Split (2)

train · 4.64k rows

answers list	context stringlengths 94 1.14k	label int64 0 3	id_string stringlengths 7 10	question stringlengths 24 342
[ "Whoever wants to advance a political agenda ought to take the time to convince legislators that their own political careers are at stake in the matter at hand; otherwise, the agenda will simply be ignored.", "Politicians who defend the rights of unpopular constituencies ought to see to it that they use cool, dis...	Environmentalists who seek stricter governmental regulations controlling water pollution should be certain to have their facts straight. For if it turns out, for example, that water pollution is a lesser threat than they proclaimed, then there will be a backlash and the public will not listen to them even when dire thr...	3	train_4600	Which one of the following best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above?
[ "Evaluating the net benefits that the commercial development would bring to the city in terms of improved quality of life for the city's residents rather than in financial terms", "Giving tax breaks to developers of businesses along the waterfront to offset any tax levied on them for construction of roads or publ...	Letter to the editor: Our city plans to allow major commercial development along the south waterfront and, in so doing, to increase its tax revenue. But, to succeed commercially, the development would inevitably create far more road traffic than the existing roads to the waterfront can handle, causing serious congestio...	3	train_4601	Which of the following, if added to the city's plan, would be most likely to help solve the problem the letter describes?
[ "Doctors who do not perform aggressive, high-tech procedures tend to place much emphasis on the prevention of cardiac problems through healthy lifestyle choices.", "Patients with the most-severe cardiac problems tend to receive treatment at hospitals where many aggressive, high-tech treatments are performed.", ...	Editorialist: Research reveals that patients of hospital cardiac units in which doctors perform many aggressive, high-tech procedures are less likely to be alive a month after leaving the hospital than are patients of hospital cardiac units that rely almost exclusively on standard treatments. This indicates that aggres...	1	train_4602	Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the editorialist's argument?
[ "Two societies based on different principles of justice, each adhering to its own principles, had the same unemployment benefits.", "Although each adhered to its own principles, a democracy and a monarchy each had the same distribution of wealth in its population.", "Although two socialist states each adhered t...	At some point in any discussion of societal justice, the only possible doctrinal defense seems to be "That is the way we do things here. " Different communities that each recognize the dignity and equality of all citizens will, for example, nevertheless settle on somewhat different provisions for the elderly. So we can...	3	train_4603	Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument concerning the general principles of justice?
[ "can satisfy their basic economic needs without obtaining happiness", "cannot satisfy economic needs by means of interactions with family members and close friends", "can live happily only when economic utility is not a motivator in their society", "cannot really be said to have satisfied their economic needs...	Human beings can live happily only in a society where love and friendship are the primary motives for actions. Yet economic needs can be satisfied in the absence of this condition, as, for example, in a merchant society where only economic utility motivates action. It is obvious then that human beings __.	0	train_4604	Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?
[ "During the past four years, Altonville officials also did not increase tax rates on other sources of revenue such as retail sales or business profits.", "The percentage of Altonville's overall revenue that was collected from property taxes did not change over the past four years.", "The total amount of revenue...	The total market value of real estate in Altonville has steadily declined over the past four years. This decline has meant that the overall figure on which the city' s property tax is based - the assessed value of that real estate - has also declined. Moreover, the percentage of assessed value that was paid as property...	2	train_4605	The information above most strongly supports which of the following?
[ "Voters think of themselves as members of a community, rather than as isolated individuals.", "Opposition to unregulated markets is consistent with support for democracy.", "Where there is democratic sovereignty there should be unregulated markets.", "Unregulated markets are incompatible with democratic sover...	Sociologist: Some economists hold that unregulated markets should accompany democratic sovereignty because they let people vote with their money. But this view ignores the crucial distinction between the private consumer and the public citizen. In the marketplace the question is, "What do I want? " At the voting booth ...	1	train_4606	Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn by the sociologist?
[ "Stroke patients exhibit a wide variety of abnormal chemical levels in their blood.", "Glutamate is the only neurotransmitter that leaks from oxygen-starved or physically damaged nerve cells.", "Leakage from damaged or oxygen-starved nerve cells is the only possible source of glutamate in the blood.", "Any ne...	In a recent study of stroke patients, those who exhibited continuing deterioration of the nerve cells in the brain after the stroke also exhibited the highest levels of the protein glutamate in their blood. Glutamate, which functions within nerve cells as a neurotransmitter, can kill surrounding nerve cells if it leaks...	2	train_4607	Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
[ "A great many successful opera singers studied more than one language. Hence Eileen must be a successful opera singer, since she studied more than one language.", "Quite a few opera singers carry a bent nail on stage for good luck. Ttherefore George, an opera singer, must owe his good luck to the bent nail that h...	An overwhelming number of industry' s chief executive officers who earn over $250, 000 annually attended prestigious business schools. Ttherefore Greta Harris, who attended a prestigious business school, must be a chief executive officer who earns over $250, 000 annually.	0	train_4608	Which one of the following exhibits flawed reasoning most nearly parallel to that exhibited in the argument above?
[ "fails to show that a certain conclusion of the recent report is better justified than an opposing conclusion reached in older studies", "fails to consider that those who exercise vigorously are at increased risk of physical injury caused by exercise", "fails to consider the possibility that the risk of develop...	Columnist: A recent research report suggests that by exercising vigorously, one significantly lowers one' s chances of developing certain cardiorespiratory illnesses. But exercise has this effect, the report concludes, only if the exercise is vigorous. Thus, one should not heed older studies purporting to show that non...	0	train_4609	The reasoning in the columnist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument
[ "Peopie's evaluations of a situation sometimes depend less on the situation itself than on how it is presented to them.", "People often change their minds about issues that do not make significant differences to their lives.", "People's perceptions of the fairness of a policy sometimes depend on whether that po...	When a chain of service stations began applying a surcharge of $0. 25 per purchase on fuel paid for by credit card, the chain' s owners found that this policy made their customers angry. So they decided instead to simply raise the price of fuel a compensatory amount and give a $0. 25 discount to customers paying with c...	0	train_4610	Which one of the following generalizations does the situation described above most clearly illustrate?
[ "The Internet and television advertisements are identical.", "The firm has considerably more experience with television advertising.", "The firm pays more for Internet advertising than for television advertising.", "Internet advertisements allow the firm to more accurately target audiences." ]	An advertising firm creates campaigns for both television and Internet platforms, and both campaigns are comparable in size. The audience for television advertisements is one thousand times the size of the Internet audiences, but the firm generates two-thirds of its revenue from Internet advertisements.	3	train_4611	Which one of the following statements, if true, would resolve the apparent paradox?
[ "draws a general conclusion based on too small a sample of learning deficits", "presumes, without giving justification, that all learning deficits in children involve shortterm memory", "presumes, without giving justification, that short-term memory is disabled whenever the hippocampus is disabled", "takes fo...	Researcher: All defects in short-term memory are caused by a malfunction of a part of the brain called the hippocampus. In short-term memory, the mind holds a piece of information for only a few moments, after which it is either stored in long-term memory or forgotten. Learning is the accumulation of new information in...	1	train_4612	The reasoning in the researcher's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument
[ "Most banks have similar charges for most services and pay similar interest rates on deposits.", "Banks do best when offering special privileges only to their most loyal customers.", "Offering services at no charge to all of its current customers would be prohibitively expensive for a bank.", "Once they have ...	Banking analyst: Banks often offer various services to new customers at no charge. But this is not an ideal business practice, since regular, long-term customers, who make up the bulk of the business for most banks, are excluded from these special offers.	1	train_4613	Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the banking analyst's argument'?
[ "Intending to help her elderly neighbor by clearing his walkway after a snowstorm, Teresa inadvertently left ice on his steps; because of this exposed ice, her neighbor had a bad fall, thus showing that morally good actions can have bad consequences.", "Jonathan agreed to watch his three-year-old niece while she ...	It has been claimed that an action is morally good only if it benefits another person and was performed with that intention; whereas an action that harms another person is morally bad either if such harm was intended or if reasonable forethought would have shown that the action was likely to cause harm.	1	train_4614	Which one of the following judgments most closely conforms to the principle cited above?
[ "The skins of red grapes but not of other grapes contain the chemical that reduces blood cholesterol.", "The chemical that reduces blood cholesterol is found in the skins but not in other parts of grapes.", "The chemical that reduces blood cholesterol is present only in beverages, rather than solid foods, that ...	A chemical present in all grapes helps reduce blood cholesterol in humans. The chemical is also present in red wine and grape juice, bECACAut not in white wine. Both red wine and grape juice are produced using whole grapes; white wine is produced without using the grape skins.	1	train_4615	The information above, if true, most strongly supports which of the following conclusions?
[ "The proposed tax incentive is unlikely to attract enough additional money into personal savings accounts to make up for the attendant loss in tax revenues.", "Backers of the tax-incentive proposal undoubtedly have some motive other than their expressed aim of increasing the amount of money available for banks to...	Economist: Some policymakers believe that our country' s continued economic growth requires a higher level of personal savings than we currently have. A recent legislative proposal would allow individuals to set up savings accounts in which interest earned would be exempt from taxes until money is withdrawn from the ac...	0	train_4616	The passage as a whole provides the most support for which one of the following conclusions?
[ "The fleet of airplanes leaving from Newcomb Airport is better equipped to handle inclement weather than the fleet of airplanes leaving from Mayville Airport.", "Mechanical problems cause a greater number of delays at Newcomb Airport than at Mayville Airport.", "Newcomb airport employees are better able to mana...	Mayville Airport and Newcomb Airport have the same number of flight departures each day. Mayville Airport experiences 26 departure delays per 100 flights, while Newcomb Airport experiences 20 departure delays per 100 flights. When delays caused by bad weather are disregarded, Mayville Airport has 5 fewer departure dela...	3	train_4617	Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information given above?
[ "Older students believe that their teachers' praise will inspire the disapproval of their peers, to which they have a greater aversion than do younger students.", "Younger children respond more to the tone of voice with which criticism is offered than to its explicit content.", "Older students are more likely t...	Children in the first six standards of school who are publicly singled out for enthusiastic praise by their teachers show marked improvement in their schoolwork. But students in higher standards tend to react negatively to such praise, and their academic performance tends to decline as a result.	0	train_4618	Which one of the following most helps to explain the differing reactions described above?
[ "The human body processes the beta-carotene present in foods much more efficiently than it does beta-carotene supplements.", "In the 24-year study, the percentage of the subjects who had a high intake of betacarotene-rich foods who smoked cigarettes was much smaller than the percentage of the subjects with a low ...	A 24-year study of 1, 500 adults showed that those subjects with a high intake of foods rich in betacarotene were much less likely to die from cancer or heart disease than were those with a low intake of such foods. On the other hand, taking beta-carotene supplements for 12 years had no positive or negative effect on t...	3	train_4619	Each of the following, if true, would help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the results of the two studies EXCEPT:
[ "Patients often register dissatisfaction with physicians who prescribe nothing for their ailments.", "The review process is expensive and practically always results in approval of the prescribed procedure.", "Physicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the hea...	A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as "medically necessary" by a company-appointed review panel. The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures. The comp...	1	train_4620	Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the company's decision?
[ "Does a reduction in acid production in the stomach have an adverse effect on stomach function?", "Does extending the roasting time of coffee beans increase the amount of caffeine present in the brewed coffee?", "Would coffee drinkers who drink caffeinated coffee increase their coffee consumption if the coffee ...	The caffeine in coffee stimulates the production of irritating acid in the stomach. But darker roasts of coffee, produced by roasting the coffee beans longer, contain more N-methylpyridinium (NMP) than lighter roasts, and NMP tends to suppress production of acid in the stomach. Ttherefore if you drink caffeinated coffe...	1	train_4621	The answer to which one of the following questions most helps in evaluating the argument?
[ "In the days when special quality advantages were easier to obtain than they are now, it was also easier to get new brand names established.", "Consumers recognize that the quality of products sold under invariant brand names can drift over time.", "The advertising of a company's brand-name products is at times...	Products sold under a brand name used to command premium prices because, in general, they were superior to nonbrand rival products. Technical expertise in product development has become so widespread, however, that special quality advantages are very hard to obtain these days and even harder to maintain. As a consequen...	3	train_4622	Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the paradox outlined above?
[ "Metropolitan Goldsville covers a larger area than metropolitan Terrera.", "Per square mile, there are fewer sports cars in the exurbs and suburbs of Terrera than in those of Goldsville.", "In total, there is a greater number of sports cars in metropolitan Goldsville than in metropolitan Terrera.", "There is ...	The number of sports cars per square mile is 40% greater in downtown Terrera than in downtown Goldsville. If the entire metropolitan area of each city is compared-which includes downtown as well as suburbs and exurbs-then the number of sports cars per square mile is 20% greater in Goldsville.	1	train_4623	Based on the information above, which of the following can be inferred?
[ "The core areas contain just enough food to sustain one yellow warbler while it molts.", "The core areas of each feeding territory are the same size for each molting warbler.", "Warblers often share their feeding areas with other kinds of birds, which often do not eat the same insects or seeds as warblers do.",...	The song of the yellow warbler signals to other yellow warblers that a particular area has been appropriated by the singer as its own feeding territory. Although the singing deters other yellow warblers from taking over the feeding territory of the singer, other yellow warblers may range for food within a portion of th...	3	train_4624	The argument makes which one of the following assumptions?
[ "The first describes a pattern of cause and effect; the second describes a situation for which this pattern will not hold.", "The first is a conclusion drawn by the agent; the second is evidence that weighs against the agent's conclusion.", "The first is a consideration that weighs against the agent's predictio...	Real Estate Agent: Next year, <b> the occupancy rate for residential rental properties in Riverton will increase despite projections of decreasing population in the city. </b> Generally, when a city's population decreases, so does the occupancy rate for residential rental properties. However, <b> in the continuing clim...	3	train_4625	The boldfaced statements in the argument above play which of the following roles?
[ "People who have a sense of shame for their moral transgressions will feel responsible for their actions.", "Human beings who regard themselves only as natural objects will as a result lose their sense of responsibility for their actions.", "Some scientific theories hold that human beings are not responsible fo...	Cultural historian: Universal acceptance of scientific theories that regard human beings only as natural objects subject to natural forces outside the individual' s control will inevitably lead to a general decline in morality. After all, if people do not believe that they are responsible for their actions, they will f...	1	train_4626	The conclusion drawn by the cultural historian follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "Any standard currently in effect for a product or an activity should be rigorously enforced regardless of when the standard was first set.", "Organizations that set standards for products or activities should not set standards calling for a particular characteristic if such standards increase the risk of some ot...	Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as tho...	3	train_4627	Which one of the following principles, if valid, justifies the argument's conclusion that pedigree organizations should set standards for working ability in dogs?
[ "fails to draw the conclusion that the play will not both be adapted as a movie and be revived at the Decade Festival, rather than that it will do neither", "fails to explain in exactly what way the play is unsuccessful", "fails to recognize that the play's not satisfying one sufficient condition does not precl...	If the play were successful, it would be adapted as a movie or revived at the Decade Festival. But it is not successful. We must, regrettably, conclude that it will neither become a movie nor be revived at the Decade Festival.	2	train_4628	The argument's reasoning is flawed because the argument
[ "The only recordings that are played on the radio are ones that record companies believe can be profitably sold as compact discs.", "Few compact discs featuring classic jazz recordings are played on the radio.", "No recording that is not played on the radio is one that record companies believe would be profitab...	The only preexisting recordings that are transferred onto compact disc are those that record companies believe will sell well enough on compact disc to be profitable. So, most classic jazz recordings will not be transferred onto compact disc, because few classic jazz recordings are played on the radio.	2	train_4629	The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
[ "A consistent political policy does not hold that an action that comprises a worthy goal should not be performed.", "It is inconsistent for a legislator both to claim that increasing spending on education is a worthy goal and to vote against increasing spending on education.", "Even if a goal is a morally good ...	Editorial: This political party has repeatedly expressed the view that increasing spending on education is a worthy goal. On other occasions, however, the same party has claimed that the government should not increase spending on education. So this party' s policy is clearly inconsistent.	0	train_4630	The argument in the editorial depends on assuming which one of the following?
[ "Wear on the side of the highway that leads to Rittland's seaport has encouraged people to take buses to the seaport rather than driving there in their own automobiles.", "A greater tonnage of goods is exported from Rittland's seaport than is imported through it.", "The volume of traffic to and from Rittland's ...	The rate at which a road wears depends on various factors, including climate, amount of traffic, and the size and weight of the vehicles using it. The only land transportation to Rittland's seaport is via a divided highway, one side carrying traffic to the seaport and one carrying traffic away from it. The side leading...	1	train_4631	Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference in the rate of wear?
[ "denies the possibility that astrology involves components that are neither artistic nor scientific", "presumes, without providing justification, that any science must involve complicated mathematics", "incorrectly infers that a practice is a science merely from the fact that the practice has some scientific co...	Occultist: The issue of whether astrology is a science is easily settled: it is both an art and a science. The scientific components are the complicated mathematics and the astronomical knowledge needed to create an astrological chart. The art is in the synthesis of a multitude of factors and symbols into a coherent st...	2	train_4632	The reasoning in the occultist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
[ "Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades.", "Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.", "Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey.", "A disproportionately large number of high...	A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.	3	train_4633	Which one of the following most helps account for the apparent contradiction above?
[ "illicitly presumes that a claim must be false because the people making the claim are biased", "overlooks the possibility that NoSmoke helps people to quit smoking in ways other than by reducing smokers' cravings for cigarettes", "illicitly presumes that a whole must lack a certain quality if all of its parts ...	The manufacturers of NoSmoke claim that their product reduces smokers' cravings for cigarettes. However, in a recent study, smokers given the main ingredient in NoSmoke reported no decrease in cravings for cigarettes. Thus, since NoSmoke has only two ingredients, if similar results are found for the second ingredient, ...	2	train_4634	The argument above is flawed in that it
[ "presumes, without providing justification, that any country that does not have a pure free market economy has a highly controlled economy", "presumes, without providing justification, that the way in which utility is distributed is less important than the total amount of utility", "fails to consider that the w...	Editorial: Given the law of supply and demand, maximum total utility is assured only in a pure free market economy, although other types of economies might be able to achieve it. Obviously, then, a country that has a highly controlled economy, and is not trying to bring about a pure free market economy, is not acting i...	3	train_4635	The editorial's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
[ "Musicians who choose to study classical music do so because they believe they have an aptitude for the music.", "It is possible to enjoy the music in a particular genre even when it is performed by musicians who are not ideally suited for that genre.", "The continued popularity of a given genre of music depend...	Music critic: Fewer and fewer musicians are studying classical music, decreasing the likelihood that those with real aptitude for such music will be performing it. Audiences who hear these performances will not appreciate classical music's greatness and will thus decamp to other genres. So to maintain classical music's...	3	train_4636	Which of the following, if true, most weakens the music critic's reasoning?
[ "Most people face strong moral temptation from time to time but few people have to endure it regularly.", "It is far more common for people to perform good actions out of habit than for them to do so against strong temptation.", "People who perform good actions out of habit have often acquired this habit after ...	A certain moral system holds that performing good actions is praiseworthy only when one overcomes a powerful temptation in order to perform them. Yet this same moral system also holds that performing good actions out of habit is sometimes praiseworthy.	2	train_4637	Which one of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the moral system described above?

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