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0.058136... | Educational
Handbook for
Health Personnel
Sixth Edition
J.-J. Guilbert
o
o
-t-
lffi;
'$/orld
Health Organization, Geneva
l.987
W H O O f f s e t P u b l i c a t i o n N o . 3 5
R e p r i n t e d 1 9 8 9
W H O o f f s e t p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e i n t e n d e d t o m a k e g e n e r a l... | {"file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "producer": "", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "fil... |
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I
I n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g A r a b i c , B u l g a r i a n . C z e c h , F a r s i , G e r m a n , H u n g a r i a n , l n d o n e s i a n , l t a l i a n , P o l i s h ,
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any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of
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as to make learning easier for the students
o
o
1987
objectives of the handbook
When you have studied this handbook you should be able to:
define the professional taslts which will provide ttre basis for determining educational
objectives
plan a curriculum
cons... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator"... |
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o Objectives of the Handbook
o For whom is this Educational Handbook intended?
o How to use the Handbook
o
o Pre-test
o List of educational objectives
o Theoretical background that will help you reach the educational objectives
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Evaluation planning
o What is evaluation?
o
o Aims of student evaluation
o
.
o Qualities of a measuring instrument (validity, objectivity and practicabiliry)
o How to organise an evaluation system
Selection of an evaluation method
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. Why evaluate?
o Guidelines for evaluating a training programme
a
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a
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Evaluation of students' level of performance
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preface to the sixth edition
result of national initiatives. It too was used
'educational workshops", during
at many
which interesting and constructive criticism
the same effect a... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for... |
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Chief, Educational Planning,
Methodology and Evaluation
Division of Health Manpower Development
\World Health Organization
l2I1- Geneva 27
Switzerland
Your suggestions will always be welcome.
There is a special sheet you can use for
them at the end of this handbook.
I Dr. S. Abrahamson and Dr... | {"batch_upload": true, "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_hea... |
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The first edition was prepared on the basis of
documents distributed during a workshop
organized by the Regional Office for Africa,
the
Brazzaville,
in medical
assistance of
education.l It has been widely used in the
Region and served as a basic document for
many educational planning... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Per... |
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consultants
It then became evident that it would be useful
to give the reader better guidance during his
progression through the whole educational
planning cycle. Although this objective would
most likely be achieved by a completely
programmed presentation it seemed that the... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "cr... |
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In our common struggle to achieve the objective of "Health for all by the year 20OO", the place
of basic training and continuous education of health personnel is a crucial one.
The Conference of Alma-Ata recommended, among other things, that governments "[define]
the technical role, supportive ... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploa... |
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Handbook for Healtb Personnel as particularly useful, in that it will facilitate the application
of those recommendations.
It is also a practical example of the technical support that an international organizati... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:2... |
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l2ll GENEVA2T-SWITZERLAND Telegr.: UNISANTE-GENEVA Telex: 2782lOMS
l2llGENEVE2T-SUISSE Tdtdgt.: UNISANTE-GENEVE
for whom
is this educational handbook intended?
t969,
the first edition was
in
Originally,
teachers of the health sciences.
written for
Subsequently, however, the Handb... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_hea... |
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0... | A survey of 2OO users carried out in 197 5
revealed the following opinions.
A very small minority (10%) felt that the
Handbook should be supplied only to partici-
in controlled educational activities
pants
(workshops, seminars, courses, etc.) or
reserved for "teachers of teachers". Tbe
maiorit... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon"... |
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0... | organization. The latest poll, conducted in
1978, produced very apposite comments
from about 100 users in all parts of the world
and the consensus is still in favour of the
widest possible distribution. Many teachers of
the various health professions (dentists, nurses,
sanitary engineers, physicians,... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65... |
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hope that each user of the Handbook will
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the examples given by other more suitable
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the previous editions have
Many users of
asked for special care to be taken to simplify
the language used. We hope they will be
satisfied. It has not, however, been possible
to avoid using certain technical terms (for
example, discrimination index). Neither has
it b... | {"creator": "Canon", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downlo... |
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Handbook, at least while you are using
So
this
i t .
how to use the handbook
The presentation and layout of this Handbook
are unusual.
It should be stressed at this point that the
approaches suggested in this book are the
result of a deliberate choice by th... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47... |
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the
For each chapter a list of objectives is
included (yellow pages) to give you an
idea of what you will get out of the chapter.
theoretical input
(white pages) is
The
presented in the form of original docu-
ments or short quotations from
texts
listed in the bibliography.
... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health ... |
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... | Rather than try to explain the whys and
wherefores of this unusual lavout. which
irritating and complicated at
some find
first, and others as intriguing as a detective
story, it seems simpler to invite you to use
this book just as it is. You will then draw
your own conclusions as to the "... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_healt... |
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in this essential but unusual and therefore
difficult undertaking.
First situation: you are alone (on a desert
island) or else you are accustomed and prefer
to work alone. You are going to need grit,
perseverance and 35 to 50 hours of free
time.
Good Luc... | {"batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type"... |
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tify yoar needs.
You are invited to proceed in three stages.
identification of your needs as an
educator
First Stage
What are the educational "questions" that
you would like to have answered? (For
example: "what is an educational object-
ive?", "wha... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf"... |
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"problems" for the coming 12-month period.
E X E R C I S E
identification of your needs as an
educator
Second stage
Would you like to find out how much you
know before studying the rest of the Hand-... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook... |
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nosis of the teaching areas you need to bring
up to date. Your aim in doing this test is not
to find the right answer but simply to take
note of tbe fact that you do not find it!
You may also rest assured that your score in
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answer sheet for pre-test *
Chapter I
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Chapter II
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1.5
r 6
1 7
1 8
I 9
trEEtrE
trtr98tr
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... | {"producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "... |
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rstrEtrEtr
zotrtrtrD
To check your raw score compare your answers with those given on page 5.34.
identification of your needs as an
educator
... | {"batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "modd... |
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0.... | To guide you in this first choice, do not
forget to take into account the "questions
and problems" you listed on p.8 and your
weak and strong points (results of pre-test,
p. s.3a).
Limit this initial choice to about f0 tasks,
circling the numbers of those that seem
most important fo,r you on... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "producer": "", "total_pages": 362, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:1... |
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educational a
obiectives t
evaluation 6
planning Z
1. Define the following terms: professional
task, activities, functions, role, institut-
objective; specific objective;
ional
domains of practical skills; communic-
ation skills and intellectual skills.
,)
3 .
+.
5 .
6 .
7.
8 .
9 .
the qual... | {"batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "20... |
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0.107... | Define a professional task and identify
its components (domains of practical
and
skills.
intellectual skills).
communication
skills
'be
Draw up a list of the specific educational
objectives relating to a professional task,
rtatitts explicidv' whaf you
feel the
able to "do" after a
studeit sh... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare... |
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educational obiectives (listed by a
partiiular
colleaque).
whethtr they include- all the-requisite
(act, content, condition,
elements
criteria). *
indicatine
in
havTng
Draw up a list of the possible reactions
of colleigues in your ficulty to the idea
... | {"batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educationa... |
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0.0894794... | tive and certifying evaluation.
13. List the good and bad features of a test.
1 4 . Compare the. advantages and disadvan-
tages ot tests m current use.
1 5 .
following
t€rlnS: validity,
Define the
reliabilitv. obiectivitv, and describe the
relationship tliat exists between them.
L 6 .
Choose an apP... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "producer": "", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "batch_upload": true, "creator": "Canon", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Ed... |
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0.00184809241... | Indicate:
(a)
(b)
(c)
important educational
the most
decisions You have to take;
the data to be collected to provide
a basis for those decisions;
the aims of the lys.teln. and sub-
systems in terms of decisions to be
the object of each
tiken and
decision (teachers, students, Pro-
grammes). ... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "moddate"... |
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) )
List 10 conditions which
facilitate
learning on the basis of the list and evaluate
a specific learning activity.
Indicate the aims and general methods of
teaching.
2 3 .
Specify at least two advantages and two
disadvintaees for each tecTrnique and
medium uied in teaching.
30.
3 7 .
3 2 .
33.
... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", ... |
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a system of .evaluition of teaching by
the students. *
Construct an observational rating scale
and/or a practical test to evaluite the
behaviour of a student in the domain of
communication and/or practical skills.{-
Propose a question for a written (open... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\g... |
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Indicate
structlng a programme.
the steps involved in con-
2 6 .
Construct a programme or decide
whether a .programme or course needs
revision, using a specification table. *
27. Construct a selfJearning package.*
2 8 .
Define the role which, as a teacher, you
would like to assume in orde... | {"batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_hash": "b3915287... |
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Explain the difference between a rehthte
and an absolute criteria test.
3 9 .
Calculate the acceptable pass level for a
MCQ examination and establish the
scoring criteria and norms which permit
determination of the passing grade of a
mini-test (made up of
the questions
mentioned in objectives ... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Perso... |
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L 7
1 8
T 9
20
Glossary and pp. 1.05-1.07,
L . \ 7 , L . 2 3 , r . 2 9 , 1 . 3 3 -
r . 3 6
p p . 1 . 2 0 , 1 . 3 3 , 1 . 4 3 - I . 4 5
,
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3 9
40
p p . 3 . 2 8 , 3 . 2 9
p p . 3 . 2 1 , 3 . 2 2
p p . 3 . 4 1 - 3 . 4 7
Obi. 16, Obi.23 andPP.3.22,
3.23,3.55-3.58
p p . 3 . 0 3 - 3 . 1 5
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p p . 4 . 6 5 - 4 . 7 3
and do the corresponding exercises (blue pages): see list on next page.
L 4
Recapitulative table of exercises proposed
Ilandbook
Objective
3
3
Exercise
Identifying professional activities
Defining the main functions of health personnel
20/26 Analysis of the relevance of a pro... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash... |
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r . 5 2
r . 5 +
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2 . 0 9
Statement of educational decisions
L 7
L2
Distinguishing between formative evaluation and certifying evaluation
2 . 1 6 t 2 . t 9
13,r4,76Selecting a method of evaluation
1 5 , 7 6 Comparing several methods of evaluation
T7
1 8
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Listing advantages and limitations of evaluation by students
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30/40 Evaluation of knowledge about test and measurement techniques
4.7 5 t4.80
acknowledgments
This revised edition of the Handbook has
involved a lot of meticulous and time-con-
suming work over the last three years. Many
people have... | {"producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479... |
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0.023534512147307396,... | We should also like to thank all those who have
sent us helpful comments and suggestions,
H. Jason (Miami), | {"producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel... |
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B. Adjou-Moumouni (tomi),
(Geneva), J. L. Argellies (Tunis), W. Barton (Geneva), G. R. Beaton (Johannesburg), A. Benadouda
(Algiers), D. Benbouzid, (Algiers), J. Beneke (Copenhagen), D. Benor (Beer Sheva), V. Bergk
(Heidelberg), P.J.B\izard (New ... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "... |
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(Geneva), H. H. Freihofer (Bern), A.T. Garcia (Aden), S. Goriup (Geneva), J. P. Grangaud
(Algiers), J . P. Grillat (Nancy), V. F. Gruber (Basel), R. M. Harden (Dundee), E. Harper
(nllahabad), H.D.Houran (Kuwait), C. ... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source": "downloads\\healthcare... |
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(Antwerp), A. Maglacas (Geneva), M. Manciaux (Paris), W. F.Maramis (Surabaya), A' Mazer
(Marseillis), D. Melliere (Paris), A. Mejia (Geneva), P. I. Mintchev (Sofia), S. Mokabel
(Alexandria), R. Mol (Veldhoven), K.... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\... |
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(Pretoria),
V. Subhadra (Calcuaaj, A. E. Suliman (Dacca), G. Szabo (Debrecen), A. Thein (Rangoon),
A. Tigyi (Pecs), A. Torrado da Silva (Coimbra), E.Yarga (Debrecen), F. Vilardell (Barcelona),
K. Viylsteek (Ghent), J. Vysohlid (Pr... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "Canon", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": ... |
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We trust that anyone who has been overlooked
will forgive us. Indeed, among the 1250 collea-
grr., *fro have taken part iriworkshops with
h"rry whose questions
ihe author, there
"r.
to
and opinions have helped in our .ifort,
ensurJthat the Handbook is tailored to mee... | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Canon", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": "downloads\\h... |
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educational
obiectives
the concept of educational obiectives
The aims of this first chapter are to show the advantages of defining educational objectives; to
show that if precision and ctarity of educational objectives are important, relevance to health
problems is even more so; and to show that an ... | {"batch_upload": true, "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62,... |
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0.048748187720775... | And the following publication by the World Heahh Organization.
r
Criteria for the evaluation of objectives in the education of health personnel,
WHO, Technical Report Series, 1977, No. 608.
After having studied this chapter and the reference documents mentioned you should be able to:
1. Define the following ... | {"batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-... |
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objective and the sources necessary to ensure
its relevance.
3. Define the professional functions of a
member of the health team whom your
teaching institution is responsible for training
(generol educational objectives) so as to deal
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objectives relating to a professional task,
stating explicitly what you feel the student
7. Taking a specific objective in a non-
(i.e., practical or
cognitive domain
communicative skills), define in terms of
educational objectives what
specific
theo... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationd... |
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If you are
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certain
of where
you
are
going
you may verY
well
end up
somewhere else
(and not even know it )
Mager
o
Every individual should have access to a type of education that permits
maximum development of his potential and capabilities.
Education is a process, the chief goal of which is to b... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391... |
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of educational objectives by the students.
The evaluation process will be used to measure the extent to which the
objectives have been achieved . . . it will measure the student's final abilities
. . . and the effectiveness of programme and teac... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "upl... |
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merely to accuse of incompetence those at
present in positions of teaching responsibiliry.
They should be offered help.
Societies change and have always been
changing, but until the present century their
evolution was relatively slow and adaptation
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0.... | There can be no question of continuing to
copy the models of the past or, in the case of
developing countries, foreign models.
Tbe educotional system leadingto tbe deaelop-
ment of health personnel, at all leaels, must
be re-examined witbin
tbe context of tbe
needs of tbe coantrJl concerned.r
N... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_... |
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be tailored to meet these needs.
There is room for some degree of optimism
in this sphere, for no financial assistance is
needed for a move in the right direction.
that is needed is a resource distributed
All
more or less equally around the world: m... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Canon", "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educa... |
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from a study of needs, take account of
available resources and indicate clearly and
precisely what various categories of personnel
will be called upon to do during their pro-
in a given type of health
fessional sreers
service.
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t L
! .
n
!
!
!
!
t
n
1 . 0 5
the educational spiral
Defining
Tasks and
Educational Objectives
lmplementing
Evaluation
Planning
an Evaluation
System
Preparing and
lmplementing an
Educational Programme
importance of defining
professional tasks
of being confined
limited pers... | {"total_pages": 362, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "creationdate": "2008-0... |
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limited personal
experience they will accept the use of more
formal educational research methods.
to
stimulus
can be a powerful
for
This
institutional change, particularly when used
by faculry members whose experience in the
educational process has already alerted them
to th... | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "f... |
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institutions
This is a very difficult
task which may well
have daunted the most conscientious. We
teachers should be offered
consider that
assistance in this field.
That is the main reason why this Handbook
has been prepared and used during work-
shops on educat... | {"creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Han... |
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on faulty principles, then the "best" system
of training may well give "bad" results. There
is even a danger that a "bad" message will be
"better" communicated, and this is certainly
not the goal sought.
We therefore propose to demonstrate that
the pro... | {"batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_upl... |
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Another important point to bear in mind is
that it can be useless to try to change a pro-
gramme or teaching methods without also
changing the system of evaluation (parti-
cularly examinations). Experience has shown
that if, on the other hand, the evaluation
system is modified, this... | {"batch_upload": true, "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c1... |
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If the teaching staff are given an opportunity
to gain the new knowledge they need and to
acquire the appropriate modern teaching
skills, they will feel more secure and instead
t.o7
Organizational diagram showing the relationship between the subsystem "Education" (inside the
dotted l... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Healt... |
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Traditionally,
by relying on the judgment of experts to
determine what a neophyte in the profession
ought to know and ought to be able to do.
In the past we have relied almost exclusively
on this method. As a result curricula are
crammed with an ever-bu... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook f... |
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and need to be able to do in order to fulfil
their responsibilities. A number of procedures
have now been developed for collecting such
data which provide an empirical basis for
working out a behavioural description of the
essential components of pr... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "sourc... |
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This method consists in collecting data about
specific types of behaviour that charactetize
professional effectiveness and ineffectiveness
and using these data to make an objective,
the essential per-
empirical assessment of
the profession.
formance requirements of
This technique is an ou... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.... |
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In
assigned mission. This request concluded with
the statement: "Describe the officer's action.
What did he do?" The several thousand
this
incidents submitted
inquiry were analysed and categorized to
provide a relatively objective and concrete
the "critical requirements"
description of
... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_tim... |
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To apply
professions, several thousand incidents des-
cribing observations of especially effective
or ineffective colleague behaviour are collected
health workers
from
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areas, professional categories and specialty
interests. For example, in a ... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "b391528... |
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petence as "Skill
i.e., in taking a competent
information,"
in performing an adequate
history and
physical examination, or "Skill in relating to
the patient and in gaining his cooperation
in a treatment plan". In a similar study con-
ducted by the University of l... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source"... |
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their achievement and the criteria and
for
If
their
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for
I
F.o-
"An overview of applied research in medical education
problems, principles and priorities". Christine H. McGuire,
WHO Report on the Workshop on the Needs for Research
in Medical Education, Alexandria, March 1974.
1 . 0 9
educational planning were regularly base... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational H... |
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A second method of determining the essential
components of professional competence which
should define educational objectives consists
in detailed task analysis of what various
categories of health personnel actually do,
and in deriving from that list of tasks a
the knowledge and s... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c14... |
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the results have been most enlightening. For
studY of
example,
paediatricians in a typical small U.S. city,
researchers found that all the physicians had
different but consistent patterns for taking
a history and performing a physical examin-
the 481 patien... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name"... |
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examined only nine times and rectals were
performed in only six cases; two physicians
did not percuss the lung fields for any patient.
The greatest amount of time was sPent in
discussion of nutrition and child development.
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B.rg-"n, A., Probstfield, J. and Wedgewood, R- Per-
formance analysis in pediatric practice: preliminary report'
J o urnal o f M e dic al E d u cation, Y ol. 42 t 262 (19 67 ).
1 . 1 0
study concluded, "Few aspects of anll'child
cdre appedr to require tbe skill of a pbysician
. . . the qu... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "file_name": "Educatio... |
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One of the most interesting of the newer
approaches to the use of such studies consists
three arbitrarily weighted
in combining
factors - disease incidence, individual dis-
to define
ability and social disruption
priorities in health care needs and, hence,
in educatio... | {"producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", ... |
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length of hospital stay, mortality rates and
disruption
complication
the disruption
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that would be produced by a given disease
or condition in the social grouP of which
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of
2
willi"-*tt,J.
a t i o n . Y o l . 2 O l : 9 3 8
et al. Joumal of American Medical Associ'
( 1 9 6 7 ) a n d V o l . 2 O 4 : 3 0 3 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .
It is clear that even with unlimited resources
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0.0160142984... | In his early studies u3;ing this method to review
hospital practice in two
large community
hospitals in widely separated metropolitan
areas in the United States, Dr. Williamson
that pregnancy, including uncom-
found
plicated delivery, ranked first or second in
in both hospitals, that cerebral
... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "producer": "", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf... |
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to hospital practice, the same method could
easily be applied to any level of health
practice. Secondly, while the findings from
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weights to be assigned to such factors as
individual disability and soc... | {"producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educ... |
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common causes of disability.
Implications of applied research
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It can be seen from the above that the means
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0.... | Here we should mention some simpler but
also more rapid and less costly techniques
which can be used to complement or replace
other methods. These methods are not
mutually exclusive:
- Interviews with members of the profession,
who are asked to describe what, in the light
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0.031... | services to be able to perform. Comparison
of the lists submitted will lead to rapid agree-
ment on a common list of sufficiently high
quality to provide a basis for a productive
discussion on the relevance of the programme,
for example. | {"file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", ... |
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oriented technologically dominated health system
into a patient oriented system is the needed
ingredient for any successful curriculum change.
The patient should be the primary concern of both
education and service".
George A. Silver
1 . 1 1
example of services
... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "Canon", "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\gene... |
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-0.0310316... | r Maternal and Child Health work
r Communicable Disease Control work
r Vital and Health Statistics work
I Environmental Sanitation work, and
r Medical Care work.
I Adapted from "Three approaches to the analysis of health manpower functions". HMD/79.7,pp.69
This list was obtained using the questio... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "creator": ... |
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0.0432073... | 8 Referring patients to hospitals.
9 Giving hypodermic,
intramuscular
and intravenous injections.
10 Supervision of cleanlinessofpregnant
women.
Ll Carrying out
activities.
health education
15 Conducting abnormal labour, and
transfer to hospital where necessary.
L6 Giving hypodermic,
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LZ Home visiting for non-attendants and
25 Carrying out medical examination.
during the ninth month.
(b) Natal Care actiaities:
13 Preparation of delivery bags.
L4 Conducting normal deliveries at
home.
t . t 2
26 Prescribing treatment.
27 Referring patients to hospitals.
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search for relations.
56 Examination of
the dead and
establishment of death certificates.
57 Recording
in
the
appropriate
registers.
58 Issuing of burial permits.
midwives.
Vital and health statistics work:
37 Preparation of drugs for distribution.
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6l Calculation of death ratios, etc.
62 Making statistical studies and inter-
pretations.
Environmental sanitation work,
63 Numbering of houses and population
census.
64 Mapping areas and facilities.
65 Ensuring cleanliness in and around
dwellings.
66 Hygieni... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:... |
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doctor.
49 Preparation of list of families.
50 Carrying out periodic dusting.
5l Recording in disinfection and dusting
registers.
52 Controlling insects and rodents.
73 Supervision
of
sanitation activities.
environmental
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83 Taking the history.
84 Recording clinical observations.
85 Weighing the patient.
86 Taking the temperature.
87 Counting the respiration.
88 Counting the pulse.
89 Measurement of blood pressure.
102
Application of hot and/or cold
compresses.
1 0 3
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92 Taking blood samples and administer-
ing transfusions.
93 Microscopic examination of blood
and blood grouping.
94 Urine examination
for parasites,
chemical analysis and microscopic
examination of urine.
95 Requesting X-ray examination.
96 Examination of stools.
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room.
99 Giving oral medication.
725 Supervising housekeeping of the unit.
100 Applying artificial respiration.
126 Supervisingtransportation.
!
t r t r n ! n D ! ! t r ! ! ! r - l D l n t r ! ! ! n
Please Note!
You are reminded that this list, drawn up... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "moddate": "201... |
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0.035... | Then think of lome mtivities whieh fiat same catqory doss not undrtake at pretent
but which you feel, in the light of your pe$onal exporionce, it shwld urllds&*o to improw
the level of hsalth of the population it sorvsd. Draw asgtram sround each of the mrr@onding
items on the lisa
3.
Describe belo1y any srttbtd... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": ... |
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relationship between professional
acts in the health field and
educational obiectives
Professional Functions
or GeneralObjectives
Professional Activities or
"l ntermediate" Educational Objectives
Tasks and Specific
Educational Objectives
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-0.058548178523778915,
0.0579... | "lntermediate" objectives: Arrived at by breaking down professional functions into
components (activities) which together indicate the nature of those functions.
Example: Planning and carrying out a blood sampling session for a group of adults in the
community.
Specific (or instructional) objectives: Correspo... | {"total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creator": "Canon", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_... |
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0.07394070... | 1 . 1 9
data necessary for formulation
of educational objectives
Health needs, demands and resources of society.
Services to the patient (list of tasks).
Service to the community (list of tasks).
The profession itself.
The students.
Progress in sciences.
The scientitic method.
e t c . . . . . .
For more de... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "producer": "", "batch_up... |
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