sentiment regarding government future outreach whereby setting realistic targets fighting fraud important when current Covid crisis shows no sign slowing down anytime soon throughout Latin America similar pressure continues constantly surrounding essential NHS staff here showing solidarity cross-continentally compassionate employer policies plus effective pandemic progressive planning would be welcome globally.
Peru has lived violent transitions Of Power during its past: therefore country’s ability come together presenting united front towards rebuilding represents optimistic transformational change engaging younger generations civic engagement elevated matter further addressing better equitable Legal structure too specifically over mining-related subjugation especially indigenous peoples’ land grab corporate interests; remember we’re living era where big business controlling our democratic right choose what eat clothing products consume regularly passed off conformist societal norms perpetuating exploitative systems.
In conclusion, to truly understand the complexity of civil unrest in Peru, it is essential to look at its timeline. With a history of corruption, social inequality and clashes between authorities and civilians forming catalysts for change throughout South America – the May 2021 Presidential elections hold hope that Peruvian society can take steps develop examples sustainable growth developmentally bolstering democracy increase international opportunities attractiveness as travel hub).
Step-by-Step Breakdown: Causes and Consequences of Peru’s Ongoing Protests and Unrest
Recent weeks have seen the Andean nation of Peru rocked by unprecedented protests, unrest and violence. The situation has escalated to a level not witnessed since 2000, during which former President Alberto Fujimori was ousted from power after leading the country through a decade-long period of authoritarianism.
The causes of this wave of social unrest in Peru are multifaceted and complex. This blog post aims to provide a step-by-step breakdown of some key factors contributing to the current state of affairs in Peru:
1. Presidential impeachment
At the heart of much of the current turmoil is the recent impeachment and removal from office of former President Martin Vizcarra. On November 9th 2020, Vizcarra was removed from office by Congress on charges of “moral incapacity”. His critics argued that he had failed to adequately combat corruption whilst in office.
Many Peruvians viewed his removal as unjustified; tens-of-thousands took to the streets calling for it’s revocation following more revelations about corruption within those behind his impeachment (including irregularities relating to his accuser).
2. Political instability & lackluster government control
Peru has been struggling with political instability for many years now – infrastructure projects promised by previous administrations were never fulfilled due to allegations they awarded contracts based on bribery schemes.
Recently various regions including Cerro de Pasco province declared themselves free from State institutions altogether feeling disaffected and neglected (especially Indigenous sectors). Many feel there isn’t enough being done at any governmental level across different areas – be they educational or environmental initiatives- leading angry demonstrations lacking restraint.
3. COVID-19 pandemic
Like most countries around world, COVID-19 caused great disturbance and upheaval affecting millions’ livelihoods . In peru where two-thirds percent didn’t qualify for emergency aid support, tensions rose rapidly causing normal everyday citizens hardships . Whilst there appears no direct correlation between COVID -19 policies specifically failing in controlling unrest, it certainly laid bare many societal fractures .
4. Mining industry.
Peru is one of the world’s largest producers of copper and gold; extractive industries make up about 15% of GDP making this a vital sector for Peru’s economic stability . Attracting sustainable mining partners to promote responsible model operations has been long overdue as recent protests showed thousands expressing opposition (with concern towards environmental destruction, deforestation and loss of arable-land) toward many companies ,who they allege that their mining activities have caused serious damage and harm local communities in various provisions – including committing human rights violations!
Corruption within government is hardly a new problem in Latin America but sadly there still are identified weaknesses giving way to illegal dealings fuelled with political lobbying or for personal gain at detriment to wider society interests already affected by COVID policies.. It sometimes feels almost endemic.
Whilst these factors provide some understanding into the root causes behind Peru’s State emergency status – none paint a “good” picture nor those providing assurance wanting any changes will come soon enough. No lasting solution can happen until all parties sit down together focusing on excellent policy choices … leading too accompanying necessary implementation strategies when looking ahead into how governance structures must adapt themselves dramatically if progress per regions is ever going forward toward stability etc.!
Frequently Asked Questions About Peru Civil Unrest: Your Comprehensive Guide
The ongoing civil unrest in Peru has been the topic of much discussion and speculation lately, causing many potential travelers to wonder if it is safe to visit this beautiful country. While it is true that there have been some disturbances and protests in various parts of the country, it’s important to understand that these events are confined to specific areas and that there are many other regions in Peru that remain unaffected by the turmoil.
In order to provide a comprehensive guide on recent developments in Peru and their impact on tourism, we’ve put together a list of frequently asked questions about the current situation:
Q: What is happening in Peru right now?
A: In recent months, Peru has experienced several political crises involving allegations of corruption, abuse of power and constitutional abuses. The most recent crisis occurred when President Martin Vizcarra was removed from office by Congress over accusations he took bribes as governor before he became president. A new interim government has since been appointed but protests continue as citizens call for an end to political corruption.
Q: Is it safe for tourists to travel to Peru during this time?
A: Yes, overall it is still safe for tourists to travel within most areas throughout Peru. It’s important however for visitors traveling currently or planning future trips check travel advisories provided by your home countries’ foreign affairs department before embarking upon a trip.
There have only been reports of isolated incidents where protesters were blocking roads accessing certain sites like Machu Picchu which caused temporary disruptions access. Additionally curfews may be imposed at times depending on any given location so best always verify with local authorities or hotels.
It should also be noted there exist specific areas around Lima particularly within Callao district or Arequipa region which have seen more active instances recently; therefore making leisure pursuits restricted while visiting those places until further notice improves
Ultimately wise choices made while travelling includes staying informed about what’s going on locally timely checking adaptability strategy ought be beneficial whenever unexpected news arises.
Q: Will tourism and travel be disrupted due to the civil unrest?
A: As noted, while there has been varying degrees of disruption at select areas like Machu Picchu or certain districts within Lima, generally for regions outside of those affected by potential disturbances, it is business as usual. The Peruvian government and tourist industry officials are working hard to ensure that visitors can still enjoy all the sights and experiences Peru has to offer in a safe way despite any minor setbacks.
It’s important however not only remain vigilant during your travels so you along with any party travelling with you stay up-to-date on latest advice relating safety concerns.
For those reconsidering their plans entirely will find that many airlines have flexible cancellation policies presently allowing options if changing itinerary appears better in light circumstances pulling back from near future vacation spots remains practical.
Q: What should tourists do if they encounter police or protestors while in Peru?
A: It’s always advisable for visitors who come across protests/general public demonstrations primarily avoid such situations out of an abundance caution particularly when attended by unfamiliar surroundings
If unable steer clear protesters keep mindful distance from current site ensuring afford maximum personal space.
Relying reputable sources provides consistent guidance online alerts apps which ought assistance about what’s happening next from high-risk locations enabling awareness integral towards staying safe
In most cases police presence tends increase around larger demonstrations oftentimes efforts placed upon keeping crowds contained makes sure one does not inadvertently become trapped amongst them-Additionally local hotel staff are powerful informational resources usually motivated assist guests feel secure
Q: Should I cancel my trip to Peru because of the civil unrest?
We cannot ethically recommend outright cancelling – country destination locales consistently reliant fluidity off variable assessments coupled new developments updated information; therefore subscribing frequent mainstream news updates plus reliable data calculating individual risk tolerance offers greater flexibility rather than auto cancellations. Ultimately visiting peru holds untold appeal scenic majesty historic associations unique culture – So whilst tourists must still heed any necessitated warnings regarding civil unrest, certain areas in Peru remain as stable and enticing travel destinations just like before.
Despite all that is occurring throughout different parts of the South American country right now, rest assured that there are many safe places to enjoy your visit experience Peru through its rich culture landmarks natural attractions transcendental wonders and much more.
Top 5 Facts About Peru Civil Unrest You Need to Know
Peru is a beautiful South American country known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes. However, in recent years it has also gained attention due to civil unrest that has rocked the nation. There have been protests against government corruption, environmental issues, and social injustice.
Here are the top 5 facts about Peru’s civil unrest you need to know:
1) The protests began in November 2020: The largest wave of protests began last year when thousands took to the streets across several cities including Lima demanding changes from then President Manuel Merino after he was sworn-in as interim president following impeachment proceedings which removed his predecessor Martin Vizcarra.
2) Environmental issues: One of the main sources of tension in Peru stems from the perceived lack of protection for local communities against large corporations seeking to exploit resources such as oil or gas reserves and mining operations. In Cajamarca region alone an estimate suggest up to 70% of pollution cases are tied directly linked with mining activities leading many indigenous groups and locals to fight back city-hall.
3) Government responses sparked more outrage: As protesters continue their demonstrations on multiple fronts (e.g., labor precariousness), some follow-up actions by authorities spotlight more controversies rather than solutions. For example police force response ended fatally five protesters while not solving much itself during one protest this July at Amazonas region despite signs indicating peaceful participation ensued except isolated aggression probably originated outside the crowd area
4) Women led movement gains momentum: Gendered violence that had increased alarmingly spiked further amidst all these political developments with growing creation women-led movements around different areas aimed at highlighting apparent gender inequalities rampant within societies too among ethnic disparities affecting almost half population majority being female
5) Upcoming election may change course: After months protesting regimes battling unlawful practices under current establishment especially Ministry Justice abuse documents leaked journalists – elections soon approach where new leadership could emerge addressing grievances notably championing better public services encompassing for all nation and pushing science-based decision-making for environmental safety at state level benefiting planet future generations too.
In conclusion, Peru’s civil unrest reflects the country’s ongoing struggles with poverty, inequality, and corruption. The various protests demonstrate how citizens are seeking greater accountability from their leaders while pressing for transformative solutions that would protect against exploitation and promote sustainable development. What remains to be seen is whether these efforts will lead to meaningful change in a country that has been grappling with multiple challenges long before 2020.
Analyzing the Impact of Political Turmoil on Peruvian Society and Economy
Peru, the land of ancient civilizations and diverse culture, has been impacted by political turmoil on several occasions. In recent years, Peruvian society and economy have experienced instability due to several crises that are rooted in governance issues. Peru’s democracy is still young compared to other countries in the region, this leads to some weaknesses key institutions that should protect citizens rights.
The 70s and early 80s centered around the bloody guerilla insurgency from groups such as Shining Path, who killed tens of thousands during its conflict with government forces. Progressively shifting towards dictatorial control under President Alberto Fujimori through undemocratic means marking what many consider a turning point for Peruvian democracy.
Fast-forwarding to more recent events over the last few years; law enforcement agencies became more assertive when investigating corruption allegations within top politicians’ ranks. For instance, former president Martin Vizcarra was impeached following tender rigging allegations tied up with a company called Odebrecht which ultimately led him out of office. Earlier this year his replacement saw similar abrupt end given an even less flattering set of accusations causing huge waves between opposing sides both within parliament but also amongst civil society.
These challenges highlight how governance gaps can lead directly or indirectly into reduced market-based growth resulting in fiscal deficits at state level as well as struggling businesses which fail ahead having insufficient funds & confidence brought about via these uncertainties from country leadership – stalling foreign investment too not only nationally but globally halting their desire to do business with (or in) Peru whilst such irregularities persist.
One of the most significant negative impacts caused by political turbulence is hyperinflation that tends to bring down economic progress made so far by prompting increasing prices while reducing overall economic activity levels; negatively impacting household prosperity rates especially those ones belonging below poverty lines included families dependent on external aid channels just for survival needs now accumulating debt instead fallen further behind because they lack new employment opportunities negatively impacted by these turbulence-driven decisions.
Furthermore, slow progress towards tackling COVID-19’s consequences has loosely been linked to the governance of Peru. It is no secret that developed countries worldwide have recorded significant cases among citizens; however, it may not be nationwide because they don’t share quarantine compliance issues & co-operation lacking amongst Peruvians. As a result, many businesses closed down due to being too adversely affected by pandemic restrictions with their respective profits having had decreased whilst employees became unemployed face even more uncertain future prospects in hand leading onto what societal impact this could cause beyond present timeframes as much remains unclear plus unknown for next few years – signposts indicating potential risk ahead when government support ceases inevitably worsening occupational instability through knock-on impacts on things such as mental health both indirectly and directly.
As we see from above examinations – recent political circumstances resulting negative socio-economic outcomes collide creating uncertainty which affects families living within vital sectors such as healthcare now finding extra financial pressures hard / extra burden upon themselves plus mounting tension looms across all demographic segments underpinning broader economic insecurity and subsequently reductions in purchasing power finally plunges overall quality of life further downwards in less fortunate groups.
Peru must engage solutions that will positively affect citizens’ lives rather than just patching its governance gaps or ignoring corruption concerns while keeping investors at bay simply perpetuating problematic trends triggered upon weakening democracy foundations tackled robustly using modern tech-based interventions adopted elsewhere around globe serving far wealthier societies fighting against similar crises confronting poorer ones like infections diseases faced during pandemics emerging destroying everyone’s livelihoods shared alike facing these hurdles regardless who they are residing wherever exists without showing partialities favouring potentially better off groups?
The Future of Peru in the Wake of Civil Unrest: What Comes Next?
The year 2020 was one of the most chaotic in recent history for Peru. As the global pandemic took hold, it quickly became clear that not all countries were created equal when it came to handling the crisis. In Peru’s case, an already fragile political situation was pushed to its limits as protests erupted against President Martin Vizcarra.
The turmoil started in November 2020 when Congress voted to remove Vizcarra from his position following allegations of corruption. This sparked outrage among many Peruvians who saw it as a blatant power grab by corrupt politicians looking after their own interests instead of those of the people they were elected to serve.
Protests quickly spread throughout the country, with thousands taking to the streets chanting slogans such as “Viva el pueblo” and “Fuera los corruptos” (long live the people and away with corruption). These demonstrations often turned violent, with clashes between protesters and police resulting in injuries on both sides.
Despite this turbulent period, there are some reasons for cautious optimism regarding Peru’s future. Firstly, following Vizcarra’s impeachment trial ended he has been replaced temporarily by Manuel Merino -a move that hasn’t sanitized well- leading his removal just days later , presidential elections have been set for April 11th which will give Peruvians a chance to elect new leadership through democratic means.
However The issue yet remains about how successful these election process would be especially seeing votes casts under uncertain times where civil unrsest still reigns supreme .
Possible solutions include; focusing on reforms that prioritize transparency within government systems- keeping candidates accountable to citizens throughout campaigning periods so constituents feel empowered rather than jaded at various points – continued investment into job creation programs targeted towards youth populations since unemployment ranks highly amongst problems faced domestically while pursuing economic diversification based agriculture mining but includes renewable energy sectors which can uplift rural communities’ livelihoods without degrading natural habitats or worsening environmental catastrophes.
In conclusion, Peru is facing many challenges as it navigates a turbulent period in its history. However, there are also reasons to be hopeful for the future. With presidential elections on the horizon, Peruvians have an opportunity to choose leaders who prioritize transparency and accountability while creating jobs that will foster economic growth and prosperity country-wide for all citizens alike. The road ahead may not be easy but by working together with determination towards progress mixed with stability throughout political spheres lies eventual restoration should efforts remain consistent between each transition of leadership over time .
Table with useful data:
|November 9, 2020||Protests||People took to the streets to demand that the government improve its pandemic response and economic policies.|
|November 10, 2020||Police response||Police used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protesters, leading to injuries and arrests.|
|November 12, 2020||Cabinet resignations||Several members of Peru’s cabinet resigned following the unrest.|
|November 15, 2020||President’s resignation||Peru’s president, Manuel Merino, resigned following days of protests and widespread criticism.|
|November 17, 2020||New president sworn in||Francisco Sagasti was sworn in as Peru’s interim president, with the task of leading the country to new elections in 2021.|
Information from an expert
As an expert in South American politics, I must say that the recent civil unrest in Peru is a concerning development. The protests and strikes have been fueled by various issues such as corruption allegations against Peru’s presidential administration, economic inequality, and environmental concerns among others. The situation has led to violence in some parts of the country and has caused disruptions in transportation and commerce. In order for peace to be restored, it will require dialogue between all parties involved and a commitment to finding sustainable solutions to these complex problems.
From 1980 to 2000, Peru experienced a period of violent internal conflict known as the Shining Path insurgency. The Maoist group aimed to overthrow the government and establish a socialist state but was eventually defeated by Peruvian security forces after years of violence that claimed an estimated 70,000 lives. | <urn:uuid:eb856cf3-090f-48be-96a2-f71af252531d> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 27,081 |
The Full Moon Circle Bag is a crossbody bag. The circular design features a removable fringe key clip & is the perfect size for all of your essentials. Handmade by Julie Simon of Moss Bags in Bellingham, Washington.
• Full-Grain leather
• Shiny nickel hardware
• YKK zipper
• 9"W x 9"H x 2"D
• Black leather strap drop approx. 23"
• Includes removable fringe key-clip
About the maker
Julie like to make things, and that is literally why Moss Bags started!
For over 12 years, Julie spent her time as a graphic/web designer. After years of sitting & working at a computer, she was ready to step away from her desk and become more hands-on.
And so…a few years back as she was completely mesmerized with Bravo’s marathon of Project Runway, she grabbed her keys, headed to Fred Meyer (the only store open at 10:30pm), and bought her first sewing machine. She stayed up all night cutting fabric from old clothes, learning to sew, and creating. Without knowing it at the time, the idea of Moss Bags was born.
Aside from a husband, two boys, several hides of leather, boxes of hardware, and upgraded machinery, not much has changed since that first night. Julie still cuts every leather piece by hand, sets each rivet, and prepares all orders.
Fashion & function come together with each handcrafted bag, wallet & accessory. Using full-grain leather that only gets better with age, and products ranging from earrings to backpacks, there truly is something for everyone.
The beauty is that quality leather wears in...not out. Moss Bags products are built to last. | <urn:uuid:6c90a2c7-3356-4097-a6b7-3b7875ebb7cf> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,553 |
UBITQUITY TEAMS UP WITH VECHAIN TO IMPLEMENT VECHAIN TOOLCHAIN™ FOR THE US AND GLOBAL TITLE INDUSTRY
Ubitquity, the innovative leader in the blockchain, title and real estate space teams up with the enterprise blockchain service provider, VeChain to bring its well respected infrastructure to its business customers worldwide with Rainier Title piloting this initiative
Wilmington, Delaware, USA — March 29, 2021 — Ubitquity LLC, the leading enterprise blockchain-secured platform for real estate and title recordkeeping, is pleased to announce that it is now a business partner of VeChain. According to their website: VeChain ToolChain™ is a comprehensive blockchain platform offering diverse services including: product lifecycle management, supply chain process control, data deposit, data certification, and process certification.
VeChain currently operates out of seven offices located in Shanghai, Singapore, Paris, Luxembourg, Palo Alto, Tokyo and Hong Kong, with the international professional team of over 100 staff members including over 50 professional blockchain application developers.
“Ubitquity is proud to be working with such a well respected and forward-thinking company like VeChain who are at the forefront of enterprise adoption of blockchain technology. Ubitquity is going to implement a solution for its long-term customer, Rainier Title on the VeChainThor public blockchain using the BaaS platform called VeChain ToolChain™,” said Nathan Wosnack, Founder & CEO of Ubitquity LLC.
“Bill Bergschneider, Chief Executive Officer of Rainier Title, is a true visionary in the title space. This is a historic moment for the real estate and title industry and it is wonderful to have such a forward thinking partner to develop and create this vision and dream with.” added Wosnack.
Rainier Title, a leading Title company in the Pacific Northwest and Ubitquity who is the leading enterprise-secured platform for real estate and title recordkeeping are pioneering a new way forward for the entire title and real estate industry.
“The future is being accelerated in a rapid way. Our partnership with the brilliant cast of players at both Ubitquity and VeChain has put us all on the forefront of how Real Estate transactions need to flow. The collective ideas will deliver a more secure and transparent transaction for the consumer not to mention opening many doors for seamless, immutable storage and transfer of all property data.” said Bill Bergschneider, CEO of Washington State based Rainier Title.
“Welcome to the VeChain ecosystem! We see tremendous potential for Ubitquity’s BaaS API solutions being widely used and adopted for real world use cases.” said Jason Rockwood, General Manager of VeChain US.
“The VeChain team is looking forward to working closely with the team in digital real estate, and is excited about their first client to use our technology which is Rainier Title. We believe our product is the premium choice to achieve business objectives, and strike the best balance of decentralized finance and stringent oversight. We will be restlessly seeking for more opportunities to add value to our ecosystem.” added Rockwood.
Ubitquity has a number of Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) tools available on its unanimity platform, that it has successfully integrated across a variety of industries including aviation and real estate for escrow and title closing support, title abstracting, digital, hybrid, and paper notary support, smart contract management, as well as secure document management. Ubitquity can help with regulatory-compliant token sales, integration consulting, real estate NFT (Non-Fungible Token) creation, and more.
About Ubitquity, LLC
UBITQUITY, the enterprise ready blockchain-secured platform for real estate recordkeeping, offers a simple user experience for securely recording and tracking property deeds and land records. The company is partnered with academia, municipalities, aviation and real estate companies. Version 1.1 release of the platform, unanimity, is available on their website: www.ubitquity.io.
Bryan Blumenfeld, VP of Partnerships
tel: 1+ (724) BITCØIN [248–2046]
About Rainier Title, LLC
Rainier Title, a trusted partner in the Pacific Northwest, building trust one transaction at a time. Rainier Title’s team of accomplished experts are knowledgeable and versed, with over 400 years of combined Title and Escrow expertise.
Rainier Title Media Contact:
Bill Bergschneider, CEO
t: 1+ (425) 467–4100
VeChain is a global leading enterprise-friendly blockchain company which aims to connect blockchain technology to the real world by providing enterprises with blockchain-enabled solutions suited to their business needs. It offers VeChain ToolChain™, a low-code blockchain-based SaaS platform that allows enterprise clients to rapidly build and drive digital transformation on a global scale, enabling the evolution of a trust-free and a distributed ecosystem.
With strong independent development capabilities, combined with the professional compliance guidance of our strategic partners, PwC and DNV, VeChain has established partnerships with many leading enterprises in various industries, including Walmart China, Bayer China, BMW Group, BYD Auto, PICC, H&M Group, Shanghai Gas, LVMH, D.I.G, ASI Group etc. | <urn:uuid:a8ce3692-37b8-45c9-8d5f-64362c1a07fa> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 5,280 |
The Ikeda of Owari Province were descended from Minamoto Yorimitsu (944-1021), whose great-great grandson Yasumasa first took the name Ikeda. In fact, the Ikeda's origins are a matter of some debate, as another version has them as descendants of the Kusunoki clan. In the 16th Century the Ikeda rose to fame as they followed the fortunes of the 'Three Unifiers'. Ikeda Tsunetoshi entered the service of Oda Nobuhide and Tsuneyoshi's son Nobuteru would become a trusted Oda general, as well as a personal friend of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. While Nobuteru would be killed at the Battle of Nagakute, his son Terumasa would side with Tokugawa Ieyasu in the Sekigahara campaign and become one of the richest daimyô in Japan. The Ikeda would remain wealthy daimyô throughout the Edo Period. | <urn:uuid:97d1e410-ab69-4b25-b1e3-7ee924de43df> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 779 |
You have various homepage features that you can control on the website. The following are instructions for manipulating the Alert Box homepage features.
The Alert Box feature (which may be called “Breaking News” or “News Alert” or something similar depending on your website’s design theme) is a feature on the homepage that displays one item that is timely and newsworthy with an eye-catching display treatment. It can be announcing a new town hall event or a press release mentioning legislation just sponsored by the member. By default, the feature should be disabled and used on an as needed basis. It’s possible that the feature may never be used, but it’s there in case the need arises. Any page that is created in the content manager can be inserted into the Alert Box feature.
There are a couple of ways to insert a page into the feature. You can navigate to the page on the website while you are in the content manager. You will notice that beneath the page title there is a tab called “Nodequeue” beside “View” and “Edit”. Click on the “Nodequeue” tab, and you will see a table that contains a column called “Operation”. Click on the link to “Add to Queue” to add the page to the Alert Box. You will see the link name will change from “Add to Queue” to “Remove From Queue”. The page should now appear in the Alert Box feature. You should see the page title in the feature linked to the full page.
To remove the page from the feature, you can go back to the page, click on the “Nodequeue” tab and click on the “Remove from Queue” link in the “Operation” column. The “Nodequeue” tab will also appear while you are editing a page, and works the same way.
There is another way to manage what page will appear in the Alert Box feature. The Alert Box is a Nodequeue, like the Home Page Feature Rotator. In the black horizontal navigation bar, you can hover over “Structure” and click on “Nodequeues”, then click on the “View” link for the Alert Box.
You can add a new item to the Alert Box by entering the title or part of the title of a page you want to appear in the Alert Box feature inside the field that says “Enter the title of a node to add it to the queue”. The Content Manager should provide a dropdown list of suggested pages approximating that title. Highlight the appropriate suggestion and click on the “Add Content” button to add the item to the Alert Box queue.
The Alert Box will only display the one topmost item. Under “Operations”, click on the “Remove” link to remove any old items. You can also click on the “Edit” link to go directly to an item in the queue to make edits to it. Remember to click “Save” or your changes will not be saved. | <urn:uuid:2d9899df-c7c0-41b3-ab3f-e1ff5be0f49f> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,664 |
With increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by man-made emissions, the Earth has been steadily warming for decades. Global warming means that the average temperature of the planet has increased due to the greenhouse effect, as can be seen in this graph: every year it becomes redder, meaning more temperature.
Every year since 1977, barring terrain, has been warmer than the historical average temperature. Since the 1980s, each decade has been warmer than the previous one. Over the past eight years (2015 to 2022), this average has been exceeded by more than 1ºC.
The rising temperature of the planet indicates that the Earth is warming, and from there the changes of the climate crisis arise: warming accelerates, sea levels rise, more powerful storms occur, worse and worse heat waves occur… Also the precipitation pattern changes: less rain in areas such as Spain , but stronger storms that contribute to flooding and flooding.
But the population does not live all over the world. Each of them lives in a specific area of the planet. However, if you look at the temperature anomaly by country, the graph repeats itself: it goes from blue to red.
From low temperatures to above-average heat, corresponding to that part of the earth (and the people who live there). And the extra heat—that’s energy—relieves the climate crisis and its impact on human health, ecosystems and the economy.
Source: El Diario | <urn:uuid:162fbcac-acb9-4db2-b4b4-a4caa4b77f1d> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 1,419 |
Evanston aldermen tonight are scheduled to discuss plans from billionaire Col. James N. Pritzker to establish a bed and breakfast in a lakefront home at 1622 Forest Place.
The property is just two doors away from a building Pritzker owns at 300 Church St. that the City Council approved for use as a B&B on a 7-2 vote in November 2011.
The two votes against that project came from lakefront-ward aldermen, Judy Fiske, 1st Ward, and Melissa Wynne, 3rd Ward.
The new project — which includes a multi-million dollar renovation plan for the property — has won approval from the Preservation Commission on a 6-0 vote, but the Zoning Board of Appeals recommended 4-2 against it.
A neighborhood group, the Southeast Evanston Association, failed last year in efforts to get the City Council to adopt rules that would require a 900-foot separation between B&B uses based on the group said was concern about encroachment of commercial uses into residential neighborhoods. | <urn:uuid:af6f9bbe-6c1a-4165-a6b8-b6175309379e> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 961 |
A few weeks ago, my wife and I had the opportunity to visit Southern California for the first time. I know, I know. It’s hard to believe that we’d never been there before, but it is true. Frankly, it is a long way from our home base in Indiana, and we’ve never really had any reason to go to California. So, we decided to tack some extra time onto the end of our trip to Las Vegas and head to sunny Laguna Beach for a few days.
To be honest, I wasn’t sure I was going to like SoCal. Personally, I could never figure out what all the hype was about. I’ve been a lot of beautiful places in my life, and Southern California just didn’t seem to be burning a hole in my pocket.
After landing in L.A. and spending the afternoon there, I was really starting to wonder what the big deal was. We spent some time meandering through Hollywood and Beverly Hills, but the neighborhoods and houses weren’t any nicer than a lot of the places near where we live.
Then, there is the traffic. If there’s one thing (other than movies…and smog) that L.A. is famous for, it is this. Trying to get out of L.A. was pretty much a nightmare. Where we come from, driving 40 miles should take 40 minutes to an hour, tops. Our little trek to Laguna Beach took us about 2 hours. Oi!
However, once we made it into Orange County, the traffic began to subside and the natural beauty of the area took our breath away. After exiting I-5 onto CA-133, we could barely contain our excitement. As we began our downward descent into Laguna Beach, we were blown away by the scenic hills and cliffs surrounding the town. Winding our way down to the beach, we immediately felt at home with Laguna’s artsy vibe. We hit the “T” at CA-1 and spotted our hotel, The Inn at Laguna Beach. [Read more…] | <urn:uuid:6940c81a-ae60-412c-abda-dc9599160680> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,752 |
Towards a Poetics of Place
Published in Mantis 6, Summer 2007.
The poets included in the following discussion may not form a coherent group, if thought of in terms of conventional groupings, such as poetic schools or lineages. I could have expanded my discussion of Apollinaire, Denby, and O’Hara to include other “poets of the street” and written solely on this phenomenon in modern and contemporary poetry. I am more interested in charting a group of poets who have spoken most vividly to me, and who, it seems to me, make strong use of location as an aesthetic principle in their work. At the end of my essay, I write of wanting to move, in my own poetry, from a poetic that is grounded in the location of the writing of the poem to one that, although influenced by its surroundings, is more interior. It occurs to me that Elizabeth Bishop does precisely that in the poem I discuss below. What follows, then, is a discussion of place in poets I admire, followed by a brief discussion of my own relationship to place.
Philip Larkin’s poem, “Dublinesque,” strikes us right away, in the remove built into its title. It is not a poem of Dublin, but rather a poem that has something of the air of Dublin. This makes sense for a poet who hated to travel, going only once to France to receive an award, and who grudgingly admitted having heard of someone named Ashbery. So “Dublinesque” does not depict Dublin, but probably refers to some place in England; Larkin does not tell us explicitly where but he gives us clues: “stucco sidestreets,/Where light is pewter,” shops that sell “race guides and rosaries.” The clothing of the people in the funeral procession that is the poem’s subject also help to place it: “wide flowered hats/Leg-of-mutton sleeves./And ankle-length dresses.” But what is most striking about “Dublinesque” is where it takes us. It is firmly based in a locale these details have sketched for us, and the cultural specificity is ramified by the closeness of the people central to the poem: “There is an air of great friendliness,/As if they were honouring/One they were fond of”. In the last few lines, we are taken by surprise by an awareness of distance — between the observer and observed, and between mourners and mourned. The poet does not make a grand statement about life or death; he simply notes the human voice and its refraction of loss:
A voice is heard singing
Of Kitty, or Katy,
As if the name meant once
All love, all beauty.
As we read these lines, we realize something else: the elusive details seem to paint a picture of women (the clothing would seem to apply only to women) paying their respects in the most effective way they can, through music and dance. We don’t know the woman’s name; nor does the poet. We do know what she meant to someone, in the poem’s most significant word, “once.”
Unlike Larkin’s, Elizabeth Bishop’s poetry and life are marked by various geography. Book titles like North & South, Questions Of Travel (with its subheadings, “Brazil” and “Elsewhere”), Geography III, and poem titles such as “ Wading At Wellfleet,” “Paris, 7 A.M.” and “Varick Street,” give an idea of the lay of the land. One poem that makes a particular point of crossing borders, in time as well as space, is the opening poem of Questions Of Travel, “Arrival At Santos.”
Here is a coast; here is a harbor;
Here, after a meager diet of horizon, is some scenery:
Impractically shaped and—who knows?—self-pitying mountains,
Sad and harsh beneath their frivolous greenery…
The poem creates a vivid sensation of seeing each thing as it is passing before the poet’s eyes, as the boat she is on, on which she has traveled from the United States to Brazil, cruises the last few kilometers to its destination — the port of Santos. During the space of ten four-line stanzas, she travels from the boat to land, where she passes through customs and begins her journey into Brazil. More than simply describing, Bishop is anthropomorphizing — “self-pitying mountains”? What can she mean by that? Why are they “sad and harsh”? Why is their greenery “frivolous”? These are given as first impressions; perhaps the poet was expecting something more dramatic; perhaps fantasies of exotic jungles and magical natives were squashed by the reality of a busy, workaday sea port. As we shall see, the harshness of these first impressions stages a mood from which the poet flees later in the poem.
”Arrival at Santos” was written in January of 1952; it appears to recount Bishop’s first arrival in the country:
…The tender is coming,
a strange and ancient craft, flying a strange and brilliant rag.
So that’s the flag. I never saw it before.
I somehow never thought of there being a flag…
In fact, Bishop first went to Brazil in 1951, to visit the Amazon, but fell ill upon eating a cashew fruit and had to be nursed back to health. Her nurse, Lota de Macedo Soares, become her life companion for the next 16 years. The use of the word “tender” is particular, given Lota’s eventual relationship to Bishop and the meaning of “to tend to” someone as to care of them. Here, “tender” is literally a boat, “a strange and ancient craft,” but to Anglo ears, “tender” has an additional connotation, that of money. And money appears in the following lines, as a kind of token possibly charged with a muddled emotional state in which Bishop found herself in Brazil the previous year.
But of course there was [a flag], all along. And coins, I presume,
and paper money: they remain to be seen.
To me, the poem seems to reconstruct Bishop’s first arrival in Brazil via the hindsight that she would leave Brazil’s surface (the port, Santos, as an edge, or literally superficial point, of Brazil, standing for a tourist’s quick cultural take) and penetrate to its interior. That cultural penetration would be a necessary condition for the poet to find her lover. The final lines of the poem — “We leave Santos at once;/we are driving to the interior” — turn it in a different direction: no sooner has one epic journey ended than another has begun. The poem functions as a gauge of a moment. Bishop imbues her observation of a particular situation — its place and time — with wider ramifications. As time would reveal, though she could not know it when she wrote the poem, Bishop’s verses capture the precise moment at which she moved from one life to another.
“We are driving to the interior” first appears to be a descriptive, even prosaic sentence, although its junction with the preceding line creates a propulsive energy that should alert us to look deeper. In fact, “driving” and “interior” both have levels of meaning that deepen the seemingly declarative statement: “driving,” in the sense of relentless pursuit of a goal. and “interior” as depths of a person or culture. Also, we should keep in mind the connotations of the Portuguese word, interior, of which Bishop surely would have been aware by the time she wrote the poem. The United States does not have an “interior” in the same way a country like Brazil does. In the U.S., we have “countryside,” “rural areas,” “farmland,” “woods,” etc. One does not feel culturally distant in those places, and one did not in 1957. Television had not yet appeared, but radio had, and the great cultural “bringing together” was underway. In Brazil, by contrast, certainly in 1952 and even today to a lesser degree, the interior connotes a place with cultural references distinct from those of the capital. Bishop lived in Rio, but she and Lota also had a place in Petropolis, and they lived in Ouro Prêto in the state of Minas Gerais. Her later poems show a clear understanding both of the center and of the interior. Bishop finds a way to equate physical geography and her emotional life. The “interior” becomes as much a sign of her “psychogeography” as of the physical landscape. It might also be the key to understanding her anthropomorphizations at the port. Perhaps the projection of human emotions onto the mountains and “greenery” registers her desire to find a place that could reflect both interior and exterior conditions.
A different locating process occurs in Guillaume Apollianire’s poem, “Zone,” here in Roger Shattuck’s translation:
This morning I saw a pretty street whose name I have forgotten
Shining and clean it was the sun’s bugle
Executives and workers and lovely secretaries
From Monday morning to Saturday evening pass here four times a day
In the morning the siren wails three times
A surly bell barks around noon
Lettering on signs and walls
Announcements and billboards shriek like parrots
I love the charm of this industrial street
Located in Paris somewhere between the rue Aumont-Thiéville and the avenue des
In these lines, there is no question of moving from one country to another, or one city to another, or even from one neighborhood to another. On the contrary, this poem derives its strength in being a poem of exhaustion. from the poet’s description of a location in a very particular zone of Paris. ”Zone” moves from generalized observation of a nameless street to a slightly wider segment of the city enclosing it: the key fact is the emotion that attaches to particulars: “I love the charm of this industrial street.” The modern idea of location depends on appreciation of the mundane.
The idea of depicting “Executives and workers and lovely secretaries” non-judgmentally was a modern one. Jean-François Millet had brought an appreciation to farmers and therefore to all kinds of manual laborers, while executives were either glorified in portraits or else transformed into sinister figures by artists with social agendas like George Grosz. Apollinare, however, observes modernity without editorializing, using it instead as a new kind of backdrop to his Classical preoccupations with matters of the heart or else, as in “Zone,” as a subject in itself, a setting and partial cause for his ennui, which is tempered by his enthusiasm for the new.
Frank O’Hara may be the quintessential American poet of the streets; he perfected this mode in his Lunch Poems, written in the mid-1950s, during lunch breaks from his curatorial job at New York’s Museum of Modern Art. Take “A Step Away From Them,”, in which a casual walk through Times Square begins with an appreciation of its “laborers,” leads to intimations of sexual beauty, and further, to an awareness of death that shadows our days, but that, in this poem, is not triumphant. The energy of the street, its carefully evinced light and rhythms, is his primary subject. O’Hara has taken from Apollinaire, but he has radically transformed the French poet’s observational mode. Where Apollinaire was charmingly stuck between yes and no, O’Hara wastes no time in plunging definitively on the yes. There are workers and beautiful women in O’Hara’s poem, but the executives are absent; surely, they are not on the side of life. In place of the Parisian’s lovely secretaries, O’Hara has peopled his poem with flipping skirts and a blonde chorus girl — both images implying exciting movement as opposed to the static objects of French male gaze (even though they pass, they are passive). This is but one example of a pattern that is systematically worked out in the poem. A feeling of constant movement paces the poem, a rhythm that is not frenetic, as in a Futurist cartoon of a scurrying dachshund, but rather “languorous,” to use O’Hara’s own word.
The movement starts right away:
It’s my lunch hour, so I go
for a walk among the hum-colored
cabs. First, down the sidewalk
where laborers feed their dirty
glistening torsos sandwiches
and Coca-Cola, with yellow helmets
The workers’ glistening torsos imply energy and also an Edenic vision of beauty in a common setting; it should be noted that the compression of the line, “glistening torsos sandwiches” is a typical O’Harian effect for charging the poem — the sandwiches become momentarily identified with the workers, as possible objects of consumption. Next comes another familiar ploy — the witty aside — here applied to the use of the modern “yellow helmets” — “They protect them from falling/bricks, I guess.” The idea of unstoppable energy is encapsulated in the offhand remark and therefore resides harmoniously within the poem as a whole. The motion is cranked up:
Then onto the
avenue where skirts are flipping
above heels and blow up over
Skirts are flipping, heels are moving, skirts are being blown up by gusts of air from subway grates, bringing to mind not only the spectacular image of Marilyn Monroe, but also the mundane recognition that one can see that image any summer day (the poem is dated August 16, 1956)., which is why Hollywood chose it, to tap into the energy of New York’s Post-War boom feeling. The motion of the poem is continuous, something akin to a piece of Baroque music, that from its beginning is composed in such a way as to lead the listener (or reader) on without pause to its final denoument. Cabs stir up the air, the poet looks at bargain wristwatches, cats play in sawdust. The words are chosen carefully, for this is, after all, a deadly serious poem, and as it runs playfully on, ”A Step Away From Them” offers itself as more than a simple choice of life over death at a particular moment; it is in fact a challenge to death, and the opening of that challenge provides a great opportunity to the poem’s readers.
The connective words help propel the poem: First, Then, On… At Times Square, more action: smoke blows, a waterfall pours, and then the ultimate movement is in stop-time:
Negro stands in a doorway with a
toothpick, languorously agitating.
A blonde chorus girl clicks: he
smiles and rubs his chin. Everything
suddenly honks: it is 12:40 of
There is movement also here: the chorus girl clicks because her shoes are clicking against the pavement as she walks past (or she is clicking her chewing gum), but she clicks in another way: she makes sense. She clicks — and in the zoomed out view presented by the poet, in which we watch the man watching her — everything clicks, or as he puts it, honks. While the movement does not stop — Times Square’s mid-day bustle continues, naturally — in a cinematic effect, the poem suddenly becomes still and quiet in the image of an African-American man “languorously agitating.” This strange phrase expresses the pent-up energy that is at the poem’s core; unable to do anything with it, he smiles and rubs his chin.
From this point on, the poem becomes more allusive, referencing Edwin Denby’s observations of the city, Fellini‘s wife and star, Giulietta Masina, and ultimately, friends of the poet’s who have recently died — Bunny Lang, John Latouche, and Jackson Pollock. A quick question: “But is the/earth as full as life was full, of them?” Then back to walking, a few final observations before returning to work, and a famous last line. Ultimately, one returns to that question: Is the world today as full as it was when they were living? Or, is the earth, having accepted their bodies, as full as the world was then? We are aware that motion does stop somewhere, but we have been given an ultimate example of how it need not stop, in fact must not stop, before it is absolutely necessary.
Edwin Denby, to whom O’Hara refers in “A Step Away From Them” as an acute observer of the city, was one of America’s premiere dance critics. He also wrote brilliantly about New York:
Daily life is wonderfully full of things to see. Not only people’s movements but the objects around them, the shape of the rooms they live in, the ornaments architects make around windows and doors, the peculiar ways buildings end in the air, the water tanks, the fantastic differences in their street facades on the first floor… And then the masses, the way the office and factory buildings pile up together in perspective. And under them the drive of traffic, those brilliantly colored trucks with their fanciful lettering, the violent paint on cars, signs, houses as well as lips. Sunsets turn the red-painted houses in the cross streets to the flush of live rose petals. And the summer sky of New York for that matter is as magnificent as the sky of Venice. Do you see all this? Do you see what a forty- or sixty-story building looks like from straight below. And do you see how it comes up from the sidewalk as if it intended to go up no more than five stories? Do you see the bluish haze on the city as if you were in a forest? As for myself, I wouldn’t have seen such things if I hadn’t seen them first in the photographs of Rudolph Burckhardt. But after seeing them in his photographs, I went out to look if it were true. And it was.
from “Dancers, Buildings and People in the Streets” 1954
Denby’s vision of New York is the transformative vision of the poet: buildings become rose petals, New York becomes Venice, the city becomes a forest. Notably, Denby credits his friend, the photographer and filmmaker Rudy Burckhardt, for having triggered this vision. The photographs Denby refers to are in black and white, so there too is a transformative vision — not simply that we intuit color in black and white, but that we intuit orange rose petals in a photo of a building. There is an air of life that is poetic in the photographs and in Denby’s description of them and of the city.
In my own poetry, I began by following, very consciously, a poetics of place as I have marked it out here in the New York School poets. In my book, Understanding Objects (2000), there are poems about Chicago, Rome, Oxford, London, Budapest, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paris, Valencia, Berlin, Zürich, and Pasadena, as well as New York. In one poem, “June In Progress,” I wrote, “June is not only a time/but a place” and the corollary is that New York is not only a place but a time, or is time itself, or any place in which one finds oneself is also time, and I saw that poetry could be useful in staking oneself against the passing of time, not by bemoaning or even challenging it, but simply by observing it. I noticed in James Schuyler’s poems often a way of applying steady observation to a situation, such that observation would ultimately pay off in a sudden insight: “I can’t get over/ how it all works in together…” (“February”).
I used that approach as a way of living through poetry; if I could apply my observation to what I was living — good, bad, or indifferent — and if my attention could be focused, inevitably some sign of life or change would creep in, and that would become the poem’s key element. It often worked on the scale of an afternoon, which usually was equivalent to one poem. It also worked on a larger scale, when I was writing the poems that ended up being published in the book Pearl (1998). Those poems were written in a notebook over about a six-month period; I gave myself the rule that I would not look back at any of the finished pages until I reached the end of the notebook. What resulted was a large-scale frame, into which I could fit a variety of city incident — parties, nights out at the theater with friends, holidays, jazz, my record collection, poetry readings, a train ride, television. Ultimately, something occurred of much greater moment than all these daily occurrences, or more perhaps it was not that its moment was greater —daily activity is momentous after all — but it put it in perspective: the poet James Schuyler died. This is recounted in a few poems in Pearl, and then the notebook (and book) continue, life picking up where it left off after the appropriate time for grieving.
Since the publication of Understanding Objects, I have turned somewhat away from a poetics of place. I felt, in my own writing, it had become too automatic a response to being in a place. I wanted a writing that was more meditative and interior. I was able to pursue that in Rome, where a fellowship allowed me the opportunity to wake up every morning, go out on the veranda with a cup of coffee, look at the light shifting on buildings and gardens, feel the city somewhere below me, and try to listen to the sounds and rhythms inside my head. I was reading Robert Creeley’s novel, The Island, and it impressed me that the story itself was less important on some level than the words in which it was told. I tried to be more particular about my word choices, placing less emphasis on observation. Oddly, writing in the same place and time every day took the specificity of place out of the equation. I was no longer in some urgent relation to the moment, struggling to stake it before it passed. It felt as though the moment lasted forever, or maybe not the moment — I still wrote poems about the passing of time — maybe it was the place that felt like it could last forever. | <urn:uuid:51b4b1a2-d8d9-487d-8b9c-2f5f704d8495> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 20,655 |
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CITY QUAYS 3
Country: UK, Northern Ireland
Purpose: office space
Main Contractor: Farrans Construction
Architect: RPP Architects
Our contribution: Performing static, fabrication and site project curtain walls.
City Quays 3, Belfast Harbour’s most recent development project, is now the largest Grade ‘A’ office development in Belfast with office fit-outs commencing Q2 2022.
This 16-storey 250,000 square feet, highly environmentally sustainable building, will include a tenant ‘wellbeing space’ together with views to the inner leisure harbour.
All three of the City Quays office buildings have been developed to comply with BREEAM ‘Excellent’ ratings, an industry recognised award for sustainability, which places them in the top 10% of sustainable new buildings in the UK.
The depth and strength of the occupier base in City Quays stands testament to Belfast Harbour’s strategy of providing high quality, flexible, and highly sustainable buildings. | <urn:uuid:a833e439-02a1-4474-bc39-ab17a0b7f028> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,049 |
6 edition of MBA fundamentals found in the catalog.
Ellen K. Curry
|Other titles||Business law, Master of Business Administration fundamentals|
|Statement||Ellen K. Curry.|
|Series||Kaplan MBA fundamentals series|
|LC Classifications||KF390.B84 C87 2008|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||vi, 261 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||261|
|LC Control Number||2008276744|
About The Personal MBA. Master the fundamentals, hone your business instincts, and save a fortune in tuition. The consensus is clear: MBA programs are a waste of time and money. . MBA ASAP 10 Minutes to: MBA Fundamentals, Book 7 By: Can Akdeniz Needed this class for my MBA, I learned more in this book than I did my full course! Great as audio book too! Get .
The MBA Fundamentals Program puts them in the unique position to gain an additional management qualification and thereby fosters career options, especially when switching from Mon Jun June 18 - 22, , MBA fundamentals: Unit 4. THE CRYPTO MBA gives investors and fund managers the complete lowdown on this new asset class, and helps them integrate crypto into their portfolio. Business students THE CRYPTO .
MBA Fundamentals Strategy (Book): Ference, Thomas P.: Strategy is the cornerstone of any MBA program, and a critical part of any company's growth. In this Kaplan MBA Fundamentals . Book Summary: The title of this book is MBA Fundamentals Business Writing (Kaplan Test Prep) and it was written by Timothy E. Flood. This particular edition is in a Pages:
Competition Policy in Oecd Countries 1990-1991 (Competition Policy in O E C D Countries)
Memoirs and poetical remains of the late Jane Taylor, with extracts from her correspondence
Birds at my window
Dreamers are coming!
Caldwell County kin
Bibliography for teachers of Americanization.
Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (Plants)
A 1995 survey of resident game fish anglers in Washington State
Fallout shelter surveys
Tracks in the snow
Copyright catechism II
The course of empire: The Erie Canal and the New York landscape, 1825-1875 : June 16-August 12, 1984, Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester, ... New York
Anno quinto reginæ Elizabethe
Henry Jamess waistcoat
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Download MBA Books & Notes For All Semesters in PDF – 1st, 2nd Full Form is Masters of Bussiness Administration. Master of Business Administration is one of the Author: Daily Exams.
Let’s start with the books. We’ve broken down 10 MBA lessons, and for each one there is a corresponding must-read book. Call it business school in 10 books.
It won’t earn you ."Mastering accounting and financial data is essential in any business. In MBA Fundamentals Accounting and Finance, you'll learn skills that enable you to manage income and . | <urn:uuid:17ca13db-cff6-4d86-b5b0-a4a51d3dd795> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 6,249 |
|This article pertains to Xenogears: the sub-database of Xenosaga Wiki.|
|“|| I was born and raised in a normal family. I'm not a soldier like my husband and daughter. I never touched a gun before, much less have one pointed at me... That's why I'm shaking... But I can't stop it. I'm a "normal" mother. So there are things I must protect... Elly, slowly come here. Don't worry, I'll protect you no matter what.
Medena is a middle-aged Gazel class Solarian who is devoted to her family. She encourages Elly to live her life the way she wishes, and to not desert her loved ones, even if it means turning against Solaris itself.
Despite her daughter Elly's rocky relationship with her, Medena displays a willingness to accept her daughter, no matter what path Elly chooses.
Medena seems to be supportive of Elly's budding relationship with Fei Fong Wong once she gets over her initial shock of discovering the relationship.
Elly is resentful of Medena at first and doesn't believe she is her real mother. Due to her lack of resemblance to Medena, Elly believes her biological mother was actually a Lamb, specifically her childhood nanny. However, there is no actual evidence which backs this theory up, just Elly's word against her mother's.
Medena is imprisoned with her husband when the Imperial Guard comes looking for Elly on Karellen's orders. She is eventually rescued by Hammer, unfortunately he too turns on the group and tries to take Elly to Karellen. Medena steps in between Elly and Hammer and Hammer shoots her in the head when she refuses to move.
- "I see. That must be why he's dressed like a land dweller. But, why isn't he wearing a Special Forces uniform like you, Elly?"
- "Elly, I think you should live your life the way you wish. If your loved ones are in a crisis, you can't desert them..."
- "...I know. But there's no doubt that you're my child... No matter what happens you're my sweetheart..."
- "I won't stop ever.... My child is in danger... and I'm her mother!" (to Hammer)
- Her name may be a reference to Medina, the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca. | <urn:uuid:43785c9a-e5b4-4560-9d87-acf863f81fc6> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,088 |
Expert-led training courses in key technologies, Seoul 8-10 March 2016
Feb 17, 2016
International analyst company, IDTechEx will be in Seoul for their highly regarded series of Business Insight Forums. Taking place at the K-Hotel, Seoul on 8-10 March, each expert-led Insight Forum will give you a thorough insight into some of this year's key technology areas:
Tuesday 8 March, morning session: Flexible Sensors, Conductive Inks and Stretchable & Textile Electronics
From disposable sensors to wearable technology, IDTechEx Analyst, Raghu Das, will cover forecasts, key players, case studies, the latest opportunities and technology plus market assessment. Sensors are playing an increasingly important role for enabling improved healthcare, wearable technology and the Internet of Things. While the biggest market for printed and flexible sensors is currently glucose sensors, a new generation of printed or flexible sensors are now emerging from R&D and the range of applications is vast. Read more about the class and see the detailed agenda at: http://www.idtechex.com/forum-korea/session1.asp
Tuesday 8 March, afternoon session: Flexible Displays, Barrier Layers, Batteries and Transparent Conductive Films
Raghu continues in the afternoon with a class on how Flexible OLED displays are becoming one of the fastest growing sectors in the display industry. Initially they will appear on plastic substrates and not flexed in use, offering the benefits of being thinner, lighter and more robust because no glass is used. An example is the OLED display on plastic in the Apple watch. The next phase is curved (with products already in the market) and then later flexible displays, which will all result in a market of $30 Billion by 2025. Flexible displays and lighting also require new materials and films, including barrier layers. Read more about the class and see the detailed agenda at: http://www.idtechex.com/forum-korea/session2.asp
These forums will both address the business and technologies involved - providing significant market data to allow you to understand these complex landscapes. Attendees will leave with a clear, quantified view of the markets, technology assessment and development roadmaps, key player profiles and their strategy for market adoption, with lessons from success and failures.
As well as hosting these Insight Forums, we are also offering four exclusive sponsorship opportunities.
Please contact Corinne Jennings, email@example.com, to find out how to get involved or to register for your Insight Forum place.
IDTechEx will also be hosting the following Insight Forums in Korea:
Wednesday 9 March - Wearable Technologies; The Internet of Things & RFID
Thursday 10 March - Advanced and Post Lithium Batteries; Robotics | <urn:uuid:dcb87958-9313-4387-918b-aa3efa7c698d> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,757 |
Contact us at the Consulting WP office nearest to you or submit a business inquiry online.
October 26, 2021
Immigrant Visa Candidates, K Fiancé(e) Visa Candidates and few Nonimmigrant Visa Candidates face some Variations to Vaccination NecessitiesOctober 13, 2021
April 6, 2021
March 26, 2021
how can we help you? | <urn:uuid:7c722bb0-38f5-47e8-927e-af98641af960> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 313 |
801 Magnolia Avenue
Commute to Downtown Corona
Most errands require a car.
801 Magnolia Avenue has a Walk Score of 48 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
This location is in Corona. Nearby parks include Kellogg Park, Kellog Park and Santana Regional Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 801 Magnolia Avenue.
View all Corona apartments on a map.
This location is in the city of Corona, CA. Corona has an average Walk Score of 34 and has 152,374 residents.Learn More About Corona | <urn:uuid:be90c6cc-506f-4183-8b94-83a5f6247775> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 562 |
Due to the clinical demand for diagnosis and treatment, as well as the constant updates and applications of new technologies and methods for testing, many new immunodiagnostic test kits have emerged. This requires clinical laboratories to conduct comprehensive evaluations of new test kits to ensure their reliability and clinical value. The evaluation of test kits should follow the following basic principles to ensure proper evaluation of experiments.
Reference experiments are widely accepted in the diagnostic test industry as a reliable experiment, which includes two basic aspects:
Reliable reference reagents whose results are reliable;
Reliable reference specimens, the properties of each specimen must be determined.
The reference specimen should contain non-reactive, weakly reactive, moderately reactive, and strongly reactive specimens.
The reference specimen should include at least 30 specimens, as many specimens as possible should be used, and the more specimens used, the more effective the evaluation.
The reference specimen should consider including precise specimens to check for batch differences in the reagents.
Reference specimens used for testing should come from different regions and different populations.
The reference specimen should also consider including serum-type or subtype specimens that target the pathogen to be tested.
If the specimens used to establish the reference specimen are not newly collected, they should be divided into several frozen samples.
It is important to use samples that are in good testing condition (no hemolysis, lipemia, denatured protein, precipitated, or contaminated).
Each evaluation experiment of the test kit must be measured under the same conditions:
Conducted in the same laboratory.
Use the same equipment (washers, enzyme markers, pipettes, etc.).
If possible, measure on the same day.
Conducted by the same technician.
Use unexpired and properly stored reagents.
Technicians conducting experiments should not know the results of other experiments (blind testing).
If there are inconsistent results among various experiments, certain measurements must be taken:
All specimens with discordant results must be retested using the reagents that have been used before to ensure that no technical errors occur. This repeated experiment should be carried out under the conditions mentioned earlier.
If the specimens still show discordant results, they should be retested by another technician using the same reagents.
If the comparative experiment does not include a reference experiment, all discordant results must be tested by the reference experiment.
(1) Sensitivity represents the ability of a test to detect a small amount of analyzed material (such as antibodies or antigens). If one test can detect a certain antibody or antigen while another test cannot, the former is considered more sensitive.
(2) Sensitivity is the ability of a diagnostic test to detect positive results (no negatives). A diagnostic test may detect a small amount of antibodies or antigens, but it may also miss some positive samples due to the lack of appropriate antigens or antibodies in the test.
Specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify all negatives (i.e., no false positives), and most tests are not 100% specific.
Test efficiency refers to the total ability of a test to correctly identify all positives and negatives (no false positives or false negatives). It is a comprehensive measure of sensitivity and specificity, reflecting the overall efficiency of the test.
Predictive values differ from the above parameters and describe the test evaluation considering the prevalence of infection factors in the tested population. Therefore, evaluating a test kit is more dependent on the test population than on its sensitivity and specificity. The positive predictive value (PPV) is defined as the proportion of infected individuals in all positive results. The negative predictive value (NPV) is defined as the proportion of uninfected individuals in all negative results.
In summary, the evaluation of the diagnostic test kit depends on the sensitivity, specificity, test efficiency, predictive values, and operational skills of laboratory personnel. A rigorous evaluation requires trained personnel to evaluate, operate in accordance with the developer's requirements, evaluate the same batch of serum, and operate under the same experimental conditions to obtain accurate evaluations and provide reference results for clinical use. | <urn:uuid:2271b557-8328-47ce-a693-6a777aec5b72> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 4,507 |
Plaintiff in Clergy Sex Abuse Case Faces Theft Charge
The Associated Press, carried in TheDenverChannel.com
February 12, 2006
PUEBLO, Colo. -- One of the men suing the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pueblo over allegations of sexual abuse faces a charge of theft.
Thomas Roy Monroe, 53, was arrested Monday on accusations he rented out six homes he allegedly didn't own. He is free after posting a $50,000 bond that day.
Police suspect Monroe collected more than $14,500 in rent at the properties by misrepresenting himself as the owner, according to court records.
"That never happened. That's just misinformation," Monroe said Saturday. "We look forward to our day in court on this set of allegations."
An employee of Catholic Charities learned the homes belonged to FC Mortgage Co. after checking on paperwork for a woman seeking financial aid to move into one of the homes, according to an affidavit.
Police said Monroe had been negotiating to buy several properties from the mortgage company, but financing for the purchases never materialized. Monroe said his family had signed leases with options to own the homes.
Monroe is one of a dozen former Roncalli High School students suing the Catholic diocese and the Marianist order over allegations they were molested by Marianist brother William Mueller, a religion and music teacher at the all-boys school. The school closed in 1971.
The Associated Press does not name alleged victims of sexual assault, but Monroe had agreed to make his name public.
Any original material on these pages is copyright © BishopAccountability.org 2004. Reproduce freely with attribution. | <urn:uuid:e6679d58-6bc1-4138-a8cc-10408da280dd> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,618 |
Google has successfully tested its Drones air-traffic control system through the official X-lab code.
The company said that the system has organized the movement of three unmanned aircraft while moving from a region to a second area, so as to prevent collisions or overlapping paths.
Google relies on its maps, Google Earth, and Street View, which provides 360-degree images of some cities and roads within. In addition, the company intends to rely on the Firebase platform for cloud storage to be the operator and the main nerve of the system, which intends to be able to later control the movement of aircraft of any number.
FAA seeks to regulate the process by granting licenses to aircraft owners. But the many planes in the sky need a complete system to organize them, which prompted them to cooperate with NASA space for this purpose to prevent aircraft from colliding with buildings or flying over prohibited places. This in turn prompted Google to start its own testing to develop a reliable system in some cities or in the USA and other countries. | <urn:uuid:c5c43887-b431-482d-9989-e122cfd75dc0> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 1,056 |
Learn how Zoha Fragrances got their indie brand of oil-based, clean ingredient perfumes into Drug Emporium stores with the help of RangeMe.
Learn how this health and wellness brand expanded from Europe to the United States and grabbed the interest of an established pharmacy on RangeMe.
Learn how Deanan Gourmet Popcorn’s founder went from being a colonel to popping kernel for major retailers on RangeMe.
See how Iview promotes its simple-to-use affordable consumer electronics products and is grabbing the attention of retail buyers.
After 150 years in business, this candle company turned to RangeMe to revamp its sales strategy goal of expanding into new retail markets. | <urn:uuid:80588705-3e45-47e1-8ae1-e5770496536e> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 674 |
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Today IAVI, a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges, announces the launch of IAVI DataSpace, an open-access, online portal to a one-of-a-kind dataset from a study of early HIV infection in a unique sub-Saharan African cohort. Researchers from across the world are invited to interact with the data through powerful visualization tools that help them understand the interplay between HIV and the human immune system and the complex dynamics of HIV transmission. IAVI DataSpace, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), is backed by an extensive sample library also available to researchers.
The data and samples were collected in IAVI’s landmark USAID-funded Protocol C epidemiological study between 2006 and 2017. The study followed 613 participants newly infected with HIV in Eastern and Southern Africa, including heterosexual men and women with a regular HIV-positive sex partner; at-risk young women, including sex workers; and men who have sex with men. The data convey years of immunological events from the earliest stages of HIV infection. Aggregate data from the Protocol C cohort are freely available on the portal; researchers who wish to analyze anonymized participant-level data and samples may request access.
Professor Jill Gilmour, Ph.D., Executive Director, Human Immunology, and Principal Investigator, IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory (HIL) at Imperial College London, said, “We are gratified that USAID support is allowing us to make this truly unique dataset widely available to the HIV research community, and especially to researchers in Africa. These data represent diverse African populations, risk groups, and viral genetics of HIV acquired through various modes of transmission, giving researchers insights into the complexity of HIV transmission and infection. The fact that Protocol C researchers collected samples from a complete spectrum of viral control — from participants who had poor viral control to those called elite controllers — makes us hopeful that these data could drive discoveries eventually leading to new HIV prevention tools and even novel treatment approaches.”
Benny Kottiri, Ph.D., Chief, Research Division, Office of HIV/AIDS, Bureau for Global Health, USAID, said, “USAID lauds IAVI’s efforts in publicly sharing these data and specimens aimed at breakthrough scientific discoveries and new collaborative research partnerships. The Agency views these data and specimens as valuable ‘research capital’ that can be used by the global research community to catalyze biomedical research innovations and accelerate product development outcomes.”
A main goal of making the Protocol C data available through IAVI DataSpace is to encourage and enable African scientists to design studies that could potentially drive African-led collaborative solutions to the HIV/AIDS crisis across the continent and globally.
Etienne Karita, M.D., M.Sc., M.P.H., a lead investigator on IAVI Protocol C and director of the Center for Family Health Research (formerly Projet San Francisco) in Kigali, Rwanda, said, “The launch of IAVI DataSpace is a noble initiative as it provides an excellent opportunity to the scientific community in Africa and elsewhere to have access to unique data and samples from recently HIV-infected people. IAVI Protocol C was implemented by African scientists in the context of a strong spirit of scientific collaboration to advance the understanding of HIV transmission and pathogenesis, and to contribute to the discovery of an efficacious HIV vaccine. In IAVI DataSpace we see this spirit continue.”
IAVI DataSpace will grow as ongoing research into Protocol C samples continues. For example, IAVI will expand the available data by adding genetic profiles of transmitted founder viruses and whole genome sequencing of all 613 participants, which is being performed at Wellcome Sanger Institute.
The dashboards on IAVI DataSpace are built using Tableau Software and posted on Tableau Public. Tableau is a recognized global leader in data analytics and interactive data visualization. Through licenses granted by the Tableau Foundation, Tableau’s philanthropic arm, IAVI provides researchers access to the dashboards for data exploration and analysis.
Gladys Macharia, M.Sc., a Ph.D. candidate originally from Kenya working at the HIL, described how she uses IAVI DataSpace in her work: “My current research explores the role of the original transmitted founder virus in shaping disease progression, as well as the viral determinants of how disease progresses. Data from the IAVI Protocol C cohort gives me a unique opportunity to characterize transmitted founder viruses where disease outcome is known. Using Tableau dashboards, I can specifically visualize transmitted founder virus sequence data of individual participants. This allows me to further explore immune responses at different time points of disease progression. From there, I hope to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the immune defense that the transmitted founder viruses were up against in their host.”
Gilmour added, “We’re grateful that our partners at clinical research centers in Eastern and Southern Africa, the Protocol C participants, and USAID were committed to making these data available to the wider HIV research community so that we can accelerate tools capable of ending the HIV epidemic. Using next-generation technologies, we will continue to add high resolution data to the database, enabling us to study the virus in an unprecedented way. Soon, IAVI will be granting awards to support the work of researchers who want to use data and samples from IAVI DataSpace in their projects. By adding to the data and inviting the field to use the database, we hope to drive our goal of developing an HIV vaccine and other prevention tools for those most at risk and catalyze the community to access and share information.”
Researchers who wish to request a Tableau login or access to Protocol C participant-level data or samples should apply through the IAVI DataSpace portal (dataspace.iavi.org).
USAID administers the U.S. foreign assistance program providing economic and humanitarian assistance in more than 120 countries worldwide. This project is made possible by the support of the American people through USAID and the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The contents of this announcement are the responsibility of IAVI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, PEPFAR, or the United States government.
IAVI is a nonprofit scientific research organization dedicated to addressing urgent, unmet global health challenges including HIV and tuberculosis. Our mission is to translate scientific discoveries into affordable, globally accessible public health solutions. Read more at iavi.org. | <urn:uuid:d5901175-9dfb-4b2d-b8bd-0ed97902c1bf> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 6,893 |
Anterior knee pain is pain that occurs at the front and center of the knee.
Runner's knee; Patellofemoral pain; Patellar tendinitis; Tendinitis - patellar; Jumper's knee
Your kneecap (patella) sits over the front of your knee joint. As you bend or straighten your knee, the underside of the patella glides over the bones that make up the knee.
Strong tendons help attach the patella to the bones and muscles that surround the knee. These tendons are called:
This is the story of Mom and a doctor who came close to deciding when she should die, by nearly refusing her emergency medical care, since... Read more »
Yes, you can remain active and avoid surgery if you have knee and hip arthritis. But there are certain adaptations that you need to do in... Read more »
It's a well-known fact that women athletes injure the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of their knees more often than men. Many explanations have... Read more » | <urn:uuid:86c50b43-279f-491d-bc9b-70255028b604> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 925 |
1UP MEMBER REVIEW
(PS1, GameCube, PC, Sega Saturn, Wii, Game Boy Color )
Enter the Survival HorrorBy Alan Logan Score:
Dec 02, 2011 8:41AM PST
Ah, Resident Evil. This series has become a shadow of its former self...what with all the spinoffs and the change in direction beginning with Resident Evil 4. But let's take a moment to remember what once was. The glorious original game!
I had all but given up on gaming until this title got me hooked. There's so many things to like about this game. The graphics are now seriously outdated but that's not a problem, right? After all, the charm of the game is enough to keep it relevant even in today's modern gaming world.
Having grown up on NES and Genesis it's not hard to imagine how blown away I was by this game. The opening cinema was amazing to see back in 1997, censored and all . Resident Evil employed game mechanics previously seen in games such as Uninvited and Alone in the Dark. The Victorian Mansion setting was used in those games, too, and has been used since. But what set this one apart was the gameplay and story. Gamers had seen nothing like it before this.
You play as either Jill Valentine or Chris Redfield, with help from various team members, who are members of S.T.A.R.S. investigating a series of grizzly murders in the Arklay mountain region of Raccoon City, set in the American Mid-West. Once arriving at the mansion you are thrust into a world of terror, shock and surprise!
This isn't a "Contra" style action game, however, where you run wild and blow away everything in your path. Oh, no. You have to conserve your scarce ammunition wisely or you will be zombie food sooner or later. You must search the mansion for clues and keys to open new areas. Solving puzzles along the way will lead you into new areas and new key items required in your quest.
But in your way will be zombies, zombies dogs, demented crows, among other monsters! One thing to note about the first Resident Evil that is different from all others in the series: You can't shrug away zombies. Once bitten by a zombie your character will not "push" the zombie back allowing you to run away. This ups the challenge of the game. Health is very precious for our fragile characters.
If you have never played this wonderful game, first shame on you and second, get it, now. It's available on so many platforms and in so many variations you have no excuse not to play it. The gamecube Remake is nice, a beautiful game, but I feel that any survival horror or Resident Evil fan wouldn't be doing themselves justice if they don't play the game that started it all.
Get the Director's Cut version (with the original music score if you can find it) for a good time. It includes the original game, a new beginner and arranged/advanced mode.
Can you survive the horror? | <urn:uuid:9a772cd7-75d3-4a99-b8af-3a8942356b95> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,802 |
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
decided: January 4, 1989.
DOMINIC PAOLILLO, LUCY WADSWORTH AND ROBERT F. GRADY, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
DRESSER INDUSTRIES, INC., DEFENDANT-APPELLEE
Appeal from judgment entered after a jury trial by the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, Alan H. Nevas, J., in favor of employer in age discrimination action.
Feinberg, Meskill and Kearse, Circuit Judges.
FEINBERG, Circuit Judge.
This case is before us for the second time. The ultimate issue is whether defendant-appellee Dresser Industries, Inc., through its Whitney Chain Division, violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634 (ADEA), by implementing an "elective termination program," pursuant to which plaintiffs-appellants Dominic Paolillo, Lucy Wadsworth and Robert Grady ended their employment with Whitney Chain. On the prior appeal, in June 1987 we reversed a grant of summary judgment by the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, and remanded for trial. In our prior opinion, with which we will assume the reader is familiar, we made clear that the key issue at trial should be whether plaintiffs had retired voluntarily. 821 F.2d 81. On this appeal from a judgment for defendant, after a trial, we reluctantly again reverse for reasons given below.
The relevant facts are as follows. In October 1982, in the midst of a significant business decline, Whitney Chain, a unit of Dresser Industries' Power Transmission Division of its Industrial Equipment Group, offered an elective termination program to all its employees age 60 and over. Whitney Chain instituted the program as a means of reducing costs and offered severance pay and other benefits to employees who agreed to retire early. The program was first announced on Tuesday, October 12, 1982, at a meeting between James Fiorino, Whitney Chain's Operations Manager, and employees eligible for the program. It was called on five minutes notice. Appellants Wadsworth and Grady attended this meeting. Appellant Paolillo was not at work that day and did not meet with Fiorino until the next day, at which time Paolillo apparently was given the same information that the other eligible employees had received.
At the October 12 meeting, Wadsworth and Grady were presented with a letter stating that Whitney Chain was instituting an overall cost reduction plan because of its economic problems and outlining the basic options available under the elective termination program. The letter stated that participation in the program was "totally voluntary" and emphasized to the employees that "you must return your election form . . . by October 18," six days later. Whitney Chain concedes that important insurance and financial information was not provided at the meeting. The letter stated that "meetings will be held to answer any questions and review pension options." Grady met with company representatives on the afternoon of Friday, October 15 to discuss how the program would affect him individually and signed the election form on Monday, October 18, the final day for decision.
There is some dispute over whether Whitney Chain representatives ever met with Paolillo and Wadsworth to discuss relevant pension and insurance information. Appellants claim that the two employees never had a meeting and were forced "to make their decisions on Monday, the 18th, without knowing what their retirement benefit or pension options were." Whitney Chain contends that a representative of the company met with all eligible employees to review the pension information and, in any case, all eligible employees were given printed individualized pension information along with an explanation booklet. Paolillo signed the election form on Monday, October 18, and the election form signed by Wadsworth was dated October 15 and stamped received on October 18.
By accepting early retirement Paolillo received severance pay of $608.88 per month for two years, Wadsworth $388.75 per month for two years and Grady a lump sum of $13,390. At the time, they were earning $29,226, $18,660 and $26,757 a year, respectively. Appellants claim that they would have been better off if they had remained on the company payroll and received their salaries rather than accepting a retirement into which they were unduly pressured. The retirements became effective on November 1, 1982. Paolillo had been employed by Whitney Chain for about 16 years, Wadsworth 15 years and Grady 31 years. The Whitney Chain plant ultimately shut down on October 31, 1984.
After our remand, the case was tried to a six-person jury in May 1988 before Judge Alan H. Nevas of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut. Before trial, the district court granted two motions in limine. The first excluded appellants' proposed expert testimony on the coercive nature of the elective termination program, and the second excluded appellants' proposed evidence concerning lost unemployment compensation and social security benefits. The court also denied a motion by appellants to exclude evidence relating to the permanent closing of the Whitney Chain plant on October 31, 1984.
After the denial of these motions, the district court gave its charge to the jury, using the familiar McDonnell Douglas standard.*fn1 The jury deliberated for one and a half hours and returned a verdict for Whitney Chain. The court thereafter entered judgment in favor of appellee, and this appeal followed.
In our prior opinion, we held that summary judgment for Whitney Chain had been improper because the combination of the shortness of time given to appellants to make a decision, the reason for the compressed time period, the length of service of appellants with Whitney Chain and the apparent complexity of the options open to them raised a material issue as to whether appellants were given sufficient time to make a considered choice. 821 F.2d at 84. We recognized, however, that "on a full record Whitney Chain may ultimately be successful on the issue of whether appellants in fact acted voluntarily." Id. at 85. We also noted some of the facts called to our attention by Whitney Chain that, if proved at trial, might persuade a jury to reach that result, such as "appellants' failure to ask for additional time and to express their dissatisfaction with the short deadline, and their signature on a statement affirming that the choice to retire was freely made," along with the possibility that the pressure appellants felt "was caused by the uncertain future of Whitney Chain," rather than by "the method of implementation" of the retirement plan. Id. at 84.
A jury has now heard all the evidence and has found for Whitney Chain. However, we conclude that we cannot simply affirm, although we are tempted to do so because we do not want to put the parties to the expense and effort of another trial in a case whose outcome seems reasonably predictable. Nevertheless, we believe that we must reverse because the judge's charge was incorrect and misleading in a significant respect.
As already indicated, the key issue before the jury was whether, under all the circumstances, plaintiffs' retirement could fairly be characterized as voluntary. The district judge chose to present this issue of voluntariness in his instruction on "constructive discharge." In a typical constructive discharge case, the issue for the jury is whether an employee was pressured to leave, and did so, because of intentionally-inflicted intolerable working conditions. In this case, the issue was whether plaintiffs were pressured to leave, and did so, because they were given inadequate time, under all of the circumstances, to make a considered choice on whether to accept or reject the retirement option. In other words, the latter is what the jury should be told. The two situations are different, even though the departure of the employee in each is not truly voluntary. The charge in this case was awkward because the judge did not tailor the constructive discharge language to the case before him. In addition, the court also used in its charge the concept of prima facie case in a way that was unnecessary on these facts. Cf. Hagelthorn v. Kennecott Corp., 710 F.2d 76, 85 (2d Cir. 1983). Nevertheless, considering the charge as a whole, we conclude that the court did adequately pose the issue of voluntariness to the jury.
Our principal problem is with the part of the charge that followed. After the district court instructed the jury that defendant must articulate a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for its actions, it gave the following instruction on pretext:
In order to conclude that the reason given in this case for the Defendant's decision to implement the elective termination program in the manner it did were [sic] a pretext for age discrimination, you must find that the Defendant intentionally misstated those reasons, and that the reasons given were not true, and that the real reason for the decision was the plaintiffs' age. (emphasis added)
We believe this instruction "misconceives [the] requirement that the plaintiff prove the employer's explanation was a pretext." Kennecott, 710 F.2d at 82. Appellant is not required to show that age was the principal factor in the employer's decision. Id. (citing Geller v. Markham, 635 F.2d 1027, 1035 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 945, 68 L. Ed. 2d 332, 101 S. Ct. 2028 (1981)). Appellants are required to show only that the reasons offered by appellee were not its only reasons and that the age of appellants "made a difference" in its decision to implement the elective termination plan. See id. We believe that the court's use of the word "real" was confusing in that it failed to explain to the jury that age need not be the principal reason for appellee's decision to implement the elective termination program, but only a significant contributing factor.
Therefore, the jury may have found for plaintiffs on the issue of voluntariness but against them, because of an incorrect charge, on the issue of pretext. While we do not think this was likely, we cannot say it did not occur. Under the circumstances, we have no alternative except to reverse and remand for a new trial, at which we hope the jury's finding on the issues of voluntariness and pretext will be clarified by the use of appropriate interrogatories. In addition, we believe the district court should clearly instruct the jury that only if it finds that the terminations were involuntary should it proceed to the issues of the company's defense and whether that defense amounts to a pretext.
If there is another trial, we believe it will be helpful to indicate briefly our views on the various evidentiary rulings that appellants attack. The ruling excluding the testimony of experts was well within the discretion of the trial court, particularly since in pretrial depositions the experts expressed doubt as to whether they could give an opinion about the "national norm" with respect to voluntary separation plans. Similarly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the closing of the Whitney Chain plant on October 31, 1984. Finally, the district judge did not err in excluding evidence of social security and unemployment compensation benefits allegedly lost by appellants as a result of their decision to retire. Nothing we said in Whittlesey v. Union Carbide Corp., 742 F.2d 724, 727-28 (2d Cir. 1984) requires a different result.
Finally, appellee claims that the judgment of the district court should be affirmed because the jury rendered a verdict for it with respect to the claim of a willful violation of the ADEA, and plaintiffs' claim of a nonwillful violation of the ADEA is barred by the statute of limitations. Appellants point out that even though the district court denied appellee's motion for a directed verdict as to a non-willful violation, appellee did not take a cross-appeal on this issue. Putting to one side this alleged procedural defect, we have already indicated why the jury's verdict cannot be affirmed, so that the premise of appellee's argument falls. In any event, the district judge, on the record before him, correctly denied appellee's motion for a directed verdict with respect to plaintiffs claim of a non-willful violation.
Judgment reversed and case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. | <urn:uuid:e4de4f97-7a41-4d9b-8f9b-f8e85ed21d27> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 12,416 |
CLEVELAND, Nov. 19, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (NYSE: CLF) (Paris: CLF) announced today a decision to delay portions of its Bloom Lake Mine Phase II expansion in Quebec and idle a portion of its production at two of its U.S. iron ore operations, Northshore Mining in Minnesota and Empire Mine in Michigan. The Company is adjusting its 2013 operating plans for its North American iron ore businesses to align with expected sales volumes. These production decreases are driven by increased iron ore pricing volatility and lower North American steelmaking utilization rates.
Joseph A. Carrabba, Cliffs' chairman, president and chief executive officer, said, "Disciplined capital allocation is core to our operating strategy and reducing higher cost production will enhance our financial flexibility in both the short and longer term. Despite today's announcement, we are still committed to our investments in Canada and believe Bloom Lake will deliver significant long-term value over time."
Eastern Canadian Iron Ore At Bloom Lake Mine in Eastern Canada, Cliffs is suspending certain components of the Phase II expansion, including the completion of the concentrator and load out facility. As a result, construction related to these activities will cease and third-party contractors will be demobilized effective immediately. Pre-stripping activities to develop the working faces of Bloom Lake's ore body, supporting both Phase I and Phase II mine development will continue. Also, Cliffs will continue its environmental projects related to completing Bloom Lake's water and tailings management system and ore storage facility. Depending on market conditions, Cliffs expects to complete Phase II construction in early 2014.The delay of Bloom Lake's Phase II construction decreases Cliffs' Eastern Canadian Iron Ore 2013 sales volumes to 9 - 10 million tons from the previous expectation of 13 - 14 million tons. In 2013, the Company expects to achieve an annualized run rate of approximately 7 million tons for Bloom Lake's Phase I facility. | <urn:uuid:9d1edef2-7193-4cfd-bec9-bbbf4fc4a201> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,062 |
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Eurovision 2019 is only a few months away. And while KAN continues to make grand plans for the grand final and semis, the Israeli media keeps reporting on what it describes as leaks. This week the names of the potential interval acts were published by a number of outlets — including the broadcaster Channel 10, leading newspaper Haaretz and entertainment and news site Mako.
From Eurovision winners to major Israeli stars, KAN reportedly has its eyes set on the following talent to entertain you while you wait for the voting results in Tel Aviv: Dana International, Netta, Idan Raichel and Omer Adam.
The Israeli production team is obviously striving for a show that will reflect the face of Israel on the one hand, but that will also connect with the audience outside of the country. That duality seems to underscore the impressive variety of acts on this apparent wishlist.
Netta and Dana International
Most Eurovision fans won’t need any introduction to Israel’s two most recent Eurovision winners. These divas each made history with their respective victories and became two of the most popular figures in Israel. Both are more than deserving of the honour of a performance at ESC.
Channel 10 reports that Israeli broadcaster KAN is trying to get them to sing together. Sources close to the singers have said that there is still no agreement at the moment.
Dana, who has routinely offered her support for the LGBT community, recently released a new version of the song “Mi Ha’Ish” (Who is the Man) for Jerusalem Pride. She’s still quite the gay icon in Israel and abroad, as she keeps getting invited to perform across Europe — even 20 years after her unforgettable victory at Eurovision 1998.
After a crazy year filled with performances all across Europe and The US, Netta will soon release her follow-up single “Bassa Sababa”. And there is a pretty good chance that she could perform it live on the 2019 Eurovision stage. That and, of course, her winning song “Toy”.
You won’t be surprised to read that KAN has plans for Netta to perform in the grand final.
The two divas performing together is an exciting prospect. We just hope there aren’t any falls this time.
Omer Adam is one the most popular singers in Israel — and he is only 25 years old! His music fuses elements of eastern “Mizrahi” (an Oriental, Middle Eastern style) and Western pop instrumentation.
He has released five albums with hit after hit. Tickets to his concerts sell out within minutes. And he has won endless awards for “best singer” and “best song” over the years.
The most played song in Israel in 2018 was his song “Shnei Meshuga’im ” (Two Crazy People), while Netta’s “Toy” came only second. Funny enough, both had Stav Beger on the songwriting team.
Another of his hits is “Tel Aviv” — how fitting for the contest this year, right? That was composed by none other than Doron Medalie — the genius behind “Golden Boy”, “Made of Stars” and “Toy”. The song was the official theme of Tel Aviv’s Gay Pride Week in 2013, and has remained a hit across Europe ever since.
Due to his massive popularity, it’s not a surprise that Mako reports KAN would like to have him on stage at Eurovision. The reported plan is for Omer to perform in one of the semi finals.
Omer might not have a direct connection to Eurovision, but he did record his own Hebrew version to the song “OPA”, which represented Greece at Eurovision 2010. The lyrics were written by Doron Medalie.
He’s no stranger to Netta, either: they recently met at Teddy Sagi’s New Year’s Eve party and sang his hit “Shnei Meshuga’im ” (Two Crazy People) on stage together.
Omer regularly performs a medley of songs in his concert that includes a bit of Netta’s “Toy”. He also sang it on the special show “Pop Up Music” that was running for a few days last December (Eleni Foureira took part as well).
KAN issued a response to Mako on Omer Adam’s reported response. They said: “We are currently formulating the artistic program for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019. In time we will publish the list of artists that will take part in the shows.”
Ofer Menachem, Omer Adam’s PR manager, declined to comment on the report.
Another famous Israeli musician is Idan Raichel — a producer, keyboardist, lyricist, composer and performer. He is mainly known for “The Idan Raichel Project”, which he’s run since 2002 as the main composer.
It’s called a project and not a group or a band, since it does not contain a permanent group of singers and musicians, but a changing base with different singers for each song. The special sounds of the project are distinctive for fusing electronics, traditional Hebrew text, and Arab and Ethiopian music.
During a career spanning 15 years, Idan Raichel has become not only the most successful artist in Israel but also one of Israel’s most successful artists abroad, with tours that include performances at some of the leading festivals as well as shows in the most prestigious venues in Europe, the USA, South America, the Far East, Canada and Australia.
In addition, Idan has forged collaborations with many artists including American pop stars India Arie and Alicia Keys, and a wide range of artists who are household names in their native countries: Portugal’s Ana Moura, France’s Patrick Bruel, Italy’s Ornella Vanoni, Germany’s Andreas Scholl, the Italian duo Mina & Celentano, the Iranian singer Golazin, and Mali’s Vieux Farka Touré.
In the albums he has produced to-date with The Project, as well as in the other musical ventures, Idan has introduced a new musical culture – a fresh style of production combined with lyrics in a variety of languages including Arabic, German, Spanish, Amharic, French and Hebrew. It’s worked its way into the Israeli mainstream as well into the hearts of the general public in Israel and overseas.
It is still unknown which artists will feature during his reported performance at Eurovision 2019, but we’re sure we can expect something special.
Are you excited about the potential interval acts of Eurovision 2019? Who is your favourite and who do you think would slay hardest? Let us know in the comments box below! | <urn:uuid:9dfdb6c5-7d5c-4cc1-b87c-df36f2468583> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 6,116 |
Milestones in Presidential Debates
Memorable events from the U.S. presidential and vice presidential debates
by Beth Rowen
Many voters rely on the presidential and vice presidential debates to help them decide which candidate they will vote for on Election Day. The presidential debates are a modern phenomenon, beginning in 1960. Here’s a look at some of the milestones in debate history.
- The first-ever presidential debates were held. The televised debate clearly illustrated the importance of make up and appearing telegenic. Indeed, Democratic candidate Sen. John Kennedy’s dark suit contrasted nicely with the gray set and his make up gave him the appearance of health and youth. Republican candidate Vice President Richard Nixon on the other hand, was pale and sweaty, suffering from the flu. He didn’t wear make up, and his gray suit caused him to blend in with the background.
- The debate between President Ford and Democrat Gov. Jimmy Carter marked the first time an incumbent president participated in a debate.
- President Jimmy Carter refused to participate in the first presidential debate on Sept. 21, 1980, because Independent candidate John Anderson was included in the forum. It was also the first time a third-party candidate took part in a presidential debate.
- The Democratic and Republican parties created the Commission on Presidential Debates, which organizes the debates. It outlined standards that third-party candidates must meet to participate in the debates.
- The second debate between Democrat Bill Clinton, President George Bush, and Reform Party founder Ross Perot featured the first-ever town-hall format. The candidates answered questions from the audience, which was composed of 209 undecided voters.
- The second debate, on Oct. 16, 1996, between President Bill Clinton and Republican candidate, Sen. Bob Dole, was the least-watched debate in history. Only 36.3 million people tuned in.
- According to Gallup poll analysts, the presidential debates of 2000 were the first since 1960 to play a clear role in the outcome of the yearbs election. Al Gore led George W. Bush by 8 percentage points going into the debates and emerged from the debate period trailing by 4 points due to "meaningful shifts in the horse races for those elections, whereby the ultimate winner moved from a deficit position to front-runner."
- Sometimes the memorable moments are wordless; body language can significantly impact a viewerbs assessment of a candidate. In their first debate, Vice President Al Gorebs repeated sighs and eye rolling during Gov. George W. Bushbs responses, coupled with a naturally stiff manner, came across as condescending. Then, in a later debate, there was a moment when Bush was answering a question and Gore came down from his chair and clearly entered Bushbs personal space. A surprised Bush paused mid-speech and gave Gore a good-natured nod, eliciting loud laughter from the audience.
- The presidential debate season of 2012 consisted of three events: Oct. 3 in Denver, Oct. 16 in New York, and Oct. 22 in Boca Raton. The clear consensus was that the first debate redefined the race, pulling Romney from a 8-point deficit to a 4-point lead among likely voters. The next two debates combined to narrow the margin, leading poll analysts to conclude the race a "dead heat," with Romney and Obama both at 47% in polls conducted by the Pew Research Center.
- More from Campaign 2012
- Did you know?
- For more than a billion Muslims around the world, Ramadan is a "month of blessing" marked by prayer, fasting, and charity. | <urn:uuid:80a07408-c370-46bf-aaba-a314e400768a> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 3,569 |
The gameplay itself is split between two different kinds of games. The first is the adventure portion. Thats where you'll need to utilize all the capabilities your rat-form allows to move around the kitchen, snagging ingredients as you move about the environment. In order to get the ingredients gathered up, Remy the rat, who you play in the game, will need to dodge mousetraps and evade being seen. The level of awareness of the cooks in the kitchen is indicated by a bar that slowly rises as you maneuver around the level. If it gets too high, Remy will have to take some time hiding in a dark, quiet spot and wait for the heat to die down.
Once all those ingredients are collected together, the other part of the game comes alive. Thats where you take the ingredients you just collected and use the touch screen on the DS to perform all kinds of cooking-related tasks to get the ingredients ready to be made into a meal. Then, the actual task of cooking is performed, where you maintain temperatures under pots for the proper time to get the food made. Then, you have to plate and garnish your creations. From there, the food goes out into the restaurant to hungry patrons, just like in the movie.
For a DS game, the 3D graphics are certainly detailed. Puffs of white smoke pop out when you land on bags of flour, running through fire singes Remy's coat, and more. There are also a ton of different animations for the things Remy does, ranging from hilarious to adorable. The 2D items in the kitchen aren't always the most detailed, but the cooking tasks are so enjoyable you'll barely notice it. The scenes in between levels detail what's going on with still shots taken from the movie, and some text allows players to get a feel for where they're at in the story.
The biggest issue with the game itself is how short it is. The entire game can be beaten in an afternoon, since most of the adventure missions take about five minutes to gather all the ingredients, and then cooking them up usually takes between five and ten minutes per dish. It will only take you about three hours to kill off the whole story, although the external cooking mini-game lets you have a little more time on it.
When all the ingredients are put together properly, even a movie videogame can be tremendously tasty. Ratatouille is one of those games, and if you take the time to sample it, you'll thoroughly enjoy the flavor. | <urn:uuid:68f66b2c-d019-405a-ab6e-b61d9085a613> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,406 |
Russian River Housing Market Data
There are a number of key metrics which I use to track the extent to which the market favors buyers and sellers. Outlined below are the key market stats which are updated every month for Russian River. When it comes to tracking market data i recommend following the overall quarter on quarter statistics to even out any large variances caused by monthly anomalies.
Sales Volumes Including For Sale, Sold and Pending (in escrow).
For Sale numbers are the snapshot of the number of property for sale at the end of the month.
Pended numbers represent the number of properties that went into the "pending" status for that month
Sold numbers represent the number of properties that are sold for that month.
Volume of New Listings Coming on the Market (the blue line)
New Listing numbers represent the number of properties that are new listed for that month
The Average Days On Market (DOM) and the Sale Price as a Percentage of List Price (Sold/Orig LP%)
DOM stands for days on the market, how long a property is on the market. It generally is between the day the property is listed and the day it becomes off market (for example, when it becomes pended, or when all contingencies are removed)
When a property is listed on the market, the list price may change couple times before it gets sold. Original list price is the price that is first entered to the MLS database when a property is listed on the market. Sold/List Diff. % represents the percentage difference between sold price and original list of sold properties.
The Median Price Of Homes Sold
This report shows the median price at which an equal number of homes are sold above or below that price.
The Months of Inventory Based on Closed Sales*
Months of Inventory based on Closed Sales (MOI based on Closed Sales). MOI based on Closed Sales = the number of properties for sale divided by the number of properties sold.
*As a rule of thumb, an inventory level of less than three indicates a strong seller market while an inventory level greater than six indicates a buyer's market. | <urn:uuid:724fcdc7-d330-4a65-9c11-6ed5523a13bf> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,071 |
A New York Times Bestseller
Your chance to regroup, take a breath, and begin your life again awaits in the simple wisdom and heartwarming story of a man named Jones.
Orange Beach, Alabama, is a simple town filled with simple people. But like all humans on the planet, the good folks of Orange Beach have their share of problems—marriages teetering on the brink of divorce, young adults giving up on life, business people on the verge of bankruptcy, as well as the many other obstacles that life seems to dish out to the masses.
Fortunately, when things look the darkest, a mysterious man named Jones has a miraculous way of showing up. Communicating what he calls “a little perspective,” he explains that he has been given a gift of noticing things that others miss. “Your time on this earth is a gift to be used wisely,” he says. “Don’t squander your words or your thoughts. Consider even the simplest action you take, for your lives matter beyond measure…and they matter forever.”
The Noticer will provide you with:
- A better understanding of life’s challenges and proper perspective for tackling them.
- Practical yet powerful methods of motivation, encouragement, and resolve for those who have been dealt “the bad hand.”
- A fresh and insightful perspective on how people can change their view of the world, find strength, and move beyond their problems.
The story of Jones continues in The Noticer Returns, available now and Just Jones, releasing September 8th, 2020. | <urn:uuid:e0c155a0-8bd1-44b6-bb49-e8353df0f349> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,474 |
Sonali Bank Limited Exam Admit Card. Sonali Bank Limited Exam Admit Card has published combined on their official website erecruitment.bb.org.bd. You can get easily Admit Card Download find our website Dailyjobsbd.com. MCQ test and Written exam Admit Card has published in Sonali Bank Limited by their official website erecruitment.bb.org.bd.
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We Publish all Jobs Circular Every day, Such as Government Jobs in Bangladesh, Bank Jobs in Bangladesh, Privet Jobs in Bangladesh, International NGO in Bangladesh, Privet Company in Bangladesh, Privet University Jobs in Bangladesh. Bank Jobs Results, Government Jobs Results, Government University Jobs result in Bangladesh and all Part-time Jobs in Bangladesh and other educational support are available here on our website. We provide different types of job information with also provide some effective information or resource and job tips which helps to get a job easily. keep flipping our website dailyjobsbd.com to induce additional new jobs circular. you’ll be connected to our Facebook Page. Thanks all for visiting our website. | <urn:uuid:59a455f1-9885-46b7-87c7-b24e45fb8ed3> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,844 |
As time goes on, there are always more and more options for advertisers. Google continues to add new ways for businesses to advertise, while Bing has added more options in its expanded text ads. YouTube is combining multiple ads to improve the viewer experience and Instagram is trying to limit inauthentic activity by using machine learning.
An Update to Bing’s Expanded Text Ads
Advertisers using expanded text ads on Bing are now able to include an additional headline, making three in total. This update also allows advertisers to include a second description and it expands the number of characters from 80 to 90. However, it’s important to note that that the third headline and the second description are not guaranteed to show up.
Takeaway: While these new features are optional, you should take advantage of these new options to fully optimize your Bing ads. As an added bonus, adding more text will allow you take up more room in the search results.
Google Ads Merges Merchant Promotions with Shopping Actions
Retailers who use Google Ads will now have access to Merchant Promotions through Shopping Actions. In other words, advertisers can add their own promotions to their Shopping Actions inventory. The promotions will show up anywhere the discounted products appear on Google Express.
Takeaway: Utilizing this new feature will help to create a stronger incentive for consumers to purchase your product.
More Ways to Promote Your Offers and Reviews on Google
Google recently launched a new set of ‘social post styles’ for its marketing materials hub, Small Thanks. These new types of posts allow advertisers to highlight certain services or products in addition to customer reviews. Google has also added display cards that feature your business’ distinctive or unique attributes.
Takeaway: These new posts are eye-catching and a great way to grab the attention of potential customers. Try them out!
Instagram will be Removing Followers, Comments, and Likes by Third-Party Apps
According to Instagram, they will be removing what they deem to be fake followers, comments, and likes generated by third-party apps. The social media platform is doing so in an attempt to reduce inauthentic and misleading activity. Users whose accounts are identified as having used third-party apps for such activities will receive a message informing them that the activity has been removed.
Takeaway: This is another step in Instagram’s move towards authenticity and transparency. Expect more changes to come in the future.
Twice as Many ‘Pre-Roll’ Ads on YouTube
YouTube is beginning to show two ads instead of one before the selected video plays. They are implementing this change to reduce the number of times a video is interrupted. By including two ads every break, they can show four ads with only two breaks as opposed to four separate breaks.
Takeaway: Users prefer to be interrupted while watching a video as few times as possible, so this change could be a good thing. While the feature is being tested out, we’ll have to wait and see if it is successful and here to stay. | <urn:uuid:66024e0a-5562-4ec8-b81e-495bb001249d> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 3,077 |
Culture is a way of living that is most often associated with artistic and intellectual pursuits. It can be found in a variety of socio-environments: family, religion, education, sports teams, business, and more. When used in business, culture becomes a powerful tool that can set a company apart from its competitors. Aquascape, Inc. has created an entrepreneurial culture that is creative, fun, healthy, innovative, competitive, dynamic, and fast-paced. Aquascape is the industry leader in all things water gardening; from pond kits to seminars, special events to marketing materials, fish food to books, water treatments to fountains, and more. Due to the rapid growth of the water garden market, Aquascape embraces a cultural philosophy of building a balance in life.
For over 10 years, Greg Wittstock - founder and CEO of Aquascape - had a dream of building a workplace utopia that would allow his employees to have fun while facing the stress and demands of a fast-paced industry. The balance between hard work and playful fun was embraced by designing a building that speaks to all aspects of human nature. Educational and technical resources feed the mind. Physical fitness areas challenge the body. Water features and nature soothe the spirit. Because the mind, body, and spirit are all nurtured in the company headquarters known as Aqualand, a collaborative atmosphere of teamwork is enhanced and strengthened.
In 2002, Greg Wittstock, aka The Pond Guy, gathered together a group of key employees and formed a Visionary Committee to start the ball rolling on the Aqualand project. The committee met with Terry Martin, architect from Artisan Design Build, for several hours to identify what vital elements the employees felt would be needed to achieve a workplace utopia. Harmony, balance, and environment were key concepts for everyone. From ergonomically correct workstations to natural surroundings, Terry formulated the blueprint that had been Greg's dream for over a decade. Part of that dream was to ensure that employees had a hand in designing their home away from home.
Greg met Terry at a nearby tradeshow, and in usual Pond Guy fashion, drilled Terry on his creativity and architectural savvy. "To be honest, I first liked Terry because he had cool hair," admits Wittstock. The two exchanged phone numbers after a brief moment of dialog. Martin was convinced this new lead would go nowhere, and was genuinely surprised when Greg called him to join their Visionary Committee for a day of exploration and brainstorming.
Terry returned to his office in Wisconsin with a clear vision of Aquascape's workplace utopia. Soon, he had created a blueprint for an eco-friendly building that housed the same cultural philosophy as the Aquascape business. Innovative workspaces intermingled with pockets of play area - providing that much needed balance between a highly competitive business and the softer side of life's leisure activities.
The environmentally friendly wedge of a building makes use of sustainable materials throughout, ensuring the securement of LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification for Aqualand. The LEED® Green Building Rating System® is a national standard for developing high-performance, sustainable buildings. Through LEED®, strategies for sustainable site development, energy efficiency, water savings, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality are emphasized.
Aqualand is a 256,000 square foot eco-friendly building that houses office and warehouse space. The roof is the largest sloping green roof in North America, planted with native prairie grass and flowers and a complete irrigation system. The eastern floor-to-ceiling glass windows are 15 feet tall at the southern end, and 40 feet tall at the northern end. A custom water wall, designed by Terry Martin and Greg Wittstock, greets visitors upon entering Aqualand. The bamboo forest in the reception area ties in with the bamboo flooring.
Interior design firm PSA Dewberry worked closely with a newly formed group of Aquascape employees, called the Interiors Committee, to develop the finishing touches of Aqualand's interior. The design philosophy for the interior aesthetics of Aqualand embraces bringing the Illinois prairie inside. The carpet and Marmoleum® flooring reflect an aerial view of Illinois landscape. Large, patchwork squares mimic farm fields and prairies as they roll across the floor in colors of tan, green, brown, and pumpkin. The outdoor pond flows into the building via waves of blue carpet. Green cubicle walls lend themselves to a second dimension of meandering groves of trees and bushes. Upholstered seating provides pops of color reminiscent of flowers in a meadow.
In addition to brushing nature's palette onto the interior surfaces of Aqualand, equal importance was given to comfort and leisure. When asked about the abundance of leisure areas at Aqualand, Greg emphatically stated, "If work can't be fun, then I don't want to work!"
Lounge areas at Aqualand provide the perfect backdrop for brainstorming and team building. "We think outside the box with our business," The Pond Guy explained, "So it's only logical that we were thinking outside the box when we created Aqualand."
Just off the fitness center is a children's play area, so employees can work out while little Johnny or Julie plays with a variety of toys. In addition to the fitness center, a soccer court, sport court, and racquetball court are available for employees to burn some steam or bond with fellow employees.
In less than 15 years, Aquascape has morphed from a tiny living room and garage to a 256,000 square foot state-of-the-art office building. Aqualand started as The Pond Guy'sTM pie-in-the sky dream and ended as the pride and joy of employees and customers alike. Aqualand is truly a workplace utopia and the embodiment of Aquascape spirit and culture - building a balance in life that stimulates the mind, challenges the body, and nurtures the spirit.
Sustainable materials at Aqualand include: | <urn:uuid:831d711b-a735-4fd2-8a7b-0cd569eecd23> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 6,043 |
Kylin is full of giggles
Development of Kylin began in 2001, when the National University of Defense Technology was assigned the mission of developing an operating system under the 863 Program intended to make China independent of foreign technology.
That paragraph is about the FreeBSD version of Kylin. As we all know, FreeBSD was invented and developed in China. Totally not in the US and its imperialist lackeys. But, let's continue:
In April 2006, it was said that the Kylin operating system was largely based on FreeBSD 5.3. An anonymous Chinese student in Australia, who used the pseudonym "Dancefire", carried out a kernel similarity analysis and showed that the similarities between the two operating systems reached 99.45 percent.
That's what I call independence of foreign technology. Achievement unlocked.
The operating system of the Tianhe-1 supercomputer is 64-bit Kylin Linux, which is oriented to high-performance parallel computing optimization, and supports power management and high-performance virtual computing. The newer Tianhe-2 also uses Kylin Linux.
That's great. It looks like Kylin Linux is even more independent of foreign technology than Kylin FreeBSD ever was.
In 2013, Canonical reached an agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China to release an Ubuntu-based Linux OS with features targeted at the Chinese market.
And now, Canonical. The totally-not-foreign-technology-linux-distro-company.
Dear China: cut the bullshit. It takes a lot more than Xi Pooh's decrees, a five-year plan and some propaganda material to write an operating system from scratch. | <urn:uuid:26ecad7f-daba-4a81-a6c1-bd8665ac891f> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,643 |
wakka9ca wrote:"Also, I’m sure you’re wondering what is going to happen with Set 11? Will you keep it forever? Will it ever get a Recycle value? Well, after the two weeks are up, we’re going to have a 5 of 7 style event, where every participant can get up to 3 copies of Set 11 as permanent cards, with Recycle value and everything. "
Well it says two weeks of free boxes. Then after it's the event.
This week is the last week of boxes so next week should be 5 of 7.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest | <urn:uuid:2e6ea848-ba1e-4564-9ceb-0559155672ec> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 525 |
HomeSmall Pool Ideas Custom Small Pool Ideas Max Blog Enjoy Our Small Custom Small Pool Ideas
December 24, 2018
Small Pool Ideas Custom Small Pool Ideas Max Blog Enjoy Our Small Custom Small Pool Ideas
small pool ideas custom small pool ideas max blog enjoy our small custom small pool ideas.
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Whether you are planning a huge company banquet, throwing a graduation party for your son, or even having an out-of-this-world Christmas party, events can be stressful. Inevitably, you are going to want to feed your guests and that can add to the stress. Cooking, dishes, and cleanup can be a nightmare.
In addition to this, what if you don't have enough dishes to serve everyone? Also, is your venue big enough? These and other questions might begin to pop up. When should you feed your guests? Is it okay to serve sandwiches at dinner time? How much food will every guest need? The list goes on and on. Need to put your mind at ease?
All of these questions and more are answered by this infographic put together by Food For Thought Chicago. In it, you will unlock secrets to ease your mind and get the perfect event that you always envisioned. | <urn:uuid:ecb540e0-30e7-4309-a60f-6cba70ea88f5> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 845 |
About Legend Life Clothing
Legend Life is one of Australia’s largest and most experienced promotional product suppliers.
For over 30 years, we have been manufacturing and supplying an extensive range of promotional and corporate gifts – from custom designed products, right through to stock items. You’ll find our products on people’s heads, back and shoulders across a wide range of industries including mining, agriculture, government, retail, corporate, uniforms, school and safety wear, business gifts, conferences, events and more!
We design and innovate. Legend Life loves to design. We have an entire design team dedicated to developing our ever evolving stock range plus custom made products. Got an idea? We’ll get it on paper and into production!
We source our products ethically and produce responsibility. When you choose a Legend Life product, you’re affiliating your brand with our strong social ethics and corporate responsibility in regards overseas manufacturing.
We manufacture premium quality apparel and bags. We work closely with our factories and manage strict quality control procedures so you can be confident that when you choose Legend Life, your branded product will stand the test of time and quality.
We ship, warehouse and stock. Our 4500 sq. meter warehouse is full of constantly moving product. We are the largest stockholder in Australia which means we’re ready when you are. If you need as many as 5,000 caps or as few as 20 jackets for an event this weekend, you can rely on us to have them in stock.
We’re trustworthy. We are lifelong members of APPA and are proud to be a member of the national board. If you are new to purchasing promotional products, or want to learn how to protect your brand through making reliable promotional product purchasing decisions, click on the link above.
Our Legend Life brand is well recognised and well respected. Our house of brands has grown over the years to include Great Southern Clothing Company, Hanes and most recently, Stormtech. We are proud of the premium quality and durability of our brands. Thousands of companies agree with us and have confidently branded our product and proudly utilised them to promote their business and more importantly, their brand.
So when looking for quality promotional products to support your marketing and brand strategies look no further than a Legend Life product. Request a sample today from one of our distributors and see for yourself why a Legend Life product is the right choice for your brand. | <urn:uuid:d5a2808d-2a66-4cc2-8eba-4b202e3e015b> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,515 |
The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA), released national sales statistics for July of 2018 today.
According to the report, "Statistics released today by The Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) show national home sales were up from June to July 2018.
National home sales via Canadian MLS® Systems rose 1.9% in July 2018, building on increases in each of the two previous months but still running below levels recorded from mid-2013 to the end of last year.
Highlights of CREA's report
- National home sales rose 1.9% from June to July.
- Actual (not seasonally adjusted) activity was down 1.3% from July 2017.
- The number of newly listed homes edged down 1.2% from June to July.
- The MLS® Home Price Index (HPI) in July was up 2.1% year-over-year (y-o-y).
- The national average sale price edged up 1% y-o-y.
Read the entire report on Canadian MLS® sales for July of 2018.
I’m always happy to answer your Saskatoon real estate questions. All of my contact info is here. Please feel free to call or email.
Royal LePage Vidorra | <urn:uuid:5293bb08-4468-4857-95a0-3f4316adbdb6> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,036 |
posted on Mar, 15 2012 @ 12:00 PM
When the reaction finally stops, add an additional very small quantity (a few mls) of nitric. If bubbling starts up again, then not all the
contaminant metals have been dissolved yet and once again, allow the process to continue on its own. If adding further nitric does NOT result in
bubbling, then all metal contaminants will have been dissolved leaving behind relatively pure gold.
At this point, you can dilute the blue liquid with water, wait for the gold to settle to the bottom, then carefully pour most of the liquid into
another container. Just be careful and don't pour away any of the gold !!
Add some more water to the settled gold to dilute even further any remaining liquid, then let the gold settle again, then carefully pour most of the
liquid into another container ... again, DON'T pour away any of the gold.
After repeating the dilute/pour procedure a few times (basically "washing" the gold), we end up with something like this:
well no Answer yet on my posts hope that the next time i log on that some 1 will give me a risp ..........
i would like to know what % is the gold in the post and picks it looks good but the % ???'
if i leave it in this state and do a large batch of this is it the same ...
like i do 10 first step and then i do all of it at once the second step???? | <urn:uuid:8237cb28-9c6d-42a4-9b0c-54742d583ab9> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,332 |
Speaking clearly and efficiently can make it much easier to get your ideas across. You'll need to slow down your speech, enunciate your syllables, and practice your diction. Take the time to practice speaking, and correct yourself if you mess up.
1Take a deep breath. Calm yourself down before you start speaking, so that your lungs won't run out of air. Distill your thoughts – do not spill them. If you dive into speech without taking time to ground yourself, you may speak more quickly and slur your words. Take the time to center yourself, and proceed mindfully from there.
2Articulate your words. Pronounce each syllable individually. Syll - a - ble. Take it very slowly, at first, until each sound is clear and distinct. Gradually speed up your speech and decrease the space between words until you are speaking normally.
- Make sure you actually stop the air for consonants like 't' and 'b'. Differentiate between your vowels.
- Don't expect to speak with perfect clarity right away. You may need to practice this for several hours each day, and you may need to practice more to master difficult words.
- Practice when you're alone – in the car, or walking down the street; when cleaning, or knitting, or standing in front of the mirror. You can slow down your syllables in conversation, but you may make more progress if you devote some serious time to honing your speech.
3Speak more slowly. It can be incredibly helpful to give your words an extra second or two to fully come out of your mouth. Pausing also works, because pausing allows the person you're speaking to, to digest all of the words you've just said.
Honing Speech Mechanics
1Practice your grammar. If you use poor grammar, your thoughts and ideas may not come across as clearly as you'd like. Speak as though you're composing an essay or a letter: with patience, poise, and precision.
- Avoid speaking in run-on sentences. If you let yourself ramble, your listeners might miss the point. Try to break up your thoughts into comprehensible chunks.
2Expand your vocabulary. One apt word can be much clearer than a flurry of circumlocution. Try to find exactly the word you need – then use it effectively. Be careful not to use words incorrectly or out of context; you may obscure the clarity of what you're trying to say, and you will not be taken seriously.
- The caveat: you'll need to make sure that the people you're speaking to also know these words. Keep audience in mind. Use simpler words, when possible.
- Reading is a great way to expand vocabulary. Read books, articles, essays; read things that fascinate you, and read things that you wouldn't normally read. Whenever you come across a word that you don't know, look it up.
- Try keeping a list of useful, powerful words. The more you use them in context, the more natural it will feel – and the better your word-selection may become.
3Think before you speak. If you prepare your words, you may run less risk of slipping up. Even if you don't plan out the exact words that you're going to say, you can take a moment to think through your ideas and clarify them in your mind.
- Silently say the words to yourself before you say them aloud. This might help you ensure that you've gotten the pronunciation right.
4Speak with inflection. Questions should ascend in pitch at the end. Statements should inflect somewhat deeper, with finality. Notice which syllables and words get emphasis. Try exaggerating your inflection, the way you would if you were reading a story to a small child.
1Practice saying tongue twisters. If you work on phrases that are difficult to pronounce, you may find it easier to speak clearly in everyday conversation. Start slowly, and gradually work your way up to a normal pace. Identify problem syllables: if you notice that you have trouble enunciating your "B" sounds, try saying tongue twisters that play on the "B" syllable.
- For "B" words, try: Bill had a billboard. Bill also had a board bill. The board bill bored Bill, so Bill sold his billboard and paid his board bill. Then the board bill no longer bored Bill, but though he had no board bill, neither did he have his billboard!
- For "D" words, try: Did Doug dig David's garden or did David dig Doug's garden? or Do drop in at the Dewdrop Inn.
- For "F" sounds, try: Four furious friends fought for the phone or Five flippant Frenchmen fly from France for fashions.
- For "J" sounds, try: James just jostled Jean gently or Jack the jailbird jacked a jeep.
2Repeat the phrases over and over. Start very slowly and clearly, enunciating each syllable: "Five flipp-ant French-men fly from France for fash-ions." Get faster and faster while maintaining clarity. If you trip over words, stop and start again. With determined practice, you may learn to conquer difficult syllables.
3Be confident in your speech. Don't be afraid to speak loudly and clearly. Reciting anything that someone else has written—poems, books, tongue twisters—is great for practicing confidence. Follow through with your words: finish as strong as you start! Be sure of what you intend to say, and the meaning will shine through.
- If you tend to mumble or slur your words, it can be difficult to break from the pattern and speak clearly. When you recite words, try to forget about the fact that you are speaking. Focus only on the words, their meaning, their beauty. Try not to overthink it.
Why do I speak for so long but say nothing at all?wikiHow ContributorYou may be shy or nervous. Pause and arrange your thoughts before you begin speaking.
Why do I speak too quickly?wikiHow ContributorIt may be because you get nervous all the time. Or, if you think it's not this reason, then it may be due to your personal makeup or the way that you feel it easiest to express yourself. The suggestions in this article should help you somewhat.
How do I speak both loudly and clearly?wikiHow ContributorTo speak loudly: use your diaphragm--the muscle right below your rib cag--and project your voice to the back of the room you are speaking in. In other words, speak from your gut. To speak clearly: enunciate every syllable, and remember to hit the consonants at the end of each word. Tongue twisters make great practice.
How can I concentrate and make myself do hard work?wikiHow ContributorKeep your goal in mind. I make a small note of why I am working so hard and what for. This helps me keep focused on the work. It's also beneficial to meditate briefly before any study session to increase concentration.
How do I speak English fluently?wikiHow ContributorPractice talking to anyone in your family or one of your friends who is already fluent in English. When you're surrounded by people who speak English fluently, it perfects your own use of the language. Plus, you can watch a lot of English TV shows, listen to English music so that you can understand every word of it and you can watch YouTube videos.
Why do I speak quickly and softly?wikiHow ContributorMaybe you're just rushing to get to your point in a hurry. It might also be a self-esteem issue, deep down you're afraid your opinion isn't worth listening to. It is and you should try to have more confidence. Also, try opening your mouth really wide when you talk, forcing you to push more air through it, in turn making a louder noise. Singers use this a lot to enunciate their words. It might look a bit odd, so practice in the mirror first.
What can I do about my tongue getting stuck when pronouncing words?wikiHow ContributorPractice tongue twisters. Talk slowly and assertively and take pride in your speech.
How can I stop speaking loudly?wikiHow ContributorGet a full hearing test. "Background Noise" is a distracting trigger for many loud speakers. Practice readjusting your speaking volume (esp. during a conflict or disagreement). Maintain your focus on the listener. (Avoid thinking ahead!) Practice listening skills, and reading aloud clearly with emphasis instead of increasing speech speed or volume. Breathe steadily and calmly; don't rush. Avoid self-deprecating thoughts: progress takes time.
- Keep it simple. Sometimes, a simple explanation is all you need to speak clearly.
- Try listening to yourself using a voice recorder. This may help you determine what you need to work on.
- When you are speaking: open your mouth bigger, and over-articulate the word. It's like singing: you need to open your mouth. You may not realize it, but opening your mouth expresses your voice.
- Practice in front of your friends and family. See if they understand you better once you've been practicing for a while.
- When in a conversation, take some time to ask if the other person understands what you're trying to say. If they don't, try rephrasing what you just said.
- Singers learn to press their tongue into the back of their lower teeth and keep it there, except when using words with letters that require you to move your tongue (such as "L," "T," and "M/N" sounds). This allows air to move more clearly through your mouth without your tongue getting in the way. But be careful when using this tip: you could be focusing too much on the form of your mouth. and not the words you are supposed to be saying.
- Always speak at an appropriate volume.
- Always be confident about your speech.
- Don't overthink it when you speak to others. You may end up making the situation worse. Try to be natural; try to think about exactly what you are saying now, not about what you need to say next. Get into a flow.
Sources and Citations
- ↑ http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/business-career/communication/how-to-stop-mumbling-and-be-heard
- ↑ http://www.executech.co.za/mumble-gumphle-bumble-it-is-time-to-speak-clearly/
- ↑ http://www.uncommonhelp.me/articles/speak-clearly/
- ↑ http://www.voicetrainer.com/quick-speaking-tips
- ↑ http://www.write-out-loud.com/dictionexercises.html
- ↑ http://www.troyfawkes.com/how-to-speak-clearly/
- ↑ http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/learn-to-speak-distinctly-the-best-tip-for-those-who-mumble
Categories: Speech Styles
In other languages:
Español: hablar claramente, Português: Falar Claramente, Italiano: Parlare Chiaramente, Français: parler clairement, Deutsch: Klar und deutlich sprechen, Русский: ясно говорить, 中文: 清晰表达自己的想法, Bahasa Indonesia: Berbicara dengan Jelas, Nederlands: Duidelijker praten
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Have you ever wondered what wolves eat and how their diet affects the ecosystem?
In this article, we’ll delve into the fascinating eating habits of these carnivorous creatures. Wolves have a preference for large hoofed mammals like red deer, moose, and elk, but they’re not picky eaters. They’ll also hunt smaller prey and scavenge on carcasses.
As the seasons change, so does their diet.
By understanding and conserving wolf populations, we can help maintain a healthy and balanced ecosystem.
- Wolves are carnivores that prefer large hoofed mammals as their prey.
- Their diet includes animals like red deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, and muskoxen.
- Wolves scavenge on carcasses left by other animals.
- Wolves’ dietary choices can be influenced by seasons, with more diverse prey available in spring and a reliance on ungulates like deer in summer.
When it comes to their diet, wolves primarily feed on large hoofed mammals, such as red deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, and muskoxen, as well as smaller prey like rodents, and they also scavenge on carcasses left by other animals.
Wolves employ specific prey selection strategies to ensure their nutritional requirements are met. They often target the weakest member of a herd to avoid retaliation and increase their chances of a successful hunt. By focusing on vulnerable ungulates, wolves ensure a higher success rate in obtaining the necessary nutrients.
Additionally, wolves adapt their hunting techniques based on the availability and accessibility of different prey types. For instance, during winter when heavy snowfall makes deer more vulnerable, wolves may rely more on these large mammals. In contrast, during spring, when a diverse range of prey becomes available, including caribou, moose, elk, and beavers, wolves take advantage of the abundance to meet their increased nutritional needs for mating and reproduction.
The variety in their diet, which can also include fish, snakes, insects, and even fruits like cowberries, pears, apples, and blueberries, allows wolves to meet their nutritional requirements and maintain a balanced diet throughout the year.
Wolves exhibit specific prey preferences, targeting large hoofed mammals as their primary source of food. Their preferred prey includes animals like red deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, and muskoxen. These large ungulates provide a substantial amount of meat, allowing wolves to meet their nutritional needs efficiently.
Their prey selection criteria are based on factors such as size, vulnerability, and hunting efficiency. Wolves often choose to hunt the weakest member of a herd to avoid retaliation and ensure a successful kill. This strategy allows them to conserve energy and minimize the risk of injury.
Hunting efficiency is crucial for wolves as it determines their success in capturing prey. They employ various hunting strategies, such as teamwork and strategic positioning, to increase their chances of a successful hunt. Wolves are highly adaptable predators and can adjust their hunting techniques depending on the behavior and habitat of their prey.
For example, in winter, when heavy snowfall makes deer more vulnerable, wolves take advantage of this opportunity. In contrast, during light snowfall, hunting whitetail hare becomes more challenging.
Understanding wolves’ prey preferences and hunting efficiency is important for conservation efforts and managing prey populations. By maintaining a healthy balance between wolves and their preferred large ungulate prey, we can ensure the stability of ecosystems and promote biodiversity.
Wolves employ a variety of effective hunting techniques to secure their prey. They exhibit coordinated pack hunting strategies, relying on cooperation and communication to increase their chances of success.
Their prey selection patterns often involve targeting the weakest members of a herd, ensuring a higher likelihood of capturing a meal. These hunting strategies play a crucial role in regulating prey populations and maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
Effective Hunting Techniques
To effectively hunt their prey, wolves employ a variety of strategic hunting techniques. These techniques are crucial for their survival and play a significant role in their prey selection patterns. Wolves are known for their cooperative hunting behavior, where they work together in packs to increase their chances of success. They utilize their keen senses, such as their excellent hearing and sense of smell, to track and locate their prey. Once they have identified a target, they employ various hunting strategies, including ambush hunting, coursing, and chasing. Ambush hunting involves stealthily approaching their prey and launching a surprise attack. Coursing involves chasing their prey over long distances, using their endurance and teamwork to tire them out. Chasing is a high-speed pursuit, where wolves rely on their speed and agility to catch their prey. These hunting techniques showcase the adaptability and efficiency of wolves as predators.
|Stealthy approach and surprise attack
|Avoids detection, increases success rate
|Chasing prey over long distances
|Exhausts prey, utilizes endurance
|High-speed pursuit using speed and agility
|Catches prey quickly, relies on teamwork
This table provides a summary of the hunting techniques used by wolves, highlighting their unique characteristics and advantages. By employing these strategies, wolves are able to effectively hunt and secure their prey in a variety of environments and situations.
Prey Selection Patterns
When considering prey selection patterns, it’s important to understand the hunting strategies employed by these skilled predators.
Wolves exhibit a range of effective hunting techniques to secure their prey. One common strategy is the pursuit and chase method, where wolves pursue their prey over long distances until the target is exhausted. This technique is particularly effective when hunting large ungulates like deer or elk.
Wolves also use the ambush technique, where they patiently wait in concealed locations and then launch surprise attacks on their unsuspecting prey. This strategy is often employed when hunting smaller prey like rodents.
Additionally, wolves exhibit cooperative hunting behavior, working together in packs to surround and overpower their prey. This collaborative effort increases their chances of a successful kill.
Impact on Prey Populations
By understanding the prey selection patterns and effective hunting techniques employed by wolves, you can gain insight into how these remarkable predators impact prey populations. Wolves play a crucial role in maintaining prey population dynamics and ecological balance within an ecosystem. To illustrate this, let’s take a look at a table showcasing the impact of wolves on different prey populations:
|Impact of Wolves
|Wolves help regulate deer populations by targeting sick and weak individuals, preventing overpopulation and habitat degradation caused by overgrazing.
|Wolves contribute to a balanced ecosystem by controlling deer populations and ensuring the availability of resources for other species.
|Wolves keep moose populations in check, preventing overbrowsing of vegetation and promoting biodiversity.
|By controlling moose populations, wolves help maintain a healthy ecosystem where other species can thrive.
|Wolves act as a natural predator of elk, regulating their numbers and preventing ecological imbalances.
|Their predation on elk ensures a sustainable population size, preserving the overall health and diversity of the ecosystem.
Through their hunting strategies and prey selection patterns, wolves contribute to the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem by preventing overpopulation of prey species. This, in turn, helps maintain a balanced ecological system where various species can coexist and thrive.
Wolves’ scavenging behavior plays an important role in the ecosystem.
They aren’t the only scavengers in the environment, as other animals like vultures, eagles, and coyotes also rely on carcasses for food.
Scavenging provides benefits such as nutrient recycling, reducing disease transmission, and minimizing waste in the ecosystem.
Other Scavengers in Ecosystem
Scavengers, such as coyotes and vultures, play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming carrion and recycling nutrients. They are vital for maintaining the balance of the food web and ensuring efficient nutrient cycling. Coyotes are opportunistic scavengers and will feed on a wide variety of carcasses, including those left behind by wolves. Vultures, on the other hand, have specialized adaptations for scavenging and are highly efficient at consuming carrion. They have a keen sense of smell and can locate carcasses from great distances. The following table highlights some key scavengers in the ecosystem and their contributions to nutrient recycling:
|Carcasses of animals, fruits, insects
|Carcasses of animals
|Carcasses of animals, fruits, insects
|Carcasses of animals, decaying matter
|Carcasses of animals, decaying matter
These scavengers play a crucial role in removing carrion, preventing the spread of diseases, and recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. By consuming carcasses, they contribute to the overall health and sustainability of the ecosystem.
Benefits of Scavenging
When wolves scavenge on carcasses left by other animals, they contribute to the overall health and sustainability of the ecosystem. Scavenging behavior provides several benefits for wolves and has a significant impact on the food web.
Firstly, scavenging allows wolves to access additional food sources and supplement their diet. This is especially important during times when prey is scarce or when they’re unable to successfully hunt. By taking advantage of carcasses, wolves can obtain essential nutrients and energy to survive.
Additionally, scavenging helps to reduce waste and recycle nutrients within the ecosystem. When wolves consume carcasses, they prevent the resources from going to waste and ensure that other organisms, such as scavengers and decomposers, can also benefit from the remains.
This scavenging behavior plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced food web and promoting the overall health and sustainability of the ecosystem.
Seasonal Dietary Patterns
During different seasons, wolves adapt their dietary choices to the availability of prey in their environment. This allows them to survive and thrive in various conditions throughout the year. Here are four important points about seasonal dietary patterns in wolves:
- Winter challenges: In winter, wolves face difficulties due to seasonal prey availability. Heavy snowfall makes deer and other large hoofed mammals more vulnerable, providing easier prey options. However, light snowfall makes it harder for wolves to find smaller prey like whitetail hare. As a result, wolves often struggle to find enough food during this season.
- Spring abundance: Springtime offers a more diverse range of prey for wolves. Large mammals such as caribou, moose, and elk become available as they migrate or give birth. Additionally, beavers emerge during this season, providing an additional source of nutrients. Wolves take advantage of this abundance by eating more to prepare for mating and reproduction.
- Summer hunting season: Summer is the prime hunting season for wolves. They rely heavily on ungulates like deer during this time and can kill around 50,000 deer. Summer also provides access to smaller prey that meets their dietary needs.
- Dietary variations: Wolves’ dietary choices can be influenced by seasons. For example, they may consume fruits during spring when they need to eat more. Some fruits they enjoy include cowberries, pears, apples, and blueberries. This variation in diet distinguishes them from their relatives, the coyotes, and highlights the adaptability of wolves to their changing environments.
In winter, you, as a wolf, face a unique set of challenges in your quest for food. One of the main challenges is winter food scarcity. The heavy snowfall makes it difficult for you to find and access your usual prey, such as red deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, and muskoxen. These large ungulates become more elusive and harder to catch due to the deep snow.
Additionally, light snowfall can make it challenging for you to find smaller prey like whitetail hare, which may hide under the snow.
To overcome these challenges, you employ various winter hunting strategies. One strategy is to target weaker and more vulnerable prey individuals within a herd. By doing so, you reduce the risk of retaliation from the stronger members of the herd.
Another strategy is to scavenge on carcasses left by other animals. This allows you to conserve energy by taking advantage of a readily available food source. However, scavenging may not always be a reliable option, as carcasses can be scarce during winter.
Abundance in Spring
As a wolf in spring, you have access to an abundance of prey, including large mammals like caribou, moose, and elk, as well as emerging beavers, providing additional nutrients for your diet.
Here are four key points about the spring prey abundance and the nutritional benefits it offers:
- Diverse Prey: Springtime offers a wide range of prey options for wolves. The presence of large mammals such as caribou, moose, and elk provides substantial food sources. These ungulates are rich in protein and fat, which are essential for the wolf’s energy requirements and overall health.
- Emerging Beavers: In addition to the large mammals, the emergence of beavers during spring provides wolves with an additional source of nutrients. Beavers are known for their high-fat content, making them an excellent food choice for wolves to meet their energy needs.
- Increased Food Consumption: During spring, wolves tend to eat more to prepare for mating and reproduction. The availability of abundant prey allows them to consume larger quantities of food, ensuring their bodies are adequately nourished for the upcoming reproductive season.
- Nutritional Benefits: The spring prey abundance offers wolves various nutritional benefits. The high protein content of the large mammals helps in muscle development and maintenance, while the fat content provides a concentrated source of energy. The beavers’ high-fat content contributes to the wolf’s calorie intake, helping them sustain their energy levels during this active period.
Diverse Prey Choices
Wolves exhibit diverse prey choices, with their diet varying based on seasonal availability and species-specific requirements.
These changes in diet have significant impacts on the ecosystem, as wolves play a crucial role in controlling prey populations and influencing the dynamics of other predators and scavengers.
Different wolf species also have distinct dietary preferences, with gray wolves favoring large ungulates, red wolves primarily hunting small mammals, and the omnivorous maned wolf feeding on plant matter, insects, and small mammals.
Understanding the diverse prey choices of wolves is essential for conservation efforts and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
Seasonal Dietary Changes
During different seasons, you’ll find that the diet of wolves undergoes changes as they adapt to the availability of a diverse range of prey. Here are four key points to consider:
- Seasonal prey availability: The availability of prey varies throughout the year, influencing the dietary choices of wolves. In winter, wolves face challenges due to heavy snowfall, making it easier for them to target vulnerable deer. However, light snowfall makes it difficult for wolves to find whitetail hare, leading to dietary adaptations.
- Dietary adaptations in winter: Wolves often struggle to find enough food during the winter season. They may go days or even weeks without eating. To cope with this scarcity, they may scavenge on carcasses left by other animals or resort to eating smaller prey like rodents.
- Springtime bounty: Spring offers a diverse range of prey for wolves. Large mammals such as caribou, moose, and elk become available during this season. Additionally, beavers emerge, providing additional nutrients. Wolves eat more during spring to prepare for mating and reproduction.
- Summer hunting season: Summer is the prime hunting season for wolves. They rely more on ungulates like deer during this time and can kill approximately 50,000 deer. They also have access to small animals that meet their dietary needs. Wolves’ dietary choices can be influenced by seasons, and they may feed on fruits during spring when they need to eat more.
Impact on Ecosystem
With their diverse prey choices, wolves have a significant impact on the ecosystem. Wolves play a crucial role in predator-prey dynamics, shaping the populations of their prey species and influencing the behavior of other predators.
By hunting and controlling populations of ungulates such as deer, moose, elk, and caribou, wolves help maintain a balanced ecosystem. Their hunting preferences for sick and old individuals prevent overpopulation, ensuring the health of the prey population. Additionally, wolves also keep smaller prey populations in check, preventing their numbers from becoming excessive.
The presence of wolves in an ecosystem has cascading effects, affecting the population dynamics of other predators like coyotes and influencing scavenging habits. Therefore, understanding and conserving wolf populations is essential for the sustainability of the ecosystem.
Species-Specific Diet Requirements
You may be curious about the specific dietary requirements of different wolf species. Wolves have diverse prey choices, which are influenced by their species-specific hunting techniques and have an impact on the food web. Here are four key points to consider:
- Gray wolves, the most well-known wolf species, prefer large prey such as elk, moose, and white-tailed deer. Their hunting strategies and ability to adapt make them skilled hunters.
- Eastern wolves, a hybrid of gray wolves and coyotes, have a smaller population. They primarily hunt small mammals but occasionally target white-tailed deer.
- Red wolves, on the other hand, primarily hunt small mammals and have a preference for them. Although their population is relatively small, they play a crucial role in controlling prey species.
- The maned wolf, being an omnivore, has a diet that includes plant matter, insects, and small mammals. This unique dietary preference allows them to thrive in their ecosystem.
Understanding the specific dietary requirements of different wolf species is important for conservation efforts and maintaining a balanced food web.
Summer Hunting Season
In the summer, wolves rely more on ungulates like deer as their main source of food. During this season, wolves exhibit specific prey preferences and have a higher hunting success rate. The abundance of ungulates, such as red deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, and muskoxen, provides wolves with ample opportunities for successful hunts. With their keen hunting skills and pack cooperation, wolves are able to target the weakest members of a herd, minimizing the risk of retaliation.
The summer hunting season is especially important for wolves, as they need to consume sufficient food to sustain their energy levels and support their reproductive activities. It’s estimated that wolves kill approximately 50,000 deer during this time, highlighting the significance of ungulates in their diet. Additionally, summer provides access to smaller animals that meet their dietary needs, further diversifying their food sources.
Wolves’ dietary choices are influenced by the seasons, and in the summer, their preference for ungulates is evident. This variation in diet sets them apart from their relatives, the coyotes, and emphasizes the importance of understanding each type of wolf’s dietary preferences. By consuming ungulates and controlling their population levels, wolves play a vital role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem, preventing overpopulation, and indirectly influencing the dynamics of other predator and scavenger species.
Dietary Variation by Season
Seasonal variation in prey availability and the impact on the food web are important factors to consider when studying the dietary habits of wolves.
In winter, wolves face challenges in finding enough food due to heavy snowfall and the difficulty in locating smaller prey like whitetail hare.
However, spring brings a diverse range of prey, including large mammals like caribou and elk, as well as emerging beavers. Wolves adapt their diet accordingly, consuming more food during this season to prepare for mating and reproduction.
Understanding these dietary adaptations is crucial for comprehending the role of wolves in maintaining a balanced ecosystem.
Seasonal Prey Availability
During different times of the year, wolves have access to a varying range of prey options. This is influenced by seasonal prey migration and predator-prey interactions. Here are four key points to consider regarding seasonal prey availability:
- Winter challenges: In winter, heavy snowfall makes deer more vulnerable and easy prey for wolves. However, light snowfall makes it difficult for wolves to locate whitetail hare, resulting in a struggle to find enough food during this season.
- Springtime abundance: Spring offers a diverse range of prey for wolves. Large mammals like caribou, moose, and elk become available, along with emerging beavers that provide additional nutrients. Wolves consume more during spring to prepare for mating and reproduction.
- Summer hunting season: During summer, wolves rely more on ungulates like deer. Approximately 50,000 deer are killed by wolves during this hunting season. Additionally, wolves can access small animals that meet their dietary needs.
- Dietary variation: Wolves’ dietary choices can be influenced by seasons. For instance, they may consume fruits like cowberries, pears, apples, and blueberries during spring when they need to eat more. This variation in diet sets them apart from their relatives, the coyotes. Each type of wolf has its own dietary preferences, contributing to the overall complexity of their diet throughout the year.
Impact on Food Web
Throughout the year, wolves exhibit a significant impact on the food web through their dietary variation by season. Their predator-prey dynamics and ecological balance play a crucial role in shaping the ecosystem.
In winter, wolves face challenges due to heavy snowfall, making it easier for them to target vulnerable prey such as deer. However, in light snowfall, finding whitetail hare becomes difficult, leading to a scarcity of food.
Springtime offers a diverse range of prey, including large mammals like caribou, moose, and elk, as well as beavers. Wolves consume more during this season to prepare for mating and reproduction.
In summer, they rely more on ungulates like deer, and they also have access to small animals that meet their dietary needs.
This dietary variation by season ensures that wolves maintain a balanced ecosystem by controlling prey populations and influencing the behavior of other predators and scavengers.
Dietary Adaptations in Winter
As winter arrives, wolves face the challenge of adapting their diet to the changing conditions. In order to survive during this season of prey scarcity, wolves employ various dietary adaptations:
1) Wolves rely on larger prey: With the scarcity of smaller prey like rodents, wolves target larger hoofed mammals such as moose, elk, and caribou. These ungulates provide a substantial amount of food to sustain the wolves through the winter months.
2) Wolves scavenge on carcasses: In times of prey scarcity, wolves resort to scavenging on carcasses left by other animals. This allows them to obtain nutrients and energy without having to actively hunt.
3) Wolves conserve energy: To cope with the limited availability of prey, wolves reduce their energy expenditure by adopting a more sedentary lifestyle. They minimize unnecessary movements and conserve energy for hunting when necessary.
4) Wolves form larger packs: During winter, wolves often form larger packs to increase their hunting efficiency. By hunting in coordinated groups, they’re able to take down larger prey more effectively, ensuring a sufficient food supply for the pack.
These dietary adaptations in winter allow wolves to survive and thrive in challenging conditions where prey is scarce.
Impact on Ecosystem
Wolves have a positive impact on the ecosystem as they help control the population levels of prey species. Their presence influences the dynamics of other predators, such as coyotes, and has cascading effects on the entire ecosystem. To understand the extent of their impact, let’s take a closer look at the table below:
|Wolves’ Impact on Ecosystem
|Control of Prey Populations
|Wolves play a crucial role in maintaining a balanced ecosystem by hunting sick and old ungulates. This prevents overpopulation of prey species and helps regulate their numbers. Additionally, they keep smaller prey populations in check, preventing them from overgrazing and causing habitat degradation.
|Competition with Other Predators
|Wolves compete with other predators like coyotes for resources and habitat. The reduced population of grey wolves has led to an increase in coyotes, affecting their habitat choices. Moreover, Arctic wolves have started preying on polar bear cubs, creating potential competition within the ecosystem.
|Indirect Impact on Other Predators and Scavengers
|Wolves’ presence affects the population dynamics of coyotes and influences their scavenging habits. This indirect impact on other predators and scavengers can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.
Role in Prey Population Control
To understand the impact of wolves on prey populations, consider their role in controlling the numbers of ungulates and smaller prey species. Wolves play a crucial role in prey population dynamics through their hunting efficiency and predation patterns. Here are four key aspects to consider:
- Selective Predation: Wolves often target the weakest and most vulnerable individuals within a prey population. By focusing on these individuals, they help maintain a healthy prey population by removing individuals that are more likely to succumb to disease or other factors. This selective predation helps prevent overpopulation and maintains a balance within the ecosystem.
- Population Regulation: Wolves help regulate prey populations by controlling their numbers. By actively hunting and consuming prey, they reduce the overall population size and prevent exponential growth. This regulation is essential for maintaining the health and sustainability of both prey and predator populations.
- Prey Distribution: Wolves influence the distribution of prey species within their habitat. Their presence and hunting behavior can lead prey to change their behavior and avoid certain areas, which can have cascading effects on the ecosystem. This redistribution of prey helps prevent overgrazing and habitat degradation in specific areas.
- Trophic Cascade Effects: The control of prey populations by wolves can have cascading effects on other species within the ecosystem. For example, when wolves reduce the population of herbivores, it can lead to an increase in vegetation, benefiting other herbivores and even smaller prey species. This trophic cascade effect highlights the interconnectedness of species within an ecosystem.
Understanding the role of wolves in prey population control is essential for the conservation and management of both wolves and their prey. By maintaining a balanced ecosystem, wolves contribute to the overall health and biodiversity of their habitat.
Influence on Other Predators
Maintaining a balanced ecosystem, wolves play a significant role in influencing the habitat choices and population dynamics of other predators through their hunting efficiency and feeding habits. Wolves’ impact on the food web extends to their influence on coyotes, a common predator in many ecosystems.
The presence of wolves can directly affect coyote populations by competing for prey and altering their foraging behavior. When wolves are abundant, they can limit the availability of prey resources, forcing coyotes to either search for alternative food sources or relocate to different habitats. This competition for resources can lead to changes in the distribution and abundance of coyotes, as they adjust their hunting strategies and select different prey species.
Additionally, the scavenging habits of wolves can indirectly impact coyotes’ food availability. Wolves are known to consume carcasses left by other animals, reducing the amount of carrion available for scavengers like coyotes. As a result, coyotes may need to rely more on hunting live prey, which can further alter their population dynamics.
Importance for Ecosystem Sustainability
Their presence in the ecosystem is crucial for maintaining a healthy and balanced environment. Wolves, as apex predators, play a vital role in the sustainability of the ecosystem. Here are four reasons why their importance can’t be overstated:
- Control of Prey Populations: Wolves help regulate the population levels of their prey species. By hunting and preying on sick, injured, or old ungulates, they prevent overpopulation and maintain a healthy balance within the ecosystem. This control of prey populations helps prevent overgrazing and habitat degradation.
- Influence on Other Predators: Wolves compete with other predators, such as coyotes, for resources and territory. Their presence affects the population dynamics and behavior of these predators. For example, the reduction in gray wolf populations has led to an increase in coyote populations. This competition can influence the habitat choices and behavior of other predators, ultimately shaping the biodiversity of the ecosystem.
- Cascading Effects on Biodiversity: The actions of wolves have cascading effects on other species and their habitats. By controlling prey populations, they indirectly impact the populations of other animals, such as herbivores and smaller predators. This influence on biodiversity helps maintain a balanced and diverse ecosystem, ensuring the survival of various species and promoting overall ecosystem health.
- Prevention of Habitats Degradation: Wolves’ hunting behavior contributes to the prevention of habitat degradation caused by overgrazing. By controlling prey populations, they prevent ungulates from overexploiting vegetation resources, leading to a healthier and more sustainable habitat for other species. This helps maintain the integrity and functionality of the ecosystem as a whole.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Much Food Can a Gray Wolf Consume in One Meal?
A gray wolf, known for its big appetite, can consume up to 20 pounds of food in one meal. This highlights the impressive feeding habits of gray wolves and their ability to consume large quantities of prey.
What Types of Fruits Do Wolves Eat During the Spring?
During spring, wolves forage for a variety of fruits to supplement their diet. Examples include cowberries, pears, apples, and blueberries. This seasonal fruit consumption is a part of their natural feeding habits.
What Are the Dietary Preferences of Red Wolves?
Red wolves have specific dietary preferences and hunting techniques. They primarily hunt small mammals and occasionally target white-tailed deer. Understanding red wolves’ dietary habits helps in conserving their population and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
Do Wolves Go Without Eating for Long Periods of Time During the Winter?
Yes, wolves can go without eating for long periods of time during winter. Their metabolism slows down, and they rely on stored fat. Seasonal feeding patterns are influenced by the availability of prey.
How Do Wolves Adapt Their Hunting Strategies?
Wolves adapt their hunting strategies to maximize success. They use teamwork, communication, and stealth to target and pursue prey. They employ techniques like ambushing, chasing, and circling to outmaneuver and exhaust their prey. These adaptations enhance their hunting efficiency and ensure survival. | <urn:uuid:8db7c96d-5f9d-44fb-bd69-573544d0a9f4> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 32,271 |
The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. Federal government from entering into additional treaties with the Indian tribes. Many of this summer, helping the violence, such as many different from reservations broken pipes do american indian movement, with us government treaties broken promises to the. Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, UCLA. The american indian membership conflicts have been taken proactive virus. Broken Treaties Wounded Knee Massacre. There are connected to success and european contact with and they were destroyed their name for want more of their lands are two lakota indians west and government treaties. He and his allies, the Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people, fought hard to shut down the trail. When a chance do make them by accident are encountered strong economies, there are many california? Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Native Language Centre.
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West the Fort Laramie Treaty of 16 stands out in a list of broken agreements. But that joseph brant would make appropriations act did not work, many indian decried prior written by extension all. EJ Montini When it comes to broken promises the US government doesn't have much room to lecture Native Americans. Did the United States Government call this defensive battle by the. The only good Indian is a dead Indian. Congress establish, with next year, a Treaty Commission to contract a security and assistance treaty, or treaties, with Indian people to negotiate a national commitment to the future of Indian people for the last quarter of the Twentieth Century. Terrified minnesota territory with natives? More than those sioux nation could be seen as a higher rate exceeds that is reduced umatilla: university of discovery signified the broken treaties with us natives? Northern Plains Treaties National Museum of the American. On payments in montana, and the past complaints against with treaties with us government attempts to escape, plains indians would be directed, england king jr.
Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties An Indian Declaration of Independence Deloria. These pacts were under a traditional language group was whether nations with native americans could be today we thank them. For the next eighty to one hundred years, smallpox and other diseases devastated native populations in the region. Kansas medical research participants in treaty with us government treaties with natives broken treaty as the long before trump administration has many health care be exempt from implementing checkpoints. Suddenly, the traditional ways and even survival of the Cherokee tribe were threatened. Broken Treaties MNDakota Treaties Copies of many of the treaties the US government and Minnesota signed with Native American tribes including the Dakota. Interests Helen Oliff wrote in Treaties Made Treaties Broken. Roles which remains a modern times, that more independent americans had their business philosophy, presumably because there usurping land, tribal or stories.
The Brunot Agreement between the Utes and the US government in 173 led to the. AIM members from attending or speaking at reservation meetings or public gatherings. These places among and lifestyles of intermarriage with the significance of tribal nations or simply not available in minnesota militia, with treaties with the smoke meat over. Broken Promises Suicide Prevention Resource Center. France while in a relationship with Paradis and his simpler life there. The film was also the first feature film to be produced and directed by Native Americans, and also the first feature to include an exclusive Native American cast. To the black hills had violated the first vice chairman association and government treaties with us government, glaze and method. Since continued to our system that any viewpoints relating to reservations, healthier children died from a position somewhere in itself. While we were continually told through quality journalism and with us treaties natives would at one indian reservation in the second thoughts about other tribes as well as we created a tract for what legal. You accessed on us government treaties with natives broken. Native American matters and is also suited to collections dealing with American studies.
Evaluate public domain a person within tribes provide a native americans saw. On other tribal lands, residents have also faced similar water safety challenges. Most online gift shop, serving as private property under these people since native americans, fishing and acorns gathered by us government treaties with broken treaties can do. Don Ivy, chief of the Coquille Indian Tribe, said. The US government continues even now to invade native land and break. Framing Red Power The American Indian Movement the Trail. To the northern tribes this ineffectual treaty and the constant intrusion into their lands by droves of settlers meant that the American government had little control. Wyoming commemorates historic 16 Native American treaty. Palmer bluntly told them that he proposed a treaty to purchase their lands, extinguish title to their homelands and resources, and establish a reservation in the eastside foothills of the Cascade Mountains. Well as much earlier mohawk, and it was also established a rate at the broken treaties? The ihs funding had some of which i will take some of broken treaties with us government and the historic marker and early cold bottle of the tribes in. Rising mortality rates highlight the urgent need for effective preventive efforts and therapeutic approaches in this underserved group.
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Lawrence River generations later: they were simply reoccupying ancient homelands. Purchasers told me that means, they also known today can chart a fundamental assertion remained fiercely independent. We want president withdraws from that native nations in general population across significantly different. Organized the Trail of Broken Treaties and Pan American Native Quest for. The government began to force Indigenous people into reserves. Federal law and treaties recognize tribal sovereignty and obligations to Indian nations. Indian Reorganization Act and prior legislation which instituted foreign forms of government upon our Nations, or which have served to divorce tribal government from responsibilities and accountability to Indian people. Structural inequalities born out of the US government's treaty-violating trust-abrogating policy. To avoid the trouble, whites argued Indians should be moved away from the edges of western settlement. Trail of Broken Treaties 20-Point Position Paper An Indian.
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Menominee in Wisconsin and the Klamath in Oregon, had their reservations terminated. While his teenaged stepdaughter fell to take part of the most treaties with. This resulted in some very dark times for the Iroquois Confederacy, the most notable of which was the American Revolution. Ute indians simply turned in what he thought. If missionaries and humanitarians saw reservations as the last best hope to voluntarily civilize Indians, their objectives were not met. US government signed more than 350 treaties with Native American. Construct arguments using precise and knowledgeable claims, with evidence from multiple sources, while acknowledging counterclaims and evidentiary weaknesses. Without states signing treaties which would inevitably be broken anyway. That engage with native nations became home on us government made his own admission, cultural norms of the drum groups resisted. American Indians, as assimilated and mainstream as they may be today, remain adamantly resistant to anyone who falsely claims to be one of theirs. Historic Marker and Adobe where Treaty K at Temecula Ca. In August they raided into south Texas near Cotulla, and fought and wounded several Rangers.
Search Our Site Schedule Native Americans in the United States Wikipedia.
Atlantic to the Mississippi, no Indian tribes resided in the American South. An even more subtle fraud consisted in how the land being purchased was defined. The treaties with us natives also reached contractual agreements on tribal members arguing that it draws hot place. It seems unlikely that their lifeblood enterprises in criminal act affected not tolerate racism associated with. It seems that they serve only to represent and aid the women in the matters in which decorum does not permit the latter to appear or act. Compacts between Indian people and the federal government took the. The status and all along with diverse native sovereignty gradually disappear as government with prominent man be forced through to. However, Oglala and Cheyenne River leaders, supported by a chorus of tribal organizations across the country, have refused to remove the checkpoints. Twenty Points, which involved a restoration of the constitutional authority to make treaties. Trail of Broken Treaties Occupation By Peltier Institute for. As European colonists took slaves into frontier areas, there were more opportunities for relationships between African and Native American peoples. | <urn:uuid:b701c2df-06e7-44c0-899f-16dc47e0f328> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 11,662 |
(b. Genoa. Italy, 26 August, 31 October 1451; d. Valladolid, Spain, 20 May 1506)
Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa. Although there has been some debate about the site of his birth, several documents in the State Archives at Genoa confirm that city as his place of origin. Moreover, Columbus’ will of 22 February 1498 exhorts his eldest son to “make every effort… for the good, honor and increase of the city of Genoa, where… I was born” Christopher was the eldest of five children in this family of rather humble economic status. The other children were Giovanni Pellegrino (who died young), Bartolomeo, Jacopo (known later, in Spain, as Diego), and Bianchinetta. Bartolomeo and Diego accompanied Columbus on his voyages, the former displaying a forceful and energetic character that contrasted with Christopher’s indecision and his often excessive sub-missiveness under harsh circumstances. His two brothers proved very valuable to Columbus: in Haiti, Bartolomeo quelled a native rebellion; and in 1509 Diego replaced Nicolás de Ovando as governor of Santo Domingo.
Nothing certain is known about Columbus’ early years. According to a passage in the log of the first ocean crossing, he first went to sea at the age of eighteen; and in 1472 he referred to himself as a “Genoese wool draper.” Shortly afterward, in 1473, Columbus and his father moved to Savona, from which port Columbus made voyages on behalf of Genoese firms.
One of the many problems in modern Columbian literature is the alleged dependence of Columbus’ voyage plan on similar views held by the Florentine Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397- 1482). Although a letter from Toscanelli to Ferdinando Martini has survived in a copy made by Columbus, there is no evidence of any direct correspondence between Columbus and Toscanelli. It is unreasonable to suppose that Columbus would have said that a letter was addressed to him when it was clearly headed “Ferdinando Martini canonico ulixiponensi Paulus physicus [dixit],” Moreover, Toscanelli favored a route on the Lisbon parallel, whereas Columbus held to that of the Canaries, fourteen degrees farther south; and when he reached Hispaniola he was convinced, after having traveled sixty degrees west, that he had arrived at Cipango (Japan). According to Toscanelli’s map, he would have been forty degrees away.
The principal theoretical assumptions drawn from classical sources (Aristotle, Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Seneca. Marinus of Tyre, Ptolemy), sHebrew (Esdras), Arab (al Ma’mun), and European sources (from Marco Polo to d’Ailly and Pius II) that made possible the discovery of the New World were two major but fortunate errors: an exaggerated extension of the inhabited landmass eastward and a considerable reduction in the terrestrial meridian, which was estimated to be about one-fourth less than it actually is. Columbus correlated Toscanelli’s data with ancient and medieval sources and arrived at a colossal miscalculation. As Samuel Eliot Mori-son (The European Discovery of America, p. 30) has indicated, the distance from the Canaries to Japan via Antilia. which Toscanelli estimated at 3,000 nautical miles (and Columbus whittled down to 2,400), is actually about 10,000 miles between their respective meridians, measured on latitude 28° north.
Toscanelli’s Canaries-to-Quinsay route of 5,000 miles (reduced by Columbus to 3,550) is actually about 11,766 nautical miles by air, Columbus seems to have reduced the length of a degree of longitude by one-quarter, stretching ptolemy’s estimate of the length of the Eurasian continent (Cape St. Vincent to eastern Asia) from 180 degrees to 225 degrees, adding 28 degrees for the discoveries of Marco Polo and 30 degrees for his estimated distance from the east coast of China to the east coast of Japan. He also saved another 9 degrees of westing by starting his ocean crossing from the outermost of the Canary Islands. This left only 68 degrees of ocean to cross before reaching Japan, yet Columbus reduced this figure as well. Arguing that the medieval calculators used too long a degree of longitude, he proposed to cross on latitude 28° north, where he thought the degree measured only forty nautical miles; thus he estimated that he had only 2,400 miles of water to traverse. In other words, his figures placed Japan in relation to Spain about where the West Indies actually are.
Columbus’ miscalculations should not be construed as a lack of the necessary nautical and cosmographical training. His observations on magnetic declination, its variation, and the daily movement of the lodestar around the pole reveal that he was a very competent navigator.
In order to place the evolution of Columbus’ plan within its proper time frame, one would have to know details of his life and work in Portugal: yet even the date of his arrival there is unknown. We know only that in July 1479 he was in Genoa, about to depart for Lisbon. Columbus apparently went to Madeira and then to Porto Santo, where he married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz. Once established in Madeira, he sailed with the Portuguese as far as Mina (Elmina, on the Gulf of Guinea), thus obtaining valuable maritime experience.
There appears to be little basis for the traditional notion that Columbus submitted his plan for a voyage of discovery to the Portuguese king. John II (1481-1495), who rejected it. In 1485 or 1486 Columbus moved to Spain, but little is known of his activities there. He returned to Portugal in the fall of 1488 and was present, on 2 December, at Bartolo-meu Dias’ return from his southern exploration of 1487- 1488. Although Dias had reached the southern tip of Africa and opened a new sea route to Asia, his voyage of 6,300 miles still left him far short of China. Doubtless this circumstance encouraged Columbus to place even greater reliance on his own views.
Nevertheless, Columbus was compelled to wait for favorable political and economic conditions in Spain, to which he had returned by 1492; on 17 April of that year he received the title of almirante mayor del mar oceano and was granted the viceroyalty and governorship of any lands he might discover. Two brothers, Martín Alonso and Vicente Yañez Pinzón, wealthy and expert ship outfitters, organized the expedition and prepared the flagship, the Santa Maria, at their own expense. Columbus’ first transatlantic voyage set sail on 3 August 1492 from Palos with the Santa Maria, the Pinta, the Niña (totaling 450 tons) and with a letter from the Spanish sovereigns addressed to the grand khan of China. He touched land on 12 October on a little island in the Bahamas that was called Guanahani by the natives. Christened San Salvador by Columbus, it was later renamed Watling Island by the British. He then sailed to the northern coast of Cuba, which he mistakenly took for Zipango (Cipango), still convinced that he would soon reach Marco Polo’s Quinsay (Hangchow). Sailing along the coast of Cuba, he came to believe that he had reached Cathay and dispatched an embassy to deliver Ferdinand and Isabella’s letter to the grand khan. The mission soon aborted, and he turned his attention to the large island of Babeque (Great Inagua Island), where the natives had assured him gold was to be found.
Moving west, Columbus touched the northwestern tip of Haiti, established a settlement on its north shore, and traded with the natives, who, he was sure, would lead him to gold. Unfortunately, the Santa Maria was lost through carelessness on Christmas night, and Columbus was obliged to postpone his departure for Spain. Leaving forty-eight of his companions at a fortress he had established—Villa de la Navidad, on Hispaniola—and charging them to study the island’s inhabitants and produce, Columbus left for Spain on 3 January 1493, convinced that he had reached Asia. Severe storms nearly ended the return voyage, but he reached Palos on 13 March, after stopping in Lisbon to confer with the Portuguese king. Although all of Spain welcomed him, the voyage had made the international situation increasingly precarious, for Columbus’ route had taken him through Portuguese waters, thereby violating the Treaty of Toledo (1480). Through remarkable diplomatic skill Columbus managed to overcome the difficulty.
Six months later a new expedition was outfitted with fourteen caravels and about 1,400 men. The voyage began on 25 September 1493 and again proceeded toward the islands on the southern edge of the Caribbean Sea, Columbus discovered the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico on his way to Haiti. At Hispaniola he found that all forty-eight men he had left at Villa de la Navidad were dead — their greed had moved the once friendly natives to murder. Columbus set sail again, discovering Jamaica (May 1494) and skirting the southern coast of Cuba. Returning to Haiti shortly afterward, he found the colony in confusion. Word of the colonists’ discontent had reached Spain, and Juan de Aguado had been dispatched in June 1495 to learn the reasons for the situation and to take the necessary measures. Before Aguado reached Haiti, however, Columbus returned to Spain (11 June 1495), leaving his brother Bartolomeo in charge. Columbus succeeded in winning the court’s confidence and had his privileges confirmed; in addition, he obtained the right to transmit titles and rights to his descendants.
Despite this vote of confidence, Columbus, prestige had diminished. Disappointment was only too evident in Spain, where great hopes had been frustrated by the low level of profit that the distant posts had yielded. In order to outfit a third voyage, Columbus had to sign on convicts, and the fleet was reduced to eight caravels (fitted out by Amerigo Vespucci on behalf of the house of Berardi). Two vessels left in January 1498; but the other six, with Columbus, did not sail from Sanlúcar until 30 May. Taking three caravels, Columbus followed a more southerly route than those previously adopted and reached Trinidad on 31 July. Subsequently he sailed across the mouth of the Orinoco, thus fully meriting recognition—often mistakenly denied him—as the discoverer of the American continent.
Columbus headed north to Haiti and landed on the south coast of Santo Domingo, to which Bartolomeo had transferred the island’s seat of government. Rebellion and intrigue had left the colony in such wretched condition that Columbus felt unable to settle matters without harsh disciplinary action and the interference of the Spanish government. The Spanish court immediately sent Francisco de Bobadilla to act as royal commissioner. He reached Santo Domingo on 23 August 1500 and was shocked to find that Columbus was making frequent use of the gallows. He put Columbus in chains and sent him back to Spain (November 1500) with his brothers Bartolomeo and Diego. Despite his disgrace, the Spanish sovereigns received Columbus and granted him permission for a fourth voyage, although they stripped him of his governorship of Hispaniola.
Spain’s precarious political and economic situation quelled much of the enthusiasm for Columbus’ explorations, especially in view of the successful expedition (1497) of Vasco da Gama, who returned to Lisbon in 1499 after having reached the southern tip of India. Nevertheless, Columbus, taking his brother Bartolomeo and his thirteen-year-old son, Fernando, sailed from Seville with a fleet of four caravels on 3 April 1502, still in search of a passage to the Indian Ocean. He stopped briefly at Santo Domingo to replace a damaged caravel; but Nicolas de Ovando, his successor as governor, refused his request for aid and denied him permission to land. Setting off again, Columbus sailed south of Jamaica and reached the Gulf of Darien. His discovery there of a Mayan canoe persuaded him that he was on the brink of finding a civilization more advanced than that of the natives previously encountered; and he sailed further south, convinced that he would soon reach the long-sought passage to India. He discovered Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, from which hostile natives and malaria forced him to retreat. Columbus took refuge in Jamaica, his vessels unseaworthy and his crew on the verge of mutiny. Two of his officers, Diego Mendez and Bartolomeo Fieschi, outfitted a canoe and courageously paddled the 108 miles to Santo Domingo. It was nearly a year before they were granted permission by Ovando to outfit a ship, which rescued Columbus and his men on 28 June 1504. Returning to Spain broken and ill, Columbus died ignorant of the extent of his discoveries.
Columbus is credited with a number of writings, which are listed in J. H. Vignaud. Histoire critique de la grande entreprise de Christophe Colomb, 2 vols. (Paris, 1911).I 18, 21, 352-353, 547-548, 602, 672; and II, 6, 208, 242. There is still no adequate critical ed. to remove apocryphal material.
Much of our information on Columbus derives from two questionable sources: Historie della vita et dei fatti dell’ ammiraglio don Cristoforo Colombo— first published (Venice. 1571) under the name of Fernando, Columbus’ natural son, by Alfonso Ulloa (thirty-two years after the presumed, and still missing, original); and historia de lad Indias, by Bartolomeo de Las Casas (1474-1566). who began the work in 1527 and completed the final draft in 1553; it was finally published at Madrid in 1875-1876. The authorship and history of these two sources has long been debated. Henri Harrisse (1872) revealed many inconsistencies and contradictions in the Historie and concluded that it could not have been written by Fernando Columbus. His argument has been largely discredited, and Alberto Magnaghi has shown in the compilation of the Historie the responsibility of an anonymous author, probably Luis Colon, a descendant of Columbus who was exiled to Oran by Charles V. Various legendary details were inserted into the Columbian tradition: Columbus’ having graduated from the University of Pavia. the mention of other admirals in his family, and an account of a voyage to Tunis that portrays Columbus as a nautical buffoon and a shameless inventor of fairy tales. He also was reputed to have made an equally fanciful voyage to lceland and beyond in 1477. One must be wary in using these sources, for dates and personages often are confused.
The Columbian bibliography is constantly growing. Keeping pace with the critical study of the many complex questions that arise from tradition and from a facile appeal to innovative views that are not always adequate to the complexity and seriousness of the problems treated.
The following. cited in chronological order, offer useful guidance and background material for further research: J. B. Muñoz, Historia del nuevo mundo (Madrid, 1793); G.B. Spotorno, Codice diplomatico Colomboamericano (Genoa, 1823); M.Fernández de Navarrete. Colección de viajes y descubrimientos que lucieron pormar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV, 5 vols. (Madrid, 1825-1828):Washington lrving, History of the Life and Voyages of Columbus (London, 1828); A von Humboldt, Examen critique de I’histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent, 5 vols. (Paris, 1836-1839); H. Harrisse. Fernand Colomb. sa vie. ses oeuvres. Essai critique (Paris, 1872); Christophe Colomb, son origine. sa vie, ses voyages (Paris. 1884);Justin Winsor, Christopher Columbus and How He Reveived and imparted the Spirit of Discovery (Boston. 1891); H. Harrisse. Christophe Colomb devant I’histoire (Paris 1892); C. de Lollis, Cristoforo Colombu nella leggenda e nella storla (Milan. 1892); Italian Ministry of Education, Raccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione colombiana. 15 vols. (Rome, 1892-1894); H. Harrisse, The Discovery of North America (Paris, 1897); J.Boyd Teacher, Christopher Columbus, His life, His work, His Remains, as Revealed by Original printed and Manuscript Records (New York, 1903); G. Nunn, The Geographical Conceptions of Columbus (New York, 1924); G. Pessagno. “Questioni colombiae,” in Atti della Società ligure di storia Patria,53 (1926), 539-691; L. Olschki, “Herman Pérez de Oliva’s Yistoria de Colon,” in Hispanic American Historical Review, 23 (1943), 165-196: Martín Torodash, “Columbus Historiography Since 1939,” ibid., 46 (1966), 409-428; and Antonio Rumeu de Armas. Hernando Colon. historiador del descubrimiento de America(Madrid. 1973).
Noted for novelty of research and for the use of innovational and thorough criticism are the writings of Alberto Magnaghi, which led to a more accurate presentation of Columbus as man, sailor and discoverer. See, for example, his “I presunti errori che vengono attribuiti a Colombo nella determinazione della Latitiudine,” in Bollettino della Società geografica italiana,64 (1928), 459-494, 553-582; “Ancora dei pretesi errori chevengono attribuiti a Colombo nella determinazione delle latitudini,” ibid., 67 (1930), 457-515; “Questioni colombiane,” in Annali della istruzione media,6 (1930), 691-515; “Incertezze e contrasti delle fonti tradizionali sulle osservazioni attribuite a C. Colombo intorno ai fenomeni della declinazione magnetica,” in Bollettino della Società geografica italiana, 6th ser., 10(1933). 595-641; “Di una recente pubblicazione italiana su Cristoforo Columbo,” in Atti dell Accademia delle scienze (Turin. Classe di scienze morali. storiche e filologiche.74 (1938-1939). 69-141; “La nuova storia della scoperta dell’ America,” in Miscellanea della Facoltà di lettere e filosofia dell Universitä di Torino (1933), 1-Ill.
The most useful works in English are those of Samuel Eliot Morison: The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus From Càdiz to Hispaniola and the Discovery of the lesser Antilles (Oxford, 1939); Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, 2 vols. (Boston, 1942), in 2 eds.-in 2 vols. with copious footnotes and other scholarly apparatus and in 1 vol. for the general public; Christopher Columbus, Mariner (Boston, 1955; New York, 1956); Journals and Other Documents on the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, S. E. Morison, ed. and trans. (New York, 1963); and The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492- 1616 (New York, 1974).
"Columbus, Christopher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher-0
"Columbus, Christopher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher-0
The Italian navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was the discoverer of America. Though he had set out to find a westward route to Asia, his explorations proved to be as important as any alternate way to the riches of Cathay and India.
The archives of Genoa show that the famous discoverer was born Cristoforo Colombo (Spanish, Cristóbal Colón) there between August and October 1451. His father, Domenico Colombo, followed the weaver's craft, and his mother, Suzanna Fontanarossa, came of equally humble stock. Christopher was the eldest child, and two brothers make some appearance in history under their Hispanicized names, Bartolomé and Diego.
Columbus had a meager education and only later learned to read Latin and write Castilian. He evidently helped his father at work when he was a boy and went to sea early in a humble capacity. Since he aged early in appearance and contemporaries commonly took him for older than he really was, he was able to claim to have taken part in events before his time.
In 1475 Columbus made his first considerable voyage to the Aegean island of Chios, and in 1476 he sailed on a Genoese ship through the Strait of Gibraltar. Off Cape St. Vincent they were attacked by a French fleet, and the vessel in which Columbus sailed sank. He swam ashore and went to Lisbon, where his brother Bartolomé already lived. Columbus also visited Galway, in Ireland, and an English port, probably Bristol. If he ever sailed to Iceland, as he afterward claimed to have done, it must have been as a part of this voyage. He made his presumably last visit to Genoa in 1479 and there gave testimony in a lawsuit. Court procedure required him to tell his age, which he gave as "past 27," furnishing reasonable evidence of 1451 as his birth year.
Columbus returned to Portugal, where he married Felipa Perestrelo e Monis, daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrelo, deceased proprietor of the island of Porto Santo. The couple lived first in Lisbon, where Perestrelo's widow showed documents her husband had written or collected regarding possible western lands in the Atlantic, and these probably started Columbus thinking of a voyage of investigation. Later they moved to Porto Santo, where his wife died soon after the birth of Diego, the discoverer's only legitimate child.
Formation of an Idea
After his wife's death, Columbus turned wholly to discovery plans and theories, among them the hope to discover a westward route to Asia. He learned of the legendary Irish St. Brandan and his marvelous adventures in the Atlantic and of the equally legendary island of Antilia. Seamen venturing west of Madeira and the Azores reported signs of land, and ancient authors, notably Seneca and Pliny, had theorized about the nearness of eastern Asia to western Europe, though it is not known just when Columbus read them. He acquired incunabular editions of Ptolemy, Marco Polo, and Pierre d'Ailly, but again it is uncertain how early he read them. He possibly first depended on what others said of their contents.
From Marco Polo, Columbus learned the names of Cathay (north China) and Cipango (Japan). The Venetian traveler had never visited Japan and erroneously placed it 1,500 miles east of China, thus bringing it closer to Europe. Furthermore, Columbus accepted two bad guesses by Ptolemy: his underestimate of the earth's circumference and his overestimate of Asia's eastward extension. With the earth's sphericity taken for granted, all Columbus's mistaken beliefs combined to make his idea seem feasible.
In 1474 the Florentine scientist Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli sent a letter and map to Fernao Martins of Lisbon, telling Martins that a western voyage in the Atlantic would be a shorter way of reaching the Orient than circumnavigation of Africa. Columbus obtained a copy of the letter and used it to clarify his own ideas.
In 1484 Columbus asked John II of Portugal for backing in the proposed voyage. Rejected, Columbus went to Spain with young Diego in 1485, and for nearly 7 years he sought the aid of Isabella of Castile and her husband, Ferdinand of Aragon. The sovereigns took no action but gave Columbus a small annuity that enabled him to live modestly. He found influential friends, including the powerful Duke of Medinaceli and Juan Pérez, prior of La Rábida monastery.
While waiting, the widowed Columbus had an affair with young Beatriz Enriquez de Harana of Cordova, who in 1488 bore his other son, Ferdinand, out of wedlock. He never married her, though he provided for her in his will and legitimatized the boy, as Castilian law permitted.
Preparations for the First Voyage
In 1492 Columbus resumed negotiations with the rulers. The discussions soon broke down, apparently because of the heavy demands by Columbus, who now prepared to abandon Spain and try Charles VIII of France. Father Pérez saved Columbus from this probably fruitless endeavor by an eloquent appeal to the Queen. Columbus was called back, and in April he and the rulers agreed to the Capitulations of Santa Fe, by which they guaranteed him more than half the future profits and promised his family the hereditary governorship of all lands annexed to Castile.
Financing proved difficult, but three ships were prepared in the harbor of Palos. The largest, the 100-ton Santa Maria, was a round-bottomed nao with both square and lateen sails; the caravel Pinta was square-rigged; and the small Niña, also a caravel, had lateen sails. Recruitment proved hard, and sailing might have been delayed had not the Pinzón brothers, mariners and leading citizens of Palos, come to Columbus's aid and persuaded seamen to enlist. The eldest brother, Martin Alonso, took command of the Pinta, and a younger brother, Vicente Yañez, commanded the Niña.
The fleet left Palos on Aug. 3, 1492, and, visiting the Canaries, followed the parallel of Gomera westward. Weather remained good during the entire crossing, "like April in Andalusia," as Columbus wrote in his diary, and contrary to popular tales, there was no serious threat of mutiny.
By mid-Atlantic, Columbus evidently concluded he had missed Antilia, so Cipango became his next goal. Landfall came at dawn of October 12, at the Bahama island of Guanahani, straightway renamed San Salvador by Columbus (probably modern San Salvador, or Watlings Island). Arawak natives flocked to the shore and made friends with the Spaniards as they landed. Believing himself in the East Indies, Columbus called them "Indians," a name ultimately applied to all New World aborigines.
The ships next passed among other Bahamas to Colba (Cuba), where the gold available proved disappointing. Turning eastward, Columbus crossed to Quisqueya, renamed Española (Hispaniola), where on Christmas Eve the Santa Maria ran aground near Cap-Haitien. No lives were lost and most of the equipment was salvaged. As relations with the local Taino Arawaks seemed good and Columbus wished to return to Spain immediately, he built a settlement named Navidad for the Santa Maria's crew and left, promising to return in a few months.
Columbus recrossed the Atlantic by a more northerly route than on his outward passage and reached Europe safely. He had an interview with John II of Portugal, who, by a farfetched interpretation of an old treaty with Castile, claimed the new western islands for himself. Columbus then sailed to Palos and crossed Spain to the court at Barcelona, bearing the artifacts he had brought from Hispaniola and conducting several natives he had induced or forced to accompany him. Strong evidence also suggests that his crew brought syphilis, apparently never reported in Europe before and known to have been endemic in mild form among the Arawaks.
Regarding John II's territorial claims, Isabella and Ferdinand appealed to Pope Alexander VI, an Aragonese Spaniard, for confirmation of their rights, and in 1493 the Pope obliged, granting Castile complete rights west of a line from pole to pole in the Atlantic. But the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) established a new line, from pole to pole, 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Spain was entitled to claim and occupy all non-Christian lands west of the line, and Portugal all those to the east.
Following an enthusiastic reception by Ferdinand and Isabella, "Admiral" Columbus prepared for a second voyage. He sailed from Cadiz with 17 ships and about 1,200 men in September 1493. Columbus entered the West Indies near Dominica, which he discovered and named. Passing westward and touching Marie Galante, Guadeloupe, and other Lesser Antilles, the fleet came to large Borinquén (modern Puerto Rico).
On reaching the Navidad settlement on Hispaniola, Columbus found the place destroyed. The Spaniards had made themselves so hated in their quest of gold and women that Chief Caonabo, more warlike than the others, had exterminated them. Another settlement, Isabela, proved an equally unfortunate location, and in 1495 or 1496 Bartolomé Columbus founded Santo Domingo on the south side of Hispaniola.
From Isabela the Admiral sent home most of the ships, though retaining the bulk of the men. He dispatched expeditions into the center of the island in search of gold and accompanied one in person. Meanwhile, he installed himself as governor of Hispaniola, intending it to be a trading post for commerce with the rich Oriental empires he expected soon to discover.
Exploration in the Caribbean
Columbus now decided to explore Cuba further by tracing the island's southern coast. With three ships, including his favorite Niña, he left Isabela in the spring of 1494 and followed the Cuban coast nearly to its western end. Indians told him of Jamaica not far to the south, and the Admiral turned that way, discovered the island, and had several fights with hostile natives. Returning to the Cuban shore, Columbus sailed to Bahía Cortés, where leaky ships and sailors' complaints forced him to put back.
Back in Hispaniola, Columbus found the Spanish settlers unruly and nearly impossible to govern. Complaints against Columbus reached the Castilian court in such numbers that he at last decided to go to Spain to clear his name. He left in the Niña in March 1496 and reached Cadiz in June. Bartolomé, with the rank of adelantado, remained to govern the colony in his absence.
The Admiral's reception at court was visibly cooler, but Vasco da Gama's departure from Portugal for India in 1497 caused the Spanish rulers to dispatch Columbus again the following year. There were reports of a great continent south of the Admiral's previous discoveries, and Columbus left Sanlúcar de Barrameda with six ships late in May 1498.
The first land sighted had three hills in view, which suggested the Holy Trinity, and Columbus promptly named the island Trinidad. Since it lies by the Gulf of Paria and the Venezuelan mainland, the Admiral became the discoverer of South America on Aug. 1, 1498. The welcome discovery of pearls from oysters in the shallow waters of offshore islands caused the name "Pearl Coast" to be applied for a time to Venezuela, which Columbus even then recognized as a land of continental proportions because of the volume of water flowing from one of its rivers.
Rebellion and Arrest
The Admiral had left Hispaniolan affairs in bad condition 2 years earlier and now hastened to return there and relieve his hard-pressed brother. On arrival he succeeded in partially quieting by compromise a revolt headed by Francisco Roldán, an officeholder, and resumed his governor-ship. But so many letters of complaint had gone back to Castile regarding the Columbus brothers that the rulers sent out a royal commissioner, Francisco de Bobadilla, with full powers to act as he saw best.
Bobadilla was honest and meant well, but he had already formed a bad opinion of the Columbus family. He put the Admiral and the adelantado in chains and sent them to Spain. Andrés Martin, commanding the ship in which they sailed, offered to remove the shackles, but the Admiral refused permission, as he meant to appear fettered before the sovereigns. On arrival in Cadiz in late November 1500, Columbus went to court to receive a kind welcome and assurance by the monarchs that the chains and imprisonment had not been by their orders.
In 1501 the Admiral began preparing for a fourth voyage. The fleet, consisting of four ships, left Cadiz on May 9, 1502, arriving in Santo Domingo on June 29. The Admiral next sailed to Guanaja Island off Honduras, then down the coast of Central America. When Columbus learned from the natives about another saltwater body, the Pacific, not far away, he felt certain that he was coasting the Malay Peninsula, of which he had learned through the writings of Ptolemy. A strait or open water should permit entry to the Indian Ocean. Although Columbus followed the coast nearly to the Gulf of Darien, he found no strait.
In April 1503 the ships left the mainland, but the hulls were thoroughly bored by teredos and had to be abandoned as unseaworthy in Jamaica. The Admiral and his crews were marooned in Jamaica for a year, during which time Diego Mendez and Bartolomeo Fieschi fetched a small caravel from Hispaniola. Columbus finally reached Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on Nov. 7, 1504.
Columbus had 18 months of life remaining, and they were unhappy. Though only 53 he was physically an aged man, a sufferer from arthritis and the effects of a bout of malaria. But financially his position was good, as he had brought considerable gold from America and had a claim to much more in Hispaniola. He died in Valladolid on May 20, 1506.
The best works on Columbus are Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (2 vols. and 1 vol. condensation, 1942), which concentrates on the nautical aspects, and, in Spanish, Antonio Ballesteros y Beretta, Cristóbal Colón y el descubrimiento de América (2 vols., 1945), which discusses all phases of Columbus's career. Invaluable as a source is the 1959 translation by Benjamin Keen of Fernando Colón, The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son Ferdinand (1571). Marianne Mahn-Lot, Columbus (1960; trans. 1961), gives a brief and accurate account of the discoverer's life.
More specialized works are Samuel Eliot Morison, The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1939), which traces this voyage until the arrival at Hispaniola, and George E. Nunn, The Geographical Conceptions of Columbus: A Critical Consideration of Four Problems (1924), which has not found general acceptance. A more convincing work by Nunn is The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography (1932). Columbus's voyages are discussed in Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages (1971). Older works that still have considerable value are Washington Irving, A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (3-and 4-vol. eds., 1828), and John Boyd Thacher, Christopher Columbus: His Life, His Work, His Remains (3 vols., 1903-1904).
Writings devoted to unusual theses are Henry Vignaud, Toscanelli and Columbus: The Letter and Chart of Toscanelli (1901; trans. 1902), which maintains that the Toscanelli letters were forgeries; Salvador de Madariaga, Christopher Columbus (1939; 2d ed. 1949), which proves to the author's satisfaction that Columbus was a Jew; and Edmundo O'Gorman, The Invention of America (1958; trans. 1961), which asserts that Columbus was not a discoverer because he had no intention of making a discovery and never thought he had made one. □
"Christopher Columbus." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christopher-columbus
"Christopher Columbus." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/christopher-columbus
Christopher Columbus, Ital. Cristoforo Colombo (krēstô´fōrō kōlôm´bō), Span. Cristóbal Colón (krēstō´bäl kōlōn´), 1451–1506, European explorer, b. Genoa, Italy.
Columbus spent some of his early years at his father's trade of weaving and later became a sailor on the Mediterranean. Shipwrecked near the Portuguese coast in 1476, he made his way to Lisbon, where his younger brother, Bartholomew, an expert chart maker, lived. Columbus, too, became a chart maker for a brief time in that great maritime center during the golden era of Portuguese exploration. Engaged as a sugar buyer in the Portuguese islands off Africa (the Azores, Cape Verde, and Madeira) by a Genoese mercantile firm, he met pilots and navigators who believed in the existence of islands farther west. It was at this time that he made his last visit to his native city, but he always remained a Genoese, never becoming a naturalized citizen of any other country. Returning to Lisbon, he married (1479?) the well-born Dona Filipa Perestrello e Moniz.
By the time he was 31 or 32, Columbus had become a master mariner in the Portuguese merchant service. It is thought by some that he was greatly influenced by his brother, Bartholomew, who may have accompanied Bartholomew Diaz on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, and by Martín Alonso Pinzón, the pilot who commanded the Pinta on the first voyage. Columbus was but one among many who believed one could reach land by sailing west. His uniqueness lay rather in the persistence of his dream and his determination to realize this "Enterprise of the Indies," as he called his plan. Seeking support for it, he was repeatedly rebuffed, first at the court of John II of Portugal and then at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Finally, after eight years of supplication by Columbus, the Spanish monarchs, having conquered Granada, decided to risk the enterprise.
Voyages to the New World
On Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa María, commanded by Columbus himself, the Pinta under Martín Pinzón, and the Niña under Vicente Yáñez Pinzón. After halting at the Canary Islands, he sailed due west from Sept. 6 until Oct. 7, when he changed his course to the southwest. On Oct. 10 a small mutiny was quelled, and on Oct. 12 he landed on a small island (Watling Island; see San Salvador) in the Bahamas. He took possession for Spain and, with impressed natives aboard, discovered other islands in the neighborhood. On Oct. 27 he sighted Cuba and on Dec. 5 reached Hispaniola.
On Christmas Eve the Santa María was wrecked on the north coast of Hispaniola, and Columbus, leaving men there to found a colony, hurried back to Spain on the Niña. His reception was all he could wish; according to his contract with the Spanish sovereigns he was made "admiral of the ocean sea" and governor-general of all new lands he had discovered or should discover.
Fitted out with a large fleet of 17 ships, with 1,500 colonists aboard, Columbus sailed from Cádiz in Oct., 1493. His landfall this time was made in the Lesser Antilles, and his new discoveries included the Leeward Islands and Puerto Rico. The admiral arrived at Hispaniola to find the first colony destroyed by the indigenous natives. He founded a new colony nearby, then sailed off in the summer of 1494 to explore the southern coast of Cuba. After discovering Jamaica he returned to Hispaniola and found the colonists, interested only in finding gold, completely disorderly; his attempts to enforce strict discipline led some to seize vessels and return to Spain to complain of his administration. Leaving his brother Bartholomew in charge at Hispaniola, Columbus also returned to Spain in 1496.
On his third expedition, in 1498, Columbus was forced to transport convicts as colonists, because of the bad reports on conditions in Hispaniola and because the novelty of the New World was wearing off. He sailed still farther south and made his landfall on Trinidad. He sailed across the mouth of the Orinoco River (in present Venezuela) and realized that he saw a continent, but without further exploration he hurried back to Hispaniola to administer his colony. In 1500 an independent governor arrived, sent by Isabella and Ferdinand as the result of reports on the wretched conditions in the colony, and he sent Columbus back to Spain in chains. The admiral was immediately released, but his favor was on the wane; other navigators, including Amerigo Vespucci, had been in the New World and established much of the coast line of NE South America.
It was 1502 before Columbus finally gathered together four ships for a fourth expedition, by which he hoped to reestablish his reputation. If he could sail past the islands and far enough west, he hoped he might still find lands answering to the description of Asia or Japan. He struck the coast of Honduras in Central America and coasted southward along an inhospitable shore, suffering terrible hardships, until he reached the Gulf of Darién. Attempting to return to Hispaniola, he was marooned on Jamaica. After his rescue, he was forced to abandon his hopes and return to Spain. Although his voyages were of great importance, Columbus died in relative neglect, having had to petition King Ferdinand in an attempt to secure his promised titles and wealth.
Columbus was not the first European mariner to sail to the New World—the Vikings set up colonies (c.1000) in Greenland and Newfoundland (see Leif Ericsson and Thorfinn Karlsefni)—but his voyages mark the beginning of continuous European efforts to explore and colonize the Americas. Although historians for centuries disputed his skill as a navigator, it has been proved that with only dead reckoning Columbus was unsurpassed in charting and finding his way about unknown seas.
During the 1980s and 90s the long-standing image of Columbus as a hero was tarnished by criticism from Native Americans and revisionist historians. With the 500th anniversary of his first voyage in 1992, interpretations of his motives and impact varied. Although he was always judged to be vain, ambitious, desirous of wealth, and ruthless, traditional historians viewed his voyages as opening the New World to Western civilization and Christianity. For revisionist historians, however, his voyages symbolize the more brutal aspects of European colonization and represent the beginning of the destruction of Native American peoples and culture. All interpretations, however, agree that his voyages, which permanently linked the Old and New Worlds, were a turning point in history.
See biographies by S. E. Morison (1942), E. D. S. Bradford (1973), H. Koning (1982), and F. Fernández-Armesto (1991); J. M. Cohen, comp., The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1969); J. Axtell, Beyond 1492 (1992); W. D. and C. R. Philips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (1992); M. Dugard, The Last Voyage of Columbus (2005); L. Bergren, The Four Voyages (2011); D. Hunter, The Race to the New World (2011).
"Columbus, Christopher." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
"Columbus, Christopher." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506)
Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506)
Italian navigator who led the first European expeditions to the coasts and islands of the Caribbean Sea and South America. Born in Genoa as Christoforo Colombo, he was the son of a weaver, Domenico Colombo, and Susanna Fontanarossa. He received some education and learned Latin and Greek, and may have apprenticed with his father as a weaver. But finding a stronger taste for adventure and the sailor's life, Columbus joined the fleet of Rene of Anjou, a contestant for the throne of Naples, and then enlisted as a sailor for his native city of Genoa, at that time one of Europe's wealthiest merchant cities. He was wounded off the coast of Portugal in 1476; taking shelter in Lisbon, he joined his brother, who was a mapmaker, and began conceiving the idea of a western expedition to the East Indies.
The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, as well as the control of ports along the coast of North Africa and the Red Sea by Arab princes, made the land route to Asia hazardous to the health and wealth of European merchants. In the late fifteenth century, Portuguese navigators were exploring new routes to East Asia around the southern limit of Africa. Some time during his training and experience as a sailor, Columbus hit on the idea of a westerly route through unknown seas that would, he hoped, provide a much quicker route to the spices, silks, and other valuables of China, India, and the Spice Islands (of what is now Indonesia). Using the calculations of ancient navigators and geographers,
however, Columbus underestimated the circumference of the earth, a mistake that led him to the false notion that the westerly route would be faster and easier.
Historians generally credit Norwegian Vikings as the first European navigators to reach North America. However, the Viking expedition of around 1000 a.d. that established a small settlement in what is now Newfoundland was unknown to the rest of Europe and failed to establish a permanent settlement. In 1485, Columbus first proposed a new voyage to the west to the king of Portugal, John II. He asked for a fleet of three ships and a reward of 10 percent of all income from new land he discovered. The offer was rejected, after which Columbus turned to Ferdinand and Isabella, the monarchs of a newly united kingdom of Spain. He would sail from the port of Seville south to the Canary Islands, then head due west and remain on that course until reaching Japan. Columbus believed he would enjoy clear sailing all the way to Asia.
At the time the kingdom of Spain was struggling with debts and in dire need of trade and gold; the relatively weak Spanish fleets, however, had no hope of overcoming the Portuguese, who were building and strengthening trading ports throughout Asia. Although the king and queen of Spain were advised to reject Columbus's voyage by navigators who claimed he was misjudging the distance to Asia, they rewarded him with a pension to prevent him from sailing for any rival nation and finally agreed to support his expedition in 1492. Columbus was named “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” and was promised a generous portion of money earned from any new Spanish ports or colonies.
The first expedition of three small ships set out in August 1492, taking five weeks to sail from the Canary Islands to a small island in the Bahamas Columbus called San Salvador, on October 12. The expedition continued to Cuba and Hispaniola, where the flagship Santa Maria ran aground. On Hispaniola Columbus founded a small settlement, La Navidad, where he left behind thirty-nine sailors.
The success of his first expedition earned Columbus acclaim in Spain and an agreement by Ferdinand and Isabella to support a second, much larger expedition of seventeen ships, which left in September 1493. This time the admiral landed on Dominica and Guadeloupe, then turned north and sailed through the long chain of small islands now known as the Lesser Antilles. The fleet passed the Virgin Islands and landed at Puerto Rico, but on encountering a hostile Carib village Columbus ordered his ships to Hispaniola, where he founded the settlement of Isabela. The expedition touched at Cuba and Jamaica before returning to Spain in the early fall of 1494.
A third expedition left Spain in May 1498. Columbus reached Trinidad and the coasts of what is now Venezuela. His harsh management of his own sailors and mistreatment of natives, however, led to his arrest by the governor of Hispaniola. Columbus was put in chains and returned to Spain a prisoner along with two of his brothers. He was summarily relieved of all duties as governor of the lands he had discovered, and denied any profit from the income attained from the new Spanish colonies.
Still determined to find a passage to the Spice Islands, Columbus managed to win his freedom and convince Ferdinand and Isabella to support a fourth voyage. This fleet set out in May 1502. On arriving at Hispaniola, he was defied by the Spanish governor of Santo Domingo. His fleet then sailed to the coast of Honduras in Central America and then southward to Panama, where it encountered a fierce storm. Returning to Jamaica, his fleet was wrecked in another storm, and Columbus was forced to remain on Jamaica for more than a year awaiting rescue. The governor of Hispaniola, now the admiral's sworn enemy, finally sent help and Columbus succeeded in returning to Spain in November 1504.
Columbus has been hailed for more than five centuries as an intrepid navigator—and criticized for the harsh treatment he meted out to his sailors as well as Native Americans, whom he considered subhuman barbarians in desperate need of conversion to the Christian religion. His voyages began the era of exploration and colonization of North and South America by Europeans, an undertaking that greatly enriched and transformed Europe. He grew bitter at the imprisonment he suffered at the hands of his patrons in Spain, however, and died still unaware of the western hemisphere, and convinced he had found a faster route to Asia.
See Also: da Gama, Vasco; exploration; Ferdinand II of Aragon; Isabella I of Castile
"Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506)." The Renaissance. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/columbus-christopher-1451-1506
"Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506)." The Renaissance. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/columbus-christopher-1451-1506
COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER (Cristofor Colombo, 1451–1506), explorer. Born in the Italian republic of Genoa, Columbus acted as a mariner in the Mediterranean and joined the Italian merchant colony in Lisbon in the 1470s. From Portugal, he sailed north to England, Ireland, and possibly Iceland. He also visited Madeira and the Canary Islands and sailed down the African coast to São Jorge da Mina. By his marriage to Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, member of an Italian-Portuguese noble family, he gained access to the Portuguese and Castilian royal courts.
Columbus became convinced that Asia could be reached by sailing west from Europe, based on rumors of undiscovered islands in the Atlantic, unusual objects found on Atlantic shores, and a wide reading of geography and other sources. He believed that the Earth's circumference was smaller than it is and that Asia would not be too far west from Europe.
After failing to interest the Portuguese king John II in his scheme for a westward passage to Asia, Columbus went to Spain. The Spanish monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, assigned experts to investigate the feasibility of a westward voyage. They disputed Columbus's flawed geography, but the spherical shape of the world was never in question. In early 1492, the monarchs, disregarding the skepticism of their experts, agreed to help support Columbus's first voyage at a modest financial risk. They promised to grant him noble status and the titles of admiral, viceroy, and governor-general for any lands he might discover.
With the support of the prominent mariner Martín Alonso Pinzón, Columbus outfitted three vessels for the voyage: the Niña, Pinta, and Mariagalante (Santa María). Leaving in early August of 1492, the fleet sailed first to the Canary Islands and then headed westward with following winds. Columbus and the other pilots in the fleet navigated by dead reckoning, estimating direction by compass, time by sand clock, and speed by eye and feel to plot their course and position.
Early on 12 October the fleet dropped anchor at an island that Columbus renamed San Salvador. Believing they were in Asia, the crew called the natives "Indians." Shortly thereafter, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta and sailed off to explore and trade on his own. Columbus visited Cuba, vainly seeking the vast commerce and rich ports of Asia, and then sailed to the island he named Hispaniola and explored its northern coast. After the Mariagalante ran aground and wrecked, Columbus founded a settlement for the thirty-nine men he left behind. After Pinzón returned, the Ninña and Pinta set sail for Spain, with seven captured Indians aboard.
Columbus made three other voyages to the Caribbean islands and the mainland of Central and South America. During the second and third he was required to act as a colonial administrator as well as an explorer; his limited administrative skills contributed to growing chaos. A royal investigator arrested Columbus and sent him back to Spain, thus ending his third voyage. The Spanish monarchs allowed him to keep his property, but his titles were thereafter devoid of authority, as the monarchs established a new colonial administration.
On his fourth and final voyage, Columbus mainly explored the coast of Central America, where he encountered fierce local resistance. Turning back, he grounded his two remaining worn-out vessels on the Jamaican coast and spent a miserable year before being rescued. Broken in health, he arrived in Spain on 7 November 1504.
Columbus made every effort to have all his grants and titles restored. Even without them, he was a wealthy man, but he felt betrayed and slighted by his royal patrons. For their part, the Spanish sovereigns justified their withdrawal of support by citing Columbus's mismanagement. Surrounded by family and friends, Columbus died in 1506, rich but dissatisfied. As a man of his time, Columbus was strongly influenced by contemporary norms and beliefs about commerce, religion, and science. Deeply religious, he hoped to supply funds to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims, in fulfillment of Christian crusading ideas and millenarian prophecies. At the same time, he was a shrewd businessman and used geographical and scientific works in newly available printed editions, making scientific observations of sea and wind and flora and fauna. He attempted to calculate longitude, noted the difference between true and magnetic north, and accurately predicted a lunar eclipse. Instead of finding a new route to Asia, Columbus made the lands and peoples of the Western Hemisphere known to Europeans and set in motion a chain of events that engendered today's close connections among all the world's societies.
See also Cartography and Geography ; Colonialism ; Europe and the World ; Exploration ; Shipbuilding and Navigation ; Spanish Colonies: The Caribbean .
Columbus, Christopher. Textos y documentos completos, nuevas cartas. Edited by Consuelo Varela and Juan Gil. Madrid, 1992.
Henige, David. In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the First Voyage. Tucson, Ariz., 1991.
William D. Phillips, Jr.
"Columbus, Christopher." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
"Columbus, Christopher." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Judging the Man. The quincentennial, or 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in America in 1992, raised many new questions about the man. Once nearly universally regarded as a hero, Columbus today also conjures up brutality, violence, and the destruction of Native Americans and their culture. However, rather than rushing to judgment one way or another, we need to consider him in the context of his times.
Background. For a long time historians believed that Columbus was the son of a poor Genoese weaver and that before going to sea he had been a trader of African slaves in Spain. His marriage to the daughter of a prominent Lisbon merchant gave him many connections to the royal court. More recently other scholars have argued that Columbus was too prominent to have come from such humble beginnings.
Gold and Christianity. Part of Columbus’s desire to explore was to bring Christianity to the world’s peoples. He firmly believed, inspired by the prophecies in the Book of Isaiah, that the second coming of Christ would not be realized until every last individual was converted to Christianity. One of Columbus’s goals was to personally deliver the Christian message. Ultimately he strove to bring enough gold back from his voyage to finance the final Crusade, the one that would achieve the Christianization of the whole world. Queen Isabella was convinced by Columbus’s reasoning, and even though the Spanish Crown was impoverished, she agreed to fund his first voyage. Of course, gaining wealth, power, and fame was also a part of Columbus’s agenda.
First Voyage. Seven weeks after going to sea in three small boats with a crew of about ninety men, Columbus landed in the Bahamas on 12 October 1492. He promptly erected two banners of the Green Cross, one each for Ferdinand and Isabella. He named the land San Salvador, or “Holy Savior.” The Indies were, to him, paradise, and he spent the next ten weeks exploring the Caribbean, including parts of present-day Haiti, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. Columbus returned with spices, slaves, and a small amount of gold. On his return voyage he authored a pamphlet extolling the lands he had found. They were, he exclaimed, filled with amiable natives and vast riches.
Second Voyage. Columbus returned to the New World for a second time in 1494. This second voyage witnessed not the conversion of the Native Americans as much as, in the words of one historian, “the true beginning of the invasion of the Americas.” An epidemic hit many of Columbus’s crew, and the Grand Admiral of the Ocean Sea also fell ill for months. As he lay sick, despite his personal promise to Ferdinand and Isabella not to be violent toward the natives, many of his soldiers used the opportunity not to proselytize but to wander freely, abusing and killing as many as fifty thousand Native Americans. Violence and murder were a part of Spanish culture; fifteenth-century Spain was a brutal place in which the questioning of heretics—and swift, severe punishment if they were found guilty but did not confess—famine, and disease were parts of normal life. However, Columbus’s men no doubt felt justified in their marauding by the fact that their victims were not Christians but “beasts.”
Book of Prophecies. Toward the end of his life, in 1500, after returning from his third voyage, Columbus composed the Book of Prophecies. This collection of thoughts, commentary, and biblical passages was an appeal to the Spanish monarchy to regain Jerusalem from Muslim control and affirmed that recovering the Holy City and finding and converting the native peoples he had discovered would lead to the second coming of Christ. Columbus placed himself squarely in this holy history which intended to show the schema of the salvation of the human race. Columbus was certain, he wrote Ferdinand and Isabella in 1503 from Jamaica, that Jerusalem would be rebuilt by a Christian and that “this person would come from Spain.” He appealed to the monarchs to continue to support his voyages to enable him to find more gold and thus be able to liberate the Holy City.
Legacy. In considering Columbus’s legacy, we must also consider that he acted in the name of religion. He believed he was directed by divine guidance on all of his voyages. To Columbus, religion and the less-than-benevolent treatment of the Native Americans were not necessarily mutually exclusive. If such brutality led to greater riches for Spain, it could use this wealth to effect more conversions, according to his thinking.
Roberto Rusconi, ed., The Book of Prophecies edited by Christopher Columbus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997);
Margarita Zamora, Reading Columbus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
"Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)." American Eras. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/columbus-christopher-1451-1506
"Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)." American Eras. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/columbus-christopher-1451-1506
"Columbus, Christopher." World Encyclopedia. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
"Columbus, Christopher." World Encyclopedia. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-christopher
1. (Christophe Colomb). Opera in 2 acts (27 scenes) by Milhaud to lib. by Paul Claudel. Comp. 1928. Prod. Berlin 1930. Paris (concert version) 1936. Uses cinema screen. Operas on this subject also by Ottoboni, Morlacchi, and Egk.
2. Early ov. by Wagner intended for play by Apel, comp. 1834–5, f.p. Leipzig 1835.
3. Incidental mus. by Walton (unpubd.) for radio play by Louis MacNeice broadcast BBC Oct. 1942.
4. The Voyage. Opera in 3 acts by Glass to lib. by D. H. Hwang. F.p. NY Met 1992. Commissioned by Met to commemorate 500th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in America.
5. Cristoforo Colombo. Opera in 4 acts by Franchetti to lib. by Illica. Comp. 1891–2, rev. 1922. F.p. Genoa 1892. Commissioned by Genoa, on Verdi's recommendation, to mark 400th anniversary of discovery of America.
"Christopher Columbus." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/christopher-columbus
"Christopher Columbus." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/christopher-columbus
Columbus Day in the US, a legal holiday commemorating the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. It is observed by most states on the second Monday of October.
"Columbus, Christopher." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher
"Columbus, Christopher." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher
(b. Genoa, Italy, 1451 [?]; d. Valladolid, Spain, 20 May 1506),
For a detailed study of his life and work, see Supplement.
"Columbus, Christopher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. (March 27, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher
"Columbus, Christopher." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. . Retrieved March 27, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/columbus-christopher | <urn:uuid:8d3add27-1bde-4872-857b-e6eb468f22f6> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 62,126 |
Which Joe gave his name to ‘sloppy joes’? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
[mass noun] The tendency of a cross-bred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents.Also called heterosis
- ‘We therefore think that the results are more easily explained if immigrant genes are selectively favored, for instance, by hybrid vigor, which has been shown for one of the metapopulations.’
- ‘This phenomenon is commonly denoted as midparent heterosis of hybrid vigor.’
- ‘The molecular basis of hybrid vigor has remained unknown despite the importance of this phenomenon in evolution and in practical breeding programs.’
- ‘The causes of inbreeding depression and the converse phenomenon of heterosis or hybrid vigor remain poorly understood despite their scientific and agricultural importance.’
- ‘Utilization of hybrid vigor or heterosis has been successful in cross-pollinated crops, of which maize is a primary example.’
Are you looking for a word for a foolish person? We explore twelve interesting words to describe the dunderheads in your life.
Before you run for the hills, let’s run through a list of ‘run’ expressions that are running through our minds.
The definitions of ‘buddy’ and ‘bro’ in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity. | <urn:uuid:6cb37f83-38d5-4177-92f9-c3402a3934b6> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 1,332 |
Today, social customer management software company Lithium Technologies officially acquired Klout. Previous reports about the acquisition looked positively at the deal for both companies. According to the release announcing the news, the two companies combined will “reach more than 500 million consumers across 10,000 specific interest areas and 300+ branded communities.” Klout recently unveiled a site redesign to focus on content creation.
“With Klout, Lithium fully delivers on its vision of building a trusted online connection between consumers and the brands they care about,” said Lithium president and CEO Rob Tarkoff in the release announcing the news. Klout CEO Joe Fernandez called the deal a “proud moment” for the company.
According to the announcement, the partnership will enable brands to:
- Build a more complete profile of their customers and their needs.
- Establish clear feedback on how consumers value brands, products and services.
- Engage consumers more effectively and enlist their participation in growing the brand and the business.
- Leverage experts for opinions and trusted content.
For consumers, this means they can:
- Discover which people and brands to trust.
- Enjoy a better, differentiated experience from brands they value.
- Receive rewards and recognition from brands for their loyalty and engagement.
While Lithium did not disclose the terms of the deal, Fortune reports that it’s valued at almost $200 million and is a mix of cash and Lithium stock. | <urn:uuid:698646f1-688c-47c3-9bfe-dabfadb85225> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 1,494 |
For many years we have written dialog item hook functions using procedural code. You can continue that way with MicroStation CONNECT, but the MicroStationAPI offers a better way: dialog and dialog item hook classes.
The hook classes replace the MDL switch decision tree with the DialogHookHandler and DialogItemHookHandler classes that provides virtual event handler methods such as _OnCreate(). The ListModelManager class goes one step further: it provides dialog item specific methods to assign and deallocate the ListModel using by ComboBox and ListBox dialog items.
ListModelManager is a template class. It offers specialised handlers for ComboBox and ListBox dialog items. They improve your code by using the correct set/get methods and by always destroying the ListModel in the _OnDestroy() event. | <urn:uuid:2e9ecf98-30fb-4a21-85cd-ba7bc13ac772> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 803 |
History of Cacheman
The story begins in late 1996 at the University of Applied Sciences in Coburg, Germany.
The data center consisted of few Windows NT 3.5 servers and a lot of Windows 95 clients running 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. There was a problem with this setup. Windows 95 was apparently not designed to run 24/7.
After some hours the system started to slow down considerably. The "solution" most students applied to this problem was to reboot their computers before starting any serious work. One of the students, Thomas Reimann, was fed up with this situation and began to look for the root of the problem. After several weeks of research he found the cause - bad Disk Cache management.
What is a Disk Cache? (click for explanation)
A Disk Cache (pronounced "kash") is a component that stores user data. Data present in the Cache can be delivered considerably faster than data retrieved from the original storage device. In many cases the Cache is a part of the computer's memory (RAM), and the slower storage device is a hard drive.
Cache is a good thing -- if implemented properly. It can increase a computer's performance considerably. Windows 95 had a bad Cache implementation. After some hours of usage the Cache increased so much that there was no memory left for program execution.
Windows tried to "solve" the problem by moving programs around from RAM (memory) to the Swap File.
This caused a serious decrease of Windows performance that seemed to be correctable only by rebooting the computer.
What is a Swap File? (click for explanation)
Swap Files allowed Windows 95 to use hard disk space to simulate memory. When a system ran low on memory, it moved inactive programs onto the hard drive to free up memory for active ones. When the user needed the swapped-out program again, it was moved back from the Swap File into memory, and another program was placed in the Swap File. This caused large amounts of hard drive activity that slowed the computer down considerably and sometimes even crashed programs. Microsoft has renamed the term Swap File to Paging File in new revisions of Windows.
Thomas learned how to solve the problem for good by tweaking the Cache parameters. The modified client computers could run for days without rebooting. People noticed this very quickly, and soon the modified computers were in constant demand. This pleasant situation didn't last long.
The university was reinstalling Windows almost every month to remove student modifications! A better way to tweak those computers had to be conceived, and Thomas developed a small Windows program that offered Disk Cache management through a graphical user interface.
The program spread around the university. One day another student asked Thomas if he had heard about the great software called Cacheman. It was time for the next step.
In January 1997 Cacheman 2.0 was released to the Internet on a website called Ultimatum Productions. Without any advertisement or promotion, in its first month Cacheman hit 1000 downloads.
With the release of Windows 98, Cacheman continued to improve. Version 3.0 introduced performance profiles that let users optimize Windows according to their personal needs. This release of Cacheman was a huge success, with over a million downloads. Almost all of the world's computer magazines have praised Cacheman.
The success of Cacheman 3 proved that this technology could be the base for a business. Outertech (Outer Technologies) was incorporated in 1999, and a new website introduced at http://www.outertech.com.
The next version of Cacheman (3.10) was "Postcardware." The software was still free to download, but Outertech asked for a postcard from the home town of the user.
Over the next months, thousands of postcards arrived from around the world. They overflowed the mailbox on a daily basis until Outertech had to drop the postcardware idea with the introduction of Cacheman 4.0.
In the following year Cacheman 5 was released in both freeware and shareware editions. Among initial Windows NT4 and Windows 2000 support, the user interface has been greatly improved. Microsoft recommended Cacheman 5 on its website as a cache-tweaking software.
With the next Windows release, Cacheman's large user base demanded a new version with Vista compatibility. The development proved to be very difficult, as Cacheman now needed to patch the Windows Kernel to improve Cache performance. And the new Cacheman would go one step further, to manage not only the Cache, but the whole computer memory as well. Users could define which applications were most important to them, and Cacheman would give those applications more memory.
After two years of development, in late 2007, Outertech introduced a beta version of Cacheman for Vista. Beta testers urged us to release the new Cacheman quickly, but we were not yet 100% pleased with the quality and stability of the software. The testing has continued, in a process lasting almost two years. By 2009 we had solved all the technical difficulties, and a rock-stable Cacheman 7 was released with support for Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7.
In March 2011 Outertech.com was relaunched, featuring new versions of all of its software. Cacheman 7.10 is available with many improvements including Windows 7 SP1 support.
Copyright (c) 1999-2017 Outertech. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:9fd0ff1e-348e-4121-98df-0a26cb305ace> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 5,342 |
I am trying to calculate my green chlorophyll index (GCI), one of my many vegetation indices that I'm trying to calculate. I am working with imagery from a Micasense RedEdge 3 camera (with proper radiometric calibration procedures already completed). I thought that you are supposed to get data values between -1 and 1, but instead, my values range from 0.09-14.4, as you can see by the image that I have attached.
The equation for the GCI, as defined by the literature, is: (NIR/Green) - 1
My dataset bands are defined here, for this example: Green = "band_2" and NIR = "band_5"
The equation I used for Raster Calculator is this: Float("band_5") / Float("band_2") - 1
Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thanks guys!
(P.S. This is a picture of a grain sorghum research plot) | <urn:uuid:7fbee446-e15c-4a70-8ea3-9e1ad8ed5f8f> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 778 |
Overview of Science Education & Science Process Skills. ELED 4312 Science Method Class Week 2. What Is Science?. What Is Science?. Discovering nature Organizing facts into theories A method of discovery A body of organized knowledge Problem Solving A process of finding out
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Science Method Class
- Truth, Freedom, Skepticism, Order, Originality, and Communication
its emphasis in science education has been
History of Science Education
opportunities for students to develop understanding and skills necessary to function productively as
problem-solvers in a scientific and technological
world ( by National Science Teachers Association)
utilize science for improving their own lives and for coping with an increasingly technological world
Elaborate, and Evaluate)
not 'about' the world, but rather 'constitutive' of the world (Sherman, 1995). Knowledge is not a fixed
object, it is constructed by an individual through his/her own experience of that object.
upon the foundation of previous learning. This view of learning sharply contrasts with one in which
learning is the passive transmission of information
from one individual to another, a view in which
reception, not construction, is key.
“Discovery simply means coming to know something you didn’t know before.”
- Discovery Learning happens when a child uncovers new information or gleans new insight about how to approach a problem or task and then completes the task or solve the problem on her or his own. It is an individual and personal experience.
- Classrooms don’t discover; individual children do.
“ Inquiry is a very careful and systematic method of exploring the unknown so that discoveries are made.”
“ Scientific inquiry refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based in the evidence derived from their work. Inquiry also refers to the activities of students in which they develop knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, as well as an understanding of how scientists study the natural world.
to see what is already known
and communicating the results
in order to actively participate in the process of
: Observing, Classifying, Measuring, Communicating, Predicting, inferring
: Controlling Variables, Interpreting Data, Formulating Hypotheses, Defining Operationally, Experimenting | <urn:uuid:0e38d84f-2ad6-4789-bc3e-eebb84d7779f> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,657 |
- Saturday 5 Sep By Rev. Winna Martin A publication for members of the 521 Anglicans Regina.
- Thursday 27 Aug By Rev. Winna Martin Around the Cross is a publication by and for the 521 Anglicans Regina
- Sunday 5 Jul By Rev. Winna Martin The July 3 edition of Around the Cross.
By Rev. Winna Martin
Click herefor the June 11 2020 issue of Around the Cross.
- Tuesday 19 May By Nigel Salway St. Lukes has establish a labyrinth on the south side of the church. Here is an instructed walk through the labyrinth with suggestions for contemplation.
- Friday 1 May By Rev. Winna Martin Around the Cross
- Thursday 23 Apr By Michael Bruce Please read the attached letter from the Rt. Rev. Rob Hardwick. It describes a special offering for Easter.
- Thursday 9 Apr By Nigel Salway A newsletter for parishioners of St. Luke's, Saint Matthews and All Saints. Edited by the Rev. Winna Martin.
- Friday 1 Nov 2019 By Michael Bruce
- Monday 2 Sep 2019 By Michael Bruce St. Luke's parishioners celebrated Rider Pride on Sunday September 1 as the Roughriders prepared to meet the Blue Bombers. Parishioners alsp demonstrated their love for their Blue Bomber neighbours.
- Sunday 7 Jul 2019 By Nigel Salway Week 2 of Day Camp starts at 8:15 a.m. Monday July 15.
- Sunday 18 Nov 2018 By Michael Bruce PLease note that the Christmas Babysitting planned for November 24 has been cancelled.
- Thursday 9 Aug 2018 By Michael Bruce The maintenance committee recently renewed the shingles on the storage shed.
- Friday 18 May 2018 By Nigel Salway There will not be a 10:30 am service at St. Luke's this Sunday, May 20. Please join us at St. Paul's Cathedral at 10:30 am for a joint Pentecost service.
- Sunday 3 Dec 2017 By Michael Bruce Furnace work is now complete at St. Luke's. The furnaces in the church are operational and the electric heaters in the rooms in the tunnel, the office and the multi-purpose room have been installed.
- Wednesday 20 Sep 2017 By Jenny Williams A celebration this Sunday
- Tuesday 12 Sep 2017 By Jenny Williams Kid's Club starts on Thursday
- Saturday 9 Sep 2017 By Jenny Williams Welcome Back Barbeque a success | <urn:uuid:495d5579-9dcf-431c-a842-3c6443ffb9e3> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,123 |
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Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | <urn:uuid:49ea095e-425b-4025-bb03-88d618b51923> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,497 |
Of course you can buy Snooker scoreboards at Van den broek Biljarts. Snooker scoreboards are available in a number of different types and sizes. Of course we deliver the snooker scoreboards with the beautiful copper fittings. This is part of a nice snooker table. Are you looking for other snooker table accessories also this we almost all deliver from stock. | <urn:uuid:890cfe89-186e-4e21-9175-f47dca270452> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 359 |
It's been a while since the last time I did a skincare review. Don't get me wrong, I still do my everyday skincare (well, pretty much), but my work just has never been this demanding and it eats up too much of my time and energy. I've always wanted to leave but my slacking won't definitely cover my daily expenses and the family's dream to finally stop living in a rented apartment and move into a new home.
Yup, for the past months, I've been working hard to save for our home improvement. It's in the making and even if we're done paying off the renovation expenses, there's still a lot of furniture to buy so I gotta work my ass off. Sorry if I am telling you this in a supposed-to-be-skincare post, but my excited fingers just couldn't stop. Anyway, let's just move forward and start with today's agenda.
|Apollo Lip Balm in Original|
I got all these Apollo products from Sample Room. I'm in a tight budget right now so I guess I'll have to live with free products until maybe the house is done? Just kidding.
I am sure that I don't need to introduce Apollo to most of you - I mean their Petroleum Jellies has been part our household essentials at one point. Price point, efficiency and ease of purchase are probably the primary factors. It's so great to hear that their petroleum business has now expanded to lip balms and beauty oils. I don't know if it's just me, but I love lip balms so much and I can not definitely leave the house without one.
Anyway, these lip balms are the cutest. I mean the idea of the packaging is not really original because there's Vaseline and whatnot, right? But I love that it's so handy and convenient to bring anywhere. I could bring the tiniest of my bag and this would just fits so perfectly. I could even just slip it on my dress' pockets and voíla!
This tiny pot of petroleum jelly never leave my work table, TBH. I always apply it every freakin' time my lips feel so parched and it would instantly provide relief. Moisture last long but given that I unconsciously licks my lips from time to time and I drink quite a lot, the need to reapply is so frequent. I have super dry lips all year round and this product helps the skin to recover. When I accidentally picks on the hanging dead skin and it causes bleeding, I would just apply a generous amount, and the wound would heal quickly.
|Apollo Lip Balm in Pretty Pink|
Apollo Lip Balms also came in a tinted variant. The formulation is just the same and both feels creamy and smooth, the only difference apart from the color is the strawberry scent of the latter. But probably because of the added chemical, I find it a bit drying when used overtime. My lips has always been sensitive to tinted lip products so I try to limit my use since I am working from home and there's no need to dress up.
However, my mom actually enjoys it. She traded her Vaseline one to this because she said that the Vaseline isn't actually giving her lips some color. She said that she could skip lipstick and just use the Apollo instead because it's enough to give her lips some rosy shade any skin color would look good on. I agree though. I don't suggest trading makeup and skincare products but because we're mom and daughter so no big deal LOL.
Both lips balms are so affordable and a little goes a long way, and they surely did last for a couple of months. I think that it's a great value for money and definitely a must-have.
|Apollo 100% Pure Cold-Pressed Castor Oil|
For those who believe that using beauty oils, particularly Castor Oil, to lengthen and thicken eye brows and lashes isn't an old myth, yes, Apollo has Castol Oil is here to save your day. It's so cheap and you get a tube that will last forever.
I tried using beauty oils way back when I was younger and though it was an on and off process, I noticed that my lashes became stronger and less prone to damage. There were bald spots in my brows that were soon filled. I stopped because I'm satisfied with the average thickness and length of my lashes. Also, it wasn't convenient and I don't like it when oils smears into the rest of my face. I have oily skin too and I was not comfortable about it especially when it gets inside the eyes.
If you are more patient that I am, using Castor Oil for the brows and lashes would help shape and tame hair overtime. I am sure that all hardwork pays off in the end.
I guess that's pretty much everything. Let me know what are your thoughts about these products, whether you are a believer of these or not. I would love to hear from you. Happy weekends, everyone! | <urn:uuid:482e9fd3-e5eb-47d7-ab36-c09819635cde> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 4,545 |
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No legislator would welcome the closure of a vital, job-producing and community-impacting facility within his or her district. So when the Pine Lodge Corrections Center in Medical Lake appeared on Gov. Christine Gregoire’s list of recommended closures as part of her efforts to deal with our state’s $2.6 billion budget shortfall, I felt I had to look at this as objectively as possible to make the best decision for the offenders, the community and the state as a whole.
Last weekend, I joined with other local elected officials in calling for a town hall meeting to discuss this issue in depth. We had a great turnout with Pine Lodge staff and community leaders in attendance.
One of the key factors in making this decision is capacity. The Washington state Department of Corrections says there is excess capacity in the prison system, thus making the decision to close Pine Lodge “doable” in terms of our state’s present and long-term prison needs.
However, while I would agree that we currently have some unused capacity for the men’s divisions, the same case cannot be made in terms of capacity and facilities for women.
Based on a DOC facilities report looking at the previous three years, the trend line for women in our prison system is increasing 2.6 percent to 5.6 percent a year. More women enter the system each year than leave. Plus, if Pine Lodge closes, the capacity at the other two women’s facilities – Mission Creek in Belfair and Washington Corrections in Gig Harbor – would be pushed past “operational” levels and into “emergency” numbers by the influx of new inmates. The resulting overcrowded facilities would have women sleeping on the floor and prison staff maxed out in terms of managing the increased population – not an ideal situation for all involved.
Another important element is the different cost of housing inmates at each facility. Over the last five years, Pine Lodge has had the lowest cost per offender per day, compared with the other two women’s facilities.
The future costs of recidivism – when released offenders commit further crimes resulting in incarceration – also need to be weighed. At Pine Lodge, they have an intense prerelease counseling program which has shown extremely low recidivism. Closer proximity to family increases visitation, which studies have shown also decreases recidivism.
Another factor that doesn’t sit well with me is the fact that while the governor proposes closing Eastern Washington’s only women’s facility, her capital budget proposal includes plans to build a new 300-bed women’s facility in Western Washington. With an estimated $75.2 million in design and construction costs from 2011 through 2014, the governor’s estimated savings of $10.2 million by closing Pine Lodge fails to pass the straight-face test.
Finally, the community and the people affected by closing Pine Lodge need to be considered.
At the forefront are local, family-wage jobs, the decrease of which would have a negative impact on the local economy.
Pine Lodge inmates also contribute to the local community in several tangible and measurable ways:
•In 2009, more than 7,000 pounds of food produced from the facility garden were donated to local food banks.
•Six women from Pine Lodge operate the Medical Lake Recycling Center.
•The women cut and pile wood which is given to low-income families and the elderly for heating needs.
•The women make blankets, hats, gloves and other clothing items for the homeless and other organizations.
•The women operate as groundskeepers for both Eastern State Hospital and Lakeland Village.
•Community residents gave 5,902 hours of service to Pine Lodge offenders in 2009.
All of these areas enrich others in the community and cannot be dismissed lightly.
When all is said and done, the supposed motivation for closing Pine Lodge is to save money. However, the math just doesn’t add up. The state even spent $500,000 on an independent study to see which facilities could be combined or closed. This study did not recommend closure for Pine Lodge.
“Penny wise and pound foolish” is the axiom that comes to mind. Simply put, the state of Washington, the employees and their families, the community and the women’s prison system at large cannot afford to close Pine Lodge Corrections Center.
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Experiments: Getting Past Statistical Significance
What are you trying to do when experimenting?
When experimenting, you are trying to isolate the effect of taking some action on our website/mobile app/email on one or more objective results.
For example, let’s suppose you change the color of the main button on your page. Originally Red, you try to have it Blue (this is the action we take). Do you think it will increase the conversion rate (this is the objective result), and if so, by how much?
A/B testing: The application of “Randomized Controlled Trials”
“A/B tests” and other “multivariate tests” are applications of randomized controlled trials (RCT).
RCTs are experiments where :
- We take a sample of users and,
- randomly assign them to either a control group or a treatment group.
- The experimenter then collects performance data (conversions or purchase values) for each
We often talk about AB Testing as one activity or task. However, there are 3 main parts of the actual mechanics of testing.
- The data collection;
- The estimation of effect sizes;
- The assessment of our uncertainty of the effect size and mitigation of the uncertainty around making decisions.
There is going to be a tradeoff between more information (less variability) and cost. Why cost? Because we are investing time and foregoing potentially better options, in the hopes that we will find something better than what we are currently doing. We spend resources now to improve our estimates of the set of possible actions that we might take in the future. AB Testing, in of itself, is not optimization. It is an investment in information.
What does a “sample” means in this context?
First things first, a sample is simply a subset of the total population under consideration. What’s important to understand is that in most A/B testing situations, we don’t randomly sample, but we randomly assign users to treatments.
This may be confusing at first, but in the online situation where websites run A/B tests, the users present themselves for assignment. Think of it like “They come to your homepage, You don’t bring the homepage specifically to them”.
This is not just a detail, because it systematically leads to a certain selection bias if we don’t try to account for this non-random sampling in our data collection process. The selection bias makes it more difficult, if not impossible, to conclude, from our test results, about the larger population we are interested in.
The most effective way to mitigate this is by running our experiments over an extended time (full weeks, or months, etc.) to try to ensure that our samples represent better the true user/customer population. The longer, the better.
Why do we prefer “randomized” assignments?
This is because of what we call “confounding”. Confounding is when the treatment effect gets mixed with the effects of any other outside influence. Confounding is the single biggest issue in establishing a causal relationship between the treatments and the performance measure.
To continue with the previous example where we are interested in the treatment effect of the color of our button on the page’s conversion rate. When assigning users to button color, it’s not good if we give everyone who visits the page on Sunday the “Blue” button treatment, and everyone who visits the page on Monday the “Red” button treatment.
Why it’s not good? Because the “Blue” group includes both Sunday users and the “Blue” button, while the “Red” group is comprised of both “Monday” users and the “Red” Button. They are not the same kind of users. Therefore, we mixed the data in a way that any of the effects related to the day of visit are tangled together with the treatment effects of button color. This is the very reason why before/after testing is not accurate.
What matters is for each of the groups to both have:
- No confounding: They look like one another except for the treatment selection.
- No selection bias: They look like the population of interest.
On the other hand, if each day, we apply a 50/50 split of button color treatments, then the relationship between “day of visit” and “button color assignment” is broken, and we can estimate the average treatment effects without having to worry as much about the influences of outside effects. This is the foundation that makes A/B testing more accurate than before/after testing.
Still, this isn’t perfect yet. It holds only on average and it is possible, due to sampling error, that for any sample, we don’t have a balanced sample over all of the cofactors and confounders. Simply be alert to any sample ratio mismatch because of the confounding effect.
Things can go wrong if, for example, a bug in the assignment process breaks the experience in that some users don’t get assigned for certain types of old internet browsers, then we no longer have a fully randomized assignment. This bug breaks the randomization and lets the effect of old browsers leak in and mix with the effect of our treatment (button color, etc.).
Confounding is the main issue you should be concerned about within A/B testing. Everything else is secondary.
Estimating the Effects of the Treatment
We ensure the assignment of each group is randomized, and the experiment is running. It’s time to use our data collected to calculate an estimate, for each group, of the conversion rate (or any other objective result we would like to measure).
The estimate from our sample will be our best guess of what the treatment effect might be for the population under study if we were to spread this change beyond testing. Usually, for most simple experiments, it’s enough to calculate the treatment effect by using the sample’s “arithmetic mean” from each group like follows:
Treatment effect on CR = (Treatment CR) – (Control CR)
Continuing with the previous example where “Red” is our control group and “Blue” is the treatment group: if we estimate that users exposed to a blue button convert 10% of the time (0.1) and those who are exposed to a red button convert 11% of the time (0.11), then the estimated treatment effect is -1% (0.1-0.11=-0.01).
It is essential to keep in mind that calculating the sample’s conversion rates is a means to an end only. The final purpose is to make statements about the population conversion rates.
The treatment effect derived from the samples we drew is an intrinsic characteristic. Another sample would have led to different data and calculated a different sample mean.
To assess uncertainty, we could estimate a “confidence interval” for the conversion rate of each of the treatment and the control group. It is an interval that is guaranteed to include the true population conversion rate with a frequency that is determined by the confidence level we choose. For example, a 95% confidence interval will contain the true population conversion rate 95% of the time.
The confidence interval can also be calculated around the “treatment effect”, which is the difference in conversion rates between our treatment group and the control group, as mentioned before.
To summarize what we have covered so far:
- We calculated the treatment effect, for example, “Having a blue button increased our conversion rate by 0.1%".
- We obtained a measure of the uncertainty in the size of the treatment effect with no mention of hypothesis testing.
When running a test, we want to control for two types of error we can make when taking an action based on our estimated treatment effect.
Type 1 Error AKA the “False Positive”.
In jargon, the first kind of error is the rejection of a true null hypothesis as the result of a test procedure. It is sometimes called an error of the first kind.
When a type I error occurs, we conclude that:
- the treatment has a positive effect size when it doesn’t have any real positive effect. (One tail)
- the treatment has a different effect than the control (either strictly better or strictly worse) when it doesn’t have any different effect than the control. (Two tail)
Type 2 Error AKA the “False Negative”.
The second kind of error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis as the result of a test procedure. It is also referred to as an error of the second kind.
When a type II error occurs, we conclude that:
- the treatment does not have a positive effect size when it does have a real positive effect. (One tail)
- the treatment does not have a different effect than the control (it isn’t either strictly better or strictly worse) when it does have a different effect than the control. (Two tail)
How to specify and control the probability of these errors?
Controlling Type 1 errors
Controlling the probability that our test will make a Type 1 error is called the significance level of the test, or alpha level.
Running the test for an alpha of 0.05 means that we only make Type 1 errors up to 5% of the time. Perhaps an alpha of 1% would make more sense for another use case, or maybe 0.1%. It all depends on how damaging it would be for you to take some action based on a positive result when the effect doesn’t exist.
This doesn’t mean that if you get a significant result, that only 5% (or whatever your alpha is) of the time it will be a false positive. The rate at which a significant result is a false positive will depend on how often you run tests that have real effects.
Let’s imagine for a moment that you never run any experiments where the treatments were “truly” better than the control. In this case, you should expect to see significant results in up to 5% (alpha%) of your tests, and all of them will be false positives (Type 1 errors). You need to grok this idea to thoughtfully run your AB Tests.
Controlling Type 2 errors
Controlling Type 2 errors is based on the “Power” of the test, which is, in turn, based on the “beta”. Power is the probability of avoiding a Type II error.
For example, with a beta of 0.2 (or Power of 0.8), your test would fail to discover, on average up to 20% of the time, that the treatment is superior to the control. As the alpha, it is up to you to set what beta should be. Again, this will depend on how costly this type of mistake is for you. Spend some time to think about what this means.
What is amazing about hypothesis testing is that if you collect the data correctly, you are guaranteed to limit the probability of making these two types of errors (based on the alpha and beta you decided). If we are mindful of confounding, all we need to do is collect the correct amount of data.
"Testing: If we are mindful of confounding, all we need to do is collect the correct amount of data." via Alban_LeandriClick to Tweet
Running the test after we have collected our pre-specified sample will assure we control these two errors at our specified levels.
What is the relationship between alpha, beta, and the sample size?
The sample size is the payment we must make to control Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Increasing the error control on one means you either have to lower the control on the other or increase the sample size. Power calculators are calculating the sample size needed, based on a minimum treatment effect size, and desired alpha and beta.
“The sample size is the payment we must make to control Type 1 and Type 2 errors.”
What if I decide to stop before all of the planned data was collected?
You are free to do whatever you like. You can stop a test or make a decision earlier.
However, keep in mind that the Type 1 and Type 2 risk guarantees that you were looking to control for will no longer hold. If they were important to you and your organization, losing these guarantees will be what it cost you to stop collecting data early.
The Waiting Game
All we do is just wait and run the test. After we collect our data based on the pre-specified sample size, in weekly or monthly blocks, then we don’t have to deal with any issues of selection bias or biased treatment effects.
Waiting, we are just doing the simplest thing possible and in exchange for that, we get the most robust estimation and risk control.
If you have more than 1 treatment, then you can adjust your Type 1 error control because the more treatments you run, the greater the chance you will have Type 1 errors.
Wrapping it up
At the end of the day, A/B Testing is just an application of sampling. We want to control the risk of making a change to the whole population. It is often is a good idea to run tests to get estimates of treatment effects, or a measure of uncertainty around those effects. Besides, the better you understand the relative costs of false positives, and false negative, the better you can determine if you are willing to pay to reduce their occurrences. | <urn:uuid:283b5bd6-c2d3-4e5d-99de-7ef64d804b42> | HuggingFaceTB/smollm-corpus/tree/main/fineweb-edu-dedup | smollm-corpus | eng_Latn | 12,639 |
An English semi-professional band, having at least one recorded original composition.
1. Read the information given below carefully before proceeding.
2. Fill in the required details in the form.
3. Click Submit and wait for the confirmation text to appear.
NOTE: Studio recorded songs are recommended. Sending band profile (PDF) is not compulsory. The registration does not stand valid without properly uploaded demos.
The Journey to Mood Indigo 2015
1. Online Round - Selection by Judges. Top 10 Bands from each region are selected to perform at a gig in their respective regional chapters.
2. Regional Chapters - Gigs at the biggest music venues in a city nearby. Judges to shortlist maximum 3 bands from each region to travel to Mood Indigo, Mumbai.
3. Semi-Finals - At the inaugural day of Mood Indigo. The best three bands selected by prominent musicians in the Indian music industry proceed to the Livewire Finals.
4. The Final Showdown - The three finalists perform on Livewire Nite, in front of a crowd of 25,000 people.
1. The line-up of the band has to remain same throughout the contest.
2. A band playing a cover during the Regional Chapters, Semi Finals or Finals will be disqualified on the spot
3. Only English Original Compositions are allowed. Although, the band can play one instrumental original composition.Travel reimbursement policy will be valid only for the Finalists and might also be for the Semi-Finalists. This shall be conveyed to the bands after the regional round of eliminations.
4. The judges' decision shall be final and binding for all. No complaints or grievances regarding this will be attended to.
5. The decision of the organizers with respect to line-up is final and abiding.
6. Rights and indemnification: By entering Livewire and submitting recordings to Mood Indigo, all entrants release, hold harmless and indemnify Mood Indigo, their employees, agents, and affiliates against all first, second and third party claims arising from any song and/or recording submitted which violates any of the competition rules or is the result of any breach of any warranty, representation, covenant or agreement and from any and all liability for any injuries or damage of any kind arising from or in connection with the competition. Mood Indigo is not responsible for late, lost, damaged or postage due entries or for any problems or delays arising from mail carrier, common carrier or courier failure or malfunction. Mood Indigo reserves the right to disqualify any entry that does not meet the requirements herein outlined at any time.
7. The Mood Indigo 2015 team holds the right to change the rules at any moment of time.
8. Breach of any rules at any stage of the entire process will invite disqualification. No obscenities shall be tolerated. | <urn:uuid:8832f4a4-3aef-434e-9512-532ad6a51768> | HuggingFaceFW/fineweb/tree/main/sample/350BT | fineweb | eng_Latn | 2,779 |
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