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in defining
There are other awkward questions. Do the
objectives you have defined really reflect
what is important or merely what is relatively
easy to set out in the form of objectives?
Will they really help the students, and will the
latter be better trained than if . . . et... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pd... |
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You will be faced with
sooner or later, probably by those who make
no attempt to define their own objectives or
to learn how to use them. \Whatever the limits
and drawbacks of this approach it has the
undeniable advantage of enabling studies
to be made and research to be carried o... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "total_pages... |
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the next chapter. Good luck!
D
! D
! t r D n t r D t r f i ! ! ! t ] n t r f ] n D t r n
It would be dangerous to measure with ever-increasing
precision and objectivity educational objectives that are
easy to measure (intellectual skills) and to n... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "Canon", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "moddate": "2018... |
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t r O ! f ] D D f ] D t r N ! N I t r ! D t r ! O D D
r . 6 3
evaluation
planning
o
o
evaluation planning
This second chapter presents basic concepts in the field of educational eaaluation. lt stresses
the very close relationship berween evaluation and definition of educational objecti... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educationa... |
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r
Public tlealth Papers No. 52, WHO, "Development of educational programmes for the
health professions", 1974.
,
Evaluation of school performance, Educational documentation and information.
Bulletifi of the International Bureau of Education No. 184, third quarter 1972,84 pages.
: i
After having... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "batch_upload": true, "so... |
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List the good and bad fearures of a test.
5. Compare' the advantages and dis-
advantages of tests in current use.
terms: validity,
following
6. Define the
reliability, objectivity, and describe the
relationship that exists between them.
7. Choose an appropriate evaluation
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Identify obstacles to and strategies for
improvement of a system of evaluating
students, teachers and programmes.
z.o2
D tr N tr8trtrDtrtr!trtrtrDtrNtrtrtrtrtr
To change curricula or instructional methods without
changing examinations would achieve nothing!
Changing the examination system without ch... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Ca... |
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* lnternational Medical Symposium No.2. Rome.23-26 March 1977
2.03
An analysis of educational innovations all
over the world confirms G. Miller's opinion.
In this second chapter, therefore, you axe
invited to phn a system of evaluation that
can be used as a basis for preparation and
imp... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "prod... |
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will be expected to make in your capacity as
the instru-
teacher or administrator, for
ments and mechanisms of evaluation Pro-
viding data for value judgments will be
of
developed and used according to the lype
decision required. A general methodology ... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "total_pages": 362, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source_file": "do... |
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... | D N t r C t r t r D D t r t r t r N N N D t r O t r E O t r t r
The person who sets the examination controls the
Programme.
t r t r D N B D D U t r t r t r N C D t r t r D E t r D t r D
t r t r N N C t r t r t r t r t r D t r 4 ! t r t r t r t r t r D N t r
Education by objectives is not p... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type... |
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evaluation of education
must
begin with a clear
and
meaningful definition
of its objectives
Evaluation. . . . . . . . . ! . . . r . . . . . . . . . .of whom?
hat?
t O T W l
. . . '
. . . t .
. I . . . t |
'
' t
'
'
'
. . t
o
o... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "file... |
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to state:
What important educational decisions* you think you and your colleagues will be taking wer the
next three years.
* Examples of ducational decisions:
to decide which students will be allourcd to move up from the first to the second year
or to declde to purchase an orrcrhead p... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "total_pages": 362, "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "mod... |
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is to bring about changes in human behaviour
The sorts of behavioural changes that the
school atternpts to bring about constitute its
objectives
Evaluation consists of finding out the extent
to which each and every one of these objectives
has been attained, and det... | {"file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "20... |
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are not limited to the usual paper-and-pencil
tests. Any bit of valid evidence that helps a
professor or counsellor in better understanding
a student and that leads to helping the student
to understand himself better is to be con-
sidered worthwhile. Attempts ... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.... |
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The development of any evaluation pro-
gramme is the responsibility of the professors,
the school administrators, and the students.
Maximum value can be derived from the
participation of all concerned.
the philosophy of evaluation.
L. Each
individual
education that most
develop his p... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "m... |
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which is a spur to change and improvement.
3. Fullest development of
requires
individuality
appraisal by himself and others.
of
along with
recognition
the individual
essential
his
some rational
4. The judgments required in assessing an
individual... | {"file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "batch_... |
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Evaluation of programmes and teachers
with the evaluation of students.
is dealt with in chapter 4.
2 . r 3
the psychology of evaluation *
1. For evaluation activities to be most
effective, they should consist of the best
possible techniques, used in accordance wit... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "producer": "", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Person... |
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0.0003546... | 3. It has long been known that people tend
to carry on those activities which have success
associated with their results. This has been
known as Thorndike's Law of Effect.
Students in .any classroom soon come to
realize that certain types of behaviour are
associated with success -
in this c... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "batch_... |
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showed that individuals learn better when
appraised in 2"
they
meaningful manner as to how well they are
doing.
"constantly"
are
5. The motiaation of students is one of the
most important - and sometimes the most
difficult to handle - of all p... | {"batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_... |
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n
IEXERCISE lD
L---)
Try to answer question 3 on p. 2.45.
Check your answer on p.2.48.
t r t r t r t r E ! D t r t r I D D ! ! ! t r n t r D D u
tDownie, N.M. F-undamentals of Measurement' Techniques
and Practices. New York' Oxford University Press, 1967.
2 . L 4
co... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_... |
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0.043031... | When this phase of evaluation (the definition
of objectives) has been properly completed,
the choice or development of suitable examin-
ation procedures is
that much easier.
Schematically represented, the education
rycle (p. 2.05) comprises the determination
of objectives, the planning of an evaluatio... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educati... |
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0.0743313... | The role of evaluation should not be limited
to one of penalization. It should not be just
a series of only too frequent obstacles which
actual
the students are supposed to get over and
which become their sole subject of concern,
the
instruction becoming quite
secondary. Under these circu... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Person... |
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-0.0031706844456493855,
0.02264125645160675,
0.0865429... | You will find the following equivalents in the literature for these two expressions:
Formative evaluation
Certifying evaluation
or
or
diagnostic evaluation
summative evaluation
f r n
t r a t r t r t r D t r ! t r - f t a t r D ! ! t r D D t r
Continuous evaluation must pit the student against
hims... | {"producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handboo... |
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0.006583941... | enables learning activities to be adjusted
in accordance with progress made or
lack of it;
sbould in no way be used by tbe teacher
the
to make a certifuing
the student should be
anonymity of
safeguarded by use of a code of his
choice. The coding system makes it
judgment;
to
follow... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc... |
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0.0452832058... | certifying evaluation
is designed to protect society by pre-
venting incompetent personnel from
practising.
is uaditionally used for placing students
in order of merit and justifying decisions
as to whether they should move up to
the next class or be awarded a diploma.
is carried out less frequen... | {"creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:2... |
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0.09858439... | R.F. Mager
t r t r U t r t r t r t r t r 8 t r t r t r t r t r O t r D D t r t r N O
' Read the article by C. McCuire - Diagnostic examinations
in medical education. In; Public Health Paperc No. 52, WHO,
Geneva. 1973.
2 . 7 6
Personal Notes
t r t r O N t r E t r D E U D t r D t r D t r D... | {"file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09... |
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0.04481477662920952,
-0.001625... | 12 Selection of students
13 Success or failure
14 Feedback to teacher
15 School public relations
16 Protection of society
(certification of competence)
appropriate
measuring
techniques
The numbers on the left refer to the exercise on the next page and
the questions on pp. 2.45 - 2.47
2 . 1 8
aims of stud... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "total_pages": 362, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creator": "Canon", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educatio... |
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0.022563964128494263,
-0.011... | 3. To provide "feedback" for the teacher:
to inform him whether a group of students
has not understood what he has been trying
to explain. This enables him to modify his
teaching where necessary to ensure that what
he wishes to communicate to the students is
and
correctly
certifying evaluation... | {"batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "source_file"... |
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0.0457691065967083,
-0.026402899995446205,
-0.10659586638212204,
0.00821791309863329,
0.067221... | examinations
(formative
N1
t l
I E X E R C I S E F t r t r D t r n n t r ! t r t r ! t r D t r - D n r n
N
Now try it . . . indicate for each of the aims
of evaluation (numbered 9-16 on the previous
page) whether the measurement technique
will be of the Certifying Evaluation type
(C) or both Certifying a... | {"creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "... |
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0.05652743577957153,
0.02227746695280075,
-0.09594881534576416,
0.00600865762680769,
0.04681269... | instruments
Interpretation of measu rement data
Formulation of judgments and taking of appropriate
action
common methodology for
student evaluation
t Evaluation of practical skills
I Evaluation of communication skills
I Evaluation of knowledge and intellectual skills
list of observable types of
1. ... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Canon", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for... |
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0.03170202299952507,
0.... | Example. Objectbe' Reassure the mother of a child admitted to hospital
Aaitude
-2
- 1
0
+ 1
+2
Explain Clearly
what has been
done to the
child
often uses
medical terms
and never
explains
what they
mean
often uses
medical terms
and rarely
explains
what they
mean
rarely uses
medical terms
and some-
times
... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handboo... |
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0.023842399939894676,
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0.0932028591632843,
0.055177439004182816,
-0.03266555815935135,
0.011478518135845661,
-0.00347... | See also Rezler, Public Health Papers No. 52, pp. 70-83,
'W'HO,
Geneva,1973'
2.2r
evaluation methodology according
to domains to be evaluated
:-- -r
Carrying out
of projects
_l
T
I
L
+-t
I
- oral tests
- observational rating scales
- questionnaires
2 . 2 2
in Real situations
in Simulated conditions... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Hand... |
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0.04919261112809181,
-0.06654676049947739,
0.013764348812401295,
-0.0... | Direct observation
Practical examination
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
1
2
3
4
5
* For the purpoe$ of this exercise fre total number of students to be considered should be fixed: e.g., 100.
2.23
Frrronal Nob3
general remarks concerning
examinations
is
relevant (related | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "batch_upload": true, "file_name": "Educational Han... |
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0.0... | is
relevant (related
Analysis of the most commonly used tests
shows that sometimes, often even' the
questions set axe ambiguous, unclear, dis-
putable, esoteric or trivial. It is essential for
anyone constructing an examination, whether
of the traditional written tyPe, an objective
test ... | {"producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59... |
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0.0747... | many tests which only too often justifies
the conclusion, "the more you know about
a question the lower will be your score".
The author of a test is not the best judge of
its clarity, precision, relevance and interest.
Critical reaieu of tbe test by colleagues is
its sound con'
consequently ... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Ed... |
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0.0643... | I E n t r ! t r n n n t r n t r n t r n t r n t r n D t r t r
A discussion is not always Pertinent to the problem at
hand, but one learns to allow for some rambling. It
seems to help people tealize that they normally use
quite a few fuzzies during what they consider "technical
discussions... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_size_... |
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0.101138... | 2 . 2 5
qualities of a test
Directly related to educational objectives
Realistic & practical
I Concerned with important & useful matters
Comprehensive but brief
Precise & clear
2.26
considerations of the type of
competence a test purports to measure
No test format (objective, essay or oral)
has a monopo... | {"producer": "", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e47... |
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0.05314265564084053,
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-0.03545547276735306,
-0... | tbe
Second, there is often a tendency to confuse
the difficulty of a question with the com-
plexity of the intellectual process measured
by it. However, it should be noted that a
question requiring simple recall may be very
the esoteric nature
"difficult" because of
of the information dem... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018... |
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0.0372677817940712,
0.040294867008924484,
0.04484957456588745,
0.03681739... | data about a specific case necessarily involves
problem-solving, whereas, in fact, "data" are
often merely "window dressing" when the
is really addressed to a general
question
condition and can be answered equally well
without reference to the data. Or, the data
furnished about a "specific case"... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "batch_upload": true, "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Edu... |
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0.01360063161700964,
0.0160369910299778,
0.05647682026028633,
-0.0172134879976511,
-0.003455571597442031,
0.02626861... | In short, just as each patient in the ward or
out-patient department represents a unique
that must be
configuration of
analysed, a test ahicb purports to medsure
and bis
the student's clinical
ability to so lae clini cal pro blem s must simulat e
reality as closely as possible by presenting
him... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\heal... |
a246b2dd-59c5-41c1-9359-548bfa0baa85 | [
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0.06162752956151962,
-0.03884856775403023,
-0.06017395853996277,
-0.05421531945466995,
0.02365... | iudgment
findings
t r ! E
t r D t r t r D D t r t r D f ]
! t r t r t r t r t r t r N t r
However reliable or objective a test may be, it is of no
value if it does not measure ability to perform the
tasks expected of a health worker in his/her professional
capacity.
r l t r D t r t r t r ... | {"total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2... |
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0.04532140493392944,
0.0457177571952343,
-0.034207120537757874,
-0.014356648549437523,
0.00305... | outright error
outright error in phrasing the question (or, in the case of multiple-choice
questions, in phrasing the distractors and the correct response);
ambiguity ambiguity in the use of language which may lead the student to spend
more time in trying to understand the question than in answering it; in
addition... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthca... |
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0.032469771802425385,
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0.0... | complexity
complexity or ambiguity of the subject matter taught, so that the search
for the correct answer is more difficult than was anticipated;
unintended cues
unintended cues in the formulation of the questions that make the correct
answer obvious; this fault, which is often found in multiplechoice
questions, ... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for ... |
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0.06789500266313553,
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0.0207412950694561,
-0.014863476157188416,
-0.01216... | In constructing an examination, outside factors must nof be allowed to interfere with the factor
to be measured.
compl icated instructions
(ability to understand instructions)
ln some tests, the instructions for students on how to
solve the problems are so complicated that what is
really evaluated is the students' ap... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "producer": "", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational ... |
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0.04106912389397621,
-0.043443311005830765,
-0.040412481874227524,
-0.02463613823056221,
-0.03... | trap questions
(ability to avoid traps)
This type of interference does not depend on a
measuring instrument, but on possible sadistic
tendencies on the part of the examiner who, during
an examination, may allow himself to be influenced
by the candidate's appearance, $X, etc. Some
candidates are more or le... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Can... |
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0.00798755045980215,
-0.00735331978648901,
-0.054061662405729294,
-0.015713706612586975,
... | Oral examinations
Advantages
1. Provide direct personal contact with
candidates.
2. Provide
mitigating circumstances into account.
opportunity
to
take
in moving from
3. Provide flexibility
candidate's strong points to weak areas.
4. Require the candidate to formulate
his own replies without cues... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via":... |
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0.013888003304600716,
0.030525894835591316,
-0.03816970810294151,
-0.014796785078942776,
0.... | Practical examinations
Advantages
test in L
1. Provide opportunity
realistic setting skills involving all the
senses while the examiner observes and
checks performance.
to
2. Provide opportunity to confront the
candidate with problems he has not
met before both in the laboratory and
at ... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528... |
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0.04196085035800934,
0.01798553578555584,
-0.04090820625424385,
-0.002058786805719137,
0.059406... | 3. Permit favouritism and possible abuse
of the personal contact.
4. Suffer
irrelevant factors.
from undue
influence of
from shortage of
trained
5. Suffer
examiners to administer the examin-
ation.
6. Are excessively costly in terms of
the
professional time
it
limited value of
vields.
in ... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creator": "Canon", "b... |
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0.0786304846405983,
-0.023472454398870468,
0.020148558542132378,
-0.002182228257879615,
0.077... | in arranging for
4. Entail difficulties
examiners to observe candidates demon-
strating the skills to be tested.
'rstandardize practical tests can be constructed;
see 'simulation and evaluation in medecine' in
Public Health Papers No. 61, pP. 18-34' \fHO'
Geneva,7974.
Essay examinations
Advantages
1. ... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Perso... |
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0.030716652050614357,
0.06666620075702667,
0.03084660694003105,
0.07609478384256363,
0.002338291611522436,
-0.0610334686934948,
-0.0173068568110466,
0.01635931... | Multiple-choice guestions
Advantages
reliability and
1. Ensure objectivity,
validity; preparation of questions with
colleagues provides constructive criticism.
2. lncrease significantly the range and
variety of facts that can be sampled in a
given time.
3. Provide precise and unambiguous
measurement o... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages":... |
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0.04070925712585449,
0.07616326957941055,
-0.056545794010162354,
0.011684484779834747,
0.0510... | It is a highly questionable practice to label someone as
having achieved a goal when you don't even know what
you would take as evidence of achievement.
R.F. Mager
n D D n t r t r t r t r t r n t r t r t r t r n t r t r D t r t r n n
2 . 3 L
Personal Notes
evaluation in education
qualities of a m... | {"producer": "", "creator": "Canon", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Edu... |
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-0.035776536911726,
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0.057442... | for
1.3 Eoaluati.on
in
education
is a
systetnatic process which enables the
the student has
extent to which
attained rhe educati.onal obieaioe
*rneasured". Evaluation always
to be
includes lt ed.surements (quantitative
or qualitative) plus a value judgment.
1.4 To make measurements, ,neasurin... | {"creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.... |
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0.0901720672845840... | 2.1 Vali.dity: the extent to which the test
used really measures what it is inten-
ded to measure. No outside factors
should be allowed to interfere with
the manner in which the evaluation is
carried out. For
in
measuring the ability to synthesize,
other factors such as style should
not compete w... | {"producer": "", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for ... |
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0.00181881757453084,
-0.05103892460465431,
0.002469773171469569,
0.090... | Content aalidity
is determined by
the following question: will this test
measure, or has it measured, the
matter and the behaviour that it
is intended to measure?
Predicthte aalidity is determined by
questions such as the following when
the results of a test are to be used
for predicting the ... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source_file"... |
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-0.0313287153840065,
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0.0060... | the
2.2 Reliability:
this is the consistency
2 . 3 3
with which an instrument measures
a given variable.
Reliability is always connected with
a particular tyPe of consistenry,
the consistency of the results in
time; consistency of results according
to the questions; consistency of the
results accordin... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c14... |
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0.03714153915643692,
-0.09843762218952179,
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0.052904... | 2.3 Obiectioity;
this is the extent to
which independent and comPetent
examiners agree on what constitutes
a "good" answer for each of the
items of a measuring instrument.
2.4 Practicabiliry depends uPon the time
required to construct an examination,
to administer and score it and to
interpret the re... | {"file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel... |
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0.05915971100330353,
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-0.07389721274375916,
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0.002040362218... | 3 . 2
achievement of the
Eqailibrium:
correct proPortion among questions
allocated to each of the objectives.
3 . 3
Equity: extent to which the questions
set in the examination correspond to
the teaching content.
3 . 4
3 . 5
Specificity: quality of a measuring
instrument whereby an intelligent
s... | {"batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "total_pages": 362, "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "moddat... |
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-0.00717261154204607,
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0.012... | in
3.6 Efficienqt: quality of a measuring
instrument which ensures the greatest
independent
possible number of
answers per unit of dme.'r'
3.7
3 . 8
it
is well known
that L
Time:
measuring instrument will be less
reliable if it leads to the introduction
factors (guessing,
of non-relevant... | {"total_pages": 362, "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthc... |
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-0.021518371999263763,
0.038959044963121414,
0.0499... | The extent to which
measu res what it
measu re.
the instru ment
is intended to
reliability
The consistency with which an
instru ment measu res a given
variable.
obiectivity
The extent to which indePendent
and competent examiners agree on
what constitutes a good answer
for each of the elements of a
meas... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\... |
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-0.05250395089387894,
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0.08... | A very good treatment of all these concepts
will be found in the book by Robert Ebel
entitled Measuring Educational Achieaement
(Prentice Hall, 1965).
Validity and reliability
Ebel shows that "to be valid a measuring
instrument (test) must be both relevant and
reliable." This assertion j... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "t... |
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0.0463586... | taxonomic
Releaance and equilibrium
It seems, moreover, that the concept of
is only a sub-category of the
equilibrium
concept of relevance and that is why the
diagram shows it as such.
Releaance and eqaity
It seems evident that if the instrument is
constructed on the basis of a content i... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_upload": true, "total_pages": 362, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\he... |
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0... | Equity, specfficity and reliability
The diagram reflects the following implicit
relationship: a test cannot be equitable if
it is not first specific. Specificity, just like
equity and for similar reasons, will affect the
reliability of the results.
competent
distinguish
length, homo'
(of ... | {"batch_upload": true, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "... |
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0.0... | competent
distinguish
length, homo'
(of questions) and heterogeneity
Relinbility, discrimination,
geneity
(of students)
According to Ebel, reliability is influenced by
the extent to which the questions (items)
from
clearly
incompetent students, the number of items,
the similarity of the ite... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\gener... |
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0.019... | the heterogeneity of
.^---1
t l
I EXERCISE I
L<'-.-J
I I I tr tr n I tr ntrtr trD tr ! trtr L'r tr
Try to answer questions 22 - 25 on p.2.47
and check your answers on p. 2.48.
t r t r n t r t r n ! ! ! f t n !
t ] ! t r t r t r u t ] ! I U E B t r n D D
2 . 3 6
relations... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_p... |
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0.04309... | 2.37
For each of the educational obiectives you defined on pap 1;54, kribe
tvrn methods of
analuation that seem $itable to you for informing yourelf and the student on the extent to
which that objective has been ac*rianed. Compare the trro methods on the basis of the three
criteria shown in the table... | {"batch_upload": true, "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f... |
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0.07453... | The student $ould be able to:
08J
Validity
Obiectivity
Practicability
I
t l
Check the neaning of tha wards validity, cbiectivity and praEticability in the glosssry, page 8.01.
2.38
For evaluation
the essential quality is validitY
but don't forget
that for an educational
system considered as a whole
it is i... | {"batch_upload": true, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educ... |
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-0.014852280728518963,
0.0246972... | but don't forget
that for an educational
system considered as a whole
it is its relevance
that is of primary importance
evaluation is a matter for teamwork
The planning of an evaluation system ls
obviously not simple. It is a serious matter,
the quality of health care will partly
for
depend on it. ... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\... |
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0.08648606389760971,
-0.008397860452532768,
0.0833... | the responsibility of
students and
the
This work performed jointly by a group
of teachers calls for a coordinating mechanism.
The terms of reference of each group and
group member must be defined explicitly
and known to all. The institution's higher
authorities must provide the workin... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbo... |
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... | t r ! N t r N D t r t r t r t r t r O N N t r D t r N ! D t r D
2.40
Organizationat diagram showing relationships between curriculum committee, evaluation
committee and teaching units
School Administration
Transmits Institutional
Obiectives
Curriculum Commattee
Prepares SPecif ication
Tables
Evaluation Comm... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educationa... |
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0.08533929288387299,
0.01698026992380619,
-0.07001899927854538,
0.0015681120567023754,
0.0510720... | Each unit prepares the specif ic obiectives and the test items
Personal Notes
!
t r n D D t r ! t r t r t r t r ! t n E C ! t r t r t r D !
Judge the consequence of the student's not achieving
the objective by answering such questions as: "lf he
cannot perform the objective when he leaves my
instruction ... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health ... |
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0.045287638902664185,
0.00245... | R . F . M a g e r
D t r t r ! n n t r t r t r t r t r c t r t r o t r ! n t E n E
2.+2
Show graphically the type of organization (commissions, csnmittees, administrations, etc.,
with a descriptian of their functiansl which sesm desirable {in the establishment where you are
teaching) for introducing (o... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "producer": "", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educ... |
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-0.029896635562181473,
0.02646559663116932,
0.0385... | Obstacles
Tactie
(Check your ansuvers on p. 2.481
Ouestion 1
The main role of evaluation
Chrstion 2
The purpose of evaluation is to make a value judgrnent concerning:
A. Students and programmes.
B. Students and teachers.
C. Programmes and teachers.
D. Students.
E. None of the above.
Qucstion 3
Thorndike's "... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205... |
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-0.017966903746128082,
0.021016130223870277,
-0.0... | Ouestion 4
Its main aim is to inform the student on his/her progress.
Q.retion 5
Does not preserve anonymity
Question 6
Enables the teaeher to decide to replace one programme by another.
Q.restion 7
Justifies the decision to let a student move up from the smond to the third year.
Ouestion I
Permits rank-ordering o... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creator": "Canon", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader",... |
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-0.010701201856136322,
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0.01772313192486763,
0.040197... | Ouestion 17
The four steps of the process of stud€nt evaluation are as follows:
1 .
2.
3.
4.
Question 18
All the following steps exoopt one are essential in constructing any meazuring instrument.
A. Precise definition of all aspects of the type of competence to be measured.
B. Obtaining retiabifity and validity indi... | {"file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "total_pages": 362... |
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-0.03014278970658779,
0.061876... | use of the measuring instrument will ensure objectivity.
E. Determination of the particular behaviour expected from individuals who have or have not
acquired the specif ied competence.
Ouestion 19
When evaluating communication skills (domain of interpersonal relationships), all the following
steps should be taken ... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "producer": "", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf"... |
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0.005375890992581844,
0.06258... | behaviour and the affeetive lwel enviragd.
E. Obtain the studentt opinions on the way in which they would behave in specific situations.
Qustion 20
The essential variable to be considered in evafuating the rezults of teaching is:
A. The student's pbrformance.
B. The opinion of the teacher and his colleagues.
C. ... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "batch_upload": true, "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "produ... |
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0.002075087046250701,
0.0... | Specificity E = Relevance
Ouestion 22
What quality is
if a group of experts agree on what constitute good answers to a te$t?
Ouestion 23
What quality implies that a test consistently measures the same thing?
lts objectivity.
Ouestion 24
The following factors, except one, generally affect the reliability of a te... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "total_pages": 362, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "creator": "Canon", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Ed... |
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0.0067265... | 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
I
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
21
22
23
24
25
-------).
E
D
A
B
c
B
c
C F
C F
CF
c
c
C F
CF
c
---'--"-">
B
E
A
D
B
c
D
B
2.02 -2.6
2.08
2 . 1 4
2 . 1 5 - 2 . 1 9
2.20
2.21
2.O7 -2.35
2.O8 - 2.21
2.27 -2.31
2.34 - 2.35
2.34 - 2.... | {"upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75f... |
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-0.01852... | It deals with the teaching-learning process as part of a teaching-learning gtstem. It stresses the
effectiveness of methods which place the student in an actioe situation. It proposes a relevant and
stu&nt'orientated plcn of action taking into account the (aaditional) obstacles to change.
Those with a deeper ine... | {"moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "producer": "", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educationa... |
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0.00662... | Technical Report Series No. 746, \U[HO,
"Communiry-based education of health
personnel", 1987
r Public Health Paper No.61,WHO, "Educ-
the health pro-
ational strategies for
fessions", 1974
Technical Report Series No. 521, WHO,
"Training and preparation of teactrers in
schools of medicine and of allied heal... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "batch_upload": true, "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Perso... |
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0.064745217... | Programme.
9 .
Construct a self-learning package.
3.
4.
List 10 conditions which
facilitate
learning and evaluate a learning activity.
1 0 .
Indicate the aims and general methods of
teaching.
Define the role which, as a teacher, you
would like to assume in order to motivate
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the educational spiral
Defining
Tasks and
Ed ucational Objectives
lmplementing
Evaluation
Planning
an Evaluation
System
Preparing and
lmplementing an
Educational Programme
It was felt useful at this mid-point of the
Educational Handbook to attempt to summarize
the major concepts presented so tar and ... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "total_pages": 362, "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "batch_upload": true, "... |
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tbe essential
to consider first
It
cbaracteristics of a profession and, second,the
tasks inoolaed in planning and con-
major
ducting an educational programme.ln the light
of these two factors, the significant elements
of effective'education for the professions can
be seen more clearly.
A... | {"file_type": ".pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "producer": "", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\gene... |
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0... | A professional code of ethics not only pro-
fesses social ualues that are above selfish ones,
but it expects the individual member seriously
to these bigher aalues.
to dedicate bimself
Furthermore, a profession establishes some
form of group discipline in support of these
values. A doctor who violat... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "total_pag... |
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0.04641... | generally. In some programmes for the edu-
cation of doctors, there has been a tendency
to develop a code of ethics in which the doctor
dedicates himself to the medical profession
and to the interests of doctors rather than to
the improvement of the health of mankind.
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0.057... | The second distinguishing feature of a pro-
fession is the basing of its techniques of
operation upon principles rather than rule-
of-thumb procedures or simple routine
skills. For an occupation to be a profession
it should involve complex tasks which are
performed by artistic applicat... | {"creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_type": ".pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75f... |
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-0.... | problem he must draw upon certain basic
principles. However, the application of these
principles necessitates an analysis of the parti-
cular problem to see what are its unique aspects
which will require adaptation of the principles.
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In the early days, surgery was not really a
profession but was a skilled trade. Certain
skills, such as those used in bone*etting,
from one generation of
were
surgeons to another, and the surgeon learned
largely as an apprentice how to carry on his
trade. With the develo... | {"creator": "Canon", "total_pages": 362, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "producer": "", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:4... |
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... | Whenever a member of any profession meets
tasks in terms of routine
his day-byday
performance, for him the occupation is no
longer a profession.
A profession not only utilises basic principles
rather than depending on ruleof-thumb pro-
cedures, but as it becomes more mature it
the principles... | {"file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health... |
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becomes increasingly mature, it not only
develops members who carry on their work
through principles rather than ruleof-thumb
procedures, but it ilso encourages members
to gain an understanding of thew principles
in a mucb larger conterct than... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_type": ".pdf", "producer": "", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "batch_upload": true, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for He... |
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Shifting our attention
characteristics of a profession to the tasks
in planning and conducting an
involved
from
3 , 0 6
educational programme, we find it possible
to classify these tasks into four major types,
namely:
I
I
r
r
deciding on the objectives;
selecting learn... | {"source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "total_pages": 362, "batch_upload": true, "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "creator": "Canon", "producer": "", "source": "downloads\\healthcare... |
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its
cational programme
objectives through appraising the edu-
cational progress of the students.
in attaining
includes
is a process for changing tbe
Education
behaaiour of students in desired directions.
is used in tbe broad
The term "bebaaiour"... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "upload_timestamp": "2025-12-09T22:24:44.287064", "file_name": "Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "batch_u... |
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tbat
From this definition of education it is clear
the educational obiectiaes dre tbe be-
that
bauiour patterns
the school tries to
deztelop in tbe studmt. The knowledge, the
skills, and the ways of thinking that the
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select learning experiences that will con-
tribute to the objectives. This raises a previous
question: how do people acquire these desired
changes in behaviour patterns? "Pe ople ac qaire
tbem by practising tbem" is a simple but fairly
accurate answer. Getting s... | {"total_pages": 362, "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.p... |
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ideas, by explaining them in his own words,
and by finding illustrations of them. Skill in
ways of thinking are developed by practising
problern'solaing again and again. Manual
skills and habits are also acquired by practice.
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leam for
teacber cannot
One fact clearly emerges from this analysis -
tbe
tbe student.
Whether or not
the student develops an
is
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going on in his mind, not what is going on
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in
leaming
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third major
task in education
is to
The
organise the learning experiences to maxi-
mise their cumulatiae effect. We can increase
the cumulative effect of learning experiences
in two wa/s:
through sequential organisation
and through integration. When learning experi-
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eualuate tbe effectfueness of tbe educational
progrdrnme in attaining its obiectiztes, tbrougb
appraising the educational progress of
tbe
students. This requires eaidence of changes
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0.0137063... | Objectives of professional education
The existence of principles and of a code of
ethics in a profession points to several kinds
of educational objectives which are important
in educatin gfor a profession. The development
of an ethical practitioner who has an adequate
understanding of the ethical code of t... | {"uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_size_mb": 5.62, "creator": "Canon", "moddate": "2018-03-27T16:26:19+02:00", "source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "file_type": ".pdf", "creationdate": "2008-01-25T10:33:47+01:00", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\... |
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In terms of knowledge and understanding, a
programme of professional education needs
to deaelop in students a broad and clear
concept of tbe social role of tbeir profession.
the social
This
functions the profession serves and how these
functions are related to the ... | {"source": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "source_file": "downloads\\healthcare\\general_health\\Educational Handbook for Health Personnel.pdf", "uploaded_via": "batch_uploader", "file_hash": "b391528713c149eec4a80eac9205d4f59c65a75fbeffc5edc4d3d17e479f091e", "cr... |
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