Split (1)

train · 3.98k rows

url stringlengths 33 435	title stringlengths 3 72	page stringlengths 102 132k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh_Rissam#:~:text=He%20was%20appointed%20as%20a,the%20Cardiological%20Society%20of%20India.	Harbhajan Singh Rissam	Harbhajan Singh Rissam (10 August 1951 – 17 October 2013) was an Indian interventional cardiologist, philanthropist and writer, known for his medical service and his novel based on medical profession. He was the director of cardiac clinical services at Max Healthcare, Delhi and his maiden novel, The Scalpel - Game Beneath, the first book of a proposed trilogy published in 2010, is a medical thriller on the medicine mafia. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2006, for his contributions to medical science. == Biography == Harbhajan Singh Rissam, born in 1951 in Jammu in a Kashmiri Sikh family, in the northern state of Jammu and Kashmir, did his early schooling at Central Basic School, Jammu after which he graduated in science from Government Gandhi Memorial Science College. When his family fled from Poonch, he moved with them to Punjab and secured his medical degree from Government Medical College, Amritsar with gold medal before completing his MD in cardiology at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Starting his career at the Government Gandhi Memorial Science College and after a stint in Saudi Arabia, he returned to India to join Apollo Hospital, Delhi as an interventional cardiologist but, later, moved to Max Healthcare, Delhi as the director of cardiac clinical services. In between, he was also associated with Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Nagar, Fortis Healthcare and Batra Hospital, New Delhi. He published over 100 medical papers in various national and international journals and presented papers at medical conferences including the conference on Conquering Heart Disease in the Himalayan Region of the Cardiac Society of Nepal, held in November 2010. He served as a member of the board of governors of the Medical Council of India, the apex body for medical education in India. He was appointed as a member of Medical Council of India Board of Governors on 14 May 2011 after its reconstitution by Union Health Ministry. He was also a member of the Asia Pacific Vascular Society and the Cardiological Society of India. Rissam, who had a penchant for writing, published his first short story, Moscow Street, when he was thirteen. In 2006, he took a long break from work and stayed in Paris for three months where he wrote a novel and in 2010, he published it under the title The Scalpel - Game Beneath, which was a medical thriller on the mafia activities associated with medical tourism and organ trade. The novel, considered by many as an attempt at whistle-blowing, was reported to be the first insider account by a practising doctor in India and the first medical thriller by an Indian author. He planned two more novels based on happenings at a medical institute, to complete a trilogy of medical thrillers, but they were never published. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the Padma Shri in 2006. Rissam was married to Balbir Kaur, a medical doctor, and the couple had a son, Harbir Singh Rissam and a daughter, Harmeet Kaur. He is survived by his mother Ranjeet Kaur, Brother Jujhar Singh Rissam, Nephews Satwant Singh Rissam & Sandeep Singh Rissam. His younger nephew Sandeep Singh Rissam is an Engineer by qualification & was working with him in his philanthropy and social works like organizing Blood Donation awareness and other projects . He died on 17 October 2013, succumbing to an infection for which he had been hospitalized at Max Healthcare, Delhi. He was cremated at a cremation ground in Shastri Nagar, Jammu, the next day. == See also == Organ trade Medical tourism Robin Cook (American novelist) == References == == External links == "The Scalpel Game Beneath - Dr. H.S. Rissam". YouTube video. Rafiq SRK. 29 September 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2016. == Further reading == Cookie Maini (21 March 2010). "Racy medical thriller". The Scalpel: Game Beneath - Review. The Sunday Tribune. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata_Award	Aryabhata Award	The Aryabhata Award or Aryabhatta Award is an annual award, presented to individuals with notable lifetime contributions in the field of astronautics and aerospace technology in India. It was instituted by the Astronautical Society of India (ASI) (established 1990), an International Astronautical Federation member since 1958. The award is usually presented by the Minister of State of the Prime Minister's Office, and consists of a citation and ₹1 lakh (₹100,000). == History == The award is named after the fifth century Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, and in commemoration of the first Indian satellite Aryabhata (launched 19 April 1975). == Award winners == == See also == List of astronomy awards List of engineering awards List of physics awards List of space technology awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_NBC#:~:text=NBC%20aired%20The%20Wizard%20of,rights%20to%20show%20the%20film.	History of NBC	The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network which is owned by Comcast through NBCUniversal. The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at 10 Universal City Plaza), and Chicago (at the NBC Tower). Along with ABC and CBS, NBC is one of the traditional "Big Three" American television networks. NBC was founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), a then-subsidiary of General Electric (GE), making it the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. In 1932, GE was forced to sell RCA and NBC as a result of antitrust charges; in 1986, control of NBC passed back to GE through its $6.4 billion purchase of RCA, which sold off the entirety of NBC's radio assets. In 2004, French media Vivendi merged its assets with GE to form NBC Universal. Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electric's remaining stake in 2013. == Radio == === Earliest stations: WEAF and WJZ === During a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America (RCA) acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T). Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had a competing outlet in Newark pioneer station WJZ (no relation to the radio and television station in Baltimore currently using those call letters), which also served as the flagship for a loosely structured network. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, and moved to New York City. WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&T's manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&T's telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, using both wireless and wired methods. The creation of WEAF in 1922 offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a regular schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs, and was an immediate success. In an early example of "chain" or "networking" broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island; and with AT&T's station in Washington, D.C., WCAP. New parent RCA saw an advantage in sharing programming, and after getting a license for radio station WRC in Washington, D.C., in 1923, attempted to transmit audio between cities via low-quality telegraph lines. AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the uninsulated telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric and other electrical interference. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its embryonic network were incompatible with the company's primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&T's phone lines for network transmission. === Red and Blue Networks === RCA spent $1 million to purchase WEAF and Washington sister station WCAP, shutting down the latter station, and merged its facilities with surviving station WRC; in late 1926, it subsequently announced the creation of a new division known as the National Broadcasting Company (its official corporate name was National Broadcasting Company, Inc.). The division's ownership was split among RCA (a majority partner at 50%), its founding corporate parent General Electric (which owned 30%) and Westinghouse (which owned the remaining 20%). NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15, 1926. WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side by side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On January 1, 1927, NBC formally divided their respective marketing strategies: the "Red Network" offered commercially sponsored entertainment and music programming; the "Blue Network" mostly carried sustaining – or non-sponsored – broadcasts, especially news and cultural programs. Various histories of NBC suggest the color designations for the two networks came from the color of the pushpins NBC engineers used to designate affiliate stations of WEAF (red) and WJZ (blue), or from the use of double-ended red and blue colored pencils. On April 5, 1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network, also known as the Pacific Coast Network. This was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18, 1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network. Initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. In 1936, the Orange Network affiliate stations became part of the Red Network, and at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown. NBC outgrew the Fifth Avenue facilities in 1933. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, called the NBC White Network. In 1930, the US Government charged General Electric with antitrust violations, resulting in the company's divestiture of RCA. The newly separate company signed leases to move its corporate headquarters into the new Rockefeller Center in 1931. John D. Rockefeller Jr., founder and financier of Rockefeller Center, arranged the deal with GE chairman Owen D. Young and RCA president David Sarnoff. When it moved into the complex in 1933, RCA became the lead tenant at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, known as the "RCA Building" (later the GE Building, now the Comcast Building), which housed NBC's production studios as well as theaters for RCA-owned RKO Pictures. === Chimes === The iconic three-note NBC chimes came about after several years of development. The three-note sequence, G-E'-C', was first heard over Red Network affiliate WSB in Atlanta, with a second inversion C-major triad as its outline. An executive at NBC's New York headquarters heard the WSB version of the notes during the networked broadcast of a Georgia Tech football game and asked permission to use it on the national network. NBC started to use the chimes sequence in 1931, and it eventually became the first audio trademark to be accepted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. A variant sequence with an additional note, G-E'-C'-G, known as "the fourth chime", was used during significant events of extreme urgency (including during World War II, especially in the wake of the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor; on D-Day and during disasters). The NBC chimes were mechanized in 1932 by Rangertone founder Richard H. Ranger; their purpose was to send a low-level signal of constant amplitude that would be heard by the various switching stations staffed by NBC and AT&T engineers, and to be used as a system cue for switching individual stations between the Red and Blue network feeds. Contrary to popular legend, the G'-E'-C' notes were not originally intended to reference General Electric (an early shareholder in NBC's founding parent RCA and whose radio station in Schenectady, New York, WGY, was an early affiliate of NBC Red). The three-note sequence remains in use by the NBC television network. As an example, it is incorporated into the theme music used by NBC News. In the late 1930s, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) reached an agreement with NBC for B&O to be allowed to use NBC's tones to summon the railroad's passengers to dinner on its trains. === New beginnings: The Blue Network becomes ABC === In 1934, the Mutual Broadcasting System filed a complaint to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), following the government agency's creation, claiming it ran into difficulties trying to establish new radio stations in a market largely controlled by NBC and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). In 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the monopolistic effects of network broadcasting. A report published by the commission in 1939 found that NBC's two networks and its owned-and-operated stations dominated audiences, affiliates and advertising in American radio; this led the commission to file an order to RCA to divest itself of either NBC Red or NBC Blue. After Mutual's appeals were rejected by the FCC, RCA filed its own appeal to overturn the divestiture order. However, in 1941, the company decided to sell NBC Blue in the event its appeal was denied. The Blue Network was formally named NBC Blue Network, Inc. and NBC Red became NBC Red Network, Inc. for corporate purposes. Both networks formally divorced their operations on January 8, 1942, with the Blue Network being referred to on-air as either "Blue" or "Blue Network", and Blue Network Company, Inc. serving as its official corporate name. NBC Red, meanwhile, became known on-air as simply "NBC". Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. placed a $7.5 million bid for NBC Blue, an offer that was rejected by NBC executive Mark Woods and RCA president David Sarnoff. After losing on final appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court in May 1943, RCA sold Blue Network Company, Inc., for $8 million to the American Broadcasting System, a recently founded company owned by Life Savers magnate Edward J. Noble. After the sale was completed on October 12, 1943, Noble acquired the rights to the Blue Network name, leases on landlines, the New York studios, two-and-a-half radio stations (WJZ in Newark/New York City; KGO in San Francisco and WENR in Chicago, which shared a frequency with Prairie Farmer station WLS); contracts with actors; and agreements with around 60 affiliates. In turn, to comply with FCC radio station ownership limits of the time, Noble sold off his existing New York City radio station WMCA. Noble, who wanted a better name for the network, acquired the branding rights to the "American Broadcasting Company" name from George B. Storer in 1944. The Blue Network became ABC officially on June 15, 1945, after the sale was completed. === Defining radio's golden age === NBC became home to many of the most popular performers and programs on the air. Bing Crosby, Al Jolson, Jack Benny, Edgar Bergen, Bob Hope, Fred Allen, and Burns and Allen called NBC home, as did Arturo Toscanini's NBC Symphony Orchestra, which the network helped him create. Other programs featured on the network included Vic and Sade, Fibber McGee and Molly, The Great Gildersleeve, One Man's Family, Ma Perkins and Death Valley Days. NBC stations were often the most powerful, and some occupied unique clear-channel national frequencies, reaching hundreds or thousands of miles at night. In the late 1940s, rival CBS gained ground by allowing radio stars to use their own production companies to produce programs, which became a profitable move for much of its talent. In the early years of radio, stars and programs commonly hopped between networks when their short-term contracts expired. During 1948 and 1949, beginning with the nation's top radio star, Jack Benny, many NBC performers – including Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy, Burns and Allen and Frank Sinatra – jumped to CBS. In addition, NBC stars began migrating to television, including comedian Milton Berle, whose Texaco Star Theater on the network became television's first major hit. Conductor Arturo Toscanini conducted the NBC Symphony Orchestra in ten television concerts on NBC between 1948 and 1952. The concerts were broadcast on both television and radio, in what perhaps was the first such instance of simulcasting. Two of the concerts were historic firsts – the first complete telecast of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, and the first complete telecast of Verdi's Aida (starring Herva Nelli and Richard Tucker), performed in concert rather than with scenery and costumes. Aiming to keep classic radio alive as television matured, and to challenge CBS's Sunday night radio lineup, which featured much of the programs and talent that had moved to that network following the defection of Jack Benny to CBS, NBC launched The Big Show in November 1950. This 90-minute variety show updated radio's earliest musical variety style with sophisticated comedy and dramatic presentations. Featuring stage legend Tallulah Bankhead as hostess, it lured prestigious entertainers, including Fred Allen, Groucho Marx, Lauritz Melchior, Ethel Barrymore, Louis Armstrong, Ethel Merman, Bob Hope, Danny Thomas, Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Ella Fitzgerald. However, The Big Show's initial success did not last despite critical praise, as most of its potential listeners were increasingly becoming television viewers. The show lasted two years, with NBC losing around $1 million on the project (the network was only able to sell advertising time during the middle half-hour of the program each week). NBC's last major radio programming push, beginning on June 12, 1955, was Monitor, a creation of NBC President Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, who also created the innovative programs Today, The Tonight Show and Home for the companion television network. Monitor was a continuous all-weekend mixture of music, news, interviews, and features, with a variety of hosts including well-known television personalities Dave Garroway, Hugh Downs, Ed McMahon, Joe Garagiola, and Gene Rayburn. The potpourri show tried to keep vintage radio alive by featuring segments from Jim and Marian Jordan (in character as Fibber McGee and Molly); Peg Lynch's dialog comedy Ethel and Albert (with Alan Bunce); and iconoclastic satirist Henry Morgan. Monitor was a success for a number of years, but after the mid-1960s, local stations, especially those in larger markets, were reluctant to break from their established formats to run non-conforming network programming. One exception was Toscanini: The Man Behind the Legend, a weekly series commemorating the great conductor's NBC broadcasts and recordings which ran for several years beginning in 1963. After Monitor ended its 20-year run on January 26, 1975, little remained of NBC network radio beyond hourly newscasts and news features, and Sunday morning religious program The Eternal Light. === Decline === On June 18, 1975, NBC launched the NBC News and Information Service (NIS), which provided up to 55 minutes of news per hour around the clock to local stations that wanted to adopt an all-news radio format. NBC carried the service on WRC in Washington, and on its owned-and-operated FM stations in New York City, Chicago and San Francisco. NIS attracted several dozen subscribing stations, but by the fall of 1976, NBC determined that it could not project that the service would ever become profitable and gave its affiliates six months' notice that it would be discontinued. NIS ended operations on May 29, 1977. In 1979, NBC launched The Source, a modestly successful secondary network providing news and short features to FM rock stations. The NBC Radio Network also pioneered personal advice call-in national talk radio with a satellite-distributed evening talk show, TalkNet; the program featured Bruce Williams (providing personal financial advice), Bernard Meltzer (personal and financial advice) and Sally Jessy Raphael (personal and romantic advice). While never much of a ratings success, TalkNet nonetheless helped further the national talk radio format. For affiliates, many of them struggling AM stations, TalkNet helped fill evening time slots with free programming, allowing the stations to sell local advertising in a dynamic format without the cost associated with producing local programming. Some in the industry feared this trend would lead to increasing control of radio content by networks and syndicators. === Sale and dissolution === GE reacquired RCA at the end of 1985, then announced their intent to sell off RCA's non-broadcast assets and NBC's radio holdings. After a failed attempt to sell the entire radio unit to Westinghouse Broadcasting, Culver City, California–based syndicator Westwood One (which already owned the Mutual Broadcasting System) bought the NBC Radio Network, The Source, NBC Talknet and NBC Radio Entertainment, along with leases to the radio network's facilities, for $50 million (equivalent to $138 million in 2024). The radio stations were sold off in multiple transactions between 1988 and 1989, including Emmis Communications, Westinghouse and Susquehanna Radio Corporation. By January 1989, Westwood One announced NBC Radio News would move to Mutual's Arlington, Virginia, facility; engineering operations followed along with the affiliate relations department. Further consolidation in 1992 saw Mutual and NBC newscasts jointly produced in overnights and weekends and both networks airing generic sportscasts through the weekend. After Westwood One purchased Unistar Radio Networks from Infinity Broadcasting in 1994, Infinity purchased 25 percent of Westwood One, becoming its largest shareholder and assuming control. Infinity would then be acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation (now the parent of newly merged CBS/Westinghouse Broadcasting) for $5 billion in June 1996 (equivalent to $10 billion in 2024), with the CBS Radio Network also falling under Westwood One management. The Mutual/NBC newsroom in Arlington closed on August 31, 1998, with CBS Radio News originating "Mutual" and "NBC" newscasts from New York. These "NBC"–branded newscasts produced by CBS were then restricted to morning drive (ET) on weekdays beginning on April 17, 1999, concurrent with Westwood One retiring the Mutual name outright. Remaining NBC affiliates were offered CNN Radio newscasts at all other times. Westwood One would continue to feature "NBC"–branded programming, partnering with NBC News to launch NBC News Radio on March 31, 2003, anchored by NBC and MSNBC talent, but limited to one-minute newscasts on weekdays. An audio simulcast of Meet the Press was also distributed by Westwood One starting in 2004 and continues to this day. Following a 2007 buyout, Westwood One was merged into Oaktree Capital Management's Triton Media subsidiary Dial Global in 2011, taking that syndicator's name. Dial Global ended distribution of CNN Radio newscasts and made NBC News Radio a full-time operation in April 2012, with most CNN affiliates switching to NBC. NBC Sports Radio was launched that September as a Dial Global/NBC Sports joint venture. NBC Sports Radio ended 24/7 programming at the end of 2018, and was shut down outright in March 2020. Cumulus Media acquired Dial Global in 2013, which reverted to the Westwood One name and was merged into Cumulus Media Networks. After Cumulus announced a content-sharing deal with CNN as part of the pending launch of white-label news service Westwood One News, NBC News Radio ended operations on December 15, 2014. Since July 2016, iHeartMedia has produced "NBC News Radio"–branded newscasts via a licensing agreement with NBCUniversal. == Television == For many years, NBC was closely identified with David Sarnoff, who used it as a vehicle to sell consumer electronics. RCA and Sarnoff had captured the spotlight by introducing all-electronic television to the public at the 1939–40 New York World's Fair, simultaneously initiating a regular schedule of programs on the NBC-RCA television station in New York City. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appeared at the fair before the NBC camera, becoming the first U.S. president to appear on television on April 30, 1939 (an actual, off-the-monitor photograph of the FDR telecast is available at the David Sarnoff Library). The broadcast was transmitted by NBC's New York television station W2XBS Channel 1 (later WNBC-TV; now WNBC, channel 4) and was seen by about 1,000 viewers within the station's roughly 40-mile (64 km) coverage area from its transmitter at the Empire State Building. The following day (May 1), four models of RCA television sets went on sale to the general public in various department stores around New York City, which were promoted in a series of splashy newspaper ads. DuMont Laboratories (and others) had actually offered the first home sets in 1938 in anticipation of NBC's announced April 1939 television launch. Later in 1939, NBC took its cameras to professional football and baseball games in the New York City area, establishing many "firsts" in television broadcasting. Reportedly, the first NBC Television "network" program was broadcast on January 12, 1940, when a play titled Meet The Wife was originated at the W2XBS studios at Rockefeller Center and rebroadcast by W2XB/W2XAF (now WRGB) in Schenectady, which received the New York station directly off-air from a tower atop a mountain and relayed the live signal to the Capital District. About this time, occasional special events were also broadcast in Philadelphia (over W3XE, later called WPTZ, now known as KYW-TV) as well as Schenectady. The most ambitious NBC television "network" program of the pre-war era was the telecast of the Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia in the summer of 1940, which was fed live to the New York City and Schenectady stations. However, despite major promotion by RCA, television sales in New York from 1939 to 1942 were disappointing, primarily due to the high cost of the sets, and the lack of compelling regularly scheduled programming. During this period, only a few thousand television sets were sold in the New York area, most of which were sold to bars, hotels and other public places, where the general public viewed special sports and news events. One special event was Franklin D. Roosevelt's second and final appearance on live television, when his speech at Madison Square Garden on October 28, 1940, was telecast over W2XBS to receivers in the New York City area. Television's experimental period ended, as the FCC allowed full-fledged commercial television broadcasts to begin on July 1, 1941. NBC station W2XBS in New York City received the first commercial license, adopting the call letters WNBT. The first official, paid television advertisement broadcast by any U.S. station was for watch manufacturer Bulova, which aired that day, just before the start of a Brooklyn Dodgers baseball telecast on WNBT. The ad consisted of test pattern, featuring the newly assigned WNBT call letters, which was modified to resemble a clock – complete with functioning hands – with the Bulova logo (featuring the phrase "Bulova Watch Time") in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern (a photograph of the NBC camera setting up the test pattern-advertisement for that ad can be seen at this page). Among the programs that aired during the first week of WNBT's new, commercial schedule was The Sunoco News, a simulcast of the Sun Oil-sponsored NBC Radio program anchored by Lowell Thomas; amateur boxing at Jamaica Arena; the Eastern Clay Courts tennis championships; programming from the USO; the spelling bee-type game show Words on the Wing; a few feature films; and a one-time-only, test broadcast of the game show Truth or Consequences, sponsored by Lever Brothers. Prior to the first commercial television broadcasts and paid advertisements on WNBT, non-paid television advertising existed on an experimental basis dating back to 1930. NBC's earliest non-paid television commercials may have been those seen during the first Major League Baseball game ever telecast, between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Cincinnati Reds, on August 26, 1939, over W2XBS. To secure the rights to televise the game, NBC allowed each of the Dodgers' regular radio sponsors at the time to have one commercial during the telecast. The ads were conducted by Dodgers announcer Red Barber: for Ivory Soap, he held up a bar of the product; for Mobilgas he put on a filling station attendant's cap while giving his spiel; and for Wheaties he poured a bowl of the product, added milk and bananas, and took a big spoonful. Limited, commercial programming continued until the U.S. entered World War II. Telecasts were curtailed in the early years of the war, then expanded as NBC began to prepare for full-time service upon the end of the war. Even before the war concluded, a few programs were sent from New York City to affiliated stations in Philadelphia (WPTZ) and Albany/Schenectady (WRGB) on a regular weekly schedule beginning in 1944, the first of which is generally considered to be the pioneering special interest/documentary show The Voice of Firestone Televues, a television offshoot of The Voice of Firestone, a mainstay on NBC radio since 1928, which was transmitted from New York City to Philadelphia and Schenectady on a regular, weekly basis beginning on April 10, 1944. The series is considered to be the NBC television network's first regularly scheduled program. Also in 1944, "The War As It Happens" came to television on a weekly basis. "The War As It Happens" began as a local program, but NBC records indicate that in April 1944, it was fed to Schenectady and Philadelphia on the fledgling NBC Television Network and became the first news cast regularly seen in multiple cities. On V-E Day, May 8, 1945, WNBT broadcast several hours of news coverage and remotes from around New York City. This event was promoted in advance by NBC with a direct-mail card sent to television set owners in the New York area. At one point, a WNBT camera placed atop the marquee of the Hotel Astor panned the crowd below celebrating the end of the war in Europe. The vivid coverage was a prelude to television's rapid growth after the war ended. The NBC television network grew from its initial post-war line-up of four stations. The 1947 World Series featured two New York City area teams (the Yankees and the Dodgers), and television sales boomed locally, since the games were being telecast in the New York market. Additional stations along the East Coast and in the Midwest were connected by coaxial cable through the late 1940s, and in September 1951 the first transcontinental telecasts took place. The post-war 1940s and early 1950s brought success for NBC in the new medium. Television's first major star, Milton Berle, whose Texaco Star Theatre began in June 1948, drew the first large audiences to NBC Television. Under its innovative president, Sylvester "Pat" Weaver, the network launched Today and The Tonight Show, which would bookend the broadcast day for over 50 years, and which still lead their competitors. Weaver, who also launched the genre of periodic 90-minute network "spectaculars", network-produced motion pictures and the live 90-minute Sunday afternoon series Wide Wide World, left the network in 1955 in a dispute with its chairman David Sarnoff, who subsequently named his son Robert Sarnoff as president. In 1951, NBC commissioned Italian-American composer Gian Carlo Menotti to compose the first opera ever written for television; Menotti came up with Amahl and the Night Visitors, a 45-minute work for which he wrote both music and libretto, about a disabled shepherd boy who meets the Three Wise Men and is miraculously cured when he offers his crutch to the newborn Christ Child. It was such a stunning success that it was repeated every year on NBC from 1951 to 1966, when a dispute between Menotti and NBC ended the broadcasts. However, by 1978, Menotti and NBC had patched things up, and an all-new production of the opera, filmed partly on location in the Middle East, was telecast that year. === Color television === While rival CBS broadcast the first color television programs in the United States, their system was incompatible with the millions of black and white sets in use at the time. After a series of limited, incompatible color broadcasts (mostly scheduled during the day), CBS abandoned the system and broadcasts. This opened the door for the RCA-compatible color system to be adopted as the U.S. standard. RCA convinced the FCC to approve its color system in December 1953. NBC was ready with color programming within days of the commission's decision. NBC began the transition with a few shows in 1954, and broadcast its first program to air all episodes in color beginning that summer, The Marriage. In 1955, NBC broadcast a live production in color of Peter Pan, a new Broadway musical adaptation of J. M. Barrie's beloved play, on the Producers' Showcase anthology series, The first such telecast of its kind, the broadcast starred the musical's entire original cast, led by Mary Martin as Peter and Cyril Ritchard in a dual role as Mr. Darling and Captain Hook. The broadcast drew the highest ratings for a television program for that period. It was so successful that NBC restaged it as a live broadcast a mere ten months later; in 1960, long after Producers' Showcase had ended its run, Peter Pan, with most of the 1955 cast, was restaged again, this time as a standalone special, and was videotaped so that it would no longer have to be performed live on television. In 1956, NBC started a subsidiary, California National Productions (CNP), for merchandising, syndication and NBC opera company operations with the production of Silent Services. By 1957, NBC planned to remove the opera company from CNP and CNP was in discussion with MGM Television about handling syndication distribution for MGM series. During a National Association of Broadcasters meeting in Chicago in 1956, NBC announced that its owned-and-operated station in that market, WNBQ (now WMAQ-TV), had become the first television station in the country to broadcast its programming in color (airing at least six hours of color broadcasts each day). In 1959, NBC premiered a televised version of the radio program The Bell Telephone Hour, which aired in color from its debut; the program would continue on the NBC television network for nine more years until it ended in 1968. In 1961, NBC approached Walt Disney about acquiring the rights to his anthology series, offering to produce the program in color. Disney was in the midst of negotiating a new contract to keep the program (then known as Walt Disney Presents) on ABC; however, ABC president Leonard Goldenson said that it could not counter the offer, as the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in color. Disney subsequently struck a deal with NBC, which began airing the anthology series in the format in September 1961 (as Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color). As many of the Disney programs that aired in black-and-white on ABC were actually filmed in color, they could easily be re-aired in the format on the NBC broadcasts. In January 1962, NBC's telecast of the Rose Bowl became the first college football game ever to be telecast in color. By 1963, much of NBC's prime time schedule was presented in color, although some popular series (such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., which premiered in late 1964) were broadcast in black-and-white for their entire first season. In the fall of 1965, NBC was broadcasting 95% of its prime time schedule in color (with the exceptions of I Dream of Jeannie and Convoy), and began billing itself as "The Full Color Network." Without television sets to sell, rival networks followed more slowly, finally committing to an all-color lineup in prime time in the 1966–67 season. Days of Our Lives became the first soap opera to premiere in color, when it debuted in November 1965. NBC contracted with Universal Studios in 1964 to produce the first feature-length film produced for television, See How They Run, which first aired on October 17, 1964; its second television movie, The Hanged Man, aired six weeks later on November 28. Even while the presentations performed well in the ratings, NBC did not broadcast another made-for-TV film for two years. In 1967, NBC reached a deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to acquire the broadcast rights to the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. CBS, which had televised the film annually since 1956, refused to meet MGM's increased fee to renew its television rights. Oz had been, up to then, one of the few programs that CBS had telecast in color. However, by 1967, color broadcasts had become standard on television, and the film simply became another title in the list of specials that NBC telecast in the format. The film's showings on NBC were distinctive as it televised The Wizard of Oz without a hosted introduction, as CBS had long done; it was also slightly edited for time in order to make room to air more commercials. Despite the cuts, however, it continued to score excellent television ratings in those pre-VCR days, as audiences were generally unable to see the film any other way at that time. NBC aired The Wizard of Oz each year from 1968 to 1976, when CBS, realizing that they may have committed a colossal blunder by letting a huge ratings success like Oz go to another network, agreed to pay MGM more money to re-acquire the rights to show the film. The late 1960s brought big changes in the programming practices of the major television networks. As baby boomers reached adulthood, NBC, CBS, and ABC began to realize that much of their existing programming had not only been running for years but had audiences that skewed older. To attract the large youth population that was highly attractive to advertisers, the networks moved to clean house of a number of veteran shows. In NBC's case, this included programs like The Bell Telephone Hour and Sing Along With Mitch, which both had an average viewer age of 50. During this period, the networks came to define adults between the ages of 18 and 49 as their main target audience, although depending on the show, this could be subdivided into other age demos: 35–45, 18–25 or 18–35. Regardless of the exact target demographic, the general idea was to appeal to viewers who were not close to retirement age, and to modernize television programming, which the networks felt overall was stuck in a 1950s mentality, to more closely resemble contemporary American society. === 1970s doldrums === The 1970s started strongly for NBC thanks to hits like Adam-12, Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, Ironside, The Dean Martin Show, and The Flip Wilson Show. However, despite the success of such new shows as the NBC Mystery Movie, Sanford and Son, Chico and the Man, Little House on the Prairie, The Midnight Special, The Rockford Files, Police Woman, and Emergency!, as well as continued success from veterans like The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Wonderful World of Disney, the network entered a slump in the middle of the decade. Disney, in particular, saw its ratings nosedive once CBS put 60 Minutes up against the program in the Sunday 7:00 p.m. time slot in the 1975–76 season. In 1974, under new president Herbert Schlosser, the network tried to attract younger viewers with a series of costly movies, miniseries and specials. This failed to attract the desirable 18–34 demographic, and simultaneously alienated older viewers. None of the new prime-time shows that NBC introduced in the fall of 1975 earned a second season renewal, all failing in the face of established competition. The network's lone breakout success that season was the groundbreaking late-night comedy/variety show, NBC's Saturday Night – which would be renamed Saturday Night Live in 1976, after the cancellation of a Howard Cosell-hosted program of the same title on ABC – which replaced reruns of The Tonight Show that previously aired in its Saturday time slot. In 1978, Schlosser was promoted to executive vice president at RCA, and a desperate NBC lured Fred Silverman away from top-rated ABC to turn its fortunes around. With the notable exceptions of CHiPs, Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters, Diff'rent Strokes (and its spin-off The Facts of Life), Real People, and the miniseries Shōgun, Silverman was unable to pull out a hit. Failures accumulated rapidly under his watch (such as Hello, Larry, Supertrain, Pink Lady and Jeff, The Krofft Superstar Hour, season six of Saturday Night Live, and The Waverly Wonders). Many of them were beaten in the ratings by shows that Silverman had greenlit during his previous tenures at CBS and ABC. During this time, several longtime affiliates also defected from NBC in markets such as Atlanta (WSB-TV), Bakersfield (KERO-TV), Baltimore (WBAL-TV), Baton Rouge (WBRZ-TV), Billings (KTVQ), Brownsville (KRGV-TV), Charlotte (WSOC-TV), Columbia, Missouri (KOMU-TV), Dayton (WDTN), Decatur (WAAY-TV), El Dorado (KLAA), Eugene (KVAL-TV), Fargo (WDAY-TV), Fort Smith (KFSM-TV), Green Bay (WFRV-TV), Indianapolis (WRTV), Jacksonville (WTLV), Knoxville (WATE-TV), Marquette (WJMN-TV), Minneapolis-St. Paul (KSTP-TV), Medford (KTVL), Odessa (KMID), Panama City (WMBB), Rapid City (KOTA-TV), San Diego (KGTV), Savannah (WSAV-TV), Schenectady (WRGB), Sioux Falls (KSFY-TV), Temple (KCEN-TV), Tyler (KLTV), Waterbury (WATR-TV) and Wheeling (WTRF-TV). Most of these stations were wooed away by ABC, which had lifted out of last place to become the #1 network during the late 1970s and early 1980s, while WBAL-TV, KERO-TV, KFSM-TV, KTVQ KVAL-TV, KTVL, WRGB and WTRF-TV went to CBS and WATR-TV became an independent station under the new WTXX calls (it is now CW affiliate WCCT-TV); ABC had originally considered aligning with WBAL, but the station decided against it because ABC's evening newscasts had attracted ratings too dismal for them to consider doing so. Most of these defected from NBC were VHF stations, with some exceptions including WAAY-TV, WATR-TV, KLAA-TV and KERO, which are UHF stations (in case of both Huntsville and Bakersfield, it was since these cities lacked any sort of VHF stations). In the case of WSB-TV and WSOC-TV, which have both since become ABC affiliates, both stations were (and remain) under common ownership with Cox Media Group, with its other NBC affiliate at the time, WIIC-TV in Pittsburgh (which would become WPXI in 1981 and also remains owned by Cox), only staying with the network because WIIC-TV itself was a distant third to CBS-affiliated powerhouse KDKA-TV and ABC affiliate WTAE-TV and wouldn't be on par with those stations until the 1990s (KDKA-TV, owned at the time by Group W and now owned by CBS, infamously passed up affiliating with NBC after Westinghouse bought the station from DuMont in 1954, leading to an acrimonious relationship between NBC and Westinghouse that lasted for years afterward). In markets such as San Diego, Fort Smith, Charlotte, Knoxville and Jacksonville, NBC had little choice but to affiliate with a UHF station, with the San Diego station (KNSD) eventually becoming an NBC O&O, though in the case of Knoxville, it moved back to VHF in 1988 with the switch to then-CBS affiliate WBIR-TV. In Wheeling, NBC ultimately upgraded its affiliation when it partnered with WTOV-TV in nearby Steubenville, Ohio, overtaking former affiliate WTRF-TV in the ratings by a large margin. Other smaller television markets like Yuma, Arizona waited many years to get another local NBC affiliate (first with KIVA, and later KYMA). The stations in Baltimore, Columbia, Dayton, Jacksonville, Savannah, and Temple, however, have since rejoined the network, although El Dorado went to a full-time Fox affiliate after a long association with ABC, Green Bay switched to CBS several years after being associated with ABC, and Bakersfield, where it went to ABC several years after it was a CBS affiliate. In case of Rapid City, the KOTA calls now resist on a station owned by Gray Television. After President Jimmy Carter pulled the U.S. team out of the 1980 Summer Olympics, NBC canceled a planned 150 hours of coverage (which had cost $87 million for the broadcast rights), placing the network's future in doubt. It had been counting on the broadcasts to help promote its new fall shows, and had been estimated to pull in $170 million in advertising revenue. The press was merciless towards Silverman, but the two most savage attacks on his leadership came from within the network. The company that composed the promotional theme for NBC's "Proud as a Peacock" image campaign created a parody song called "Loud as a Peacock", which was broadcast on Don Imus' program on WNBC radio in New York. Its lyrics blamed Silverman for the network's problems ("The Peacock's dead, so thank you, Fred"). An angered Silverman ordered all remaining copies of the spoof destroyed, though technology eventually allowed its wide propagation to the Internet in later generations from a few remaining copies. Saturday Night Live writer and occasional performer Al Franken satirized Silverman in a sketch on the program titled "A Limo For a Lame-O", where he presented a chart with the top-10 rated programs for that season and commented that there was "not one N" on the list. Silverman later admitted he "never liked Al Franken to begin with", and the sketch ruined Franken's chance of succeeding Lorne Michaels as executive producer of SNL following his 1980 departure (with the position going to Jean Doumanian, who was fired after one season following declining ratings and negative critical reviews. Michaels would later return to the show in 1985). === Tartikoff's turnaround === Fred Silverman eventually resigned as entertainment president in the summer of 1981. Grant Tinker, a highly regarded producer who co-founded MTM Enterprises with his former wife Mary Tyler Moore, became the president of the network while Brandon Tartikoff became the president of the entertainment division. Tartikoff inherited a schedule full of aging dramas and very few sitcoms, but showed patience with promising programs. One such show was the critically acclaimed Hill Street Blues, which suffered from poor ratings during its first season. Rather than canceling the show, he moved the Emmy Award-winning police drama from Steven Bochco to Thursdays, where its ratings improved dramatically. He used the same tactics with St. Elsewhere and Cheers. Shows like these were able to get the same ad revenue as their higher-rated competition because of their desirable demographics, upscale adults ages 18–34. While the network claimed moderate successes with Gimme a Break!, Silver Spoons, Knight Rider, and Remington Steele, its biggest hit during this period was The A-Team, which, at 10th place, was the network's only program to rank in the Nielsen Top-20 for the 1982–83 season, and ascended to fourth place the following year. These shows helped NBC through the disastrous 1983–84 season, which saw none of its nine new fall shows gaining a second year, with only three mid-season entries –Night Court, Riptide and Double Trouble– returning for the following season. In February 1982, NBC canceled Tom Snyder's The Tomorrow Show and gave the 12:35 a.m. time slot to 34-year-old comedian David Letterman. Though Letterman was unsuccessful with his weekday morning talk show effort for the network (which debuted on June 23, 1980), Late Night with David Letterman proved much more successful, lasting for 11 years and serving as the launching pad for another late-night talk franchise that continues to this day. In 1984, the huge success of The Cosby Show led to a renewed interest in sitcoms, while Family Ties and Cheers, both of which premiered in 1982 to mediocre ratings (the latter ranking at near dead last among all network shows during the 1982–83 season), saw their viewership increase from having Cosby as a lead-in. The network rose from third place to second in the ratings during the 1984–85 season, which also saw the premieres of Highway to Heaven, Miami Vice and Hunter; and finally reached first place in 1985–86, alongside the debuts of The Golden Girls, 227 and The Hogan Family. In 1986, Bob Wright was appointed as chairman of NBC. The network's upswing continued late into the decade with L.A. Law, ALF, Amen, Matlock, A Different World, Empty Nest, Unsolved Mysteries and In the Heat of the Night. In 1985, NBC became the first American television network to broadcast programs in stereo. NBC started repairing its old affiliations that were previously wooed by ABC, such as Savannah, Temple and Columbia, followed by Jacksonville in 1988. It also repaired WOWT, a station formerly affiliated with CBS, in 1986. In the fall of 1987, taking a page from its affiliate KCRA-TV's attempt at a daily checkerboard schedule of first-run comedies in the Prime Time Access hour a year earlier, NBC decided to launch a similar block and contracted with Paramount Television, Lorimar-Telepictures, LBS Communications, MCA Television, and MGM Television to produce five series for what it was calling "Prime Time Begins at 7:30". Each series was to air one episode per week on a designated day. Airing Monday was Marblehead Manor, starring Bob Fraser as an eccentric businessman and the daily dealings inside his mansion. She's the Sheriff aired Tuesdays and was intended to serve as a comeback vehicle for Suzanne Somers, who played the widow of a Nevada county sheriff who was chosen to succeed him. Wednesdays featured You Can't Take It with You, an adaptation of the stage play starring Harry Morgan as Grandpa Vanderhof. Out of This World aired on Thursdays and featured Maureen Flannigan as a teenager born to an alien father and human mother that develops supernatural abilities on her 13th birthday. A revival of the short-lived 1983 NBC series We Got It Made, which had been cancelled after one year, closed out the week on Fridays and was part of an ongoing trend in which former network series were revived in first-run syndication. The package was aimed at attracting viewers to NBC stations in the half-hour preceding prime time (8:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, 7:00 p.m. elsewhere), and was conceived as a result of the FCC's loosening of the Prime Time Access Rule, legislation passed in 1971 that required networks to turn over the 7:30 p.m. (Eastern) time slot to local stations to program local or syndicated content; and the relaxation of the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, which had prevented networks from producing content from their own syndication units to fill the void. The shows that were part of the package were regularly outrated in many markets by such syndicated game shows as Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy!, and Hollywood Squares. Marblehead Manor, We Got It Made and You Can't Take It With You were cancelled at the end of the 1987–88 season, with She's the Sheriff lasting one more season in weekend syndication before its cancellation. Out of This World ran for three additional seasons, airing mainly on weekends, and was the most successful of the five series. That year, in 1987, NBC planned to increase output of in-house productions for the next year, such as a series of half-hour dramedies, and made an experimental sitcom lineup for Thanksgiving weekend (November 29) that would consist of four sitcoms on the lineup, which consists of Night Court, Beverly Hills Buntz, Family Ties and My Two Dads, and the low ratings for NBC's daytime lineup caused by the creation of the new soap opera that was set for spring 1988, Generations. At the same time, NBC confirmed its plans to integrate its NBC Enterprises division with NBC-TV and Corporate Communications, with Enterprises merchandising and foreign sales becoming part of NBC-TV and guest relations and studio tours were added to the Corporate Communications branch, and a new operation service, NBC Operations & Services was created. NBC aired the first of nine consecutive Summer Olympic Games broadcasts when it covered the 1988 Games in Seoul, South Korea. The 1988–89 season saw NBC have an astounding 17 series in Nielsen's year-end Top 30 most-watched network programs; it also ranked at first place in the weekly ratings for more than 12 months, an unprecedented achievement that has not been duplicated since. 1989 however, also served as NBC's final year of covering Major League Baseball (the primary package would move over to CBS for the next four years before NBC regained the rights), having done so in some shape or form since 1947. The 1989–90 season, became NBC's third season (after the fall seasons of 1975 and 1983) which saw none of its seven new fall shows gaining a second year (one of them, Baywatch, became increasingly popular when it began airing in first-run syndication). Nevertheless, the network continued its hot streak into the early 1990s with new hits such as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Blossom, and Law & Order. === "Must See TV" === In 1991, Tartikoff left his role as NBC's President of Entertainment to take an executive position at Paramount Pictures. In the course of a decade, he had taken control of a network with no shows in the Nielsen Top 10 and left it with five. Tartikoff was succeeded by Warren Littlefield, whose first years as entertainment president proved shaky as a result of most of the Tartikoff-era hits ending their runs. Some blamed Littlefield for losing David Letterman to CBS after naming Jay Leno as the successor to Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show, following the latter's retirement as host in May 1992. Things turned around with the launches of new hit series such as Mad About You, Wings, Sisters, Frasier, Friends, ER and Will & Grace. One of Tartikoff's late acquisitions, Seinfeld initially struggled from its debut in 1989 as a summer series, but grew to become one of NBC's top-rated shows after it was moved to Thursdays in the time slot following Cheers. Seinfeld ended its run in 1998, becoming the latest overall television program in the United States to end its final season as the leader in the Nielsen ratings for a single television season. Only two other shows had finished their runs at the top of the ratings, I Love Lucy and The Andy Griffith Show. Consequently, Friends emerged as NBC's biggest television show after the 1998 Seinfeld final broadcast. It dominated the ratings, never leaving the top five watched shows of the year from its second through tenth seasons and landing on the number-one spot during season eight in the 2001–02 season as the latest sitcom in the United States to lead the annual Nielsen primetime television ratings. Cheers spinoff Frasier became a critical and commercial success, usually landing in the Nielsen Top 20 – although its ratings were overshadowed to a minor extent by Friends – and went on to win numerous Emmy Awards (eventually setting a record for a sitcom that lasted until it was overtaken by Modern Family in 2014). In 1994, NBC began branding its strong Thursday night lineup, mainly in reference to the comedies airing in the first two hours, under the "Must See TV" tagline (which during the mid- and late 1990s, was also applied to NBC's comedy blocks on other nights, particularly on Tuesdays). Between September 1994 and September 1996, NBC would affiliate with several stations that were affected by the 1994–96 United States broadcast TV realignment, which was triggered as a result of Fox's acquisition of rights to the NFL in December 1993. Several of those stations, including WBAL-TV, WHDH (Boston), and WCAU (Philadelphia), were involved in an affiliation deal between Westinghouse Broadcasting and CBS, KSHB-TV (Kansas City), which is one of the stations involved in an affiliation deal between New World Communications and Fox, WCBD-TV (Charleston), which was involved in an affiliation deal between Allbritton Communications and ABC and WGBA-TV (Green Bay), WPMI-TV (Mobile) and KHNL (Honolulu), which was part of an agreement between Fox and SF Broadcasting. By the mid-1990s, NBC's sports division, headed by Dick Ebersol, had rights to three of the four major professional sports leagues (the NFL, Major League Baseball and the NBA), the Olympics, and the national powerhouse Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. The NBA on NBC enjoyed great success in the 1990s due in large part to the Chicago Bulls' run of six championships at the hands of superstar Michael Jordan. However, NBC Sports would suffer a major blow in 1998, when it lost the rights to the American Football Conference (AFC) to CBS, which itself had lost rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) to Fox four years earlier; the deal stripped NBC of National Football League (NFL) game telecasts after 59 years and AFC games after 36 years (dating back to its existence as the American Football League prior to its 1970 merger with the NFL). Littlefield left NBC in 1998 to pursue a career as a television and film producer, with the network subsequently going through three entertainment presidents in three years. Littlefield was replaced as president of NBC Entertainment by Scott Sassa, who oversaw the development of such shows as The West Wing, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Fear Factor. After Sassa was reassigned to NBC's West Coast Division, Garth Ancier was named as his replacement in 1999. Jeff Zucker then succeeded Ancier as president of NBC Entertainment in 2000. === New century, new problems === At the start of the 2000s, NBC's fortunes started to take a rapid turn for the worse. That year, NBC's longstanding ratings lead ended as CBS (which had languished in the ratings after losing the NFL) overtook it for first place. In 2001, CBS chose to move its hit reality series Survivor to serve as the anchor of its Thursday night lineup. Its success was taken as a suggestion that NBC's nearly two decades of dominance on Thursday nights could be broken; even so, the strength of Friends, Will & Grace, ER and Just Shoot Me! (the latter of which saw its highest viewership following its move to that night in the 2000–01 season) helped NBC continue to lead the Thursday ratings. Between the 2001–02 and 2004–05 seasons, NBC became the first major network to air select dramas in letterbox over its analog broadcast feed; the move was done in the hopes of attracting new viewers, although NBC saw only a slight boost. Overall, NBC retook its first-place lead that year, and spent much of the next four years (with the exception of the 2002–03 season, when it was briefly jumped again by CBS for first) in the top spot. On the other hand, NBC was stripped of the broadcast rights to two other major sports leagues: it lost Major League Baseball to Fox after the 2000 season (by that point, NBC only had alternating rights to the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and World Series), and, later, the NBA to ABC after the 2001–02 season. After losing the NBA rights, NBC's major sports offerings were reduced to the Olympics (which in 2002, expanded to include rights to the Winter Olympics, as part of a contract that gave it the U.S. television rights to both the Summer and Winter Olympics through 2012), PGA Tour golf events and a floundering Notre Dame football program (however, it would eventually acquire the rights to the National Hockey League in May 2004). In October 2001, NBC acquired Spanish-language network Telemundo from Liberty Media and Sony Pictures Entertainment for $2.7 billion, beating out other bidders including CBS/Viacom. The deal was finalized in 2002. In 2004, French entertainment conglomerate Vivendi Universal sold 80% of its film and television subsidiary, Vivendi Universal Entertainment, to NBC's parent company, General Electric, integrating the network with Vivendi Universal's various properties (Universal Pictures film studio, Canal+ television networks, and Universal Parks & Resorts) upon completion of the merger of the two companies under the combined NBC Universal brand. NBC Universal was then owned 80% by General Electric and 20% by Vivendi. Zucker was promoted to the newly created position of president of NBC Universal Television Group. Kevin Reilly became the new president of NBC Entertainment. In 2004, NBC experienced a three on a match scenario—Friends and Frasier ended their runs; Jerry Orbach, who had played Lennie Briscoe in its hit Law & Order, died suddenly later that year)—and shortly afterward was left with several moderately rated shows and few true hits. In particular, Friends spin-off Joey, despite a relatively strong start, started to falter in the ratings during its second season. In December 2005, NBC began its first week-long primetime game show event, Deal or No Deal; the series garnered high ratings, and became a weekly series in March 2006. Otherwise, the 2005–06 season was one of the worst for NBC in three decades, with only one fall series, the sitcom My Name Is Earl, surviving for a second season; the sole remaining anchor of the "Must See TV" lineup, Will & Grace also saw its ratings decline. That season, NBC's ratings fell to fourth place, behind a resurgent ABC, Fox (which would eventually become the most-watched U.S. broadcast network in the 2007–08 season), and top-rated CBS (which led for much of the remainder of the decade). During this time, all of the networks faced audience erosion from increased competition by satellite television, home video, video games, and the Internet, with NBC being the hardest hit. The 2006–07 season was a mixed bag for NBC, with Deal or No Deal remaining strong and Heroes becoming a surprise hit on Monday nights, while the highly touted Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (from West Wing creator Aaron Sorkin) lost a third of its premiere-night viewers by Week 6 and was eventually canceled; two critically acclaimed sitcoms, The Office and 30 Rock, also pulled in modest successes and went on to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for four consecutive years. The network also regained the rights to the NFL after eight years that season when it acquired the Sunday Night Football package from ESPN (as part of a deal that also saw Monday Night Football move to ESPN from ABC). However, despite this, NBC remained at a very distant fourth place, barely ranking ahead of The CW. However, NBC did experience success with its summer schedule, despite its declining ratings during the main broadcast season. America's Got Talent, a reality talent competition series that premiered in 2006, earned a 4.6 rating in the 18–49 demographic, higher than that earned by the 2002 premiere of Fox's American Idol. Got Talent (which is the flagship of an international talent competition franchise) would continue to garner unusually high ratings throughout its summer run. However, NBC decided not to place it in the spring season, and instead use it as a platform to promote their upcoming fall shows. Following the unexpected termination of Kevin Reilly, in 2007, Ben Silverman was appointed president of NBC Entertainment, while Jeff Zucker was promoted to succeed Bob Wright as CEO of NBC. The network failed to generate any new primetime hits during the 2008–09 season (despite the rare good fortune of having the rights to both the Super Bowl and the Summer Olympics in which to promote their new programming slate), the sitcom Parks and Recreation survived for a second season after a six-episode first season, while Heroes and Deal or No Deal both collapsed in the ratings and were later canceled (with a revamped Deal or No Deal being revived for one additional season in syndication). In a March 2009 interview, Zucker had stated that he no longer believed it would be possible for NBC to become #1 in prime time. Ben Silverman left the network in 2009, with Jeff Gaspin replacing him as president of NBC Entertainment. === Comcast era (2011–present) === On December 3, 2009, Comcast announced they would purchase a 51% controlling stake in NBC Universal from GE (which would retain the remaining 49%) for $6.5 billion in cash and $9.1 billion in raised debt. GE used $5.8 billion from the deal to buy out Vivendi's 20% interest in NBC Universal. NBC's broadcast of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, in February of that year, generated a ratings increase of 21% over its broadcast of the 2006 Winter Games in Torino. NBC was criticized for repeatedly showing footage of a crash occurring during practice for an Olympic luge competition that killed Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili. NBC News president Steve Capus ordered the footage not to be shown without his permission and Olympics prime time host Bob Costas promised on-air that the video would not be shown again during the Games. NBC Universal was on track to lose $250 million in advertising revenue on that year's Winter Olympics, failing to make up the $820 million it paid for the U.S. television rights. Even so, with its continuing position in fourth place (although it virtually tied with ABC in many demographics on the strength of NBC's sports broadcasts that year), the 2009–10 season ended with only two scripted shows – Community and Parenthood, as well as three unscripted shows – The Marriage Ref, Who Do You Think You Are? and Minute to Win It – being renewed for second seasons, while other series such as Heroes and veteran crime drama Law & Order (the latter of which ended after 20 seasons, tying it with Gunsmoke as the longest-running prime time drama in U.S. television history) were cancelled. After Conan O'Brien succeeded Jay Leno as host of The Tonight Show in 2009, NBC gave Leno a new prime time talk show, committing to air it every weeknight at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific as an inexpensive comedic alternative to the police procedurals and other hour-long dramas typically aired in that time slot. In doing so, NBC became the first major U.S. broadcast network in decades, if ever, to broadcast the same program in a week daily prime time strip. Its executives called the decision "a transformational moment in the history of broadcasting" and "in effect, launching five shows." Conversely, industry executives criticized the network for abandoning a history of airing quality dramas in the 10:00 hour, and expressed concern that it would hurt NBC by undermining a reputation built on successful scripted series. Citing complaints from many affiliates, which saw their late-evening newscasts drop significantly in the local ratings during The Jay Leno Show's run, NBC announced on January 10, 2010, that it would drop Leno's show from the 10:00 p.m. slot, with Zucker announcing plans to shift the program (which would have been reduced to a half-hour) into the 11:35 p.m. slot and shift its existing late night lineup (including The Tonight Show) by 30 minutes. The removal of The Jay Leno Show from its prime time schedule had almost no impact on NBC's ratings. The increases NBC experienced in the 2010–11 season compared to 2009–10 were almost entirely attributable to the rising viewership of NBC Sunday Night Football. By 2012, the shows that occupied the 10:00 p.m. time slot drew lower numbers than The Jay Leno Show did when it aired in that hour two years before. In the spring of 2010, cable provider and multimedia firm Comcast announced it would acquire a majority interest in NBC Universal from General Electric, which would retain a minority stake in the company in the interim. On September 24, 2010, Jeff Zucker announced that he would step down as NBC Universal's CEO once the company's merger with Comcast was completed at the end of the year. After the deal was finalized, Steve Burke was named CEO of NBCUniversal and Robert Greenblatt replaced Jeff Gaspin as chairman of NBC Entertainment. In 2011, NBC was finally able to find a breakout hit in the midseason reality singing competition series The Voice. Otherwise, NBC had another tough season, with every single new fall program getting cancelled by season's end – the fourth time this has happened to NBC after the fall seasons of 1975, 1983 and 1989 – and the midseason legal drama Harry's Law being its only freshman scripted series to be renewed for the 2011–12 season. NBC nearly completed its full conversion to an all-HD schedule (outside of the Saturday morning time slot leased by the Qubo consortium, which NBCUniversal would rescind its stake in the following year) on September 20, 2011, when Last Call with Carson Daly converted to the format with the premiere of its 11th season. The 2011–12 season was another tough season for NBC. On the upside, NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XLVI was the most-watched program in U.S. television history at the time, and NBC's Monday night midseason lineup of The Voice and musical-drama Smash was very successful. NBC managed to lift itself into third place in the 18–49 demographic in the 2011–12 season, primarily on the strength of those three programs (Sunday Night Football, The Voice, and Smash), breaking NBC's eight-year streak in fourth place. Four shows survived for a second season, but three of them were cancelled in the following year, none were unqualified ratings successes, and NBC remained a distant fourth place in total viewership. In the fall of 2012, NBC greatly expanded its sitcom roster, with eight comedy series airing on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday nights. NBC bounced back to first place network in adults 18–49 that fall, boosted by the new season of The Voice, the initial success of freshman drama Revolution and sitcom Go On, and the continued strength of Sunday Night Football. However, after withholding the new season of The Voice and benching Revolution until late March, NBC's midseason ratings suffered, falling to fifth place behind Spanish-language network Univision during the February sweeps period. The 2012–13 season ended with NBC finishing in third place overall, albeit by a narrow margin, with only three new shows, all dramas, surviving for a second season (Revolution, Chicago Fire and Hannibal). In 2013, NBC Sports migrated its business and production operations (including NBCSN) to new facilities in Stamford, Connecticut. Production of the network's NFL pre-game show Football Night in America remained at the NBC Studios at Rockefeller Center (with production operations based in Studio 8G, while the program itself was broadcast in Studio 8H, the longtime home of Saturday Night Live), until it migrated to the Stamford facility in September 2014. Despite the failure of another highly advertised game show event, The Million Second Quiz, the 2013–14 season was mostly successful for NBC due to the continued success of The Voice, Chicago Fire, Revolution, Sunday Night Football and Grimm. Along with new hits including The Blacklist, Hannibal and Chicago PD and a significant ratings boost from its broadcast of the 2014 Winter Olympics, NBC became the No. 1 network in the coveted 18–49 demographic that season for the first time since the 2003–04 season, when Friends ended. NBC also improved considerably in total viewership, finishing behind long-dominant CBS in second place for the season. The 2014–15 season was something of a mixed bag for NBC, but still successful. NBC launched eight new series that year, with only one, comedy-drama police procedural The Mysteries of Laura, being renewed for a second season. Nevertheless, the network continued to experience success with most of its returning series, especially The Blacklist (despite a modest decline in viewership following its move to Thursdays midway through the season, due partly to an initial weak lead-in from miniseries The Slap). Combined with the record number of viewers tuning in to Super Bowl XLIX, NBC again finished #1 in the 18–49 demographic and in second place overall. The 2015–16 season was successful for NBC, with the successful launch of the new drama Blindspot premiering after The Voice, then subsequently being renewed for a second season in November 2015. NBC also continued with the success with the Chicago franchise with launching its second spin-off Chicago Med, which also received an early second season pick up in February 2016. Thursday nights continues to be a struggle for NBC, with continued success with the third season of The Blacklist brought the failed launch of Heroes Reborn which was cancelled in January 2016, and thriller The Player; however, NBC found success with police procedural Shades of Blue, which improved in its timeslot and was renewed for a second season in February 2016. On the comedy side, NBC surprisingly found success in the new workplace sitcom Superstore which premiered as a "preview" after The Voice in November 2015, and officially launched in January 2016 which brought decent ratings for a new comedy without The Voice as a lead-in and which was subsequently renewed for a second season in February 2016. The 2016–17 season brought more success for NBC with the premiere of comedy-drama This Is Us, which was well received by critics and ratings and was renewed for two additional seasons in January 2017. The Blacklist continued to bring in modest ratings, but it brought the failed launch of its spinoff The Blacklist: Redemption. NBC continued to grow the Chicago franchise with a third spinoff titled Chicago Justice. On the comedy side, workplace sitcom Superstore continued success in its second season. NBC launched new fantasy sitcom The Good Place following The Voice and brought in modest ratings and was renewed for a second season in January 2017. Another highlight of the 2016–17 season was The Wall, which premiered to modest ratings and would air in the summer time period prior to the 2017–18 season. The 2017–18 season brought continued success for NBC with the premiere of Ellen's Game of Games and the return of Will & Grace, the latter of which previously aired its final episode in 2006. The 2018–19 season would continue NBC's success with the premieres of The Titan Games, Manifest, Songland, and New Amsterdam, all of which would be renewed for additional seasons; however, The Village and The Enemy Within would not make it past their first seasons. NBC's dominance of the 2010s would fade during the 2019–20 season, when the COVID-19 pandemic caused a major disruption in production of NBC's programming. The pandemic caused the IOC and the Japanese government to reach an agreement to postpone the 2020 Summer Olympics to the summer of 2021, resulting in NBC having to rely on alternative programming for the summer of 2020. NBC later moved to No. 2 in the Nielsen ratings (behind only CBS) in 2021, then reclaimed its status the top-rated network in 2022. The 2022–23 season saw the series premieres of their new multi-camera comedies Lopez vs Lopez on November 4, 2022 and the 2023 revival of Night Court on January 17, 2023. The 2024–25 season saw the series premieres of their new comedies Happy's Place on October 18, 2024 and St. Denis Medical on November 12, 2024. == References == == Further reading == Hilmes, Michele (2007). NBC: America's Network. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520250819. Robinson, Marc (2002). Brought to You in Living Color: 75 Years of Great Moments in Television and Radio from NBC. Wiley. ISBN 9780471090168.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria_Vandervis	Ria Vandervis	Ria Vandervis (born 5 July 1984) is a New Zealand actress. She is most known for her role as Harper Whitley in Shortland Street and Miratrix in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive. == Career == From 2002 to 2006, Vandervis acted in multiple UNITEC theatre productions and short films. Between 2004 and 2006 Vandervis starred in various short films such as the Lovely Creature, A Telling Time, Tough Fortune Cookies and Billy for Lilly as Siren, Julia, Fran and Sarah respectively. In 2007, Vandervis played a supporting role as Cindy Cockburn in the film The Devil Dared Me To. Vandervis also played Miratrix in the TV series Power Rangers Operation Overdrive. In 2009 Vandervis played various television roles, starting in Packed to the Rafters as Layla Soubrani, The Cut, Underbelly and Rescue: Special Ops. In 2010, Vandervis played the regular role of Senior Constable Roxanne Perez in the Nine Network police drama Cops L.A.C. In 2013, Vandervis played Detective Christie Mills in the TV3 police drama Harry. Later in 2013 Vandervis was cast as Harper Whitley in TV2 New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. Vandervis was originally hired under a 6-month recurring contract that was later extended to a regular role. Vandervis originally commuted between Dunedin and Auckland for filming. A fan of the soap named her daughter 'Harper Ria' in honour of Vandervis and her character. Vandervis also has stated that she gets stopped for autographs and photos. == Personal life == Vandervis was born in Dunedin in the South Island of New Zealand in 1984. She attended Columba College in the Dunedin suburb of Roslyn, followed by Auckland's UNITEC School of Performing & Screen Arts, where she completed a three-year course in acting. Vandervis later moved to Sydney, Australia to pursue more acting roles. She is married to Chris Ashton as of 2012. When cast in the regular role of Harper Whitley, Vandervis struggled with the extension of her contract due to personal relationship issues and considered quitting the show. She also works as a marriage celebrant and helps out in her husband's clothing business. She is the daughter of Lee Vandervis. == Filmography == == References == == External links == Ria Vandervis at IMDb Johnson & Laird Agency Talent Profile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinkx_Monsoon	Jinkx Monsoon	Hera Lilith Hoffer (born September 18, 1987), best known by the stage name Jinkx Monsoon, is an American drag queen, actress, singer and comedian, best-known for winning the fifth season (2013) of RuPaul's Drag Race. She made her Broadway debut in 2023 and has appeared in character roles on television and in cabaret. Nine years after her first win on RuPaul's Drag Race, in 2022, she returned as part of an all-winners All Stars season, featuring a mixture of crowned queens from several seasons competing against one another for the title of "Queen of All Queens" and a $200,000 prize. Monsoon placed first, becoming the first two-time winner of the show across its many global franchises. Throughout her drag career, she has been noted for her wit and comedic timing, her musical theatre-inspired performances, and for celebrity impersonations, including Judy Garland, Edie "Little Edie" Bouvier Beale, and Natasha Lyonne. She has also pursued a career in music, releasing two studio albums titled The Inevitable Album (2014) and The Ginger Snapped (2018). She has appeared in cabaret acts. In film, Monsoon appeared with her collaborative and touring partner BenDeLaCreme in the holiday film The Jinkx and DeLa Holiday Special (2021) which was later released on Hulu. On television, Monsoon appears in the WOW Presents Plus original Sketchy Queens, a series she created alongside Liam Krug, and the BBC series Doctor Who as the villain Maestro. In 2023 she made her Broadway debut in Chicago as "Mama" Morton, continued in musical theatre as Audrey in Little Shop of Horrors in New York and, in 2025, made a Carnegie Hall debut and returned to Broadway in Pirates! The Penzance Musical. == Early life == Hoffer was born in an Irish Catholic household on September 18, 1987 in Portland, Oregon and raised in an unstable environment. Her father, 17 when Hoffer was born, grew up in a group home and was absent during her childhood. Her mother Deanne Hoffer, was a heavy alcoholic, leaving Hoffer at age 12 to take on a parental role for her younger siblings. She described her mother as "a woman who wasn't ready to be a mom." Her mother is intersex and has an underdeveloped testicle. She has two younger brothers and a half-sister. Hoffer came out as gay at age 13. She first performed in drag when she was 15 years old, at the all-ages Escape Nightclub under the name Heidi Destruction. She later took the stage surname Monsoon after Edina Monsoon from the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. Hoffer attended da Vinci Arts Middle School and Grant High School. She worked as a janitor through college and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in theater from Cornish College of the Arts in 2010. Hoffer learned she was of partial Ashkenazi ancestry as a teenager; after her maternal grandmother, Judith Irwin-Hoffer, died in 2008 from complications of a stroke, she learned Judith was born to Jewish parents of Polish and Finnish descent and had been adopted by an Irish Catholic couple. Hoffer initially told The Times of Israel she was of Russian Jewish ancestry. Hoffer has said that she uses Jinkx Monsoon as a way to connect to her Jewish heritage, describing the character as a "failed Jewish actress who became every gay boy's favorite cabaret act." == Career == === 2011-2012: Career beginnings and Drag Becomes Him === After moving to Seattle from Portland, Hoffer and creative partner Nick Sahoyah wrote and starred in multiple Funny or Die webisodes titled Monsoon Season in which she played Jinkx Monsoon as an overbearing, substance addled, near-psychotic mother to Sahoyah's character, Kamikaze Monsoon. In 2011, Hoffer appeared in the Wes Hurley film Waxie Moon in Fallen Jewel. In June 2011, Hoffer became the subject of a YouTube docu-series by Alex Berry, a Seattle videographer. Named after Death Becomes Her, one of Jinkx's favorite movies, Drag Becomes Him explores Hoffer's life in and out of drag. In January 2012, Hoffer appeared as Moritz in the rock musical Spring Awakening at the Balagan Theater in Seattle. Controversy arose from The Seattle Times review by Misha Berson, who said that she was "overly flamboyant" for the role. Dan Savage defended Hoffer's portrayal of Moritz. From July 21 to August 19, she starred as Angel in the 5th Avenue Theatre's production of the musical Rent. === 2012–2017: RuPaul's Drag Race and The Inevitable Album === In November 2012, Logo announced that Jinkx Monsoon was among fourteen drag queens who would be competing on the fifth season of RuPaul's Drag Race. Monsoon was inspired to audition after seeing Sharon Needles on the fourth season of the show. Monsoon won the main-challenges for the episodes "Snatch Game" and "Drama Queens". For the "Snatch Game", Monsoon impersonated Edith Bouvier Beale, nicknamed as "Little Edie." Monsoon also impersonated third-season contestant Mimi Imfurst in the episode "Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza". Monsoon later won the season, with two maxi-challenge wins. In January 2013, Monsoon played Hedwig in the Moore Theatre's production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch. Balagan reprised the production in December 2013 for a week long run with Monsoon and the original cast/production team. In June 2013, she played Velma Von Tussle in the Seattle Men's Chorus/5th Avenue Theatre's production of the musical Hairspray. Hoffer also performed as Jinkx Monsoon in the original one act cabaret musical The Vaudevillians under the name "Kitty Witless." She was accompanied by musical partner and co-creator Richard Andriessen who performs under the name "Dr. Dan Von Dandy." The Vaudevillians performed at the Laurie Beechman Theatre in New York City from July to November 2013. After touring Australia with The Vaudevillians, she received a nomination for the Helpmann Award for Best Cabaret Performer. In 2013, Monsoon was chosen as one of the Artists of the Year by City Arts magazine along with Megan Griffiths, Macklemore, Ryan Lewis, and Wes Hurley. She played Tallulah/Dennis, the owner of Lipstick Lounge in an episode of Blue Bloods entitled "Manhattan Queens", which aired on January 31, 2014. In 2015, Monsoon joined the cast of Wes Hurley's comedy series Capitol Hill. On May 6, 2014, Monsoon released her debut studio album The Inevitable Album through Sidecar Records. The album is a blend of blues, jazz, traditional pop, and cabaret, and was inspired by artists like Bette Midler, Marlene Dietrich, Peggy Lee, Amanda Palmer, and Regina Spektor. The song "The Bacon Shake" features Fred Schneider of The B-52s, and tells of "a bawdy, after-hours gentleman's club and this woman is 'getting the boys thirsty,' and it turns into a big dance that everyone joins." In May 2017, Monsoon appeared in the celebrity roast of Michael Musto alongside Bianca Del Rio, Orfeh, Michael Riedel, Randy Rainbow, Crystal Demure, Countess Luann de Lesseps, Judy Gold, and Randy Jones. The roast which was produced by Daniel DeMello and directed by Rachel Klein, was hosted by Bruce Vilanch and introduced by Rosie O'Donnell. === 2018–2021: The Ginger Snapped and The Jinkx & DeLa Holiday Special === On January 12, 2018, Monsoon released her second studio album The Ginger Snapped through Producer Entertainment Group. The album is inspired by 90s grunge, garage rock, and ska, and features appearances from Amanda Palmer, Fred Schneider, and Lady Rizo. She released an animated music video for the song "Cartoons and Vodka", which sees Monsoon transform into various cartoon styles, including Betty Boop, The Jetsons, Sailor Moon, Doug, Dragon Ball Z, Steven Universe, Beavis and Butt-Head, Adventure Time, Rick and Morty, Peanuts, Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, and The Fairly OddParents. The same month, Monsoon voiced the character Emerald on Steven Universe in the episode "Lars of the Stars". In 2019, Monsoon was cast as Calliope in a North American tour of the musical Xanadu, though the tour was cancelled. In June 2019, a panel of judges from New York magazine placed Monsoon 18th on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former Drag Race contestants. In 2020, Monsoon appeared in the Hulu original Christmas film Happiest Season. The same year she starred in and co-wrote The Jinkx and DeLa Holiday Special, a feature-length holiday film with fellow Seattle drag queen BenDeLaCreme based on their various Christmas shows over the years. The duo toured the show around the world in 2021. They continued to tour in 2022, 2023 and 2024, writing a new show each year. === 2022–present: RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, Broadway and Doctor Who === In April 2022, it was announced that Monsoon would be competing on the seventh season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, the first all-winners edition of the franchise. She won the Snatch Game in the second episode with her impressions of Natasha Lyonne and Judy Garland. She also won the fourth, fifth, ninth, and tenth episodes. On July 29, 2022, she was crowned the winner and anointed with the title "Queen of All Queens" with a cash prize of $200,000. Monsoon joined the Broadway company of the musical Chicago, playing the role of Mama Morton for eight weeks, becoming the second drag queen to perform in a major Broadway musical after Peppermint. Monsoon was cast in the fourteenth series of Doctor Who (Season 1), produced by BBC and Disney+. Monsoon played the villain "Maestro" in the episode "The Devil's Chord", which aired in May 2024. From April 2, 2024 to May 26, 2024, Monsoon portrayed Audrey in the off-Broadway production of Little Shop of Horrors. After headlining a concert at Carnegie Hall in February 2025, Monsoon returned to Broadway in April as Ruth in Pirates! The Penzance Musical. She earned a rave review in Variety for the role: "Monsoon is a triumph. Broadway should be honored to have her gracing the boards, as she is sure to be canonized as one of the all-time comedy greats." On June 18, 2025, it was announced that Monsoon would take the lead role of Mary Todd Lincoln in Broadway's Oh, Mary! starting on Aug. 4, 2025. == Personal life == In 2017, Hoffer stated she identified as "non-gendered" or non-binary, and went by singular they pronouns when not in drag. In an April 2017 interview, Monsoon stated, "I've never identified as fully male. I've always identified as more gender fluid or gender ambiguous, but I never knew the vocabulary to explain it for myself." In a 2024 interview, Monsoon stated that she identifies as trans-femme non-binary and uses she/her pronouns. In the same interview, she said she had begun hormone replacement therapy and undergone facial feminization surgery. In 2025, she revealed that she identifies as pansexual. Hoffer struggles with alcoholism and substance abuse. She is a cannabis user and “a huge weed advocate.” She had been hit by a car while intoxicated and almost hit again a few years later in 2019 while "blackout drunk." Hoffer has narcolepsy, a fact that she revealed in the season five premiere of RuPaul's Drag Race. In January 2021, Hoffer married her partner Michael Abbott in a small ceremony at home with their friends and family witnessing through video call. The marriage was officiated by comedian Deven Green. In February 2024, Abbott announced they had separated. In April 2024, Hoffer legally changed her name to Hera Hoffer, but still kept her stage name of Jinkx Monsoon. She had lived in Seattle, Washington up until 2018. In October 2018, she moved back to Portland and currently lives in a house named Monsoon Manor. === Political views === Hoffer writes on her Instagram and Twitter accounts about her views on US President Donald Trump and LGBT equality. She is a Democratic Party supporter and donated to both Elizabeth Warren's and Bernie Sanders's campaigns to be the Democratic nominee for president in 2020. She is a public supporter of trans rights and frequently makes posts on social media advocating for trans people. == Artistry == Hoffer's drag persona is inspired by her mother and the comedians Lucille Ball, Maria Bamford, Deven Green, and Sarah Silverman. Her drag persona's last name, Monsoon, is derived from the character Edina Monsoon from the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. Hoffer also performs as the drag character Deirdre A. Irwin, who is a Southern medium. == Discography == === Albums === ==== Studio albums ==== ==== Live albums ==== ==== Soundtrack albums ==== ==== Remix albums ==== ==== Commentary albums ==== ==== Extended plays ==== === Singles === === Featured singles === === Other appearances === === Music videos === == Filmography == === Film === === Television === === Music videos === === Web series === == Theatre == == Awards and nominations == == See also == LGBTQ culture in Seattle List of LGBTQ people from Portland, Oregon == References == == External links == Official website Hera Hoffer at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeza#cite_note-AllMusic.com-2	Memeza	Memeza is the thirteenth studio album recorded by South African singer Brenda Fassie released on 3 November 1998, the same day as Brenda's birthday. It was the best selling album in South Africa in 1998. The album went Platinum on the day of its release & sold over 100 000 in a week of its release. The album went to sell 700,000 copies in South Africa. == Background == Memeza was released in 1997 by CCP Records in its physical form. EMI Digital re-released the album in its digital form in 2004. The music is characterised as largely pop/rock and Kwaito (a South African urban music style). Its themes range from tradition to marriage. Sello Twala and Brenda Fassie co-wrote all the songs for the album and Twala handled the production thereof. == Track listing == "Qula" "Sum' Bulala" "Vuli Ndlela" "Msindo" "Memeza" "Vuli Ndlela (Remix)" "Qula (Remix)" "Sum' Bulala (Remix)" == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Skupski#:~:text=At%20the%202010%20Commonwealth%20Games,mixed%20doubles%20partnering%20Sarah%20Borwell.	Ken Skupski	Ken Skupski Jr. (born 9 April 1983) is a British former professional tennis player who specialised in doubles. He reached his career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 44 in July 2010, and won seven titles on the ATP Tour, most notably the 2021 Mexican Open alongside younger brother Neal Skupski, with whom he regularly competed from 2013. Skupski is a three-time Grand Slam quarterfinalist, having reached this stage at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships in both men's and mixed doubles, and the 2020 Australian Open in men's doubles. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, he won two medals representing England, silver in men's doubles with Ross Hutchins, and bronze in mixed doubles partnering Sarah Borwell. Skupski also represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup on two occasions in 2010. == Early and personal life == Ken Skupski was born in Liverpool. His father, Ken Sr. of Polish descent, is a retired police officer, his mother Mary is a golfer. Skupski is a big fan of Liverpool Football Club and is a keen golfer who plays as often as he can and has a handicap of six. As youngsters, the brothers once lost a game of doubles against a pairing with special educational and emotional needs, which they claim motivated them to train harder and which they attribute to their future success. == University tennis career == Skupski graduated from Louisiana State University in May 2007. NCAA Doubles finalist 2005 and Two-time Southeastern Conference Coaches Indoor Champion (only player in the history of the Southeastern Conference to win back-to-back titles). Fourth biggest winning player in the school's history with 107 wins. Six-time All-American (two Singles, one Doubles and three Academic). == Professional career == === 2004 === Eight years after he was crowned Wimbledon champion, Richard Krajicek took on Skupski in an exhibition match in Liverpool. Skupski tied a closely contested clash one set all, then won a Super TieBreak 10–7. === 2008 === Skupski was looking for a fellow British doubles partner who was capable of going to the top of the game. Colin Fleming had turned pro in September and Skupski thought Fleming's game style suited his. Skupski took a bit of a hit because his ranking 250 was much higher than Fleming's at around 900, and so they came to play some low-level Futures and went on a great run. The pair came to be known as 'Flemski'. Fleming/Skupski won three Futures in Glasgow, London, Sunderland and the Caversham International Challenger in Jersey. Ken Skupski finished the year there because he'd had a long year, but Fleming continued by partnering Jonny Marray in the Czech Republic and winning two Futures in Frydland Nad Ostravici, and Opava === 2009 === In June 2009, Skupski and Colin Fleming beat the world no. 1 ranked doubles pair, Mike Bryan and Bob Bryan, at the Queen's Club grass court tournament. However he was out in the first round at Wimbledon for the second year in a row in five sets having led by two sets to love, again he partnered Fleming. He did however make into the second round of the mixed doubles losing in straight sets. In September, the Davis Cup Captain John Lloyd announced that Skupski was part of the Great Britain Davis Cup squad for the Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 relegation play-off against Poland, Skupsi was acting as cover for any injuries and helping the team prepare for Poland's world top-10 ranked doubles team, but didn't play. Great Britain lost 3–2, and were relegated to Group II of the Davis Cup. In September 2009 he won at the Open de Moselle in France. Again partnering Fleming they won 2–6, 6–4, 10–5, against the defending champion, Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra. Two months later they won their second title at the St Petersburg Open, defeating another French team of Jérémy Chardy and Richard Gasquet in the final in three sets 2–6, 7–5, 10–4. === 2010 === In January 2010, Skupski competed at his first Grand Slam outside of Wimbledon at the Australian Open. Again partnering Fleming they made it into the second before losing in three sets to Michael Kohlmann and Jarkko Nieminen 6–3, 4–6, 3–6. At the French Open he repeated his feat at the Australian open by losing in at the second in three sets to fourth seeds Wesley Moodie and Dick Norman 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–7(4–7), again he partnered Fleming. In June, Skupski reached the final of Eastbourne Open but lost in the final to Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski in three sets partnering Colin Fleming. Following his successful run at the Eastbourne Open he finally got a win at Wimbledon in the first round, but again lost in the second to the much more experienced and second seeds the Bryan brothers in straight sets, he was partnering Fleming. For the first time in his career he competed at all four Grand Slams in the same year, but at the US Open, Skupski and Fleming lost in the first round in straight sets. The new Davis Cup Captain Leon Smith selected Skupski to take part in Great Britain's vital Davis Cup tie vs Turkey, at Eastbourne, in July alongside Colin Fleming, James Ward, Jamie Baker, and Alex Ward. Defeat would have meant Great Britain's relegation to Europe Zone Group III, the lowest tier of the competition. Skupski and Colin Fleming secured the 6–3, 6–4, 6–4 win that gave Britain an unassailable 3–0 lead, ending a run of five straight defeats, giving Great Britain a first Davis Cup win in three years. In October, at the Commonwealth Games in Delhi, England's Skupski and Ross Hutchins won the Doubles Silver Medal, by losing to Australians Paul Hanley and Peter Luczak in the final. A few days later, Skupski and Ross Hutchins were opponents in the Mixed Doubles, Skupski and Sarah Borwell beating Ross Hutchins and Anna Smith to win the bronze medal. Skupski and Borwell who had never played together ahead of the Indian event were brought together by their shared coach, Louis Cayer. Following the Commonwealth Games, Skupski and Colin Fleming decided to end their partnership after a poor run of results. Their final tournament was St. Petersburg where they were beaten in the first round. === 2011 === In January at the Australian Open Skupski this time partnering Travis Parrott lost in the first round in straight sets. In February, Skupski partnered Robin Haase at the Marseille Open. They reached the final and won the title defeating Julien Benneteau and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 6–3, 6–7(4–7), [13–11]. This was his first title in a year and a half. At the French Open, Skupski again lost in the first round in straight sets to his old partner Fleming 4–6, 4–6, this time he was partnering Igor Zelenay. At Wimbledon again he lost in the first round in straight sets, he was partnering Robin Haase, In Mixed Doubles, he partnered Elena Baltacha where they got to the second round but lost in straight sets to fifteenth seeds Andy Ram and Meghann Shaughnessy 4–6, 4–6. === 2012 === At the Australian Open in January, Skupski partnered Xavier Malisse where they lost in the first round in straight sets. This was Skupski's fifth first round exit in a row without taking a single set. In mid June, Skupski for the second time got to the final of Aegon International partnering Jamie Delgado, but lost to fellow Brits Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins 4–6, 3–6. This was his first final in over a year. At Wimbledon, Skupski finally broke his grand slam curse by making it into the second round for the first time in two years after winning a grilling five setter in the first round. But unfortunately for Skupski and new doubles partner Jamie Delgado they faced the heavy task of the Bryan brothers. They were unable to defeat them and they lost in straight sets 6–7(2–7), 0–6, 2–6. He also competed in the mixed doubles event partnering Melanie South. They made it into the third round but were defeated by third seeds Nenad Zimonjić and Katarina Srebotnik in three tough sets 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–9. A month after Wimbledon, Skupski and Delgado got into their second final of the season at the Farmers Classic. They lost in three sets to Belgium duo Ruben Bemelmans and Xavier Malisse 6–7(5–7), 6–4, [10–7]. At the US Open Skupski, with full-time partner Jamie Delgado made it to the third round before losing to Spanish sixth seeds Marcel Granollers and Marc López in straight sets 2–6, 4–6. In the second round they defeated the defending champions Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner in straight sets. === 2013 === Although initially partnering with Delgado, Skupski increasingly played during 2013 with his brother Neal. Due to Neal's lower ranking, the pair played in a number of Futures and Challenger tournaments, winning six tournaments at the Challenger level. At the Kremlin Cup they entered their first ATP level tournament, reaching the final. At Grand Slam events, Skupski competed with some of his former partners, reaching the second round once again at Wimbledon, with Xavier Malisse. === 2014 === The Skupski brothers ranking as a partnership was not high enough to guarantee entry at the French Open, so they split to give themselves a better chance of qualifying. Ken partnered New Zealander Michael Venus, a fellow Louisiana State University alumni, while Neal teamed up with American Bradley Klahn, though they all lost in the first round. === 2015 === In July, Neal Skupski was busy playing World Team tennis in the US, so Skupski partnered Divij Sharan, clinching the doubles title in the Euro 42,500 men's Challenger tennis tournament, with a 4–6, 7-6(3), 10–6 victory over fourth seeds Ilija Bozoljac of Serbia and Flavio Cipolla of Italy, in Recanati, Italy. In September, the Skupskis won the St. Remy Challenger title in France, only playing two matches in the event due to opening round byes and a Semi-Final walkover. There were just 23 sets and three match breakers in the entire doubles event. They were the top seeds and beat the second seeds Andrej Martin and Igor Zelenay in the final, 6–4, 6–1. === 2017-2018: First Grand Slam doubles and mixed doubles quarterfinals, fourth ATP title === At the 2017 Wimbledon Championships he reached the quarterfinals as a wildcard for the first time in his career partnering with his brother Neal where they were defeated by 4th seeded pair Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo. At the same tournament he also reached the mixed doubles quarterfinals partnering with Jocelyn Rae. The Skupski brothers won their first ATP title together at the Open Sud de France. === 2020-2021: Second Grand Slam quarterfinal, First ATP 500 title === At the 2020 Australian Open, Skupski reached the quarterfinals partnering Santiago González for the first time at this Major and second overall. In March 2021, Skupski won his sixth ATP title and first at the ATP 500 level with his brother Neal at the Mexican Open. In June 2021, he also won the Nottingham Open on grass, this time partnering Matt Reid. At the end of the year, he won his second ATP title of the season, the 2021 Sofia Open, partnering Jonny O'Mara. === 2022: Defending Nottingham Open title and retirement after Wimbledon === In June, at the beginning of the grass court season, partnering Jonny O'Mara, he defended his Nottingham Open title by beating Julian Cash and Henry Patten in the final after saving three championship points. Skupski announced that Wimbledon 2022 was to be his last professional tournament. Partnering Jonny O'Mara again, he won the first round against Julio Peralta and Alejandro Tabilo. They won the second round against Marcelo Melo and Raven Klaasen. In the round of 16 they lost against 11th seeds from Germany Andreas Mies and Kevin Krawietz, which was the last match of his career. He was also scheduled to play Wimbledon mixed doubles with Heather Watson, but she pulled off before their first round match with a knee injury. == World TeamTennis == Skupski has played two seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2017 when he debuted in the league with the Orange County Breakers and was named WTT's Male Rookie of the Year. In 2019 he joined the expansion Orlando Storm for their inaugural season. It was announced that he will rejoining the Orlando Storm during the 2020 season set to begin 12 July, his second time with the team having also played in the previous season. Skupski paired up with Tennys Sandgren in men's doubles during the season as well as Jessica Pegula in mixed doubles. Skupski earned a season high 56% of games won in men's doubles to help the Storm claim a No. 3 seed in the WTT Playoffs. The Storm would ultimately fall to the Chicago Smash in the semifinals. == ATP career finals == === Doubles: 17 (7 titles, 10 runners-up) === == ATP Challengers and ITF Futures finals == === Singles: 2 (1–1) === === Doubles: 77 (48–29) === == Doubles performance timeline == == References == == External links == Ken Skupski at the Association of Tennis Professionals Ken Skupski at the International Tennis Federation Ken Skupski at the Davis Cup (archived)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Neshat#Awards	Shirin Neshat	Shirin Neshat (Persian: شیرین نشاط; born March 26, 1957) is an Iranian photographer and visual artist who lives in New York City, known primarily for her work in film, video and photography. Her artwork centers on the contrasts between Islam and the West, femininity and masculinity, public life and private life, antiquity and modernity, and bridging the spaces between these subjects. Since the Islamic Revolution, she has said that she has "gravitated toward making art that is concerned with tyranny, dictatorship, oppression and political injustice. Although I don’t consider myself an activist, I believe my art – regardless of its nature – is an expression of protest, a cry for humanity.” Neshat has been recognized for winning the International Award of the XLVIII Venice Biennale in 1999, and the Silver Lion as the best director at the 66th Venice Film Festival in 2009, to being named Artist of the Decade by HuffPost critic G. Roger Denson. Neshat was a visiting critic in the photography department at the Yale School of Art in 2020. == Early life and education == Neshat is the fourth of five children of wealthy parents, brought up in the religious city of Qazvin in north-western Iran under a "very warm, supportive Muslim family environment", where she learned traditional religious values through her maternal grandparents. Neshat's father was a physician and her mother a homemaker. Neshat said that her father "fantasized about the west, romanticized the west, and slowly rejected all of his own values; both her parents did. What happened, I think, was that their identity slowly dissolved, they exchanged it for comfort. It served their class". Neshat was enrolled in a Catholic boarding school in Tehran. According to Neshat, her father encouraged his daughters to "be an individual, to take risks, to learn, to see the world". He sent his daughters, as well as his sons to college to receive higher education. In 1975, Neshat left Iran to study art at University of California, Berkeley and completed her BA, MA and MFA degrees. In college she studied art under Harold Paris and Sylvia Lark. Neshat graduated from UC Berkeley in 1983, and soon moved to New York City. She quickly realized that making art wasn't her profession then. After meeting her future husband, who ran the Storefront for Art and Architecture, an alternative space in Manhattan, she dedicated ten years to working with him there. During this time, Neshat made a few attempts at creating art, which was subsequently destroyed. She was intimidated by the New York art scene and believed her art was not substantial. She states, "Those ten years I made practically no art, and the art I did make I was dissatisfied with and eventually destroyed." In 1990, Neshat returned to Iran, one year after Ayatollah Khomeini's death. "It was probably one of the most shocking experiences that I have ever had. The difference between what I had remembered from the Iranian culture and what I was witnessing was enormous. The change was both frightening and exciting; I had never been in a country that was so ideologically based. Most noticeable, of course, was the change in people's physical appearance and public behavior." Since the Storefront ran like a cultural laboratory, Neshat was exposed to creators — artists, architects, and philosophers; she asserts Storefront eventually helped reignite her interest in art. In 1993 Neshat began earnestly to make art again, starting with photography. == Works == Neshat's earliest works were photographs, such as the Unveiling (1993) and Women of Allah (1993–97) series, which explore notions of femininity about Islamic fundamentalism and militancy in her home country. As a way of coping with the discrepancy between the culture that she was experiencing and that of the pre-revolution Iran in which she was raised, she began her first mature body of work, the Women of Allah series, portraits of women entirely overlaid by Persian calligraphy. Her work refers to the social, cultural and religious codes of Muslim societies and the complexity of certain oppositions, such as man and woman. Neshat often emphasizes this theme by showing two or more coordinated films concurrently, creating stark visual contrasts through motifs such as light and dark, black and white, male and female. Neshat has also made more traditional narrative short films, such as Zarin. The work of Neshat addresses the social, political and psychological dimensions of women's experience in contemporary Islamic societies. Although Neshat actively resists stereotypical representations of Islam, her artistic objectives are not explicitly polemical. Rather, her work recognizes the complex intellectual and religious forces shaping the identity of Muslim women throughout the world. Using Persian poetry and calligraphy, she examined concepts such as martyrdom, the space of exile, the issues of identity and femininity. In 2001–02, Neshat collaborated with singer Sussan Deyhim and created Logic of the Birds, which was produced by curator and art historian RoseLee Goldberg. The full-length multimedia production premiered at the Lincoln Center Summer Festival in 2002 and toured to the Walker Art Institute in Minneapolis and Artangel in London. In this collaboration and her other projects that incorporate music, Neshat uses sound to help create an emotionally evocative and beautiful piece that will resonate with viewers of both Eastern and Western cultures. In an interview with Bomb magazine in 2000, Neshat revealed: "Music becomes the soul, the personal, the intuitive, and neutralizes the sociopolitical aspects of the work. This combination of image and music is meant to create an experience that moves the audience." In 2011, Neshat created her second live performance, OverRuled, for Performa 11. When Neshat first came to use film, she was influenced by the work of Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami. She directed several videos, among them Anchorage (1996) and, projected on two opposing walls: Shadow under the Web (1997), Turbulent (1998), Rapture (1999) and Soliloquy (1999). Neshat's recognition became more international in 1999, when she won the International Award of the XLVIII Venice Biennale with Turbulent and Rapture, a project involving almost 250 extras and produced by the Galerie Jérôme de Noirmont which met with critical and public success after its worldwide avant-première at the Art Institute of Chicago in May 1999. With Rapture, Neshat tried for the first time to make pure photography with the intent of creating an aesthetic, poetic, and emotional shock. Games of Desire, a video and still-photography piece, was displayed between September 3 and October 3 at the Gladstone Gallery in Brussels before moving in November to the Galerie Jérôme de Noirmont in Paris. The film, which is based in Laos, centers on a small group of elderly people who sing folk songs with sexual lyrics - a practice which had been nearing obsolescence. In 2009, she won the Silver Lion for best director at the 66th Venice Film Festival for her directorial debut Women Without Men, based on Shahrnush Parsipur's novel of the same name. She said about the movie: "This has been a labour of love for six years. ... This film speaks to the world and to my country." The film examines the 1953 British-American backed coup, which supplanted Iran's democratically elected government with a monarchy. In July 2009, Neshat took part in a three-day hunger strike at the United Nations Headquarters in New York in protest of the 2009 Iranian presidential election. In 2010, Neshat appeared in an episode of the German documentary television series Durch die Nacht mit ... with musician Henry Rollins. In 2022, she joined protests about the Death of Mahsa Amini, by showing her work Woman Life Freedom, at Piccadilly Circus, and Pendry West Hollywood. == Exhibitions == Neshat's first solo exhibition was at Franklin Furnace in New York in 1993. A major retrospective of Neshat's work, organized by the Detroit Institute of Arts, opened 2013. In 2014, she had an exhibition titled "Afterwards", at the Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art. In 2019, The Broad Museum in Los Angeles presented a 30-year retrospective of Neshat's work: Shirin Neshat: I Will Greet the Sun Again; the show traveled to the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth in 2021. In 2022, Neshat participated in the group exhibition "Eyes on Iran" at Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms State Park, Roosevelt Island, New York; in response to the Mahsa Amini protests. Shirin Neshat: I Will Greet the Sun Again at The Broad in Los Angeles, 2019–2020, was her largest exhibition to date. == Recognition == Neshat was an artist in residence at the Wexner Center for the Arts in 2000 and at MASS MoCA in 2001. In 2004, she was awarded an honorary professorship at the Universität der Künste, Berlin. In 2006, she was awarded The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, one of the richest prizes in the arts, given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life." In 2010, Neshat was named Artist of the Decade by Huffington Post critic G. Roger Denson, for "the degree to which world events have more than met the artist in making her art chronically relevant to an increasingly global culture," for reflecting "the ideological war being waged between Islam and the secular world over matters of gender, religion, and democracy," and because "the impact of her work far transcends the realms of art in reflecting the most vital and far-reaching struggle to assert human rights." In 2015, Neshat was selected and photographed by Annie Leibovitz as part of the 43rd Pirelli Calendar. == Opera == At the 2017 Salzburg Festival, Neshat directed Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida, with Riccardo Muti as conductor and Anna Netrebko singing the main character. Asked by the festival organizers about the particular challenge for an Iranian woman to stage a play that deals with the threats of political obedience and religion to private life and love, Neshat said, "Sometimes the boundaries between Aida and myself are blurred." == Works == Turbulent, 1998. Two channel video/audio installation. Rapture, 1999. Two channel video/audio installation. Soliloquy, 1999. Color video/audio installation with artist as the protagonist. Fervor, 2000. Two channel video/audio installation. Passage, 2001. Single channel video/audio installation. Logic of the Birds, 2002. Multi-media performance. Tooba, 2002. Two channel video/audio installation based on Shahrnush Parsipur's novel Women Without Men. The Last Word, 2003. Single channel video/audio installation. Mahdokht, 2004. Three channel video/audio installation. Zarin, 2005. Single channel video/audio installation. Munis, 2008. Color video/audio installation based on Shahrnush Parsipur's novel Women Without Men. Faezeh, 2008. Color video/audio installation based on Shahrnush Parsipur's novel Women Without Men. Possessed, 2009. Black & white video/audio installation. Women Without Men, 2009. Feature film based on Shahrnush Parsipur's novel Women Without Men. OverRuled, 2011. Performance. Before My Eyes, 2011. Two channel short film. Part of the Seasons series. Illusions & Mirrors, 2013. Short film commissioned by Dior and featuring Natalie Portman. Looking for Oum Kulthum, 2017.Feature film co-directed by Shoja Azari. Land of Dreams, 2021. Feature film co-directed with Shoja Azari, written by Jean-Claude Carrière. The Fury, 2022. Monochrome two channel video installation. == Awards == First International Prize at the Venice Biennale (1999) Grand Prix at the Kwangju Biennale (2000) Visual Art Award from the Edinburgh International Film Festival (2000) Infinity Award from the International Center of Photography, New York (2002) ZeroOne Award from the Universität der Künste Berlin (2003) Hiroshima Freedom Prize from the Hiroshima Museum of Art (2005) The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, New York (2006) Rockefeller Foundation Media Arts Fellowship, New York (2008) Cultural Achievement Award, Asia Society, New York (2008) Silver Lion Award for Best Director, 66th Venice International Film Festival (2009) Cinema for Peace Special Award, Hessischer Filmpreis, Germany (2009) Crystal Award, World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland (2014) Rockefeller Fellow, United States Artists, New York (2016) Praemium Imperiale Award (2017) Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, Bristol (2020) == Bibliography == === Exhibition catalogues === Women of Allah Two Installations Shirin Neshat: 2002-2005, Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York I Know Something About Love, multimedia group exhibition with Christodoulos Panayiotou, Yinka Shonibare and Yang Fudong at Parasol Unit, London. === Other literature and film === Expressing the Inexpressible: Shirin Neshat. Documentary by Jörg Neumeister-Jung and Ralf Raimo Jung, originally produced by Westdeutscher Rundfunk in 2000. Video, 42 minutes, color. DVD: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, Princeton, NJ, 2004. Online: Films Media Group, New York, N.Y., 2005. Hirahara, Naomi. We Are Here, Hachette, 2022 == See also == Iranian cinema Iranian modern and contemporary art == References == == Further reading == Grosenick, Uta; Riemschneider, Burkhard, eds. (2005). Art Now (25th anniversary ed.). Köln: Taschen. pp. 212–215. ISBN 9783822840931. OCLC 191239335. == External links == Shirin Neshat: Investigating Cultural Identity Through Powerful Imagery Mohammed Afkhami, Sussan Babaie, Venetia Porter, Natasha Morris. "Honar: The Afkhami Collection of Modern and Contemporary Iranian Art." Phaidon Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-7148-7352-7. Shirin Neshat at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum	Isotopes of tantalum	Natural tantalum (73Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: 181Ta (99.988%) and 180mTa (0.012%). There are also 35 known artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which are 179Ta with a half-life of 1.82 years, 182Ta with a half-life of 114.74 days, 183Ta with a half-life of 5.1 days, and 177Ta with a half-life of 56.46 hours. All other isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under an hour. There are also numerous isomers, the most stable of which (other than 180mTa) is 182m2Ta with a half-life of 15.8 minutes. All isotopes and nuclear isomers of tantalum are either radioactive or observationally stable, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but no actual decay has been observed. Tantalum has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of tantalum, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux of the weapon, would be transmuted into the radioactive isotope 182Ta, producing about 1.12 MeV of gamma radiation per decay and significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for months. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. == List of isotopes == == Tantalum-180m == The nuclide 180mTa (m denotes a metastable state) is one of a very few nuclear isomers which are more stable than their ground states. Although it is not unique in this regard (this property is shared by bismuth-210m (210mBi) and americium-242m (242mAm), among other nuclides), it is exceptional in that it is observationally stable: no decay has ever been observed. In contrast, the ground state nuclide 180Ta has a half-life of only 8 hours. 180mTa has sufficient energy to decay in three ways: isomeric transition to the ground state of 180Ta, beta decay to 180W, or electron capture to 180Hf. However, no radioactivity from any of these theoretically possible decay modes has ever been observed. As of 2023, the half-life of 180mTa is calculated from experimental observation to be at least 2.9×1017 (290 quadrillion) years. The very slow decay of 180mTa is attributed to its high spin (9 units) and the low spin of lower-lying states. Gamma or beta decay would require many units of angular momentum to be removed in a single step, so that the process would be very slow. Similar suppression of gamma or beta decay occurs for 210mBi, a rather short-lived alpha emitter. Because of this stability, 180mTa is a primordial nuclide, the only naturally occurring nuclear isomer (excluding short-lived radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides). It is also the rarest primordial nuclide in the Universe observed for any element which has any stable isotopes. In an s-process stellar environment with a thermal energy kBT = 26 keV (i.e. a temperature of 300 million kelvin), the nuclear isomers are expected to be fully thermalized, meaning that 180Ta is equilibrated between spin states and its overall half-life is predicted to be 11 hours. It is one of only five stable nuclides to have both an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons, the other four stable odd-odd nuclides being 2H, 6Li, 10B and 14N. == See also == Daughter products other than tantalum Isotopes of tungsten Isotopes of hafnium Isotopes of lutetium == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wular_Lake#:~:text=In%20ancient%20times%2C%20Wular%20Lake,also%20mentions%20it%20as%20Mahapadmasaras.	Wular Lake	Wular Lake (Urdu pronunciation: [ʋʊlər]), also known as Wolar (Kashmiri pronunciation: [ʋɔlar]) in Kashmiri, is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the Indian subcontinent. It is located near Bandipora town in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The lake basin was formed as a result of tectonic activity and is fed by the Jhelum River and the streams Madhumati and Arin. The lake's size varies seasonally from 30 to 189 square kilometres. In addition, much of the lake has been drained as a result of willow plantations being built on the shore in the 1950s. == Background == === Etymology === In ancient times, Wular Lake was also called Mahapadmasar (Sanskrit: महापद्मसरः). Nilamata Purana also mentions it as Mahapadmasaras. The lake, with its big dimensions and the extent of water, gives rise to high leaping waves in the afternoons, called Ullola in Sanskrit, meaning "stormy leaping, high rising waves". Therefore, it was also called Ullola. It is believed to have gotten corrupted over the centuries to Wulor or Wular. The origin may also be attributed to a Kashmiri word 'Wul', which means a gap or a fissure, an appellation that must have come also during this period. The word Wul (gap or fissure) is also an indicator of its origin from a fissure or gap created. === History === The Kashmiri sultan Zain-ul-Abidin is reputed to have ordered the construction of the artificial island of Zaina Lank in the middle of the lake in 1444. According to the traditional beliefs in the vicinity of Wular Lake, there once stood a city whose king was Raja Sudrasen. By the reason of the enormity of his crimes, the waters of the lake rose and drowned him and his subjects. It was said that during the winter months, at low water, the ruins of the submerged idol temple might be seen rising from the lake. Zayn Ul Aabidin constructed a spacious barge which he sank in the lake and upon which he laid a foundation of bricks and stones till it rose high enough to be at level as the water. Upon this, he erected a Mosque and other buildings and gave the islet the name of Lanka. The expense of this work was defrayed by the fortunate discovery of two idols of solid gold, which had been brought up from the lake by divers. == Ecology == === Fish === Wular Lake is an important fish habitat, the main species being the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rosy barb (Barbus conchonius), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), Nemacheilus species, Crossocheilus latius, and various snowtrout species in the genera Schizopyge and Schizothorax. Snowtrout species identified in the lake include the Sattar snowtrout (Schizopyge curvifrons), Chirruh snowtrout (Schizopyge esocinus), Schizothorax planifrons, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax longipinus and Chush snowtrout (Schizopyge niger). === Birds === The lake sustains a rich population of birds. Terrestrial birds observed around the lake include the black-eared kite, Eurasian sparrowhawk, short-toed eagle, Himalayan golden eagle, Himalayan monal, chukar partridge, koklass pheasant, rock dove, common cuckoo, alpine swift, Indian roller, Himalayan woodpecker, hoopoe, barn swallow, golden oriole, and others. == Economy == === Aquatic greens === Many other families harvest the aquatic plants, such as the grass Phragmites and the waterlily-like Nymphoides, from the lake for human consumption and animal fodder. === Fishing === Fish from Wular Lake make up a significant part of the diet for many thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the Kashmir Valley. More than eight thousand fishermen earn their livelihood from the lake, primarily fishing for the endemic Schizothorax species and the non-native carp. Their catch comprises about 60 percent of the total yield of fish in Kashmir. Hundreds of other local villagers are employed by cooperative societies that trade the fish catch.. === Tourism === Boating, water sports, and water skiing have been launched by the Government of India Tourism in collaboration with Kerala Tourism and J&K Tourism. The contract for the operation of the site was awarded in September 2011. == Issues == === Environmental threats === The lake is one of the 80 Indian wetlands designated as a Ramsar site. However, it faces environmental threats including the conversion of large parts of the lake's catchment areas into agricultural land, pollution from fertilizers and animal wastes, hunting of waterfowl and migratory birds, and weed infestation in the lake itself. === Lake degradation === The shores of Wular Lake, one of the biggest freshwater lakes in South Asia, are now filled with trash. Waste has piled up along the lake's edges and in the water, endangering the lake's fish and plants. Parts of the lake have become shallow, and areas that used to be wide open water are now covered in mud and garbage. This buildup of waste and mud has made the lake smaller and shallower. == Conservation == === Recognition === In recognition of its biological, hydrological, and socio-economic values, the lake was included in 1986 as a Wetland of National Importance under the Wetlands Programme of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, for intensive conservation and management purposes. Subsequently, in 1990, it was designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. Against the Ramsar Convention, the lake area is being used for garbage dumping. === Restoration === Amongst other developments, two million trees will be cut to restore Wular Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme. The Environment Ministry of India approved Rs 4 billion for the restoration project for the lake that will take 5 to 10 years, and was, after long delays, scheduled to start in December 2011. The partner organisation, South Asian Voluntary Association of Environmentalists (SAVE), is a joint initiative of individuals to protect the ecology and to conserve nature at Wular Lake. === Tulbul Lock Project === The Tulbul Lock Project (Tulbul Barrage), is an under-construction "river navigation lock-cum-water level control lock structure" at the mouth of Wular Lake the barrage structure of which is designed to be 439 feet (134 m) long and 40 feet (12 m) wide with maximum storage capacity of 300,000 acre⋅ft (370×10^6 m3) of water. The project aims to regulate the release of water from the natural storage in the lake to maintain a minimum draught of 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in the river up to Baramulla during the lean winter months. The lean season water inflows into the Wular Lake are enhanced from the Kishanganga river by the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant after generating electricity. Other lakes, such as Manasbal Lake, Anchar Lake, Dal Lake, etc., which are not located on the Jhelum Main river, can be used similarly to Wular Lake to impound flood waters for flood protection in downstream areas, hydro electricity generation, navigation throughout the year, irrigation, municipal and industrial uses. ==== History ==== ===== 1980: Conception ===== The project was conceived in the early 1980s, and work began in 1984. The average annual inflows or outflows from the lake are nearly 7 billion cubic meters. ===== 1987-2025: Work stopped due to IWT dispute ===== There was an ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over the Tulbul Project between 1987 and 2025 (when India put the IWT in abeyance). In 1987, when Pakistan objected to the Tulbul construction project by stating that it violated the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), India stopped the construction work on the project that year, but has since attempted to restart construction. The Jhelum River passing through the Kashmir valley below Wular Lake, which is a connecting lake as per IWT, provides an important means of transport for goods and people. To sustain navigation throughout the year, a minimum depth of water is needed. India contends that the Tulbul Project is permissible per paragraphs 7 (c) and 9 of Annexure E, IWT, while Pakistan maintains that the project is a violation of the treaty if the storage is above 10,000 acre-feet (12×10^6 m3) for non-power generation purposes. India hold the position that the suspension of work harmed the interests of the people of Jammu and Kashmir and also deprived irrigation and power benefits to the people of Pakistan that may accrue from regulated water releases. In 2025, India put the IWT in abayance under which Pakistan was blocking the construction of Wular Barrage, thus paving the way for India to revive the Wular Barrage construction project. ===== 2025: Project revived ===== In 2025, India suspended the IWT, and decided to expedite the work on the Tulbul project, construction of new CRBS (200 km long Chenab-Ravi-Beas-Sutlej Link Canal with 12 tunnels to link the Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers to bring their water to the Indira Gandhi Canal at Harike Barrage), work on increasing the capacity of major dams in Indus basin (such as Uri, Dulhasti, Salal, Baglihar, Nimu Bajgo, and Chutak) and the work on new major dams (Kishanganga, Ratle, and Pakal Dul. ==== Details ==== The lake storage capacity will be increased per IWT to 300,000 acre feet or more, up to 1580 m MSL, by considering it as a reservoir for a run-of-the-river (RoR) hydro power plant, by envisaging a low-head (nearly 8 meters rated head) power plant. The available deepened river bed level at the toe of the dam will be below 1,570 m (5,151 ft) MSL for a 4,000 cusecs flow. ==== Benefits ==== The project offers several benefits. Construction of a RoR power plant with sufficient sluice gates would also flush the sediment from the lake area to preserve the lake. The enlarged lake will also meet the downstream navigational requirements fully during the lean flow season. The regulated buffer/surcharge water storage in the Wular lake would substantially enhance the power generation from the downstream Lower Jhelum (105 MW), Uri (720 MW), proposed 1124 MW Kohala (in PaK), proposed 720 MW Azad Pattan (in PaK), 590-MW Mahl hydropower project (in PaK), and proposed 720 MW Karot (in PaKistan) RoR hydel projects, though its own power plant's generation is marginal. ==== Current status ==== 2025 Jun: In the context of India putting the IWT in abeyance, the revised DPR was being prepared by India for the construction of the Tulbul barrage. == See also == General Dams on Jhelum river Hathlangoo, village nearby 2014 India–Pakistan floods Other lakes in J&K Anchar Lake Dal Lake Gangbal Lake Khanpursar Manasbal Lake == References == == Further reading == Wetlands International, 2007. Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir. jkwildlife.org.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Ansari#:~:text=Ansari's%20association%20with%20various%20political,People's%20Democratic%20Party%20(PDP).	Iftikhar Hussain Ansari	Iftikhar Hussain Ansari (26 April 1942 – 30 September 2014), widely known among his followers as Moulvi Sahib, was a Kashmiri Shia cleric, politician, businessman and a proponent of the Grand Ashura Procession In Kashmir. Ansari was a Wakil (Representative) of Ayatollah Sistani. He was also the representative of Ruhollah Khomeini. He was one of the leading Shia clerics in Kashmir and had close relations with multiple other important scholars such as Sayyid Jawad Shahristani, Mohammad Alavi Gorgani and Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani. He studied at Sultanul Madaris Lucknow, as well as Hawza Najaf. He succeeded his father Muhammad Jawad Ansari as president of the All Jammu and Kashmir Shia Association in Jammu & Kashmir in 1962, a position which he held for life. He was four-time member of Jammu and Kashmir's Legislative Assembly for the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party from Pattan Assembly segment; he was earlier a member of the National Conference and Congress. In 1978, He along with Abdul Ghani Lone founded the Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference of which his son and brother are now a part. == Political career == Iftikhar Hussain Ansari was a prominent politician known for his four-term tenure as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from the Pattan Assembly segment in Jammu and Kashmir. He also served as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) for two non consecutive terms. He garnered a substantial following among the Shia community in the state due to his background as a Shia cleric. He had also served as a Minister of the State Government numerous times, holding portfolios like Housing and Urban Development, a department which he is most well known for having revolutionised. Ansari also focused on environmental issues and is remembered for starting a large scale project to clean the Dal Lake. Ansari's political journey commenced in the 1960s when he entered the realm of public service. In 1973, he was nominated as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) on the ticket of the Indian National Congress. However, during the 1977 elections, he shifted his allegiance to the Janata Party. Returning to the Indian National Congress fold in the 1980s, Ansari's leadership qualities were recognized, and he was appointed as the leader of the Legislature party in the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly from 1983 to 1987. In 1996, he secured a victory in the state legislative assembly elections, once again on a Congress ticket, and subsequently assumed a ministerial role in the National Conference (NC) government, headed by Farooq Abdullah. Ansari's association with various political parties continued over the years. In 2002, he joined the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference (NC) and successfully contested the election from the Pattan Assembly constituency. However, in 2006, he decided to switch to the People's Democratic Party (PDP). Unfortunately, he faced defeat in the ensuing by-election. In the 2008 elections, Ansari secured a significant win on a PDP ticket, further solidifying his political standing within the state. As of 2014, he was nominated as the party's candidate for the forthcoming assembly elections, reflecting the trust and support he enjoyed within the party ranks. After his death, his son, Molvi Imran Reza Ansari who was earlier the party’s candidate from Zadibal constituency, was nominated as party candidate for Pattan constituency, and won with a landslide achieving the highest victory margin in the J&K Elections 2014. == Electoral performance == == Assassinations == Ansari was thrice the target of unsuccessful assassination attempts. In June 2000, Ansari barely escaped the explosion of a landmine while addressing a religious congregation at Gund Khwaja Qasim. The blast killed twelve of his followers. On 1 September 2000, Ansari was injured by an IED explosion that killed two policemen and a driver. Police suspected the Hizbul Momineen, a terrorist organisation led by Mohammad Abbas Ansari and Ghulam Rasool Noori. == Death == Ansari died at his residence in Dar ul Jawad, Qamarwari, Srinagar on the morning of 30 September 2014 after a prolonged liver illness. Ansari had been undergoing specialized treatment in the United States. Various political, religious and social leaders offered condolences. Several hundred thousand people attended his funeral, shops were closed, and all activities were halted in Shia dominated areas, as a final adieu to their beloved leader. People from all spheres, faiths, and backgrounds attended his funeral and, internationally as well condolences were issues. His funeral procession was taken from his residence in Qamarwari to Imambargah Zadibal where Namaz e Jenazah was offered. He was buried in his ancestral graveyard, Baba Mazar, Alamgari Bazar, Zadibal, Srinagar. == References == == External links == "IFTIKHAR HUSSAIN ANSARI Srinagar (JAMMU & KASHMIR)". National Election Watch. My Neta. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly	List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly	The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, the main law-making body for the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The speaker is elected by the members of the assembly, from amongst them. == President of the Madras Legislative Council == Madras Legislative Council, the first representative legislature for the Madras Presidency was established in December 1920. The presiding officer of the council was known as the president. P. Rajagopalachari was nominated as the first president and took office on 17 December 1920. == Chairman of Madras Legislative Council == The Government of India Act 1935 enabled the introduction of provincial autonomy in 1937, and the [ Madras Legislative Council]] became the upper chamber of a bicameral legislature. The presiding officer of the council was called as the chairman of the council. This agreement continued after Indian Independence till the abolition of the council in 1986. == Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Madras Presidency == The Madras Legislative Assembly was established as a part of the bicameral legislature in 1937. The presiding officer of the assembly was known as the speaker. == Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Madras State == Madras State, the precursor to the present day state of Tamil Nadu, was created after India became a republic on 26 January 1950. It comprised present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The first legislature of the Madras State to be elected on the basis of universal suffrage was constituted on 1 March 1952, after the general elections held in January 1952. == Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly == Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in January 1969. == Notes == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre#:~:text=2014%3A%20The%20British%20period%20drama,%22that%20terrible%20Amritsar%20business%22.	Jallianwala Bagh massacre	The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (IPA: [dʒəlɪjãːʋaːlaː baːɣ, baːɡ]), also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, British India, during the annual Baisakhi fair to protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of pro-Indian independence activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. In response to the public gathering, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer surrounded the people with Gurkha and Sikh infantrymen of the Indian Army. The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, Dyer ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was low and they were ordered to stop. Estimates of those killed vary from 379 to 1,500 or more people; over 1,200 others were injured, of whom 192 sustained serious injury. Britain has never formally apologised for the massacre, but expressed deep "regret" in 2019. The massacre caused a re-evaluation by the Imperial British military of its role when confronted with civilians to use "minimal force whenever possible" (although the British Army was not directly involved in the massacre; the Indian Army was a separate organisation). However, in the light of later British military actions during the Mau Mau rebellion in the Kenya Colony, historian Huw Bennett has pointed out that this new policy was not always followed. The army was retrained with less violent tactics for crowd control. The level of casual brutality and the lack of any accountability stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. The attack was condemned by the Secretary of State for War, Winston Churchill, as "unutterably monstrous", and in the UK House of Commons debate on 8 July 1920 Members of Parliament voted 247 to 37 against Dyer. The ineffective inquiry, together with the initial accolades for Dyer, fuelled great widespread anger against the British among the Indian populace, leading to the non-cooperation movement of 1920–22. == Background == === Defence of India Act === During World War I, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anti-colonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst a number of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India, the United States and Germany. The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadar Movement, arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. In the context of the British war effort and the threat from the separatist movement in India, the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed, limiting civil and political liberties. Michael O'Dwyer, then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was one of the strongest proponents of the act, in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province. === The Rowlatt Act === The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great. High casualty rates in the war, increasing inflation after the end, compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress ended their differences to unify. In 1916, the Congress was successful in establishing the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the All-India Muslim League. British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy after World War I began to change, with the passage of Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917. However, this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement. Mahatma Gandhi, recently returned to India, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest. The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy, the presence of Raja Mahendra Pratap's Kabul mission in Afghanistan (with possible links to Bolshevik Russia), and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt, an Anglo-Egyptian judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915 to limit civil liberties, was enacted. The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 caused large-scale political unrest throughout India. Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah's assassination and the institution of Amanullah Khan in his place. As a reaction to the Rowlatt Act, Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from his Bombay seat, writing in a letter to the Viceroy, "I, therefore, as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a Government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilised government". Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. == Before the massacre == Especially in Punjab, the situation was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph, and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali Bazaar was estimated to be around 20,000". Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible, and they prepared for the worst. The British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Michael O'Dwyer, is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt planned around May, on the lines of the 1857 revolt, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, and other events at about the same time, have been described by some historians as the result of a concerted plan by the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have posited a direct causal relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre. On 10 April 1919, there was a protest at the residence of Miles Irving, the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar. The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been arrested by the government and moved to a secret location. Both were proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi. A military picket shot at the crowd, killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events. Riotous crowds carried out arson attacks on British banks, killed several British people and assaulted two British women. On 11 April, Marcella Sherwood, an elderly English missionary, fearing for the safety of the approximately 600 Indian children under her care, was on her way to shut the schools and send the children home. While travelling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob who violently attacked her. She was rescued by some local Indians, including the father of one of her pupils, who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh Fort. After visiting Sherwood on 19 April, the local commander of Indian Army forces, Brigadier General Dyer, enraged at the assault, issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees as a punishment. Dyer later explained to a British inspector: "Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her, too." He also authorised the indiscriminate public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of a police officer. Marcella Sherwood later defended Dyer, describing him as "the saviour of the Punjab". For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of Punjab under martial law. The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly; gatherings of more than four people were banned. On the evening of 12 April, the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College–Dhab Khatikan. At the meeting, Hans Raj, an aide to Kitchlew, announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16:30 the following day in the Jallianwala Bagh, to be organised by Muhammad Bashir and chaired by a senior and respected Congress Party leader, Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia. A series of resolutions protesting against the Rowlatt Act, the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved, after which the meeting adjourned. == The massacre == On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer, convinced a major insurrection could take place, banned all meetings. This notice was not widely disseminated, and many villagers gathered in the Bagh to celebrate the Baisakhi festival and to peacefully protest against the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. At 09:00 on the morning of 13 April 1919, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, Dyer proceeded through Amritsar with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave the city, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night, and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, Urdu, Hindi, and Punjabi, but many either paid it no heed or learned of it only later. Meanwhile, local police had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. Dyer was informed of the meeting at 12:40 and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it. By mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. Many who were present had been worshipping earlier at the Golden Temple and were merely passing through the Bagh on their way home. The Bagh was (and remains today) an open area of 6–7 acres (2.4–2.8 ha), roughly 200 by 200 yards (180 m × 180 m) in size, and surrounded on all sides by walls roughly 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh, and five narrow entrances opened onto it, several with lockable gates. Although it was planted with crops during the rainy season, for much of the rest of the year it served as a local meeting place and recreation area. In the centre of the Bagh was a samadhi (cremation site) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter. Apart from the pilgrims passing through, Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers, traders, and merchants who were attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair. Because the city police closed the fair at 14:00 that afternoon, many of those who had been attending it drifted into the Jallianwala Bagh, further increasing the number of people who happened to be there when the massacre began. Dyer arranged for an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd, which he reported was about 6,000; however, the Hunter Commission estimates that a crowd of between 10,000 and 20,000 had assembled by the time Dyer arrived. Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Miles Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, took no actions to prevent the crowds from assembling or to disperse them peacefully. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving.An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 17:30, Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of 50 troops. All fifty were armed with .303 Lee–Enfield bolt-action rifles. Dyer may have specifically chosen troops from the Gurkha and Sikh ethnic groups due to their proven loyalty to the British. He had also brought two armoured cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles could not enter the compound through the narrow entrances. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had only five narrow entrances, most of which were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles so as to prevent anyone from getting out. Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to block the main exits and begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd in front of the available narrow exits, where panicked crowds were trying to leave the Bagh. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Unarmed civilians, including men, women, elderly people and children were killed. A cease-fire was ordered after the troops fired about one third of their ammunition. He stated later that the purpose of this action "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience." The following day Dyer stated in a report, "I have heard that between 200 and 300 of the crowd were killed. My party fired 1,650 rounds". Apart from the many deaths that resulted directly from the shooting, a number of people died by being crushed in the stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque, placed at the site after independence, states that 120 bodies were removed from the well. Dyer imposed a curfew time that was earlier than usual; as a result, the wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen and many of them therefore died of their wounds during the night. == Casualties == The number of total casualties is disputed. The following morning's newspapers quoted an erroneous initial figure of 200 casualties, offered by the Associated Press, e.g., "News has been received from the Punjab that the Amritsar mob has again broken out in a violent attack against the authorities. The rebels were repulsed by the military and they suffered 200 casualties." The Government of Punjab, criticised by the Hunter Commission for not gathering accurate figures, only offered the same approximate figure of 200. When interviewed by the members of the committee a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher. The Sewa Samiti society independently carried out an investigation and reported 379 deaths, and 192 seriously wounded. The Hunter Commission based their figures of 379 deaths, and approximately 3 times that number injured, suggesting 1,500 casualties. At the meeting of the Imperial Legislative Council held on 12 September 1919, the investigation led by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya concluded that there were 42 boys among the dead, the youngest of them only 7 months old. The Hunter commission confirmed the deaths of 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby. In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died. This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area. Winston Churchill reported nearly 400 slaughtered, and three or four times the number wounded to the Westminster Parliament, on 8 July 1920. Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of the crowd (6,000–20,000), the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed. Indian nationalist Swami Shraddhanand wrote to Gandhi of 1,500 deaths in the incident. The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre, but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919. == Aftermath == This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule. Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied via telegram: "Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves." O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford. Thousands were detained in the subsequent days, some being sentenced to penal transportation. According to historian Harish Puri, at least 115 people were killed by security forces in the days after 13 April. Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, however, openly condemned the attack, Churchill referring to it as "unutterably monstrous" and Asquith calling it "one of the worst, most dreadful, outrages in the whole of our history". In the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920, Churchill said, "The crowd was unarmed, except with bludgeons. It was not attacking anybody or anything ... When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square, with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, the fire was then directed down on the ground. This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion." After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government. Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons still "thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India." Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest". In the repudiation letter, dated 31 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy of India, Lord Chelmsford, he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings." "The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has, with a rude shock, revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... [T]he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen, surprised into dumb anguish of terror. The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation ..." === Dyer's response and motivation === Dyer wrote an article in the Globe of 21 January 1921, entitled, "The Peril to the Empire". It commenced with "India does not want self-government. She does not understand it." Dyer wrote later that: ...There should be an eleventh commandment in India - "Thou shalt not agitate'. All that the cultivator and the factory worker want is just and clear laws applicable to all alike. He does not always know why his passions have been roused and whether he is being misled, who is there to tell him but the Sahib? And now it seems that the Sahib is not allowed to tell him. He does not want an exchange of rulers... ...India will not be desirous or capable of self-government for generations, and when self-government does come, it will not be the leaders of revolt who will rule. The very names of most of the extremists smell in the nostrils of Indian manhood... ...Self-government for India is a horrible pretence which would set the people of the country at each other's throats long before the beginnings of constructive work were made possible. Under self-government, India would commit suicide; but our politicians would be guilty of murder as associates in the crime... ...Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. The British Raj must continue, firm and unshaken in its administration of justice to all men, to carry out the job it has taken in hand... In his official response to the Hunter commission that inquired into the shooting, Dyer was unremorseful and stated: "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself." === Hunter Commission === On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu, the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission. It was named after the chairman, William, Lord Hunter, former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them". The members of the commission were: Lord Hunter, chairman of the commission Mr Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad, vice-chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court W.F. Rice, member of the Home Department Major-General George Barrow, KCB, KCMG, GOC Peshawar Division Pandit Jagat Narayan, lawyer and member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Thomas Smith, member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State H.C. Stokes, secretary of the commission and member of the Home Department After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October, the commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks. Witnesses were called in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bombay, and Lahore. Although the commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law, meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath, its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning. In general, it was felt the commission had been very thorough in its enquiries. After reaching Lahore in November, the commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar. The commission held its official sittings at the Lahore Town Hall near Anarkali Bazaar. On 19 November, Dyer was ordered to appear before the commission. Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry, Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone. Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He said that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. Dyer told the commission, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing, but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself." Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well". After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired: Sir Chimanlal: Supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns? Dyer: I think probably, yes. Sir Chimanlal: In that case, the casualties would have been much higher? Dyer: Yes. Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout Punjab and in doing so, to reduce the moral stature of the "rebels". He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd was dispersed fully, and he believed that minimal shooting would not prove effective. In fact, he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted. He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting: "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there." Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and unwell, Dyer was then released. Over the next several months, while the commission wrote its final report, the British press, as well as many MPs, turned increasingly hostile towards Dyer as the full extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known. Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the commission had been wound up. In the meanwhile, Dyer became seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis, and he was hospitalised. Although the members of the commission were divided by racial tensions following Dyer's statement, and though the Indian members decided to write a separate minority report, the commission's final report, comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer's actions: In "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error." Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was of the same view", they wrote, "[but] there was no rebellion which required to be crushed." The commission's report concluded that: Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh, in the beginning, was an error. The length of firing showed a grave error. Dyer's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned. Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority. There had been no conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab. The minority report of the Indian members further added that: Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed. Innocent people were in the crowd, and there had been no violence in the Bagh beforehand. Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so. Dyer's actions had been "inhuman and un-British" and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India. The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council). The Legal and Home Members on the Viceroy's Executive Council ultimately decided that, though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way, military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons. However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March. He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920. Reginald Dyer was disciplined by removal from his appointment, was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from employment in India. He died in 1927. === Rioting in Gujranwala === Two days after the massacre, on 15 April 1919, riots occurred in Gujranwala protesting against the killings at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The officer commanding the Royal Air Force in India, Brigadier General N D K MacEwen, later stated that: I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns. === Compensation === British authorities awarded compensation to European subjects following the massacre. Starting in 1920, Indian subjects demanded the same compensation for Indians whose family members were killed or maimed as a result of brute imperial force. They also demanded a statement of regret from British authorities. British authorities initially resisted any form of payment but then agreed fearing political backlash from Indian subjects. British authorities raised the money to compensate Indian families through indemnities and taxes leveraged on Indian subjects. In 1922, the British government settled over 700 claims. The total amount in compensation allocated to Indian families was less than half of what was distributed among nearly a dozen European individuals. === Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer === On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and who had been wounded there, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer, the lieutenant-governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to have been the main planner. Some, such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika, made statements supporting the killing. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh. Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh and alleged that O'Dwyer was responsible for the massacre. Singh was termed a "fighter for freedom" and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as "an expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People". Reporter and historian William L. Shirer wrote the next day, "Most of the ... Indians I know [other than Gandhi] will feel this is divine retribution. O'Dwyer bore a share of responsibility in the 1919 Amritsar massacre, in which Gen. Dyer shot 1,500 Indians in cold blood. When I was at Amritsar eleven years after [the massacre] in 1930, the bitterness still stuck in the people there." In fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Sardar Udham Singh as courageous. The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots." At a public meeting in Cawnpore (now Kanpur), a spokesman stated that "at last an insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged". Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous other places across the country. Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned: "It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael. The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten." In its 18 March 1940 issue Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote: "O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget." The New Statesman observed: "British conservatism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?" Singh told the court at his trial: I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland? Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. At that time, many, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the murder as senseless even if it was courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then Prime Minister) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement, which appeared in the daily Partap: I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free. Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed, a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion. == Monument and legacy == A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923, the trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by American architect Benjamin Polk, was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame later was added to the site. The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park. === Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee === Shortly after the massacre, the official Sikh clergy of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar conferred upon Dyer the Saropa (the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or, in general, humanity), sending shock waves among the Sikh community. On 12 October 1920, students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa College called a meeting to strengthen the Nationalistic Movement. The students pushed for an anti-British movement and the result was the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines. === Visit by Queen Elizabeth II === Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983, she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997: It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past – Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness. While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for being less than an apology. Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen, saying that she had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise. On 14 October 1997, the Queen visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30‑second moment of silence. During the visit, she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron, which is of religious significance to Hindus and Sikhs, as well as one of the colours on India's flag. She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath of marigolds in memorial. During her visit to the monument, there were protests in the city of Amritsar, with people waving black flags and chanting "Queen, go back." Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip merely signed the visitor's book; the fact that they did not leave any comment regretting the incident was criticised. During the same visit, Philip and his guide Partha Sarathi Mukherjee came to a plaque stating that "about two thousand Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims ... were martyred in a non-violent struggle" at the site. "That's a bit exaggerated," Philip asserted, "it must include the wounded." Mukherjee ... asked Philip how he had come to this conclusion. "I was told about the killings by General Dyer's son," Mukherjee recalls the Duke as saying, "I'd met him while I was in the Navy." These statements by Philip drew widespread condemnation in India. Indian journalist Praveen Swami wrote in Frontline magazine: That [this was] the solitary comment Prince Philip had to offer after his visit to Jallianwala Bagh[,] ... [and] the only aspect of the massacre that exercised his imagination, caused offence. It suggested that the death of 379 people was in some way inadequate to appall the royal conscience, in the way the death of 2,000 people would have. Perhaps more important of all, the staggering arrogance that Prince Philip displayed in citing his source of information on the tragedy made clear the lack of integrity in the wreath-laying. === Demands for an apology === There are long-standing demands in India that Britain should apologise for the massacre. Winston Churchill, on 8 July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish Dyer. Churchill, who described the massacre as "monstrous", succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Dyer but would have preferred to have seen him disciplined. An apology of sorts was made at the time in a statement by Sir William Vincent, the home member of the Viceroy's Council, during a debate on the Punjab disturbances. This statement expressed the deep regret of the Government of India and made clear that the actions taken were wrong and repudiated by the government. Vincent said that "overdrastic and severe action, excessive use of force and acts ... reasonably interpreted as designed to humiliate Indian people ... cannot but be regarded as unpardonable (and) morally indefensible." In addition, the Indian Government reported in despatches to the UK government that Dyer's actions were far beyond what was necessary and violated the principle of using reasonable and minimum force. A manual was created after the massacre to instruct officers in their use of force, which was to be avoided unless absolutely necessary. In February 2013, David Cameron became the first serving British prime minister to visit the site; he laid a wreath at the memorial and described the Amritsar massacre as "a deeply shameful event in British history, one that Winston Churchill rightly described at that time as monstrous. We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for the right of peaceful protests". Cameron did not deliver an official apology. This was criticised by some commentators. Writing in The Telegraph, Sankarshan Thakur stated: "Over nearly a century now British protagonists have approached the 1919 massacre ground of Jallianwala Bagh thumbing the thesaurus for an appropriate word to pick. 'Sorry' has not been among them." The issue of apology resurfaced during the 2016 India visit of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and the Duchess of Cambridge when both decided to skip the memorial site from their itinerary. In 2017, Indian author and politician Shashi Tharoor suggested that the Jalianwala Bagh centenary in 2019 could be a "good time" for the British to apologise to the Indians for wrongs committed during the colonial rule. Visiting the memorial on 6 December 2017, London's mayor Sadiq Khan called on the British government to apologise for the massacre. In February 2019, the British House of Lords began discussing and debating the massacre. On 12 April 2019, a ceremony was held in Amritsar just before the centenary anniversary of the massacre. Although she did not issue an apology, British Prime Minister Theresa May called the 1919 shooting of unarmed civilians a "shameful scar", echoing the 2013 statement made by David Cameron. === National memorial event in the UK === On 15 April 2019, a national memorial event titled "Jallianwala Bagh 100 Years On" was held in the British Parliament, hosted by Jasvir Singh and organised by City Sikhs and the Faiths Forum for London. Testimonies of survivors were read from the book Eyewitness at Amritsar. There were traditional musical performances, and a minute's silence was held to remember those who had been killed a century earlier. === The Asian Awards === In April 2019 The Asian Awards honoured the Martyrs of Jallianwala Bagh with the prestigious Founders Award. It was accepted by the nephew of Bhagat Singh, Jagmohan Singh. === 2021 assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth II === On Christmas Day, 2021, Jaswant Singh Chail entered the grounds of Windsor Castle, where Queen Elizabeth II was living, intending to assassinate her with a crossbow. In a video he posted to Snapchat, he said "This is revenge for those who have died in the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It is also revenge for those who have been killed, humiliated and discriminated on because of their race". He was arrested before entering the castle, and in February 2023, admitted three counts of treason, the first charge of treason in the UK since 1981. In a televised hearing Mr Justice Hilliard sentenced Chail to nine years with a further five years on extended licence. Under the hybrid order, Chail will be transferred from Broadmoor psychiatric hospital to serve his sentence in prison when he is well enough. == Arts and representations == The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is a common subject of literature and film. === Literature === 1932: Noted Hindi poet Subhadra Kumari Chauhan wrote a poem, "Jallianwalla Bagh Mein Basant", (Spring in the Jallianwalla Bagh) in memory of the slain in her anthology Bikhre Moti (Scattered Pearls). 1981: Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd, saved from the gunfire by a well-timed sneeze. 2009: Bali Rai's novel, City of Ghosts, is partly set around the massacre, blending fact with fiction and magical realism. Dyer, Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story. === Films === 1977: The massacre is portrayed in the Hindi movie Jallian Wala Bagh starring Vinod Khanna, Parikshat Sahni, Shabana Azmi, Sampooran Singh Gulzar, and Deepti Naval. The film was written, produced and directed by Balraj Tah with the screenplay by Gulzar. The film is a part-biopic of Udham Singh (played by Parikshit Sahni) who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940. Portions of the film were shot in the UK notably in Coventry and surrounding areas. 1982: The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox. The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Hunter commission. 2000: Shaheed Udham Singh, a Hindi language film is based on the JallianWala Bagh Massacre and the assassination of Michael O'Dwyer by Udham Singh. 2002: In the Hindi film The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, the massacre is reconstructed with the child Bhagat Singh as a witness, eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement. 2006: Portions of the Hindi film Rang De Basanti nonlinearly depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters. 2007: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is mentioned in the final debate scene on civil disobedience, portrayed in the film The Great Debaters. 2012: A few shots of the massacre are captured in the movie Midnight's Children, a Canadian-British film adaptation of Salman Rushdie's 1981 novel of the same name directed by Deepa Mehta. 2017: The Hindi language film Phillauri refers to the massacre as the reason the spirit of the primary character portrayed by Anushka Sharma cannot find peace as her lover lost his life in Amritsar and was unable to return to their village for their wedding. The movie depicts the massacre and the following stampede, with the climax shot on-location at the modern-day Jallianwallah Bagh memorial. 2021: Sardar Udham, a Hindi language film is based on the JallianWala Bagh Massacre and the assassination of Michael O'Dwyer by Udham Singh. 2025: Kesari Chapter 2, a Hindi-language historical courtroom drama film, based on the book The Case That Shook The Empire by Raghu Palat and Pushpa Palat, focusing on the Indian lawyer C. Sankaran Nair and the aftermath of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. === Television === 1984: The massacre is recounted in the seventh episode of Granada TV's 1984 series The Jewel in the Crown, told by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she ignored the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims. 2014: The British period drama Downton Abbey makes a reference to the massacre in the eighth episode of season 5 as "that terrible Amritsar business". The characters of Lord Grantham, Isobel Crawley and Shrimpy express their disapproval of the massacre when Lord Sinderby supports it. 2019: The UK's BBC broadcast historian Zareer Masani's Amritsar 1919: Remembering a British Massacre was broadcast. 2019: the UK's Channel 4 broadcast "The Massacre That Shook the Empire" on Saturday 13 April at 9 p.m. in which writer Sathnam Sanghera examined the 1919 massacre and its legacy. 2019: The UK's BBC broadcast a special "Thought for the Day" on Friday 12 April presented by Jasvir Singh to mark the anniversary. == See also == Vidurashwatha Babrra massacre Charan Paduka massacre on the Makar Sankranti festival (14 January 1930) in Chhatarpur, called the "Jallianwala Bagh of Madhya Pradesh": General Fischer ordered the firing on non-violent Indian freedom fighters resulting in 21 deaths and many injured. Massacre of Chumik Shenko Patharighat massacre – Jallianwala of Assam List of massacres in India Bloody Sunday, a day of IRA assassinations in Ireland and revenge attacks by the Royal Irish Constabulary on a crowd at Croke Park and on prisoners at Dublin Castle in 1920 Sétif and Guelma massacre == References == == Notes == == Further reading == Collett, Nigel (2006). The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer. Draper, Alfred (1985). The Amritsar Massacre: Twilight of the Raj. Hopkirk, Peter (1997). Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire. Kodansha Globe. ISBN 1-56836-127-0. Judd, Dennis (1996). "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39", in Judd, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present. Basic Books. pp. 258–272. Lloyd, Nick (2011). The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day. Narain, Savita (1998). The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1919. New Delhi: Spantech and Lancer. 76 pp. ISBN 1-897829-36-1 Swinson, Arthur (1964). Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair. London: Peter Davies. Wagner, Kim A. "Calculated to Strike Terror': The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence." Past Present (2016) 233#1: 185–225. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtw037 Jalil, Rakhshanda "Jallianwala Bagh: Literary Responses in Prose & Poetry, 2019". Niyogi Books. ISBN 978-9386906922 == External links == Amritsar: 1920 – Minutes of Evidence taken before the Hunter Committee – UK Parliament Living Heritage Debate on this incident in the British Parliament Black Chapter of Indian History – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre An NPR interview with Bapu Shingara Singh – the last known surviving witness. Churchill's speech Archived 19 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine after the incident. Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Singh, Gajendra: Amritsar, Massacre of, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji#:~:text=Dadabhai%20Naoroji%20(4%20September%201825,1886%20to%201887%2C%201893%20to	Dadabhai Naoroji	Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who played a prominent role in both Indian and British public life. He was among the founding members of the Indian National Congress and served as its President on three occasions, from 1886 to 1887, 1893 to 1894 and 1906 to 1907. Naoroji's early career included serving as the Diwan of Baroda in 1874. Subsequently, he moved to England, where he continued to advocate for Indian interests. In 1892, he was elected to the House of Commons as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament, representing Finsbury Central until 1895. He was the second person of Asian descent to become a British MP following David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre, who was an Anglo Indian MP. Naoroji is particularly known for formulating the "drain theory", which argued that economic exploitation under British rule led to the transfer of wealth from India to Britain. He detailed these views in his 1901 publication Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, which contributed to emerging debates on colonial economics and political representation. His work was influential among early nationalists and reformers, and he remained a key figure in shaping early Indian political thought. Naoroji also took part in international socialist networks and was a member of the Second International, alongside figures such as Karl Kautsky and Georgi Plekhanov. While Naoroji himself maintained a moderate stance, his engagement with transnational political groups reflected his broader concern with issues of labour, empire and global inequality. In later years, Naoroji received posthumous recognition in both India and the United Kingdom. In 2014, the British government introduced the Dadabhai Naoroji Awards, launched by then Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, to honour contributions to UK-India relations. India Post commemorated him with postal stamps issued in 1963, 1997 and 2017. His legacy continues to be studied in the context of Indian nationalism, colonial critique and the early history of Asian participation in British politics. == Biography == Naoroji was born in Navsari in a Gujarati-speaking Parsi Zoroastrian family, and educated at the Elphinstone Institute School. His patron was the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, and he started his career as Dewan (Minister) to the Maharaja in 1874. Being an Athornan (ordained priest), Naoroji founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Guides on the Mazdayasne Path) on 1 August 1851 to restore the Zoroastrian religion to its original purity and simplicity. In 1854, he also founded a Gujarati fortnightly publication, the Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller), to clarify Zoroastrian concepts and promote Parsi social reforms. Around this time, he also published another newspaper called The Voice of India. In December 1855, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Elphinstone College in Bombay, becoming the first Indian to hold such an academic position. He travelled to London in 1855 to become a partner in Cama & Co, opening a Liverpool location for the first Indian company to be established in Britain. Within three years, he had resigned on ethical grounds. In 1859, he established his own cotton trading company, Dadabhai Naoroji & Co. In 1861 he also founded The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe alongside Muncherjee Hormusji Cama. In 1865, Naoroji directed and launched the London Indian Society, the purpose of which was to discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects. In 1867, he also helped to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor organisations of the Indian National Congress with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the propaganda by the Ethnological Society of London which, in its session in 1866, had tried to prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. This Association soon won the support of eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable influence in the British parliament. The organisation soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. In 1874, he became Prime Minister of Baroda and was a member of the Legislative Council of Bombay (1885–88). He was also a member of the Indian National Association founded by Sir Surendranath Banerjea from Calcutta a few years before the founding of the Indian National Congress in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices. The two groups later merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji published Poverty and Un-British Rule in India in 1901. Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the Liberal Party in Finsbury Central at the 1892 general election, he was the first British Indian MP. He refused to take the oath on the Bible, as he was Zoroastrian. He was allowed to take the oath of office in the name of God on his copy of the Khordeh Avesta. During his time he put his efforts towards improving the situation in India. He had a very clear vision and was an effective communicator. He set forth his views about the situation in India over the course of the history of the governance of the country and the way in which the colonial rulers rule. In Parliament, he spoke on Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. He was a notable Freemason. In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. He was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was split between the moderates and extremists. Such was the respect commanded by him that assertive nationalists could not oppose his candidature and the rift was avoided for the time being. Naoroji's Poverty and Un-British Rule in India influenced Mahatma Gandhi. === Lord Salisbury's controversial remarks === Lord Salisbury, the then-Prime Minister, caused controversy in 1888 after Gainsford Bruce had won the Holborn by-election for the Unionists, beating the Liberal Lord Compton. Bruce had won the seat with a smaller majority than Francis Duncan had for the Unionists in 1885. Salisbury explained this by saying in a speech in Edinburgh on 30 November: "But then Colonel Duncan was opposed to a black man, and, however great the progress of mankind has been, and however far we have advanced in overcoming prejudices, I doubt if we have yet got to the point where a British constituency will elect a black man to represent them.... I am speaking roughly and using language in its colloquial sense, because I imagine the colour is not exactly black, but at all events, he was a man of another race." The "black man" was, in fact, Dadabhai Naoroji. Salisbury's comments were criticised by the Queen and by Liberals who believed that Salisbury had suggested that only white Britons could represent a British constituency. Three weeks later, Salisbury delivered a speech at Scarborough, where he denied that "the word "black" necessarily implies any contemptuous denunciation: "Such a doctrine seems to be a scathing insult to a very large proportion of the human race... The people whom we have been fighting at Suakin, and whom we have happily conquered, are among the finest tribes in the world, and many of them are as black as my hat". Furthermore, "such candidatures are incongruous and unwise. The British House of Commons, with its traditions... is a machine too peculiar and too delicate to be managed by any but those who have been born within these isles". In 1888, the New York Times published an article that was extremely critical of Lord Salisbury's remark. It included the following quotation, "Of course the parsees are not black men, but the purest Aryan type in existence, with an average complexion fairer than Lord Salisbury's; but even if they were ebony hued it would be grotesque and foolish for a Prime Minister of England to insult them in such a wanton fashion as this." Naoroji was later elected for Finsbury in 1892 and Salisbury invited him to become a Governor of the Imperial Institute, which he accepted. == Personal life and death == He was married to Gulbai at the age of 11. He died in Bombay on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91. The Dadabhai Naoroji Road, a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him, as are the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in Karachi, Pakistan and Naoroji Street in the Finsbury area of London. A prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of Delhi is also named Naoroji Nagar. His granddaughters, Perin and Khurshedben, were also involved in the independence movement. In 1930, Khurshedben was arrested along with other revolutionaries for attempting to hoist the Indian flag in a Government College in Ahmedabad. == Drain theory and poverty == Naoroji's work focused on the drain of wealth from India to Britain during the period of British rule in India. One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonial rule had on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India. Naoroji described six factors that resulted in the external drain. India was governed by a foreign government. India did not attract immigrants who brought labour and capital for economic growth. India paid for Britain's civil administrations in India and her Indian army. India bore the burden of empire building in and out of its borders. Opening the country to free trade allowed for foreigners to take highly paid jobs over those of equally qualified Indians. The principal income-earners would spend their money outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India estimated a 200–300 million pounds drain of India's revenue to Britain that was not recirculated into India. When referring to the drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as payment for the services that Britain brought to India such as the newly constructed railways. However, the money from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was sending too much to Britain. According to Naoroji, India was paying tribute for something that was not bringing profit to the country directly. Instead of paying off foreign investment, as other countries did, India was paying for services rendered despite the operation of the railway being already profitable for Britain. This type of drain was experienced in different ways as well, for instance, British workers earning wages that were not equal with the work that they have done in India, or trade that undervalued India's goods and overvalued outside goods. British workers in India were encouraged to take on high paying jobs in India, and the British government allowed them to take a portion of their income back to Britain. Furthermore, the East India Company was purchasing Indian goods with money drained from India to export to Britain, which was a way that the opening up of free trade allowed India to be exploited. When elected to Parliament by a narrow margin of five votes, his first speech was devoted to the issue of questioning Britain's role in India. Naoroji explained that Indians would either be British subjects or their slaves, depending on how willing Britain was to give India control over the institutions that Britain presently operated. By giving these institutions to India it would allow India to govern itself and as a result all revenue would stay in India. Naoroji identified himself as a fellow subject of the Empire and was able to address the economic hardships facing India to a British audience. By presenting himself as an imperial subject he was able to use rhetoric to show the benefit to Britain that an ease of financial burden on India would have. He argued that by allowing the money earned in India to stay in India, tributes would be willingly and easily paid without fear of poverty; he argued that this could be done by giving equal employment opportunities to Indian professionals who were consistently forced to take jobs that they were over-qualified for. Indian labour would be more likely to spend their income within India preventing one aspect of the drain. Naoroji also found it important to examine Anglo-Indian trade to prevent the premature dissolution of budding industries to unfair valuing of goods and services. By allowing industry to grow and develop in India, tribute could be paid to Britain in the form of taxation and the increase in Indian interest for British goods. Over time, Naoroji became more inflammatory in his comments as he began to lose patience with Britain over the seemingly lack of progress regarding reforms. He rhetorically questioned whether or not the British government would be willing to award French youths all the high ranking posts in the British economy. He also pointed to historical examples of Britain being opposed to the "wealth drain" concept, including the English objection to the wealth drain to the papacy during the 1500s. Naoroji's work on the drain theory was the main reason behind the creation of the Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure in 1896 in which he was also a member. This commission reviewed financial burdens on India and in some cases came to the conclusion that those burdens were misplaced. == Views and legacy == Dadabhai Naoroji is regarded as one of the most important Indians during the birth of the nascent independence movement. In his writings, he came to the conclusion that the exertion of foreign rule over India was not favourable for the nation, and that independence (or at the very least, responsible government) would be the better path for India. Further development was checked by the frequent invasions of India by, and the subsequent continuous rule of, foreigners of entirely different character and genius, who, not having any sympathy with the indigenous literature – on the contrary, having much fanatical antipathy to the religion of the Hindus – prevented its further growth. Priest-hood, first for power and afterwards from ignorance, completed the mischief, as has happened in all other countries. Naoroji is often remembered as the "Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism." Mahatma Gandhi wrote to Naoroji in 1894, saying that "The Indians look up to you as children to the father. Such is really the feeling here." Bal Gangadhar Tilak admired him; he said: If we twenty eight crore of Indians were entitled to send only one member to the British parliament, there is no doubt that we would have elected Dadabhai Naoroji unanimously to grace that post. Here are the significant extracts taken from his speech delivered before the East India Association on 2 May 1867 regarding what educated Indians expect from their British rulers: The difficulties thrown in the way of according to the natives such reasonable share and voice in the administration of the country as they are able to take, are creating some uneasiness and distrust. The universities are sending out hundreds and will soon begin to send out thousands of educated natives. This body naturally increases in influence... "In this Memorandum I desire to submit for the kind and generous consideration of His Lordship the Secretary of State for India, that from the same cause of the deplorable drain [of economic wealth from India to Britain], besides the material exhaustion of India, the moral loss to her is no less sad and lamentable . . . All [the Europeans] effectually do is to eat the substance of India, material and moral, while living there, and when they go, they carry away all they have acquired . . . The thousands [of Indians] that are being sent out by the universities every year find themselves in a most anomalous position. There is no place for them in their motherland . . . What must be the inevitable consequence? . . . despotism and destruction . . . or destroying hand and power. " A plaque referring to Dadabhai Naoroji is located outside the Finsbury Town Hall on Rosebery Avenue, London. On 10 August 2022 English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque in his honour at the site of his former home, 72, Anerley Park, Bromley, London where he lived between 1897 – 1904 or 1905. == Works == Started the Rast Goftar Anglo-Gujarati Newspaper in 1854. The Parsee Religion . University of London. 1861 – via Wikisource. The Manners and Customs of the Parsees . Bombay. 1862 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) The European and Asiatic Races . London. 1866 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Admission of educated natives into the Indian Civil Service (London, 1868) The wants and means of India (London, 1876) Condition of India (Madras, 1882) Poverty of India Bombay, Ranima Union Press (1876). A Paper Read Before the Bombay Branch of the East India Association. C. L. Parekh, ed., Essays, Speeches, Addresses and Writings of the Honourable Dadabhai Naoroji, Bombay, Caxton Printing Works (1887). An excerpt, "The Benefits of British Rule", in a modernised text by J. S. Arkenberg, ed., on line at Paul Halsall, ed., Internet Modern History Sourcebook Archived 22 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Lord Salisbury's Blackman (Lucknow, 1889) Dadabhai Naoroji (1901). Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.; "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" Commonwealth Publishers, 1988. ISBN 81-900066-2-2 == Commemorative postage stamps == Naoroji has been portrayed on commemorative stamps released by India Post (by year): == See also == Electoral firsts in the United Kingdom == References == == Further reading == == External links == Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs "Dr Dadabhai Naoroji, 'The Grand Old Man of India'", Vohuman.org – Presents a complete chronology of Naoroji's life. Portraits of Dadabhai Naoroji at the National Portrait Gallery, London Works by or about Dadabhai Naoroji at the Internet Archive Works by Dadabhai Naoroji at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) B. Shantanu, "Drain of Wealth during British Raj", iVarta.com, 6 February 2006. Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Dadabhai Naoroji
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Asian_Badminton_Championships	2003 Asian Badminton Championships	The 2003 Badminton Asia Championships was the 22nd tournament of the Badminton Asia Championships. It was held at the Tennis Indoor Gelora Bung Karno in Jakarta, Indonesia. == Medalists == == Medal table == === Finals === === Semi-finals === == References == == External links == Semi final results
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Sykes	Kathy Sykes	Katharine Ellen Sykes (born 20 December 1966) is a British physicist, broadcaster and Professor of Sciences and Society at the University of Bristol. She was previously Collier Professor of Public Engagement in Science and Engineering, from 2002 to 2006. She has presented various BBC2 and Open University TV series, including Rough Science, Ever Wondered about Food, Alternative Therapies. Alternative Medicine and presented for the documentary television miniseries Brave New World with Stephen Hawking in 2011. == Education == Sykes was educated at Fitzharrys School, a co-educational comprehensive school in Abingdon. She went on to study at the University of Bristol where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1989 and a PhD in 1996 for work on the crystallization and degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable plastic. == Career == Sykes helped to create and co-directs Cheltenham Science Festival and Famelab, a national UK competition which talent spots and trains new faces in science communication. She was Head of Science for Explore-At-Bristol, in charge of the team creating the content for the award-winning Hands-on Science Centre. She is a member of the Council for Science and Technology (CST), the UK government's top-level advisory body on science and technology policy issues. She has also served on advisory panels in public engagement in science for the Royal Society, the Wellcome Trust and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). She is a trustee of NESTA and a board member of Explore-At-Bristol. === Awards and honours === Sykes won the Kohn Award in 2006 for excellence in engaging the public with science. She holds an honorary Doctor of Science degree and honorary fellowship from the University of Gloucestershire and won the Suffrage Science award in 2013. Sykes was appointed Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_RC143	Honda RC143	The Honda RC143 was the Honda racing team's 125cc Grand Prix motorcycle racer for the 1960 season, the first time the Honda team competed in an entire season's racing. The bike was a major step forward from the previous year's machines, and though still outpaced by its more experienced European rivals, it revealed to seasoned competitors like Luigi Taveri that Honda was a force to be reckoned with. == Background and development == Following the team's international début at the 1959 Isle of Man TT, Honda had returned to Japan recognising that they still had a long way to go if they were to succeed in their ambition of winning one of the TT races. Honda had managed to salvage some honour by securing the team prize, but even their fastest rider Naomi Taniguchi had finished nearly four minutes behind the rider in front and almost eight minutes down on the race winner, Tarquinio Provini. For 1960, alongside a team of Japanese riders, Honda decided to recruit experienced privateer Tom Phillis to help them with technical feedback. == Design == In contrast to the RC142, the air-cooled, four-stroke, twin-cylinder engine of the RC143 was canted forward by 35° to improve cooling and increase air flow to the newly designed Keihin carburettors. The engine featured double overhead camshafts, driven by a vertical shaft through bevel gears. The engine was said to produce 22 hp (16 kW) at 14,000 rpm. The leading link front forks, which had proved successful on Japanese dirt tracks had been identified as a particular weakness on tarmac and were replaced by more conventional telescopic forks for the Isle of Man. This change to the forks, along with the change to the engine design, helped move the bikes centre of gravity much further forward. The open-cradle frame was also considerably strengthened. == World Championship == During the 1960 world championship Tom Phillis qualified second fastest for the Isle of Man 125cc race, but a crash in the 250cc event at Assen saw him replaced by his friend Jim Redman who stunned everyone by lapping two seconds faster than Phillis had managed. The RC143 finished in the points five times, the best results were two fourth places. Honda was third in the constructor championship behind the MV Agusta and MZ. (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) == 2RC143 == For the 1961 season an improved version of the bike designed as 2RC143 was developed. It proved very successful, winning 8 out of the 11 races contested that season. Australian Tom Phillis won the world championship and Honda won the constructor championship as well. Other riders winning races on the Honda 2RC143 that year were: Luigi Taveri, Jim Redman, Kunimitsu Takahashi and Mike Hailwood. == See also == 1960 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season 1961 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_Yuna_and_Minu_Jo	Deaths of Yuna and Minu Jo	In August 2022 the bodies of two children, Yuna and Minu Jo, were found in suitcases in Auckland, New Zealand. The suitcases were bought from the sale of an abandoned storage unit where the bodies are suspected to have been stored for multiple years. In September 2022, Hakyung Lee, the mother of the children, was arrested in South Korea. She was extradited to New Zealand, and has been charged with the children's murder. Her trial started on 8 September 2025. Following a two-week trial, Lee was convicted of murdering her two children on 23 September 2025. She was sentenced to life imprisonment on 26 November 2025. == Hakyung Lee == === Early life and family === The defendant, Hakyung Lee, who was born Ji Eun Lee, is the mother of the two victims, who were subsequently identified as Minu and Yuna Jo in September 2023. Lee migrated with her family from South Korea to New Zealand in 1993 at the age of 13. Following the death of her father in 1998, Lee returned to Korea for her university education at the age of 18 years. After two years in South Korea, she subsequently returned to New Zealand to study hospitality and met her future husband Ian Jo at a church, where she also served as a Sunday school teacher. In 2006, the couple married. The couple lived in an apartment before moving to a house in West Auckland. Lee's daughter, Yuna Jo, was born in September 2009 while her son Minu Jo was born in March 2012. The son Minu had a speech impediment caused by cleft palate. The couple settled in a house in Papatoetoe following the birth of their children. The children attended Papatoetoe South School. According to teacher Mary Robinson, the children were well-behaved. She described Lee and Ian Jo as "caring parents" who were interested in their children's education. While Jo worked as a supervisor at Auckland Airport, Lee became a homestay mother for their two children. === Husband's death and mental health deterioration === In November 2017, Ian Jo died from cancer. Lee was grief-stricken following her husband's death and did not inform her children that their father had died. In the months following Jo's death, Lee became suicidal, isolated and allegedly insane. Lee also told her mother that she wanted herself and her children to die with her late husband. In December 2017, Lee took her children on a two-month holiday in South Korea, staying at luxury hotels and spending NZ$32,000. In April 2018, Lee also stayed at a Hilton hotel in Taupō. In May 2018, Lee and her children travelled to the Gold Coast in Australia where they stayed at another Hilton hotel. In mid June 2018, Lee and her two children visited Queenstown in the South Island where they stayed at a Hilton hotel and visited several restaurants. The children were last seen by relatives on 26 April 2018. === Children's deaths === According to Stuff and Radio New Zealand, the children last logged into Minecraft on 27 June 2018, where they each gained trophies. Minu was later found wearing underwear with "Wednesday" written on it. Lee killed her children around late June 2018 by serving them juice mixed with the antidepressant drug Nortriptyline. The children did not awake from their sleep. Following their deaths, she wrapped and hid their bodies inside suitcases in a storage unit. Due to the condition of their remains, the pathologist was unable to determine whether the children died from the drug or were incapacitated by the drug, and killed by other means. While both the prosecution and defence agree that Lee caused her children's deaths, they disagree on whether she was insane at the time. === Relocation to Korea === Following her children's deaths, Lee attempted suicide. While Lee said that she later regretted her actions, she claimed that she believed that she was doing the right thing at the time. Due to self loathing and guilt stemming from killing her children, Lee changed her name from Ji Eun Lee to Hakyung Lee. She returned to South Korea on a business class flight in July 2018. According to Stuff, Lee also spent money on beauty treatments in order to start a new life in Korea. While in Korea, Lee went to a clinic where she was diagnosed with depression and prescribed medication. In 2021, Lee began dating a man whom she met via a dating app. Lee described this relationship as traumatic and alleged that the man assaulted her. In mid-June 2022, Lee's mother Choon Ja Lee learnt from her pastor that her daughter was a patient at a psychiatric ward of a South Korean hospital. Lee's mother subsequently visited her daughter in Korea. During their visit, Lee did not disclose the whereabouts of her children but asked her mother to buy her contact lenses, clothes and a phone. Following her return to New Zealand, Lee's mother was contacted by Police about the discovery of her grandchildren's remains. == Discovery and investigation == On 11 August 2022, human remains were found in two suitcases in Moncrieff Ave, Clendon Park. The suitcases were bought by a family as part of a storage unit auction from Safe Store Papatoetoe. The family brought the suitcases home along with other household objects. They smelled something strange, opened one of the suitcase, discovered a body later identified as Minu Jo, then called the police. New Zealand Police confirmed the family who bought the suitcases were not connected to the children's deaths. On 26 August, Police said the children may have been dead for up to four years. In late September 2023, interim name suppression of the children was lifted by Coroner Tania Tetitaha. Their names were Minu Jo, who was born in March 2012, and Yuna Jo, who was born in September 2009. At the time of their deaths, the children were aged about six and eight years respectively. === Arrest and extradition === On 22 August 2022, New Zealand Police confirmed that they were aware that the children's mother had returned to South Korea in 2018. On 15 September 2022 the arrest of the children's mother in Ulsan, South Korea was announced. New Zealand authorities commenced extradition proceedings through the South Korean court system. The woman was arrested by Korean police on suspicion of "crimes against humanity", and will face two murder charges in New Zealand. In November 2022, the South Korean Minister of Justice Han Dong-hoon approved the suspect's extradition. Earlier, the Seoul High Court had approved the woman's extradition after she had granted written consent. On 29 November, the children's mother was extradited by South Korean authorities, who also submitted "significant pieces of evidence" to their New Zealand counterparts. == Legal proceedings and trial == === Pre-trial procedures === On 30 November 2022, the suspect appeared at the Manukau District Court in South Auckland where she entered no plea. She was remanded into custody and the identities of the suspect, her children, and an unidentified relative were suppressed. On 14 December, she pleaded not guilty and was remanded in custody. On 3 May 2023, during an administrative hearing she said "I'm going to prove my innocence". On 8 May, her lawyers argued for continued name suppression in the Court of Appeals. On 19 July 2023, the suspect was identified as Hakyung Lee, the mother of the two children. The New Zealand Court of Appeal lifted name suppression, rejecting her lawyer Chris Wilkinson-Smith's argument that publishing her identity would result in extreme hardship, endanger her safety, and prejudice her ability to engage in court proceedings or medical assessments. Lee has denied murdering her children and has pleaded not guilty. On 25 September 2023, Coroner Tania Tetitaha lifted interim name suppression for the deceased children. In response to the lifting of name suppression, two New Zealand-based relatives applied to have their names and identifying details suppressed. === Arraignment === Lee's trial was scheduled to start on 29 April 2024, but for undisclosed legal reasons was postponed to 8 September 2025. On 8 September 2025, Lee pleaded not guilty to two murder charges at the Auckland High Court. Justice Geoffrey Venning indicated that she would raise an insanity defence. She is representing herself with the assistance of two court-appointed lawyers Lorraine Smith and Chris Wilkinson Smith. The Crown was represented by solicitor Natalie Walker and prosecutors Jay Tausi and Jong Kim. === Opening arguments === On 9 September, trial proceedings opened with both the Crown and defence delivering their opening addresses. Walker told the court that a toxicology test of the remains of Yuna and Minu Jo had concluded that the children had died "by homicide of unspecified means associated with an antidepressant drug." Walker also told the court that Lee had been prescribed 60 Nortriptyline tablets in August 2017 after telling her doctor that she was struggling with sleeping difficulties. While both the Crown and defence agreed that Lee had caused her children's deaths and placed their remains in the suitcases inside the storage units, Walker disputed the defence argument that Lee was insane during and after her children's deaths. Walker argued that the defendant knew what she was doing was wrong, citing her behaviour following their deaths including hiring a storage unit, hiding their bodies, changing her name and returning to South Korea in July 2018 on a business class flight. She said that the Crown would be presenting evidence extracted from the children's PlayStation. During the defence opening address, stand-by defence counsel Lorraine Smith argued that Lee was insane when she killed her two children. She told the court that Lee was driven into insanity by the loss of her husband to cancer in November 2017. The defendant became suicidal and isolated over the following months and came to believed that it was best for Yuna and Mino to die rather than face an "an unhappy and parentless future." Smith also gave a brief background into Lee's biography. === Trial evidence === The Crown summoned several witnesses including "Safe Store" staff member Shi-Hui Cong (Tracey), the children's former teacher Mary Robertson, Lee's brother-in-law Jimmy Sae Wook Cho, Cho's wife Bo Ram Lim, Lee's friend Gina Min, New Zealand Institute for Public Health and Forensic Science forensic toxicologist Helen Poulsen, the family's doctor Doctor Rama Velalagan, and the nurses Lin Ni, Kayleen Palatchie, and Natalie Woodward. Other key witnesses included Lee's mother Choon Ja Lee, forensic accountant Andrew Yoon, South Korean Detective Sergeant Sung Kyu Hwang, Detective Sergeant Ryan Singleton and digital forensic analyst Damian Govender. The defence's sole witness was the psychiatrist Dr. Yvette Kelly, who argued that Lee met the criteria of insanity under Section 23 of the Crimes Act 1961. Kelly told the court that the defendant had confessed to killing her children by serving them juice with the anti-depressant drug Nortriptyline but argued that the defendant was legally insane at the time of the killings. In response, the Crown's rebuttal witness, forensic psychiatrist Erik Monasterio, presented evidence showing that Lee did not display symptoms of schizophrenia. === Closing arguments === On 22 September, the court heard closing arguments from both the Crown and defence. Prosecutor Walker argued that Lee was not insane when she killed her children, citing her actions following their deaths including changing her name, accessing a storage facility, cleaning and vacating her rental property, and booking a business-class flight to South Korea. She also pointed out that Lee had told several lies to her family, police and doctors about her children's deaths. Walker also argued that Lee had lied about her suicide attempts. She also cited Monasterio's testimony that the defendant did not display symptoms of psychosis or indicate that she was unaware that her actions were morally wrong. Defence stand-by counsel Smith told the court that Lee had been mentally unwell throughout her life and that her mental state had deteriorated following the death of her husband. Smith said that Lee had made three previous suicide attempts including one following her father's death when she was 18 years old. She argued that Lee's mental health deteriorated in the seven months following the death of her husband. Consequently, Lee came to believed that the only solution was killing herself and her children. Smith argued that Lee's belief that she had caused her father and husband's death, and her son's cleft pallet demonstrated that she was "disconnected from reality." === Verdict === The jury began deliberating on 23 September. After three and half hours of deliberating, the jury convicted Lee of murdering her two children Yuna and Minu Jo. Justice Venning confirmed the verdict and remanded Lee into custody until her sentencing on 26 November. She was subsequently given a life sentence and would be eligible for parole after 17 years. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Hardesty#:~:text=Baltimore%2C%20Maryland%2C%20U.S.&text=Portland%2C%20Oregon%2C%20U.S.&text=Hardesty%20was%20the%20first%20African,for%20police%20reform%20and%20defunding.	Jo Ann Hardesty	Jo Ann A. Hardesty (formerly Bowman, born October 15, 1957) is an American Democratic politician in the U.S. state of Oregon who served as a Portland City commissioner from 2019 to 2022. She previously served in the Oregon House of Representatives from 1995 until 2001. Hardesty was the first African American woman and first minority woman to serve on the council. A longtime activist for racial justice and other progressive policy issues, she is well known as an advocate for police reform and defunding. In 2021, Portland Police Bureau's internal investigation concluded their officers leaked a false accusation that she was responsible for a hit and run in an act of retaliation. Hardesty faced several controversies during her tenure in office, such as her handling of personal credit card debt, vacation time, and placing a call to 9-1-1 over a dispute with a Lyft driver. Hardesty stood for the November 2022 election runoff to serve a second term, but lost the seat to challenger Rene Gonzalez. == Early life and education == Hardesty was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland, as one of 10 children born to her longshoreman father and stay-at-home mother. She graduated from Edmondson-Westside High School and earned an Associate of Arts degree in business and accounting from the Baltimore City Community College. == Career == After graduating from high school, Hardesty joined the United States Navy. She served for six years and was stationed in the Philippines. After leaving the Navy, Hardesty settled in Portland, Oregon. She was elected to the Oregon House in 1994, holding office until 2001, when she resigned to unsuccessfully run for chair of the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners. She later served as executive director of Oregon Action, and became president of the Portland chapter of the NAACP in January 2015. Oregon Public Broadcasting reported Hardesty and the NAACP chapter did not report her income to the IRS or pay taxes on it, which Hardesty then amended. In 2007 Hardesty began hosting "Voices from the Edge," a progressive talk radio program on KBOO, a community radio station in Portland. The call-in show addresses racial disparity, government accountability, environmental justice and politics on local, state and national levels. Hardesty suspended the show during her 2018 campaign to avoid violating the FCC's Equal-time rule, then resumed the show in March 2019. === Portland City Commissioner === ==== 2018 race ==== Hardesty ran for Portland City Council in 2018, for the open seat being vacated by the retiring Dan Saltzman. The alternative newspaper Willamette Week endorsed Hardesty, stating she was the "best person for the job." She was also endorsed by AFSCME Local 189, the local branch of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees. During the race, Hardesty called her top two running-mates "idiots" for their suggestion the unused Wapato Corrections Facility be utilized to house homeless residents. It is now used as a homeless shelter. Hardesty won the race, against Multnomah County Commissioner Loretta Smith; the final tally showed her receiving 61.8% of the votes cast. ==== Commissioner term ==== Hardesty was sworn in as a city commissioner on January 2, 2019. She is the first Black woman and first minority woman to serve on the council. She is highly critical of the Portland Police Bureau. Oregon Public Broadcasting describes Hardesty as "one of the city's most vocal police critics". In 2020, Hardesty voted to cut $18 million in funding from the Portland Police Bureau budget. The vote failed 3–2. As acting Fire Commissioner, Hardesty was criticized for her month-long vacation in August 2021, which coincides with peak fire season in the region. "That means she will not be available for feedback, council or check-ins. We do not make exceptions for this," announced her chief of staff of the move. This was the first time in over twenty years that a city commissioner took a full month away from the position. ==== 2022 race ==== Hardesty ran for reelection to City Council on the 2022 ballot. Hardesty was the first of the three frontrunners for the position who hit her limit on fundraising caps. Oregon Public Broadcasting reported over a dozen "union and left-leaning advocacy groups" had endorsed Hardesty as of April 2022, as well as U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley and U.S. Representative Earl Blumenauer, both from Oregon, and Multnomah County District Attorney Mike Schmidt. Willamette Week also endorsed Hardesty for the second time, an endorsement which the newspaper's editorial department stated was met with "frustration and scorn" from readers and respondents. Hardesty placed first in the primary with 44% of the vote. Having received less than 50% of the vote, she advanced to a runoff in the November 2022 general election. Portland Firefighters Association announced in September 2022 that it was not endorsing Hardesty who was assigned to manage Portland Fire & Rescue. The union announced it is instead endorsing her opponent Rene Gonzalez. In October 2022, Willamette Week withdrew their May support for Hardesty stating "Hardesty has proven unwilling or unable to make a compromise with those who disagree with her, and that's why we're withdrawing our May endorsement" and changed their endorsement to her opponent Rene Gonzalez. While the election results had not been officially certified, The Oregonian announced Gonzalez had won by early November 9, saying he had "soundly defeated" Hardesty. She conceded the race later that day. == Personal life == Hardesty was married to Skip Elliott Bowman in 1995; they divorced in 2008. By 2014, she was married to Roger Hardesty. In November 2020, Hardesty called 9-1-1 during a dispute with a Lyft driver. The driver had refused to roll up a window, citing Lyft's pandemic air circulation recommendations. Hardesty was picked up from Ilani Casino Resort, and was about to be unexpectedly dropped off at a closing filling station along I-5 when she called 911 to report safety concerns about being about to be left alone on the side of the road in the dark, telling the dispatcher, "Well, I've got a Lyft driver that decided he would just drop me off at a filling station. Well, I'm not getting out of the car, in the dark, at a filling station, not happening - all because I asked him to put the window up. I'm not leaving." The event drew national attention. Hardesty was erroneously accused of a hit and run in 2021. An internal investigation at the Portland Police Bureau found that there was no evidence behind the claims, and that the report claiming the incident was fabricated and disseminated to news outlets by three PPB officers, one of whom was acting as union president at the time. Hardesty has since filed a $3 million lawsuit against the Portland Police Association. The Portland Police Bureau confirmed in a letter to Hardesty that the officers' actions were an act of retaliation. Additionally, as a result of an internal affairs investigation, two of the officers involved received formal disciplinary action, and the former union president was fired by Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler. In March 2022, Hardesty was issued a judgment for $16,000 after failing to appear in court on the matter of unpaid credit card debt she had accumulated. The debt was accumulated between two credit card accounts. The judge ordered her to pay the full amount. Hardesty resolved a case with an unknown creditor for $4,400 in unpaid debt in the past. In September 2023, Hardesty settled with the Portland Police Union with Hardesty receiving $680,000 over the claim two police officers who leaked information implicating Hardesty as a hit and run suspect. The police union's insurance carrier decided to offer a settlement. == References == == External links == Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty on City of Portland website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir#:~:text=The%20first%20all%2DIndia%20ijtema,position%20he%20held%20till%201985.	Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir	The Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir or Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir (JIJK) is an Islamic political party based in the city of Srinagar in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is distinct from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. The organisation's stated position on the Kashmir conflict is that Kashmir is a disputed territory and the issue must be sorted as per the UN or through tripartite talks between India, Pakistan and representatives of Kashmir. == Origins == === Reformist roots === The JIJK stemmed from Islamic reformist activities in Kashmir in the late nineteenth century, when Jammu and Kashmir was under Dogra rule. One of the pioneers during this phase was the Mirwaiz of Kashmir, Maulana Rasul Shah, who formed the Anjuman Nusrat ul-Islam ("The Society for the Victory of Islam") in 1899 which aimed to impart both modern and Islamic education, and eliminate what were seen as un-Islamic "innovations" (bida'at) and superstitions that had become part of the popular Sufi practices. The Anjuman activists established the Islamiya High School and the Oriental College in Srinagar. Rashul Shah's successor, Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah, connected Anjuman with other Islamic reformist groups throughout India. He created the Muslim Printing Press, inaugurated two weeklies called al-Islam and Rahnuma, and published the first translation and commentaries of the Quran in the Kashmiri language. The connections with other Indian Muslim groups brought the Ahl-i-Hadith movement to Kashmir. Sayyed Hussain Shah Batku, began a campaign to eradicate innovations in Kashmiri Muslim society. Although this movement failed due to a lack of mass support, it formed a precursor to JIJK's later reformist agenda. === Origins of the Jamaat-e Islami Kashmir === Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir's progenitors came from middle-class families associated with Sufism, who were disillusioned with the secular politics of the National Conference and the Muslim nationalism advocated by the Muslim Conference. They chose to work for Islam advocated by the Islamist ideologue Maulana Maududi, who founded Jamaat-e-Islami in India. The early pioneers included Sa'aduddin Tarabali, who came from the family of Sufi mystic Ahmad Sahib Tarabali. Tarabali influenced many Kashmiri men in Shopian, then a political hub, including Maulana Ghulam Ahmad Ahrar, a member of the Islamic reformist group Majlis-i-Ahrar, who also came from a family of Sufi connections, and Hakim Ghulam Nabi of Pulwama, who came from a family of Pirs. These men were dissatisfied with the contemporary religious practices in Kashmir which they saw as un-Islamic and were also dissatisfied with secular Kashmiri leaders such as Sheikh Abdullah who were deemed to be insufficiently Islamic. The first all-India ijtema of Jamaat-e-Islami was held at Pathankot in 1945, which was attended by four Kashmiris. Sa'aduddin, Qari Saifuddin and Muhammad Hussain Chishti established the Jamaat in Kashmir and thus Sa'aduddin became the amir, a position he held till 1985. Jamia Masjid in Srinagar became the location of Jamaat's weekly meetings as the group distributed Maududi's literature. The Jamaat expanded its presence from Srinagar to other places in the Valley as Qari Saifuddin and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah undertaking travels to spread the Jamaat's message. The Jamaat's first large ijtema was organised in Srinagar in late 1945 which was attended by between seventy and a hundred people including government servants, youth and traders. == History == After the Partition of India, the Jamaat activists based in Srinagar, favoured Jammu and Kashmir to join Pakistan while at that time most Kashmiri Muslims rallied behind Sheikh Abdullah, who was pro-India. The pro-Pakistan constituency provided a base of support for the Jamaat. Soon afterwards, Jammu and Kashmir joined India, spurred by the Pakistani tribal invasion, and Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the prime minister of Kashmir. During 1947–1952, an increasing number of educated youth and low and middle-ranking government servants came to be attracted to the Jamaat, which established a number of schools and expanded its activities in the media and mosques. In 1952 the Jama'at-i-Islami Hind decided to separate its Kashmir branch because of the disputed nature of Jammu and Kashmir. Under the leadership of two committed Jamaat members, Maulana Ahrar and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah, the Jamaat in Kashmir drafted its own constitution which was passed and accepted in November 1953. In October 1954, at a special meeting held in Barzalla, Srinagar, Sa'aduddin was elected as the President of the organisation by a large majority. The Central Advisory Committee held its first meeting two months later. Sa'aduddin spread the work of the JIJK from Kashmir Valley, where it had until then been concentrated, to Jammu. Sa'aduddin was particularly concerned about the Muslims of Jammu as they had suffered communal violence abetted by the Maharaja during Partition and suffered from the feeling of being an insecure minority thereafter. He warned his colleagues in Kashmir that Jammu Muslims needed to be helped otherwise they could be Hinduised in terms of culture and faith. The Jamaat expanded in size considerably in the 1950s. The National Conference's autocratic rule and the perception that it had sold Kashmir's interests to India caused a disillusion with that organisation among Kashmiri youth began enlisting as Jamaat members or came to sympathise with it. As opposition to Indian rule mounted, due to India's failure to uphold its promises to the Kashmiri people, growing Hindu chauvinism, threats to Kashmiri Muslim identity, rigged elections, the failure of the state to provide jobs to an increasing number of educated youth in the public sector and the continued domination of the administrative service by Kashmiri Pandits the Jamaat found an increase in its support. However, the mounting support for the Jamaat was also contributed in part to its advocacy of piety and social Islamisation programs. The Jamaat in particular appealed to lower middle class young men from towns such as Srinagar, Baramulla and Sopore and were typically from the first generation of educated members of their families. This class was disillusioned with the popular Sufism of Kashmiri shrines which they came to see as 'un-Islamic' and also found in the Jamaat a medium for political assertion. The Jamaat's advocacy for both modern and religious education and its community work also appealed to sections of the new generation. The Jamaat sought also to address contemporary political issues. The JIJK became part of debates concerning unity of Muslims, the growing spread of alcohol, increasing corruption in the state's administration, providing fertilizers to farmers, Kashmir's disputed status and the militant Hindu agitation in Jammu for the state's full integration with India. Despite the organisation's growth in the 1950s the group also faced opposition from several sections of Kashmiri Muslim society. Many Sufis associated the group with the 'worldwide nexus' of Wahhabis and considered the Jamaat a threat to their own interests. Despite sharing a common background with the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat encountered opposition with them too as the Ahl-i-Hadith feared that the Jamaat would win over its own support base. The response of the Jamaat to its opponents was tactful. From the 1950s onwards Jamaat attempted to influence Kashmiri opinion through its extensive works in the education sphere and its participation in elections. The Jamaat received funds from donations, members' fees and properties endowed to the organisation by members and sympathisers. By the 1970s the JIJK became a powerful organisation with a membership presence all over the state, particularly in the Kashmir Valley. But the organisation has still remained a largely Kashmiri Muslim group. The JIJK's stronger presence in Anantnag district was due to the high literacy rates in the district, demonstrating the Jamaat's appeal to the educated class. The weaker presence in Srinagar was explained by the presence of the traditional Sufi leadership in that city. The JIJK came to conflict with the Indian state throughout the 1960s since it questioned the legality of India's administration of Jammu and Kashmir and demanded that the matter be solved by a plebiscite in accordance with UN Resolutions. In December 1963 when a holy relic was stolen from the Hazratbal shrine in Srinagar and the movement demanding the relic's recovery turned into a popular agitation for freedom and the demand of self-determination. During this time JIJK participated in voicing this demand and also at the same time prevented Hindu-Muslim communal violence. The Awami Action Committee was setup, where Qari Saifuddin represented the Jamaat, to continue this struggle. The Indian authorities arrested the leaders of the Committee including the Qari. In addition to the event of the relic's theft, corruption, unemployment and poverty in the state contributed to Kashmiri hostility to Indian rule. Due to the JIJK's strident and consistent challenge to the Indian control of the state it earned increasing support from growing numbers of Kashmiri Muslims. == Views on Sufism == The Jamaat's stance to Sufism was relatively moderate compared to that of the Ahl-i-Hadith movement and it even chose to operate within the existing Sufi frameworks to present its teachings as the true teaching of Sufism untainted by added layers of superstition. Qari Saifuddin was himself the chairman of the famous Sufi shrine at Khanyar, Srinagar and translated the works of the fourteenth century Sufi saint Nuruddin Nurani. Sa'aduddin translated Mir Sayyed Ali Hamadani's works from Persian to Urdu and wrote works re-interpreting Sufi practices and ideas to align with the Jamaat's concerns about the proper observance of Shariah. However, despite its relatively moderate stance towards the Sufi shrines, in contrast to the stance of the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat found it could not get popular acceptance due to its attitude against the shrines as it came to be charged of being 'Wahhabi' and 'anti-Sufi'. == Educational works == Sa'aduddin Tarabali realised the importance of the education sector in Kashmir and the organisation was one of the first non-governmental groups to work in this sector. The JIJK established a number of schools, including good ones where both modern and Islamic disciplines were taught. Part of the reason JIJK felt a need to establish its own schools was the feeling that the Indian educational system was threatening Kashmir's Islamic culture. Eventually the JIJK established a presence among teachers and students in colleges in the Kashmir Valley. In 1977 the JIJK created the Islami Jamiat-i-Talaba (The Islamic Union of Students) for student members and sympathisers. In the early 2010s it was estimated that the JIJK ran at least 300 schools with 10,000 teachers and 100,000 students. == Electoral politics == Although the JIJK questioned Indian control over the state it adopted a flexible attitude towards participating in the elections which were held under the framework of the Indian Constitution. This was a tactical compromise as JIJK wanted to employ democratic means to expand its influence and prepare for the gradual acquisition of the government machinery. JIJK justified its participation in the elections as a means to influence the Indian government to resolve the Kashmir dispute. The JIJK fielded some of its members as independent candidates in the local panchayat elections. It also sponsored some candidates for the 1969 local panchayat elections, which were held on a non-party basis, and some of the sponsored contestants managed to be elected. The emergence of the JIJK as a serious oppositional force to the National Conference reflected increasing alienation of common Kashmiris from the National Conference due to its autocratism and the perception that it had collaborated with India to decrease Kashmir's autonomy. The JIJK participated in the 1971 general elections and expected to win some seats. But it failed to win any with charges of widespread rigging. The Central Advisory Committee then decided that JIJK would contest the 1972 elections to the State Assembly. It aimed, through participating in the elections, to challenge the notion that politics and religion are separate. Initially JIJK wished to contest all the State Assembly seats but due to financial constraints contested only 22. Despite its expectation that it would do well it failed to get as many seats as it had hoped due to massive rigging. It won only five seats. The JIJK complained that some of its members were harassed after the elections. The JIJK still saw its electoral participation in a positive light since it expanded their message to a wider audience and successful JIJK candidates took an active role in the State Assembly by opposing proposed un-Islamic laws, arguing in favour of Islamic alternatives and raising the question of Jammu and Kashmir's disputed status, arguing that India had failed to conduct a plebiscite in Kashmir as it had promised. In 1975 the JIJK strongly opposed the Indira-Sheikh Accord and considered it a gross violation of UN Resolutions on the Kashmir issue. The group won only one seat in the 1977 election. Although the 1970s proved to be a phase where the Jamaat's political strength grew the organisation suffered in 1979. In April 1979 General Zia ul Haq seized power and hanged Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Common perception was that the Jamaat-i-Islami of Pakistan was behind this event. Consequently, there were massive anti-Jamaat agitations all over Kashmir. JIJK offices and its members' houses came under attack. These riots lasted three days and property worth 400 million rupees, belonging to the Jamaat and its members, were either destroyed or looted. The Jamaat believed that behind these attacks on it were the leftists who were using Bhutto's hanging to discredit the Jamaat in the Kashmiri society. The Jamaat also blamed some religious leaders opposed to the Jamaat of instigating people to attack it. The Jamaat later contested the 1983 State Assembly election but failed to win a single of the 26 seats it had contested because of alleged massive rigging. The Jamaat contested the elections in 1987 as part of the Muslim United Front which was fought on the platform of advocating the establishment of rule by the Quran and Sunnah. These elections were rigged. On 15 May, 2024, Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir addressed a press conference and said that they are willing to contest the Legislative Elections in Jammu and Kashmir, if ban on the organization is lifted. On August 25, the Majlis-e-Shura (Consultative Body) of JeI held a meeting at Nowgam, Srinagar and decided to field its members as independent candidates after the Election Commission of India announced the polls, first time in a decade, for UT of J&K. This was the re-entry of Jamaat in electoral arena, after 37 years. The Jamaat fielded 3 of its members, namely, Dr. Talat Majid, Sayar Ahmad Reshi and Nazir Ahmad Bhat as independents in Pulwama, Kulgam and Devsar constituencies respectively and is fielding more than 10 of its members in the 2nd and 3rd phase of the UT election, though it did not win any seat. == Separatism and insurgency == Increasing anti-Indian protests took place in Kashmir in the 1980s. The Soviet-Afghan jihad and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were becoming sources of inspiration for large numbers of Kashmiri Muslim youth. The state authorities tried to talk to them on the economic demands but they resorted to violence. Both the pro-Independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and the pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including JIJK mobilised the fast growing anti-Indian sentiment among the Kashmiri population. Although the Jamaat held the view that Kashmir was disputed territory it continued until the late 1980s to insist on using talks, rather than armed insurrection, to resolve the issue. In 1979 Qari Saifuddin said that the JIJK 'has always desired that the Kashmir issue should be resolved through constitutional means and dialogue'. In 1980 the Indian Supreme Court sentenced JKLF leader Maqbool Butt to death and large protests took place in Kashmir against this decision. While Butt came to be considered a hero by the Kashmiri masses the JIJK urged restraint. JIJK leaders believed that Butt should be allowed to defend himself but at the same time asserted that they were bound by the Constitution and wanted to resolve issues through democratic methods. The Jamaat disapproved of Maqbool's resort to arms and did not call him a 'shahid' (martyr) although it did express reserved admiration for him. In 1986 some members of the JKLF crossed over to Pakistan to receive arms training but the JIJK, which saw Kashmiri nationalism as contradicting Islamic universalism and its own desire for merging with Pakistan, did not support the JKLF movement. As late as that year, Jamaat member Syed Ali Shah Geelani, who later became a supporter of Kashmir's armed revolt, urged that the solution for the Kashmir issue be arrived at through peaceful and democratic means. By 1990 the JIJK and many other Kashmiri groups had changed their position of advocating peaceful struggle and joined with JKLF in advocating the route of an armed anti-Indian revolt. Reasons for this included increasing repression by the Indian state and the realisation that if it did not join the armed struggle it could lose its popularity to the JKLF. The Jamaat was banned in 1990. The Falah-e-Aam Trust was created in 1988 to run JEI schools following a ban on the JIK. Students from the schools were often recruited for arms training in Pakistan and "infiltrated back to carry on their subversive activity" (according to J&K Insights quoted by Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium). In 1989 Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) was adopted as the group's "militant wing" allegedly under the influence of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence. In 1990 a chief commander of HM pronounced HM the "sword arm of the Jammat". By the mid-1990s Pakistani support to the JKLF ceased and the Pakistani support was increasingly given to pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including the Jamaat which sidelined the Kashmiri nationalist groups. The participation in the armed struggle proved costly for the Jamaat. The organisation lost hundreds, possibly thousands, of members in counter-insurgency operations by Indian security forces. Consequently, the Jamaat is calling for a political method to resolve the Kashmir issue. == Ban == In February 2019 the organisation was banned for a five-year period under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. The notification stated that the Jamaat was in close touch with militant organisations and was expected to "escalate its subversive activities" including attempts to carve an Islamic State out of the territory of India. Prior to the ban, 300 members of the organisation, including its leaders, were arrested under preventive detention laws and raids were conducted. The Jamaat leaders were said to have been "mystified" by the crackdown and claimed that the organisation's work was "in the open". The tribunal constituted by the Home Ministry upheld the ban, after examining substantial number of documents and depositions by witnesses. The judge agreed that the organisation had been indulging in unlawful activities that threatened the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India. The Inspector General of Police submitted an affidavit stating that the organisation had begun to follow directions from Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, had patronised the banned terror organisation Hizbul Mujahideen, and was intrinsically linked with the United Jihad Council, the Pakistan-based umbrella organisation of terrorist outfits. On 27 February 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs in India extended the ban on Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) Jammu and Kashmir for five more years. The organisation was declared an "unlawful association" under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967, citing activities deemed prejudicial to national security and territorial integrity. The Indian government provided a list of 47 cases registered against the Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir (JeI J&K) organization. This included an National Investigation Agency case highlighting the organisation's collection of funds intended to promote violent and secessionist activities. The NIA chargesheet further revealed that these funds were allegedly used by operatives of terrorist groups, such as Hizbul Mujahideen and Lashkar-e-Taiba, to incite public unrest and spread communal tension. The government asserted that JeI J&K maintains close ties with militant groups and actively supports extremism and militancy within Jammu & Kashmir, as well as other parts of India. == References == == Bibliography == Sikand, Yoginder (July 2002), "The Emergence and Development of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990)", Modern Asian Studies, 36 (3): 705–751, doi:10.1017/S0026749X02003062, ISSN 1469-8099, S2CID 145586329
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Trebek	Alex Trebek	George Alexander Trebek (; July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian and American game show host and television personality. Regarded as a pop culture icon, he was best known for hosting the syndicated quiz show Jeopardy! for 37 seasons from its revival in 1984 until his death in 2020. Trebek also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth. He made appearances, usually as himself, in numerous films and television series. A native of Canada, Trebek became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. For his work on Jeopardy!, Trebek received the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host eight times. He died on November 8, 2020, at the age of 80, after 20 months with stage IV pancreatic cancer. At the time of his death, Trebek had been contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022. == Early life == George Alexander Trebek was born on July 22, 1940, in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the son of George Edward Trebek (born Terebeychuk, Ukrainian: Теребейчу́к), a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child (and spent a portion of his formative years in Japan) and Lucille Marie Lagacé (April 14, 1921 – 2016), a Franco-Ontarian. Trebek's second nickname, Sai, originated from his father's time in Japan. Trebek had roots in Renfrew County, Ontario, where his maternal grandmother was born in Mount St. Patrick near Renfrew. Trebek grew up in a bilingual French-English household. He was almost expelled from boarding school. Shortly afterwards, Trebek attended a military college in Quebec, but dropped out when he was asked to shave his head. Trebek's first job at age 13 was as a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef. Trebek attended Sudbury High School (now Sudbury Secondary School) and then attended the University of Ottawa. He graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961. While a university student, Trebek was a member of the English Debating Society. At the time, he was interested in a broadcast news career. == Broadcasting career == === CBC === Before completing his degree, Trebek began his career in 1961 working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. According to Trebek, "I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job." He would eventually read the CBC national radio news and cover a wide range of special events for CBC Radio and CBC Television, including curling and horse racing. Trebek's first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963. In 1966, he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top. From 1967 to 1970, Trebek was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould. For one or two seasons, he hosted a weekly skating program. Starting on April 1, 1969, Trebek also hosted Strategy, a weekday afternoon game show. From 1971 until the end of 1972, he hosted I'm Here Til 9, the local morning drive radio show on CBC Toronto. In 1971, Trebek was one of several to have been shortlisted to succeed Ward Cornell as host of Hockey Night in Canada. Although Trebek was the preferred choice of executive producer Ralph Mellanby, based on his audition and other CBC roles, Mellanby stated in 2020 that he ultimately chose Dave Hodge instead, because his boss did not want someone with a mustache to host Hockey Night. === Game shows === In 1973, Trebek moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds. A year later Trebek hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80) and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76). In between stints as host of High Rollers, Trebek hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name). Double Dare turned out to be Trebek's only game show with the CBS network (he returned there in 1994 to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto. Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, Trebek became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which coincidentally premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States. Trebek's francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe. In this show, Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout. Like other hosts of the day, Trebek made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows. One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks in 1980. Trebek and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Tom Kennedy, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a 3-week-long round-robin tournament for charity. Trebek won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals. Trebek also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least in 1978. Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances. Trebek also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell. The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers. After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, Trebek moved on to Battlestars for NBC. The series debuted in October 1981 and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air. In September 1981, Trebek took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as Trebek had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978. Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt. As a result, Trebek was never paid for that series. After both series ended, he hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after 13 weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producer Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin. The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring Trebek with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell. For Griffin, (who was ultimately encouraged to hire Trebek by Lucille Ball) he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy! when original host Art Fleming (a friend of Trebek's) declined to return to the role owing to creative differences. This revival sold, and Trebek began hosting it in 1984 and remained the host until his death in 2020. His final episode hosting Jeopardy! was to air on Christmas Day 2020; however, Sony announced on November 23, 2020, that the air dates of Trebek's final week would be postponed, with episodes scheduled for the week of December 21–25 being postponed to January 4–8, 2021, due to the delay caused by the cancellation of most November production dates and pre-emptions caused by holiday week specials and shorts. Following Trebek's death, a series of guest hosts filled in for Trebek for the remainder of season 37 of Jeopardy! (his final season). On July 27, 2022, it was announced that Mayim Bialik and Ken Jennings would succeed Trebek as the permanent hosts of Jeopardy! after alternating in multi-week stints for the remainder of the show's 38th season after Mike Richards (the show's then-executive producer who briefly succeeded Trebek as host of the program) was let go after taping a week's worth of episodes after various controversies came to light. In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, Trebek returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration, his second show for Mark Goodson. Trebek hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode (NBC would air repeats until 1993). In 1991, he made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when Trebek took over from Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth for Goodson-Todman, which Trebek hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991. In 1994, Trebek returned to the CBS network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998. Trebek and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997. Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy! and Trebek hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as Trebek's co-host. Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities. Trebek appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005 and came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines. On June 24, 2018, Trebek returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth. He hosted a Jeopardy! primetime special event titled The Greatest of All Time on ABC in January 2020, pitting the highest money winners in the show's history, Brad Rutter, Ken Jennings, and James Holzhauer, against each other. === Other appearances === Trebek made multiple guest appearances on other television shows, ranging from Jimmy Kimmel Live! in 2008 and 2011 to The Colbert Report series finale. In August 1995, during a return to his broadcast-news roots, Trebek filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America. Trebek was also a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two "Men in Black" (human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space", which first aired on April 12, 1996. On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented Trebek with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time. He has also appeared in multiple television commercials. On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race, between Democrat Tom Wolf and Republican Scott Wagner. According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format. Trebek dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it, often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss their stances on political issues. Trebek also made remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. He later apologized for his performance, stating that he was "naive" and "misunderstood" the role of a moderator. "I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love," Trebek said. Trebek was interviewed by Michael Strahan for an ABC special chronicling Jeopardy! and his career (produced to promote Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time), which aired January 2, 2020. On October 6, 2020, Trebek made a cameo appearance in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, announcing the Ottawa Senators' third-overall draft pick, Tim Stützle, in the style of a Jeopardy! question. == Personal life == Trebek married broadcaster Elaine Callei in 1974. They had no children, although he adopted Callei's daughter Nicky. The couple divorced in 1981. In 1990, Trebek married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York. They had two children, Matthew and Emily. In 1996, Trebek ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States two years later. On January 30, 2004, Trebek escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pickup truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento. The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet (14 m) over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch. Trebek was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy! four days later. Trebek owned and managed a 700-acre (280 ha) ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred racehorses. Trebek's colt, Reba's Gold, is the stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold. He sold the operation in 2008, and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms. In a 2018 interview with Vulture, Trebek said that he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings. Trebek stated that he believed in God as a Christian. During a 2018 gubernatorial debate, Trebek said that he was raised Catholic during his childhood and adolescence. === Philanthropy and activism === Trebek was a longtime philanthropist and activist. He was active with multiple charities, including World Vision Canada, United Service Organizations and the United Negro College Fund. For World Vision, Trebek travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world. He and the Jeopardy! crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995, appearing on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops. While genuinely supportive of the cause throughout his life, Trebek has said that he believes he initially got involved with the UNCF in the 1980s because — due to the afro, mustache, and "very dark tan" that he sported at the time — Trebek was often confused for being a Black man and so was invited to take part in the organization's telethons. Trebek also donated 74 acres (30 ha) of open land in the Hollywood Hills to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy in 1998. He was later awarded one of the American Foundation for the Blind's six yearly Access Awards for his role in accommodating Jeopardy! champion Eddie Timanus. Trebek hosted the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada. He hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States for 25 years, stepping down in 2013. He also served on the advisory board of U.S. English, an organization that supports making English the official language of the United States. In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is "to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests speakers from around the world." His gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek. In 2017, he funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership. By October 2020, Trebek's contributions to the University of Ottawa totaled around $10 million. In March 2020, Trebek donated $100,000 to Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission, a homeless shelter in Los Angeles, which replaced the Skateland skating rink. It was subsequently named the Trebek Center. Trebek owned his own wardrobe, consisting of dozens of outfits and hundreds of neckties. In February 2021, Trebek's son, Matthew, donated the wardrobe to The Doe Fund, in keeping with a statement Trebek had made on his last day of taping. === Health === On December 10, 2007, Trebek experienced a minor heart attack at his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January 2008. Early in the morning on July 26, 2011, Trebek injured his Achilles tendon while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room, requiring six weeks in a cast. Trebek experienced another mild heart attack on June 23, 2012, but was able to return to work the following month. On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy! taping, Trebek was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year. The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma. Trebek underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day. On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy! announced that Trebek had been suffering from the fall. He required a short medical leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018. In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, Trebek floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of his leaving Jeopardy! in 2020 were 50/50 "and a little less". Trebek added that he might continue if he is "not making too many mistakes" but would make an "intelligent decision" as to when he should give up the emcee role. In October 2018, Trebek signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022, stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable. ==== Pancreatic cancer and death ==== On March 6, 2019, aged 78, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. Trebek had been experiencing a persistent stomach ache before the diagnosis, but he did not recognize it as a symptom of the disease. In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, Trebek noted that his prognosis was poor but stated that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy! for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years. Trebek updated the situation two months later, stating that he was responding exceptionally well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; Trebek credited the prayers and well wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results and planned to undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy. He finished that round of chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019. Follow-up immunotherapy was ineffective, and Trebek resumed chemotherapy in September. On October 4, 2019, in an interview with CTV's Chief Anchor and Senior Editor Lisa LaFlamme, Trebek said: "I'm not afraid of dying" and "I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life... [I]f it happens, why should I be afraid [of] that?" In the same interview, Trebek noted that sores in his mouth, a side effect from the chemotherapy, were interfering with his ability to speak, noting that "there will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say, 'It's okay.'" In a December 2019 interview with ABC News, Trebek stated that he would begin looking at experimental treatments and chemotherapies, and that despite periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects. Trebek also stated that he had already prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis. In March 2020, Trebek announced that he had survived one year of cancer treatment (noting that the one-year survival rate was 18%) and that, though the chemotherapy treatments were often worse than the cancer symptoms themselves, Trebek was confident that he would survive another year despite a 7% survival rate, saying that ending treatment would be a "betrayal" to his family, supporters, and to the God in whom he had faith along with the many prayers said on his behalf. As a precautionary measure, Jeopardy! initially taped episodes without a studio audience, as protection from the COVID-19 pandemic; Trebek, because of both his age and his condition, was particularly at risk of death from the particular variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulating. Soon afterward, production of the show was suspended altogether. The show resumed taping in August, in time for the season 37 premiere. On July 16, 2020, Trebek gave an update regarding his cancer. Trebek said that while he still felt fatigued, the chemotherapy was "paying off." Trebek also stated that he was looking forward to taping again. Five days later, Trebek published his memoir: The Answer Is...: Reflections on My Life. Trebek underwent surgery related to his cancer treatment in October. Trebek returned to the show two weeks after the surgery, but he was unable to handle his full workload due to pain from the surgery and had to split his usual five-episode taping session over two days; these five episodes would be Trebek's last. He taped his final episode on October 29, 2020, just 10 days before his death. On November 8, Ken Jennings was called in to substitute host for Trebek for what was initially expected to be a temporary replacement while Trebek recovered from the surgery; that same day, Trebek died at his home in Los Angeles at age 80, after 20 months fighting pancreatic cancer. It was the same illness that affected his predecessor and the original host of Jeopardy! Art Fleming, who died a little over 25 years earlier. Trebek's death became major headlines around the world, which also led some of the Big Three networks to break their regular programming for special report coverage in the United States. His remains were cremated and his ashes were given to his wife. Trebek's estate was liquidated in an estate sale in April 2022 as his daughter prepared to sell his home in Studio City. == Legacy == Shortly after Trebek's death, Jeopardy! contestant and future host Ken Jennings, then-Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Wheel of Fortune hosts Pat Sajak and Vanna White were among those who paid tribute. On the November 9, 2020, episode of Jeopardy!, as a tribute to Trebek, then-executive producer of both Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, Mike Richards, visibly emotional, opened the show with this statement: I'm Mike Richards, the executive producer of Jeopardy! Over the weekend, we lost our beloved host Alex Trebek. This is an enormous loss for our staff and crew, for his family, and for his millions of fans. He loved this show and everything it stood for. In fact, he taped his final episodes less than two weeks ago. He will forever be an inspiration for his constant desire to learn, his kindness, and for his love of his family. We will air his final 35 episodes as they were shot. That's what he wanted. On behalf of everyone here at Jeopardy!, thank you for everything, Alex. This is Jeopardy! The lights on the set then dimmed blue in remembrance. After each posthumous episode in season 37, a screen read, "Dedicated to Alex Trebek. Forever in our hearts. Always our inspiration." On the first anniversary of Trebek's death, which was also the day that the first episode Ken Jennings hosted in season 38 was aired, a different title card read, "Alex Trebek, July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020. You are missed every day." On the second anniversary of his death, Trebek was honored in a category entitled "Remembering Alex Trebek" during the Jeopardy! Round of the 2022 Tournament of Champions special exhibition episode of Jeopardy! Since Trebek's death, various television networks aired their own tributes to him such as MeTV (which played "What Is... Cliff Clavin?" and "Mama on Jeopardy!", two episodes of the classic 1980s sitcoms Cheers and Mama's Family respectively in which Jeopardy! was a plot device), Buzzr (which aired episodes of shows Trebek guest starred in such as Card Sharks or hosted such as Classic Concentration and To Tell the Truth in the Fremantle library) and Game Show Network (which aired a Jeopardy! marathon). On the premiere episode of the rebooted American version of The Chase, where Jeopardy! champions James Holzhauer, Brad Rutter, and Ken Jennings were chasers, host Sara Haines paid tribute to Trebek at the start of the show. Trebek's final episode of Jeopardy! aired on January 8, 2021, concluding with a 90-second tribute to Trebek. On August 19, 2021, the Jeopardy! stage was renamed "The Alex Trebek Stage", with his family present at the dedication. The United States Postal Service honored Trebek with a commemorative stamp honoring both the 60th anniversary of the Jeopardy! franchise and Trebek's naturalized American citizenship, with the stamp officially released on July 22, 2024, on what would have been Trebek's 84th birthday. == Work == === Filmography === ==== Shows hosted ==== 1963–1964: Music Hop (CBC) 1964: Vacation Time – co-host (CBC) 1966–1970: CBC Championship Curling – announcer (CBC) 1966–1973: Reach for the Top (CBC) 1969: Barris & Company – co-host/announcer (pilot) (CBC) 1969: Strategy (CBC) 1971: Pick and Choose (CBC) 1972: Outside/Inside (CBC) 1973: TGIF – announcer (CBC) 1973: The Wizard of Odds (NBC) 1974–1976, 1978–1980: High Rollers (NBC) 1976–1977: Double Dare (CBS) 1976–1980: Stars on Ice (CTV) 1977–1978: The $128,000 Question 1980–1981: Wall $treet 1981–1982: Pitfall 1981–1983: Battlestars 1983: Malcolm (pilot) 1983: Starcade (pilot) 1984–2021: Jeopardy! (posthumous, November 9, 2020 to January 8, 2021 episodes) 1985: Lucky Numbers (pilot) 1987: Second Guess (unsold pilot) 1987: VTV-Value Television – co-host with Meredith MacRae 1987–1991: Classic Concentration 1989–2013: The National Geographic Bee national finals 1990: Super Jeopardy! 1991: To Tell the Truth (1990–1991) – from February to May 1991 1993: The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage – Canadian-produced show highlighting brave individuals 1996–1998: The Pillsbury Bake-Off 1997: Wheel of Fortune – April Fools' Day episode (also a substitute host in August 1980) 1999: Live from the Hollywood Bowl – annual live broadcast 2017: Game Changers – host and executive producer 2020: Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time ==== Acting ==== 1987: Mama's Family – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 4.19 – "Mama on Jeopardy!") 1988: For Keeps – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1988: Rain Man – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1990: Cheers – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.14 – "What Is... Cliff Clavin?") 1990: Predator 2 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice) 1990: The Earth Day Special – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1991: WrestleMania VII – as himself, a ring announcer and interviewer 1992: The Golden Girls – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 7.16 – "Questions and Answers") 1992: White Men Can't Jump – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1993: Short Cuts – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1993: Groundhog Day – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! show #1656 1993: The Larry Sanders Show – as himself, the minister who marries Hank Kingsley (episode 2.15 – "Hank's Wedding") 1993: Rugrats – as Alan Quebec, the host of "Super Stumpers" (episode 2.37 – "Game Show Didi") 1995: The Nanny – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 3.2 – "Franny and the Professor") 1995: Beverly Hills, 90210 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1995: Blossom – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 5.14 – "Who's Not on First") 1995: Jury Duty – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked "incredibly" like himself (episode: "Jose Chung's From Outer Space") 1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.9 – "The Abstinence") 1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – "Shows and Tells") 1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1997: Ned and Stacey – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (Voice) 1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 9.8 – "Swept Away") 1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice) 1998: Mafia! – himself, riding on a parade float 2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Saturday Night Live – himself 2000: Arthur – as Alex Lebek, the host of Riddle Quest 2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes) 2002: Saturday Night Live – himself 2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "I Take Thee Quagmire" (voice) 2007: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice) 2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "False Positive" 2012: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Penny-Wiseguys" (Voice) 2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "P.S. I Love You" 2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video. 2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger Alex Trebek 2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video. 2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, "the man who knows all the answers", in Santa's sleigh 2015: The Amazing Race Canada 3 – as himself/Sudbury Pit Stop greeter 2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself 2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself 2020: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver – as himself 2020: 2020 NHL Entry Draft – as himself 2020: Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Total Jeopardy" (voice, posthumous release) 2021: Free Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (final film role, posthumous) === Bibliography === Alex Trebek (July 21, 2020). The Answer Is...: Reflections on My Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982158002. == Accolades == In 1997, Trebek was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the university (D.Univ) from the University of Ottawa. In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, he received a great deal of recognition. Trebek received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto. He was also awarded eight Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2019, 2020, and 2021) and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price). On November 4, 2010, Trebek received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's gold medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography. Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998). In 2016, Trebek was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society; in that capacity, he was present at the opening of the RCGS's new headquarters in 2018. In 2011, it was announced that Trebek would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards. That same year, he received an Honorary Doctorate from Fordham University. Since June 13, 2014, Trebek has held a Guinness World Record for "the most game show episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!, overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker. On May 4, 2015, Trebek's alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honor, as a benefactor to the university. In May 2016, Trebek was given the Key to the City by the City of Ottawa. On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by then-Governor General David Johnston for "his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy." On June 28, 2019, Trebek was awarded the 2019 Americanism Award by the Daughters of the American Revolution. On January 7, 2020, Trebek and his wife Jean were awarded the Fordham Founder's Award at Fordham University. In December 2019, Trebek was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award for the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Although the ceremony was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the award was presented to Trebek in a recorded acceptance speech, which the academy released to social media platforms in January 2021 to coincide with the broadcast of Trebek's last episode of Jeopardy! In July 2021, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographical Society announced a grant program called The Trebek Initiative, whose goal is to promote emerging Canadian explorers, scientists, educators and photographers. A month later, artist Kevin Ledo created a mural memorializing Trebek on the outer wall of Sudbury Secondary School, where Trebek had attended high school, as part of the Up Here Festival. On August 19, 2021, prior to the start of Jeopardy! season 38 taping, Sony Pictures Studios sound stage Studio 10 was officially renamed as "The Alex Trebek Stage". On September 29, 2022, Trebek was posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the Jeopardy! Hall of Fame at the first Jeopardy! Honors event. His widow, Jean, accepted the award on his behalf. In November 2023, Trebek's widow Jean, alongside television personality Katie Couric (who served as a guest host on Jeopardy! in March 2021 following Trebek's death) launched "The Alex Trebek Fund" in his honor in partnership with Stand Up to Cancer, to support scientists working on improving screening and treatment options for pancreatic cancer. On June 21, 2024, the U.S. Postal Service announced that it will issue a first-class Forever stamp honoring Trebek, which was released on July 22, 2024, on what would have been his 84th birthday. The stamp's design is in the form of a Jeopardy!-style question. == Notes == == References == == External links == Alex Trebek at IMDb Alex Trebek at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Alex Trebek discography at Discogs Jeopardy! web page
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_Marrack	Philippa Marrack	Philippa Marrack, FRS (born 28 June 1945) is an English immunologist and academic, based in the United States, best known for her research and discoveries pertaining to T cells. Marrack is the Ida and Cecil Green Professor and chair of the Department of Biomedical Research at National Jewish Health and a distinguished professor of immunology and microbiology at the University of Colorado Denver. == Biography == Marrack was born in Ewell, England on 28 June 1945. Born in England, she maintains her British and American citizenship currently. Marrack's father served in the Royal Navy, so her family moved frequently throughout her childhood. Marrack notes that the longest she lived in one place during her early years was in Cambridge where she began pursuing her undergraduate degree. After attending Cambridge University, Marrack moved to the United States to complete postdoctoral work and research. In the United States she met her lifelong partner and husband, John W. Kappler. They have completed much research and accomplished many advancements in the fields of immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Marrack and Kappler have two children together. Outside of science, Philippa Marrack enjoys playing the piano, as well as running along the Platte River with her Labradors. == Education == Marrack completed both undergraduate (1967) and Ph.D. (1970) at Cambridge University in New Hall, Cambridge. During her Ph.D., Marrack worked at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology with Alan Munro, where she began to study the differences between T cells and B cells. Alan Munro became her thesis advisor; she became the graduate student that worked with him due to his interest in working with a relative of John Marrack. John Marrack was Philippa Marrack's grandfather's brother, and a very well-known immunologist in the 1930s. Marrack notes that he indirectly influenced her to pursue the study of immunology. Marrack then moved to La Jolla, San Diego with her first husband and completed postdoctoral work with Richard Dutton at the University of California, San Diego. She credits Dutton as having a tremendous impact on her career during her fellowship, as he taught her how to write, lecture, and run a lab, as well as how to think critically. == Career == Marrack met her lifelong partner and current husband, John W. Kappler, as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Diego. Her first faculty position was at the University of Rochester, where she taught an undergraduate immunology course. The pair launched a joint lab at the University of Rochester. At the same time, she received independent funding from the American Heart Association and American Cancer Society to study T cells. Marrack obtained an associate professorship at the University of Rochester, followed by faculty positions at the National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado and the University of Colorado Denver. She was also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. Throughout her career, Marrack has published over 300 peer-reviewed journal articles. Her numerous citations and journal articles places her as the third most influential researcher in the nation and distinguishes her as top female researcher. == Research interests == In 1983 while working in the labs at the National Jewish Health in Denver, Colorado, Philippa Marrack and her husband and research partner, John Kappler, discovered and isolated the T cell receptor, together with Ellis Reinherz and James Allison. Resulting from this research, in 1987 Marrack discovered how the immune system is capable of molecular discrimination, as the human body can get rid of T cells that target the body's own tissues, destroying them in the thymus before they have a chance to cause problems, yet the body retains the cells that combat invaders. She learned that destructive cells that fail to be destroyed can cause autoimmune diseases like AIDS, diabetes, Multiple sclerosis, and lupus. This foundational work on immunological tolerance by Marrack and Kappler led to their later discovery in 1990 of superantigens: powerful toxins that stimulate a large amounts of T-cell proliferation and can cause devastating immune response and violent symptoms such as those seen in toxic shock syndrome or food poisoning. Marrack's current research projects focus on why certain autoimmune diseases, like lupus or Multiple sclerosis, are more prevalent in women than in men. Marrack and Kappler have recently discovered a population of B cells that may account for some of this observation. Her pioneering and revolutionary work isolating the T-cell receptor and describing how T cells protect against infection, drive autoimmune and allergic diseases, and play a possible role in rejection of cancers, has contributed greatly to the current understanding of vaccines, HIV, and immune disorders in the medical field. == Professional activities == Marrack has served on editorial boards and many scientific journals including Cell, Science, and the Journal of Immunology. She has also served on various boards and panels for the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health, and the Burroughs Welcome Fund. From 1986 to 2017, Marrack was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. From 1995 to 2002, Marrack served on the American Association of Immunologists Council and served as president of the American Association of Immunologists (AAI) from 2000 to 2001. She has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States since 1989 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in Great Britain since 1997. She is also the current Ida and Cecil Green professor and chair of the Department of Biomedical Research at National Jewish Health and a distinguished professor at the University of Colorado Denver. She joined the faculties of National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in 1979. == Honors and awards == 1990 – Feodor Lynen Medal for Special Achievement and Distinguished Service 1990 – Royal Society Wellcome Foundation Prize 1991 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1992 – The Ernst W. Bertner Memorial Award (MD Anderson Cancer Center) 1993 – Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award 1993 – Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1994 – Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (Columbia University) 1995 – Behring-Heidelberger Lecture Award 1995 – FASEB Excellence in Science Award 1995 – The Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (Columbia University) 1996 – Dickson Prize in Medicine (University of Pittsburgh) 1996 – Honorary Doctorate of Sciences, Macalester College 1998 – The Rabbi Shai Shacknai Memorial Prize 1999 – Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Award 1999 – Howard Taylor Ricketts Prize (University of Chicago) 2000 – Lifetime Achievement Award, American Association of Immunologists 2001 – Irvington Institute Scientific Leadership Award in Immunology 2002 – Member, The Academy of Medical Sciences 2003 – American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award 2003 – Faculty Ambassador Award, National Jewish Health 2004 – Bonfils Stanton Award for Science 2004 – L'Oreal UNESCO Women in Science Award 2004 – National Jewish Health Abraham J. Kauvar Presidential Award 2004 – University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Mentoring Award 2005 – Pearl Meister Greengard Prize 2006 – Avery-Landsteiner Prize 2008 – Elected member, National Academy of Medicine 2010 – Inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame 2015 – Wolf Prize in Medicine 2015 – Inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame 2016 – Novartis Prize for Basic Immunology 2019 – Clarivate Citation Laureate 2024 - Recipient of an honorary degree from Rockefeller University == References == == Further reading == HHMI Profile of work Archived 3 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine "Becoming a Scientist" Archived 10 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Philippa Marrack, HHMI Christine Bahls, "Philippa Marrack", 'The Scientist' v.18, n.6, p. 13 (2004). "Profile: Philippa Marrack", Nature Medicine, v.10, n.12. Oral History of Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. (AAI ‘74, president 2000–2001), https://vimeo.com/64907450 == External links == KM lab website Archived 14 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Holland	William II of Holland	William II (February 1227 – 28 January 1256) was the Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1234 until his death. He was elected anti-king of Germany in 1248 and ruled as sole king from 1254 onwards. == Early life == William was the eldest son and heir of Count Floris IV of Holland and Matilda of Brabant. When his father was killed at a tournament at Corbie, William was only seven years old. His paternal uncles William and Otto, bishop of Utrecht, were his guardians until 1239. == Kingship == With the help of his maternal uncle Duke Henry II of Brabant and the Cologne archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, William was elected king of Germany after Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV. He succeeded Landgrave Henry Raspe of Thuringia who had died within a year after his election as anti-king in 1246. The next year, William decided to extend his father's hunting residence to a palace which met his new status. This would later be called the Binnenhof (Inner Court) and was the beginning of the city of The Hague. Meanwhile, after a siege of five months, William besieged Aachen for six months before capturing it from Frederick's followers. Only then could he be crowned as king by Archbishop Konrad of Cologne. He gained a certain amount of theoretical support from some of the German princes after his marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of the Welf duke Otto of Brunswick-Lüneburg, on 25 January 1252. He was elected as King of the Romans a second time on 25 March 1252 at Brunswick. The electors were the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz and Trier, the Margrave of Brandenburg and the Duke of Saxony. The Count Palatine Otto II, who was also Duke of Bavaria, was excluded from taking part in the election on the ground that, as a supporter of Conrad IV, he was under sentence of excommunication. After the election, the King of Bohemia sent ambassadors conveying his consent to it. However, although "William lacked neither courage nor chivalrous qualities... his power never extended beyond the Rhineland." In his home county, William fought with Countess Margaret II of Flanders for control of Zeeland. As king of Germany, he made himself count of Zeeland. In July 1253, he defeated the Flemish army at Westkapelle (in modern-day Belgium) and a year later a pause in hostilities followed. His anti-Flemish policy worsened his relationship with France. From 1254 to his death he fought a number of wars against the West Frisians. He built some strong castles in Heemskerk and Haarlem and created roads for the war against the Frisians. William gave city rights to Haarlem, Delft, 's-Gravenzande and Alkmaar. According to the Annales Wormatienses, on 10 November 1255 William "eliminated the rights of citizens who are called Pfahlbürger so that among other restrictions, none of the cities were permitted to have them or receive them"; a later scribe added a gloss to clarify that the Pfahlburgers "were citizens who were not resident in the city". == Marriage and issue == William married Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg, daughter of Otto the Child, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, in 1252. They had a son, Floris V (1254 – 1296). == Death == In battle near Hoogwoud on 28 January 1256, William tried to traverse a frozen lake by himself, because he was lost, but his horse fell through the ice. In this vulnerable position, William was killed by the Frisians, who secretly buried him under the floor of a house. His body was recovered 26 years later by his son Floris V, who took terrible vengeance on the West-Frisians. William was then buried in Middelburg. Contemporary sources, including the chronicle of Melis Stoke, portray William as an Arthurian hero. A golden statue of William can be found on the Binnenhof in The Hague, the inner court of the parliamentary complex of the Netherlands. == See also == Counts of Holland family tree == References == == External links == Media related to William II, Count of Holland at Wikimedia Commons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-headed_duck	White-headed duck	The white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) is a small diving duck some 45 cm (18 in) long. The male has a white head with black crown, a blue bill, and reddish-grey plumage. The female has a dark bill and rather duller colouring. Its breeding habitat is lakes with open water and dense vegetation at the margin. It dives under water and feeds on aquatic vegetation as well as some animal matter. It is more likely to swim away from a perceived threat than to fly. This duck is known from Spain, North Africa, Western Asia and Central Asia. Populations are declining, mostly due to loss of habitat and pollution, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's status as "endangered". == Taxonomy and systematics == The white-headed duck was originally described as Anas leucocephala by Giovani Antonio Scopoli in 1769. It is currently in the genus Oxyura. Other generic synonyms used in the past include Erismatura, Cerconectes, Gymnura, Undina, Bythonessa, Plectrura, and Pervicauda. Other junior synonyms for the species include Anas mersa, Anas vindila, Anas ruthenica, and Oxyura unifasciata. Its scientific name comes from the Greek Oxyura (from oxus, "sharp", and oura, "tail") and leucocephala (from leukos, "white" and kephalos, "head". The common name white-headed duck, like the specific name, refers to its white head. It interbreeds with other species in its genus, such as the ruddy duck. The hybrids are fully fertile and capable of having viable offspring with both parent species. The species is monotypic. Different populations of the white-headed duck do not display significant genetic differences. However, some studies have found that they do display morphological differences, with western populations being larger in size, having darker ventral coloration, and males having more yellow feathers on their back. Dark phase birds have only been found in the western populations. In the genus Oxyura, it is generally thought to be related most closely to Maccoa duck. Some studies have also found that these two species form a clade with the blue-billed duck, although this is disputed and species relations between Oxyura ducks are unresolved. == Description == Adult males have a grey and reddish body, a blue bill and a largely white head with a black cap and neck. Adult females have a grey-brown body with a white face and a darker bill, cap, and cheek stripe. Length is 43–48 cm (17–19 in) and weight is 580–750 g (1.28–1.65 lb). == Distribution and habitat == This duck breeds in Spain and North Africa, with a larger population in western and central Asia. Their breeding habitat is large tracts of open water, such as lakes and ponds including artificial water bodies, with dense stands of aquatic plants to provide shelter and nesting sites. Individuals are fairly frequently reported well north of their breeding range, but as with many wildfowl, the status of these extralimital records is clouded by the possibility of escapes from collections. == Behaviour and ecology == === Diet === These birds dive and swim under water. They are omnivorous, with vegetable matter predominating. They are reluctant to fly, preferring to swim for cover. == Conservation == This duck is considered endangered due to a large reduction in populations in the last 10 years. Most of this decline is due to habitat loss and hunting, but interbreeding of the Spanish population with the introduced ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) is a more recent threat. This has led to the attempted eradication of the American species from western Europe. The white-headed duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's conservation status as being "endangered". == References == == Further reading == Gantlett, Steve (1993) The status and separation of White-headed Duck and Ruddy Duck Birding World 6(7): 273-281 == External links == ARKive - images and movies of the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) BirdLife Species Factsheet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc.#:~:text=In%201838%2C%20following%20the%20lead,the%20Wood%20River%20Baptist%20Association.	National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.	The National Baptist Convention, USA, more commonly known as the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA or NBC), is a Baptist Christian denomination headquartered at the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tennessee and affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. It is also one of the largest predominantly and traditionally African American churches in the United States, and was the second largest Baptist denomination in the world in 2016. == Name == The official, full name of the Christian denomination is the National Baptist Convention of the United States America, and it has been incorporated as the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. Individuals and organizations affiliated or separate from the denomination commonly refer to it as the National Baptist Convention or National Baptist Convention, USA. == History == === Origins === The root of cooperative efforts amongst black Baptists began in the Antebellum period. Both free blacks and slaves were welcomed into the Baptist movement by missionaries in the First Great Awakening and Second Great Awakening. Independent black Baptist churches were formed in Petersburg, Virginia and Savannah, Georgia before the American Civil War. Under the slave societies of the South, they had to belong to white Baptist associations. Predominantly black congregations were required by law to have white ministers and supervision by law, especially after the slave rebellion of Nat Turner in 1831. The first attempts at wider black Baptist cooperative efforts began with Ohio and Illinois. In 1834, black Baptists in Ohio formed the Providence Baptist Association. In 1838, black Baptists in Illinois formed the Wood River Baptist Association. In 1840, black Baptists developed a cooperative movement beyond state lines. Baptists in New York and the Middle Atlantic states formed the American Baptist Missionary Convention. During the American Civil War in 1864, black Baptists of the West and South organized the Northwestern Baptist Convention and the Southern Baptist Convention. Following the war in 1866, these two conventions met with the American Baptist Convention and formed the Consolidated American Baptist Convention. The new Consolidated American Baptist Convention began with supporting black Baptists in the South in the remains of the Confederacy. After emancipation and with support from the Consolidated Convention, black Baptists formed their own state conventions, originally including Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Despite this work, regionalism continued among black Baptists. In 1873, the black Baptists of the West formed the General Association of the Western States and Territories, and in 1874 the East organized the New England Baptist Missionary Convention. This continued regionalism and other factors caused the decline and eventual demise of the Consolidated American Baptist Convention. According to historian Wilson Fallin Jr., black preachers interpreted the American Civil War as: God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land. === Convention founding === In 1880, about 150 Baptist pastors met in Montgomery, Alabama, forming the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention and electing William H. McAlpine as their president. This formation was somewhat a result of the demise of the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, as this death created a vacuum in mission work. In response to this void, William W. Colley of Virginia, who had served as a missionary to Nigeria under the Southern Baptist Convention during the 1870s, called for black Baptists to meet in Montgomery, Alabama to organize a national convention for extensive foreign missionary work. In 1886, William J. Simmons of Kentucky led the formation of the American National Baptist Convention. In 1893, W. Bishop Johnson of Washington, D.C. led the formation of the National Baptist Education Convention, creating two more conventions. On September 24, 1895 at the Friendship Baptist Church in Atlanta, these three conventions fused into the National Baptist Convention of the United States of America, with the three former conventions serving as the three boards of the convention: foreign missions, home missions, and education. === Convention splits === In 1897, during the Elias Camp Morris administration, a group of National Baptist pastors left the convention and formed the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention. The separation was centered on two issues: the location of the foreign mission board and greater cooperation with White Baptists. During the same administration one year prior, Charles Harrison Mason and Charles Price Jones preached Wesleyan-Holiness doctrine in local Baptist churches, leading to their expulsion; these two would then become the founders of the Church of God in Christ and Church of Christ (Holiness). The second major split came in 1915 over the ownership and operation of the National Baptist Publishing Board. The National Baptist Publishing Board was the most successful agency, led by R. H. Boyd. Leaders and pastors of the convention became suspicious of the actions of the board when they did not receive the reports they thought were due them, and a debate ensued. Those who supported Boyd's view that the board was independent of the convention formed the National Baptist Convention of America. It became known as the Unincorporated Convention (now the National Baptist Convention of America, International). Because of the question of incorporation, leaders who remained in the original convention led a movement to incorporate their organization. The constitution was amended in 1916 and the convention was later incorporated, taking the name of National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. During the Joseph Jackson administration, a third split occurred over tenure and lack of support for the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, known for increased public activism, demonstrations, and protests was highly controversial in many Baptist churches, as ministers often preached spiritual salvation as opposed to political activism. Jackson had supported the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956, but by 1960 told members they should not become involved in civil rights activism. Jackson was a close ally of Chicago's Mayor Richard J. Daley and Chicago Democrats. He opposed the public activism of Martin Luther King Jr. and his aide, the young Jesse Jackson Sr., (no relation to Joseph Jackson). Gardner C. Taylor of New York challenged Jackson for the presidency and lost. After Jackson was re-elected and following a violent dispute at the convention involving one death, a group led by L. Venchael Booth formed a new convention at the Zion Baptist Church in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1961, naming themselves the Progressive National Baptist Convention. They supported the extensive activism of King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference and established ecumenical relations with the American Baptist Churches USA. In 1992, Paul S. Morton of New Orleans, Louisiana formed a fellowship within the convention named the Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship, exploring spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues, prophecy, exclamatory worship, etc. Its leadership later separated completely from the National Baptist Convention, USA after discrimination from the NBC's leadership, becoming one of the largest Full Gospel movements and one of the fastest growing new Baptist denominations in the United States. In 2005, the National Baptist Convention of America, Progressive National Baptists, and National Missionary Baptists created the Joint National Baptist Convention with NBC USA, establishing a joint agenda for African American Baptists. By 2023, the conventions announced another joint session, held in January 2024. During this session, the four conventions were joined by President Dr. Gina Stewart of the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention, who became the first woman pastor to preach during the Joint National Baptist Convention. === Racial reconciliation === From 2015 to 2016, President Jerry Young collaborated with the Southern Baptist Convention on racial reconciliation. Meeting with President Ronnie Floyd of the SBC, 10 pastors from each convention were assembled to discuss race relations; in 2016, Young revealed several difficulties surrounding racial reconciliation to The New York Times, stating: “I’ve never said this to Dr. Floyd, but I’ve had fellows in my own denomination who called me and said: ‘What are you doing? I mean, are you not aware of the history?'” “And I say, obviously I’m aware. They bring up the issue about slavery and that becomes a reason, they say, that we ought not to be involved with the Southern Baptists. Where from my vantage point, that’s reverse racism.” “I do understand the history, and I understand the pain of the past...But what I’m also quite clear about is, if the Gospel does anything at all, the Gospel demands that we not only preach but practice reconciliation.” Floyd, describing 2015 as a "historic year of progress in racial healing," with the SBC and NBC collaborations, succeeds the election of Fred Luter Jr. as the Southern Baptist Convention's first African American president, alongside the adoption of an informal name, "Great Commission Baptists" which gained significant adoption by 2020. === Internal reform === In January 2025, President Boise Kimber's presidential administration began an internal reformation by promoting Christian education, young pastors and other Christian leaders, and women in ministry. At the 2025 Annual Session in September, the NBC hosted its first female preacher as a guest speaker. During the session, Kimber also addressed the National Baptist Convention's commitment to social justice advocacy. == Statistics == According to a census published by the Baptist World Alliance in 2023, it self-reported a total of 21,145 churches and 8,415,100 members, an increase since 2010's 10,358 churches and 5,197,512 members, according to a separate study by the Association of Religion Data Archives. In another study by the World Council of Churches, the NBC had an estimated international membership of 7,500,000. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, its membership was 1,567,741 in 2,530 U.S. churches. Overall, the National Baptist Convention continues to remain one of the largest historically and predominantly African American or Black Christian denominations in the United States; separated bodies, such as the theologically conservative-to-moderate National Baptist Convention of America, have stagnated in membership (2000's 3,500,000 members across roughly 8,000 churches to 2022's 3,500,000 members across 4,000 churches) and the theologically moderate-to-liberal Progressive National Baptist Convention (2009's 1,010,000 members in 1,500 churches to 2022's 1,500,000 members in 1,362 churches) has increased according to the Baptist World Alliance. In contrast, ARDA's 2020 study documented the National Missionary Baptists as the largest predominantly black Baptist denomination in the United States, with the NBC USA second. In 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated 23% of its membership were 65 and older; 36% aged 50–64; 30% aged 30–49; and 11% aged 18–29. In 2007, 14% of the National Baptist Convention's membership were aged 18–29; 35% aged 30–49; 29% aged 50–64; and 21% aged 65 and older. The largest generational group as of 2014 was the Baby boomers (43%); boomers were followed by Generation X (28%). The Silent Generation was the third largest (14%) and Millennials were fourth (13%). From 2007 to 2014, membership of Millennials and Generation X increased, replacing the Silent Generation (at 20% in 2007). Altogether, individuals aged from 18 to 49 made up 41% of the convention, while 59% were aged 50 and up in 2014. An estimated 61% of the National Baptist Convention was made up of women, and 39% men at the 2014 study. Ethnically, the convention remained predominantly African American (99%), with Hispanics and Latino Americans being the second largest group (1%). Less than 1% were White, and less than 1% each were Asian or of another race or ethnicity. Theologically, 90% of the convention's membership believed in God with "absolute certainty," and 8% believed "fairly certainly." About 91% of the convention believed religion was "very important" and 8% considered it "somewhat important." At least 60% of National Baptists attended church weekly and 82% prayed at least daily; 54% of National Baptists attended bible study and Sunday schools weekly, and 23% seldom or never did so. The majority of its members read Scripture either weekly or once a week, and 64% believed all of the Bible should be taken literally. Of its Bible-reading population, 21% believed not all of the Bible should be taken literally, and 7% believed it was not the Word of God. == Organization == The National Baptist Convention is governed as a convention with similarities to a presbytery, yet allowing its member churches to govern themselves under the congregationalist polity. The NBC USA's churches—per its statement of faith—are led by pastors or bishops, and deacons. Within the Baptist tradition according to the 1689 Baptist Confession, the terms "pastor", "elder" and "bishop" constitute a single office. === Presidency === E. C. Morris was elected president of the National Baptist Convention USA in 1895 and served for 27 years. His tenure was important for laying the foundation of the convention. In addition to managing growth and organization of new chapters, his presidency founded the National Baptist Publishing House in Nashville, Tennessee; blacks wanted to publish literature written by their own ministers. In 1890 under his presidency, the American Baptist Publication Society had refused to publish writings of black ministers because of resistance from their white Southern clients. This event, more than any other, inspired blacks to develop their own convention and publishing arm. One year after the formation of the convention, the National Baptist Publication Board was established under the leadership of Richard Boyd in Nashville, Tennessee. It was given the right to supply National Baptist churches with general ministry and Sunday school supplies. In a short time the publishing house became the largest black publishing enterprise in the world. In 1902, the Woman's State Convention of Tennessee elected African American Virginia E. Walker Broughton, to serve as the first woman national corresponding Secretary for the National Baptist Convention. The twenty-seven years of Morris' leadership represented the formative period for the convention. Upon the death of E. C. Morris, L. K. Williams became president of the convention in 1924. During his 16 years' tenure, he expanded the publishing board to gain increased support. Williams appointed L. G. Jordan as General Secretary of the Board and laid plans for a new building. The building was opened for inspection in 1925. On the recommendation of Williams, it was named the Morris Building in honor of the legacy of E. C. Morris. The NBC USA's Layman's Department was also established. He also promoted collaboration with the Southern Baptist Convention and organized the American Baptist Theological Seminary (present-day American Baptist College). David V. Jemison succeeded Williams as president of the convention in 1940. His two major accomplishments during his 13 years were paying off the mortgage on the Morris Memorial Building and the purchase of the Bath House for African American use in the resort of Hot Springs, Arkansas. In 1953, Joseph H. Jackson of Chicago became the NBC USA president, serving until 1982. His 29-year tenure was the longest of any president, and spanned some of the most active years of the civil rights movement. During these years, African Americans gained passage of federal laws protecting and enforcing their rights to public access and voting, especially in the South. Among President Jackson's many contributions were new commissions and restructuring of the convention. He also purchased the National Baptist Freedom Farm and set up an unrestricted scholarship at Roosevelt University. He was noted for low tolerance of dissent. He said that social protests were not enough, but people needed to prove their economic productivity as well. In 1983, T. J. Jemison became president of the convention, serving for 12 years. He completed construction of the Baptist World Center, a headquarters for the convention in Nashville, Tennessee. He spoke out on public issues more than some presidents, and expressed his opposition to the Gulf War. In a controversial statement, he spoke in favor of the noted African American boxer Mike Tyson, who had been convicted of rape. The uproar caused by Jemison's remarks translated into a deep decline of membership and associated churches in the convention in 1992. Later presidents built up the national convention again. Henry Lyons of Florida was elected president in 1994. The Lyons tenure was characterized by much activity as he established a unified program, reduced the debt on the Baptist World Center, and dissolved the debt on the Sunday School Publishing Board. In addition, many commissions were added to the convention. Legal problems, however, forced Lyons to resign from the presidency after he was convicted of stealing approximately $4 million on homes, jewelry, and a mistress. Lyons unsuccessfully ran again for president in 2009 with National Congress President, R.B. Holmes of Tallahassee, Florida, as his vice-president. Stewart Cleveland Cureton, vice president-at-large, took over the leadership of the convention in 1999 and served the remainder of Lyons' tenure, where he was succeeded by J.R. Scruggs. Julius R. Scruggs of Huntsville, Alabama was elected president in 2009 and served one 5-year term. He did not seek re-election. In September 2014, Jerry Young of Mississippi was elected president, with some of its members expecting progressive teaching and administration. During Young's presidency—in 2022—U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris spoke during the 142nd Annual Session of the National Baptist Convention in Houston, Texas stating, "faith requires action" as she called on African American faith leaders to continue fighting for inalienable rights toward all, remarking the following as Baptists have historically advocated for the separation of church and state:"A constitutional right that hadn't been recognized was taken away from the women of America, and people of America, and on this issue I feel very strongly...one does not have to abandon their faith or their religious beliefs to agree that a woman should be able to make that decision about her own body, and her government should not be making that decision for her...this is this is not about partisanship. It's not about who you voted for in the last election, or who you plan to vote for in the next election. In terms of political ideology, it's just a very practical principle, which is women should have the power to make decisions about their own bodies. It's that basic."She also publicly commended her Baptist pastor who has been a member of the convention while also dually affiliating with the American Baptist Churches USA (previously known as the Northern Baptist Convention). Her presence stirred controversy among several white evangelical Protestants and Southern Baptists, deriding black Baptists. On January 13, 2025, Young was succeeded in office by Rev. Boise Kimber who was consecrated and installed as the new denominational president; succeeding Young, he began a reformation within the convention by prioritizing the restoration of the denominational headquarters, promoting Christian education, young pastors and other Christian leaders, and women in ministry. === State conventions === The National Baptist Convention's members form voluntary state and territory-wide local conventions. The state conventions are autonomous organizations and separately incorporated; some conventions are dually aligned with other Baptist conventional denominations. Within these conventions, churches are organized by district associations, which are usually led by district moderators. === Congress of Christian Education === The National Baptist Congress of Christian Education is the training arm of the convention; it is an annual event, held in June that the convention claims draws more than 50,000 attendees from around the United States and the world. === Sunday School Publishing Board === The Sunday School Publishing Board is the official publisher of the convention and provides all of the educational resources of the convention. The board was founded in 1915 following disputes between R. H. Boyd and the convention, and is one of the largest African American owned publishing companies. The Sunday School Publishing Board supplies books, textbooks, curriculum and other resources. === Laymen and Women's ministries === The National Baptist Laymen's Movement is the men's ministry within the convention. It was organized at the 43rd Annual Session of the National Baptist Convention in Los Angeles, California, in 1923. Also, notably led by Sarah Willie Layton and Nannie Helen Burroughs, the National Baptist Women's Auxiliary is the women's organizational arm of the convention. === Missionary organization === The convention has a missionary organization, the National Baptist Foreign Mission Board.Its missionary organization primarily supports missions work throughout Africa, the Caribbean, and Central America. Its African missions are located in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini, Malawi, Zambia, and Kenya. Its Caribbean missions are mainly in Trinidad and Tobago. === Humanitarian organization === It also has a humanitarian organization, NBC USA Disaster Management. === Dual alignment === Known to occur though infrequently, a state convention, district association or member church of the National Baptist Convention may dually align with another organization. The autonomous make-up of the NBC USA gives local congregations the latitude to govern themselves and contribute to the causes of other religious bodies as it deems necessary. Some members dually align with the Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention which offers the NBC USA member a convention-wide focus on foreign missions; others may align with the National Baptist Convention of America, Progressive National Baptists, or Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship—organizations which formed in schism from the NBC USA; there are also dually aligned affiliates with the American Baptist Churches USA such as Abyssinian Baptist Church. == Doctrine == The National Baptist Convention has a Baptist confession of faith, which is a derivative of the New Hampshire Confession of Faith. Members of the convention also adopt Keach's Catechism, the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith, and a church covenant. As such, the National Baptist Convention in its Baptist ethos maintains Trinitarianism, justification by grace, evangelism, believers' baptism, and the separation of church and state among its uncompromising essentials to every member of the denomination. The National Baptist Convention also acknowledges a two-fold office of the pastor or bishop, and the deacon (the terms "pastor" and "bishop" being synonymous). === Ordination of women === The convention does not make official positions binding on its member congregations, state conventions, and institutions. In 1965, Trudy Trimm became the first ordained woman pastor in the convention. There are many women ordained and/or licensed and serving in the convention affiliated congregations. A number of women serve as pastors of congregations, and as trustees to the boards of American Baptist College. Some congregations do not ordain or license women as ministers. Some congregations have women deacons, others as deaconess, some have both. Two Baptist National Baptist women pastors have been elected as presidents of state conventions. Patricia A. Gould-Champ, senior pastor of Faith Community Baptist Church in Richmond, Virginia and Associate Professor of Practical Theology at Samuel DeWitt Proctor School of Theology at Virginia Union University was elected as the 35th and first female president of the Baptist General Convention of Virginia in 2003. Marylin Monroe Harris, senior pastor of the First Baptist Church of Teaneck in Teaneck, NJ, became president for the United Missionary Baptist Convention State of New Jersey, the 2nd Vice Moderator of the North Jersey District Missionary Baptist Association, the former president of the Black Clergy Council of Englewood, Teaneck and Vicinity and the Past Moderator of the Essex Association of the American Baptist Churches of New Jersey and the first female African American Chaplain of the Teaneck Fire Department. Many women serve as moderators for district associations affiliated with the National Baptist Convention. === Same-sex marriage === "The National Baptist Convention USA Inc. does not have an 'official' position on any issues with regards to homosexuality." The National Baptist Convention released an official position statement in 2012 that defines marriage as the exclusive union of a man and a woman. A subsequent position statement in 2014 prohibited the convention's military chaplains from officiating same-sex marriages or civil unions stating that they "are not to participate in any activity that implies or condones same sex marriage or same sex union." In 2006 the organization stated that a majority of their member churches would hold that homosexuality is not a legitimate expression of God's will and would be opposed to ordaining active homosexuals or lesbians for any type of ministry in their church. Nevertheless, given the denomination's diversity, some pastors and congregations affiliated with the National Baptist Convention announced their support for same-sex marriage. "The National Baptist Convention, USA, Incorporated does not dictate to its constituent churches what position to take on issues because we believe in the autonomy of the local church." === Abortion === Likewise, the National Baptist Convention allows its congregations to decide whether they support or oppose abortion. == Schools == The National Baptist Convention is one of the predominantly and historically African American Christian denominations in the United States with at least four colleges and universities affiliated with it solely. Among them, American Baptist College—located in Nashville, Tennessee—has been the primarily promoted higher education system. Additionally, Morehouse College has been affiliated with the convention alongside Shaw University and Selma University. The American Baptist Churches USA-affiliated institutions of Virginia Union University, Florida Memorial University, and Virginia University of Lynchburg have also affiliated with the convention. == See also == Baptists in the United States Black church Cecelia Adkins, executive director of Sunday School Publishing Board Christianity in the United States Bible Born again Baptist beliefs Worship service (evangelicalism) Jesus Christ Believers' Church Religion in Black America == Notes and references == === Notes === === References === ==== Position and policy statements ==== == Further reading == == External links == Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Alonzo_Mount	Shepard Alonzo Mount	Shepard Alonzo Mount (1804-1868) was a National Academy of Design-trained American artist during the mid-nineteenth century that painted favorable genres of realism during the time such as still-life and landscapes. He found inspiration from subjects and themes found in local areas around him. He was best known for portraiture. Mount was highly regarded for his ability to capture a meticulously rendered likeness and personality of his portrait subjects. == Biography == Mount was born on July 17, 1804, in Setauket, New York. He was one of five children of Julia Ann Hawkins (1782-1841) and Thomas Shepard Mount (1778-1814). Other siblings include eldest Henry Smith Mount (1802-1841), Robert Nelson (1806-1883), the prominent artist William Sidney Mount (1807-1868), and Ruth Hawkins (1808-1888). Until the death of their father Thomas Shepard in 1814, the family owned and operated an inn and farm. Shortly after his death, they moved to Stony Brook, New York, to live with Julia Ann’s parents Ruth and Jonas Hawkins. Shepard’s introduction to the fine arts would come through more practical craftsmanship. === Education and early career === Julia Ann apprenticed her son Shepard to a carriage builder named James Brewster in New Haven, Connecticut. Shepard worked for Brewster from 1821 to about 1828 trimming carriage interiors. This experience helped refine Shepard’s eye for color theory, style, and design. In 1827, Shepard ended his apprenticeship and reunited with his brothers Henry and William in New York City where he enrolled in drawing classes at the National Academy of Design alongside William. His brother, Henry had opened a business of his own in ornamental painting with William working alongside him; in the workshop there, all three brothers would practice their drawing in the evenings after closing. In 1828, Shepard and William decided to open a portrait studio at 15 Cherry Street in New York City. After the portrait studio closed due to a lack of success, the brothers relocated to Athens, Pennsylvania. Shepard returned to New York not long after where he began studying portrait painting with Henry Inman. == Style and technique == === Still-life === In the earlier period of his career Shepard focused on producing still-life paintings for exhibition. Mount’s first exhibited work was in 1829 at the Academy, titled Still Life; Composition. He was heavily influenced by his older brother Henry. Shepard Mount received a great deal of recognition for his still life paintings of fish. In a letter to his brother William Mount, he described his awareness of his skill as he wrote, "You must allow me to brag a little on fish as I sometimes think (and not without some reason) that they are the only subjects I can paint really well." === Landscapes === Shepard had a great deal of admiration for nature, evident in his landscape paintings. Though it was his genre of choice, he rarely exhibited them. His painting, Hudson River Scene, finished in 1861, depicts a golden past. Two ornately dressed Native Americans gaze across the Hudson River. In the river below he placed a man in a rowboat as a reference to the journey through life, and to represent himself in his piece. This was a favored theme of his which he frequently recreated in landscapes. In this particular scene, his subject matter symbolizes the passage through time and the fading of the golden age into modernity. Shepard created most of his landscapes based on the Susquehanna River close to the New York-Pennsylvania state line near Athens, Pennsylvania. === Portraits === After the Mount brothers closed the portrait shop in 1829, Shepard made his way to Athens, Pennsylvania, where he made his living painting portraits. In this area competition was scarce ensuring Shepard a likely prospect in commissions. He continued painting portraits for relatives and friends for a little over a half a year in Athens, until his return to Stony Brook in 1830, where he was commissioned to paint the now-lost portrait of Setauket physician, Dr. Henry S. Dering. Shepard’s portrait that year of an African American woman named Tamer is one of his earliest surviving portraits. Tamer lived and worked as a domestic servant at the St. James estate of William and Eliza Mills. Later, Shepard’s portraits became more traditional with tighter brush strokes and compositional format. The painting's additional background composition would correlate with the subject’s occupation, interests, or social status which was a common formulation during the eighteenth and nineteenth century portrait painting. Shepard also became heavily influenced by Henry Inman (1801-1846). Inman regularly visited Stony Brook for leisurely time spent for hunting and fishing. Shepard’s outdoor activities with Inman became lessons in painting portraiture, Inman’s area of expertise. Shepard was able to escalate his skill in portrait painting because of Inman’s advisement. Shepard abandoned the use of background elements and other objects to describe a sitter’s personality and livelihood, using his newly developed skills to identify the individual with elements of color and brush stoke techniques. In 1833, Shepard painted John Bedell using strong contrast, linear brush strokes, and crisp colors to accentuate Bedell’s nature. For his portrait of his sister Ruth in 1834, Shepard used looser painterly brush techniques to invoke a more romanticized gesture. Color was used playful across the painting to demonstrate her delicate personality. His newly found style granted him the opportunity to exhibit John Bedell in 1833 as his first public piece. Later that year he was elected to become an associate member of the National Academy of Design. As time progressed, Shepard’s artistic abilities in portraiture became known and his recognition as an artist increased. He began getting commissioned by socialites that resided in New York City. These individuals included business owners, established Wall Street executives, and other professional and mercantile individuals from the rising upper-middle class of this period. Shepard’s first milestone piece as a professional portrait painter was of his wife, Elizabeth Elliott Mount, completed in 1838, a year after they were married. This painting was exhibited in 1838 at the National Academy of Design. Shepard’s skills, reputation, and fame as a portrait painter increased after this achievement. In addition to Shepard’s accomplishments as a painter, he also began his family with Elizabeth in 1838. Their firstborn was named William Shepard Mount in honor of his uncle; Ruth also known as Tutie was born in 1842; Joshua was born in 1845; and lastly in 1853 Robert was born. Shepard often used his children as models for his paintings. The peak of Shepard’s career was realized in his painting Rose of Sharon, 1850, the subject being his daughter Ruth (1842-1861), or Tutie, as he called her. In this painting, he used illusions of landscape elements as the background, a favorite technique used in many of his portraitures. She was also painted gently holding flowers, complimenting her delicate beauty and her fruitful youth. One feature of this painting that truly stands out among the rest is his advanced use of color and technique. He painted her skin as filled with life, a glow from within. Goupil et Cie, a successful publishing firm in Paris, commissioned the reproduction of Rose of Sharon as a lithograph. It was later distributed commercially throughout the U.S. and Europe, helping to spread his notoriety. His love for his daughter illuminates this painting, making this particular one of his most renowned work. == Later days == Shepard often travelled for commission work, manly to New York City. Elizabeth grew bitter over Shepard’s constant commutes resulting a strain in their marriage. In August 1858, Elizabeth died at the age of 42. Overwhelmed by her death Shepard left his children in his sister Ruth’s care in Stony Brook, New York, for six weeks. In 1861, at the age of only 19, Tutie died of consumption four months after being married. In 1863, his eldest son William Shepard was forcibly drafted into the Civil War during his time in Mississippi as a part of the Army of the Confederacy. William Shepard found his way to Union soldiers and asked to join them. Unfortunately, Union soldiers took him for a spy and imprisoned him. Shepard was finally able to release his son from imprisonment thanks to his friend Francis Bicknell Carpenter, a fellow artist, was painting a portrait of Abraham Lincoln and gave him letter endorsing his plea. Lincoln immediately ordered for William Shepard’s release. Shepard continued to paint throughout his later years. His last painting, Camille Mount, of his recently deceased granddaughter, was finished on September 12, 1868. He then died in Stony Brook six days later at the age of 64 from falling ill of cholera. He is now buried in Saint James Episcopal Church Graveyard in Saint James, New York. == References == == External links == Media related to Shepard Alonzo Mount at Wikimedia Commons "Long Island Museum receives loan of historic portraits" @ TBR Newsmedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountain_Central_Railroad	White Mountain Central Railroad	The White Mountain Central Railroad is a short heritage railway at Clark's Bears in Lincoln, New Hampshire. It is notable as being one of the few places in New England with regular steam locomotive operation, as well as being a very rare example of a purpose-built tourist railroad (like those found in amusement parks and theme parks) that uses standard-gauge track instead of narrow-gauge track. == Route == The entrance building to Clark's Bears (previously known as Clark's Trading Post) doubles as the train station. From there, the train leaves north through the park, and then past the small locomotive shop. The railroad crosses the Pemigewasset River on a covered bridge and then heads into a wooded area. In this section of the railroad, an actor playing a wild prospector named "the Wolfman" chases the train in a primitive car. Finally, the railroad goes under a ramp for Interstate 93 and terminates. == Schedule and fare == The railroad operates whenever Clark's Bears is open, between late May and early October. There are several round trips per day, depending on the park's operating hours. Each trip is 30 minutes long, and the fare is included in the Clark's Bears admission price. == History == Construction on the railroad began in 1955. The first train ride was on July 30, 1958. The railroad includes a 1904 Howe truss covered bridge that was originally located in East Montpelier, Vermont, where it spanned the Winooski River and carried trains for the Montpelier and Barre Railroad. The bridge was purchased by the owners of Clark's Trading Post and dismantled in 1964, then moved and reassembled to span the Pemigewasset River near the Trading Post. During one weekend in September, Railroad Days are celebrated, with extra trains and special consists. That yearly event had stopped in 2014 and now operates every 5–10 years. A listing of covered bridges maintained by the state of New Hampshire notes that Clark's bridge "appears to be the only Howe railroad bridge left in the world." == Equipment == == Station == The Clark's Bears station came from Freedomland U.S.A., after that park closed in 1964. == See also == Other locations with historic trains in a non-historic setting: Pioneer Park (Fairbanks, Alaska) Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts == References == == External links == Official website "Clark's Bridge". NH.gov. New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources. Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NH-39, "Clark's Bridge, Spanning Pemigewasset River at Clark's Trading Post, Lincoln, Grafton County, NH", 10 photos, 1 color transparency, 6 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidegor%C5%8D_Nakano#cite_note-:1-4	Hidegorō Nakano	Hidegorō Nakano (Japanese: 中野秀五郎; 16 May 1909 – 11 March 1974) is a Japanese mathematician, after whom Nakano Spaces are named. == Life == Nakano was born as the first son of Katsugoro Nakano and Kame Nakano, in Tokyo. After graduating from National First High School, a preparatory school for the Imperial University of Tokyo, he progressed to study mathematics in Tokyo Imperial University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1933. Then he entered Graduate School at the same university under the supervision of Takuji Yoshie, and attained his doctoral degree in 1935. At that time, a doctorate was more commonly awarded to people over 50 years old. Nakano started teaching in The National First High School in 1935. At the same year he married Sumiko Yamamura (11 December 1913, Tokyo - 5 March 1999, Detroit). Then he held academic positions (1938-1952) in Tokyo Imperial University, before moving to Hokkaido University and being appointed as a professor. In 1960, he left Japan and took a visit to Queen's University in Canada for a year, under the invitation of Canadian Mathematical Congress. He then took up professorship in Wayne State University, Detroit, US, in 1961, and continued working there until his death in 1974. == Works == === Nakano's name in mathematics === Nakano is known for his research in Functional Analysis, especially in vector lattice and operator theory in Hilbert spaces. He mainly made his name in his contribution to several mathematical subjects around modulars, Riesz spaces, Orlicz-Nakano spaces and Nakano space. === List of books with name translated from Japanese === Source From Riemann integral to Lebesgue integral (1940) Hilbert Space Theory (1946) Classical Integration Theory (1949) Measure Theory (1950) Banach Space Theory (1953) Set Theory (1955) Real Number Theory (1956) How to teach mathematics (1956) Problems in Mathematics (1956). === List of books in English === Source Modern Spectral Theory (1950) Modulared Semi-Ordered Linear Spaces (1950) Topology of linear topological spaces (1951) Spectral theory in the Hilbert space (1953) Semi-ordered linear spaces (1955) Linear lattices (1966) Uniform spaces and transformation groups (1968) == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar#Early_life_and_career	P. B. Gajendragadkar	Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar (16 March 1901 – 12 June 1981) was the 7th Chief Justice of India, serving from February 1964 to March 1966. == Early life and career == Prahlad Balacharya Gajendragadkar was born into a Deshastha Madhva Brahmin family on 16 March 1901 to Gajendragadkar Balacharya in Satara, Bombay Presidency. Gajendragadkar's family migrated from Gajendragad, a town in Dharwad district in Karnataka to Satara (now part of Maharashtra). Gajendragadkar's father Bal-Acharya (Teacher) was a Sanskrit Vidwan (scholar). P. B. Gajendragadkar, the youngest son of Bal-Acharya followed his older brother Ashvathama-Acharys to Mumbai. He passed M.A. from Deccan College (Pune) in 1924 and LL.B. with honors from the ILS Law College in 1926 and joined the Bombay Bar on the Appellate side. In the early days, he edited the 'Hindu Law Quarterly. His critical edition of the classic 'Dattaka Mimamsa' earned him a great reputation for scholarship. He became the acknowledged leader of the Bombay Bar, well known for his forensic skill and legal acumen. He was influenced by Jawaharlal Nehru's rationality and scholasticism. In 1945, he was appointed a Judge of the Bombay High Court. In January 1956, he was elevated to the Supreme Court Bench and rose to become the Chief Justice of India in 1964. His contribution to the development of Constitutional and Industrial Law has been hailed as great and unique. Over the course of his tenure of the Supreme Court, he authored 494 judgements and sat on 1,337 benches. Gajendragadkar intervened and got the then Chief Justice of the Madras High Court S. Ramachandra Iyer to resign after a lawyer G. Vasantha Pai found evidence that he forged his date of birth to avoid compulsory retirement at the age of 60 as the case filed by Pai would severely damage the judiciary and he got Ramachandra Iyer to resign before the case came up for hearing this led the case to be dismissed as he had already resigned his lordship. At the request of the Government of India, he headed a number of commissions such as the Central Law Commission, National Commission on Labour and the Bank Award Commission. At the request of Indira Gandhi, then the Prime Minister of India, he held the honorary office of the Gandhigram Rural Institute in Southern India. He served twice as the President of Social Reform Conference and organized campaigns for eradicating the evils of casteism, untouchability, superstition and obscurantism to promote national integration and unity. Gajendragadkar also carried forward the Madhva tradition of Vedanta and Mimasa. He served as the General Editor of 'The Ten Classical Upanishads', a series sponsored by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Like his father, Gajendragadkar was also a Mukhasta-vidwan. == Personal life == Gajendragadkar had 2 daughters, Dr. (Mrs.) Sharad Jahagirdar, a renowned gynaecologist who resided in Mumbai, and Asha Kirtane, an artist residing in Pune. His eldest daughter, Dr. (Mrs.) Sharad Jahagirdar married Justice Raghavendra Jahagirdar who served as a judge on the Bombay High Court. == Education == Satara High School (1911 to 1918) Karnatak College, Dharwar (1918–1920) Deccan College (Pune) (1920 to 1924) Dakshina Fellow (1922–24) Bhagwandas Purshotamdas Sanskrit Scholar (1922–24) ILS Law College (1924–26) == Positions held == Judge Bombay High Court 1945–57 Judge, Supreme Court - 1957 Chief Justice of India from 1 February 1964. Retired on 15 March 1966 Honorary Vice-Chancellor of the University of Mumbai (1967) == Books == Open Library P. B. Gajendragadkar == Awards == In 1972, Gajendragadkar was awarded the Padma Vibhushan award from the Government of India. == References == === Bibliography === Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII	Super Bowl LVII	Super Bowl LVII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2022 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles, 38–35. The game was played on February 12, 2023, at State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the fourth Super Bowl hosted by the Phoenix metropolitan area, and the third at this venue, after Super Bowls XLII in 2008 and XLIX in 2015 when it was known as University of Phoenix Stadium. Both teams finished the regular season with a league-best 14–3 record. This was the Eagles' fourth Super Bowl appearance, having previously won Super Bowl LII and lost Super Bowls XV and XXXIX. This was the Chiefs' fifth Super Bowl appearance overall and third in the last four seasons, having previously won Super Bowls IV and LIV and lost Super Bowls I and LV. The Chiefs won the game 38–35 on a game-winning field goal by Harrison Butker. Butker's game-winning kick was set up by a pivotal defensive holding call on Philadelphia cornerback James Bradberry, which was criticized by some observers but supported by others, including Bradberry himself. The 73 combined points made this the third-highest scoring Super Bowl game, and the 35 points scored by the Eagles were the most by the losing team in the Super Bowl. Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes was named Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP), completing 21 of 27 passes for 182 yards and three touchdowns. The three touchdowns and two-point conversion scored by Jalen Hurts tied the record for most points scored by a player in a Super Bowl with 20. The game was remembered for the use of signature plays on both sides, with the Chiefs scoring two touchdowns on plays using the Corn Dog misdirection route and the Eagles scoring twice using the Tush Push. Fox's broadcast of the game became the most-watched program in American television history, with an average of 115.1 million viewers. The halftime show, headlined by Rihanna, peaked at 121 million viewers. This record would later be broken the following year. This was the last Super Bowl that George Toma would serve as groundskeeper for, having previously served as groundskeeper for every Super Bowl since the event's creation. The field conditions were criticized by players, particularly for slipperiness. Kansas City and Philadelphia would meet for a rematch two years later in Super Bowl LIX, in which the Eagles avenged their loss against the Chiefs, 40–22. The victory secured their second Super Bowl title, after Super Bowl LII seven years prior. == Background == === Host selection === Beginning with this Super Bowl, a new system was introduced to select Super Bowl hosting sites. Discarding the previous process that allowed cities to submit bids for the hosting rights, the league unilaterally chooses a single hosting site for each game. The chosen city then creates a proposal that is voted upon at the league's owners' meetings. Arizona was the first location chosen under this process; its proposal was accepted unanimously on May 23, 2018. The official logo was unveiled on February 14, 2022; it follows the updated logo template introduced by Super Bowl LVI, with imagery of a sunset resembling Arizona's state flag behind a desert canyon to reflect the landscapes of the host region. === Calls for location change === In February 2022, over 200 liberal religious leaders, including Rev. Jesse Jackson and Rev. Dr. William Barber II, petitioned NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell to move Super Bowl LVII out of Arizona after they accused the Arizona legislature of enacting voting restrictions with HB 1003, SB 1485, and SB 1819. Arizona Democratic Party vice-chair Brianna Westbrook also voiced her support to move the Super Bowl after the Arizona legislature passed SB 1138 and SB 1165, which restricts access to gender-affirming care for minors and prevents transgender girls from playing on girls' sports teams. === Indigenous representation === The game and surrounding festivities included acknowledgements of the Indigenous peoples of Arizona; the Ak-Chin Indian Community, Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Gila River Indian Community, and Tohono O'odham Nation were named as Host Committee Partners, and the official branding for the game features artwork by Lucinda "La Morena" Hinojos, featuring the White Tank Mountains adorned with 22 diamonds representing the Native American tribes that have a presence in Arizona. This marked the first time an Indigenous artist was commissioned to create the official artwork for the Super Bowl. An 8,500 square feet (790 m2) mural in downtown Phoenix was also commissioned in collaboration between Hinojos and other Indigenous artists. For the first time, a land acknowledgment was read during a ceremony on February 6 attended by representatives of the Host Committee Partner tribes, while dance troupe Indigenous Enterprise performed during Super Bowl Opening Night, and as part of entertainment outside State Farm Stadium on the day of the game. The presence of the Kansas City Chiefs led to continued calls against the use of Native American imagery by the team and its fans (including the "tomahawk chop"), including by the Kansas City Indian Center, the National Congress of American Indians, and the first Indigenous Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland. Groups of Indigenous activists organized a protest rally outside State Farm Stadium. === Stadium playing surface === The NFL spent two years preparing the grass used in Super Bowl LVII. The field, made of Tahoma 31 grass, was grown at a local sod farm in Phoenix. Despite the field prep, multiple players could be seen slipping and falling on the surface. Players from both teams criticized the playing surface, and several players changed cleats during the game to get better traction. During their Week 1 matchup against the Arizona Cardinals, Chiefs players had complained of the playing surface at the time (it was replaced by February) which potentially led to injuries to Harrison Butker and Trent McDuffie. == Teams == === Kansas City Chiefs === Kansas City finished the season with its tenth consecutive winning record under head coach Andy Reid, going 14–3 and advancing to their third Super Bowl in the last four years with one-score wins over the Jacksonville Jaguars (Divisional Round) and Cincinnati Bengals (AFC Championship Game). The Chiefs traded star wide receiver Tyreek Hill to the Miami Dolphins in the offseason for draft picks but still finished the year as the NFL's best offense, leading the league in yards (7,032) and points scored (496). Quarterback Patrick Mahomes made his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl and won his second NFL Most Valuable Player award, leading the league with a career-high 5,250 passing yards and 41 touchdowns while throwing 12 interceptions. His passer rating of 105.2 was the second-highest in the league. He also rushed for 354 yards and four touchdowns, setting the NFL record for most combined passing and rushing yards in a season with 5,608. Pro Bowl tight end Travis Kelce was the team's leading receiver with 1,338 receiving yards and 12 touchdowns. The team also added in a pair of veteran receivers to help make up for the loss of Hill: JuJu Smith-Schuster (933 yards and three touchdowns) and Marquez Valdes-Scantling (687 yards and two touchdowns). The Chiefs' running game was led by rookie Isiah Pacheco, who had stepped into the leading role due to a midseason injury to starter Clyde Edwards-Helaire. Pacheco finished the season with 830 rushing yards and five touchdowns while also gaining 130 receiving yards and returning kickoffs with an average of 20.6 yards per return. Veteran running back Jerick McKinnon added 803 yards from scrimmage and 10 touchdowns. Their offensive line featured three Pro Bowl selections: guard Joe Thuney, tackle Orlando Brown Jr., and center Creed Humphrey. Punter Tommy Townsend also made the Pro Bowl, ranking second in the NFL in yards per punt (50.4) and leading the league with a 45.4 net average. Kansas City's defensive line featured Pro Bowl defensive tackle Chris Jones, who led the team with 15.5 sacks, along with defensive ends George Karlaftis (6 sacks, seven pass deflections) and Frank Clark (5 sacks). Linebacker Nick Bolton led the team with 180 combined tackles and two interceptions. The secondary was led by cornerback L'Jarius Sneed (three interceptions, 108 tackles, three forced fumbles, 3.5 sacks) and safety Juan Thornhill (three interceptions, 71 tackles). This was Kansas City's fifth Super Bowl, following wins in Super Bowls IV and LIV and losses in Super Bowls I and LV. Prior to the Super Bowl era, the Chiefs won the American Football League championship in 1962. The Super Bowl was the final for Norma Hunt, the widow of the Chiefs' founder, Lamar Hunt, who died in June 2023. She was a member (and the only woman) of the Never Miss a Super Bowl Club. She was a minority owner of the Chiefs at the time of her death. === Philadelphia Eagles === Under second-year head coach Nick Sirianni, the Eagles started the season winning eight consecutive games before finishing the season tied for an NFL-best 14–3 record and advancing to the Super Bowl by defeating their two playoff opponents (the New York Giants in the Divisional Round, and the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game) by a combined score of 69–14. The team excelled on both sides of the ball, scoring 477 points (third most in the NFL) while only allowing 344 (eighth fewest) and sending an NFL-best eight players to the Pro Bowl. Pro Bowl quarterback Jalen Hurts led the offense, setting career highs in his third season in completion percentage (66.5%), passing yards (3,701), and passing touchdowns (22) while throwing just six interceptions, giving a career-high 101.5 passer rating, the fourth-best in the NFL. Hurts also rushed for 736 yards and 13 touchdowns, the second-highest total in the league among quarterbacks. Pro Bowl receiver A. J. Brown, acquired from the Tennessee Titans in the off-season, posted 1,496 receiving yards and eleven touchdowns, while second-year receiver DeVonta Smith added 1,196 yards and seven scores. Tight end Dallas Goedert was another reliable target with 702 yards and three touchdowns. Pro Bowl running back Miles Sanders ranked fifth in the NFL with 1,269 yards and eleven touchdowns, averaging 4.9 yards per carry. The team also sent three offensive linemen to the Pro Bowl: guard Landon Dickerson, tackle Lane Johnson, and center Jason Kelce. Kicker Jake Elliott made 20 of 23 field goals (87%), including 5-of-6 from at least 50 yards. Philadelphia's defense ranked second in the league in yards allowed (5,125) and set an NFL record with four players who recorded at least ten sacks. The defensive line features defensive ends Josh Sweat and Brandon Graham, who each recorded 11 sacks, along with defensive tackles Fletcher Cox (seven sacks), Javon Hargrave (11 sacks), and Milton Williams (4 sacks). Pro Bowl linebacker Haason Reddick ranked second in the NFL with 16 sacks while forcing five fumbles and recovering three. Linebackers T. J. Edwards and Kyzir White each recorded over 100 combined tackles and broke up seven passes. In the secondary, safety C. J. Gardner-Johnson co-led the NFL with six interceptions, while All-Pro cornerbacks Darius Slay and James Bradberry each had three. It was Philadelphia's fourth Super Bowl, following a win in Super Bowl LII and losses in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX. The Eagles also won three pre-Super Bowl NFL championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960. === Playoffs === The Chiefs entered the playoffs as the No. 1 seed in the AFC. They defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars, 27–20, in the AFC Divisional round. In a tightly contested game, the Chiefs held off a late fourth-quarter rally by the Jaguars. Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes went down early in the game with a high right ankle sprain injury which forced him out of the game for a drive, but he was able to return shortly after leaving. The AFC Championship pitted the Chiefs against the Cincinnati Bengals in a rematch of the 2021 AFC Championship game. This was the fifth consecutive AFC Championship hosted by the Chiefs, extending their record. Much like the previous year's contest, the game was close toward the end of the fourth quarter. On the game's last drive, tied at 20, Bengals defensive end Joseph Ossai was flagged for a late hit on Patrick Mahomes after he stepped out of bounds, which set the Chiefs up in field goal range with eight seconds remaining. Harrison Butker then kicked a 45-yard field goal to send the Chiefs to the Super Bowl with a 23–20 win. The Eagles went into the playoffs as the No. 1 seed in the NFC. Their first playoff matchup was against their NFC East rival New York Giants. The Eagles quickly jumped to a 28–0 halftime lead and cruised to the NFC Championship game with a 38–7 victory, which marked the first playoff win for Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts and head coach Nick Sirianni. In the NFC Championship, the Eagles hosted the San Francisco 49ers. The Eagles won the NFC Championship, 31–7, as the 49ers lost their starting and backup quarterbacks to injury. === Pre-game notes === As the designated home team in the Super Bowl's annual rotation between the two conferences, the Eagles chose to wear their green home jerseys with white pants. The Chiefs wore their white away jerseys with red pants. As the designated home team, the Eagles practiced at the host team Arizona Cardinals' practice facility in Tempe, Arizona, the week leading up to the game. The Chiefs practiced at Arizona State University, also in Tempe. The game was informally referred to as the "Andy Reid Bowl", as Chiefs head coach Andy Reid had served as the head coach of the Eagles from 1999 to 2012. Reid became the fifth head coach to face his former team in the Super Bowl, joining Weeb Ewbank (Super Bowl III), Dan Reeves (XXXIII), Jon Gruden (XXXVII), and Pete Carroll (XLIX). The game was also referred to as the "Kelce Bowl", as this marked the first Super Bowl to feature brothers playing against each other: Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce and Eagles center Jason Kelce. The game was the first Super Bowl between two black starting quarterbacks: Patrick Mahomes of the Chiefs and Jalen Hurts of the Eagles. Mahomes (27 years of age) and Hurts (24) were the youngest starting quarterback pair in Super Bowl history. This was also the first meeting between teams from Kansas City and Philadelphia for a major professional sports championship since the 1980 World Series, which featured the Kansas City Royals and Philadelphia Phillies. == Broadcasting == === United States === ==== Television ==== Super Bowl LVII was televised by Fox. It marked the final game to be broadcast under the NFL television contract that began in 2014. Fox broadcast the game in Dolby Vision high-dynamic-range (HDR) color exclusively on Xfinity. This was the first Super Bowl assignment for Fox's broadcast team of play-by-play announcer Kevin Burkhardt and color analyst Greg Olsen, who replaced Joe Buck and Troy Aikman after they departed for ABC/ESPN and Monday Night Football. Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi reported from the sidelines, and Mike Pereira served as rules expert. Pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage were provided by the Fox NFL Sunday team, hosted by Curt Menefee and Terry Bradshaw along with analysts Howie Long, Michael Strahan, Jimmy Johnson, Rob Gronkowski and NFL insider Jay Glazer. Fox Deportes televised the game in Spanish, with Adrian Garcia-Marquez on play-by-play and color analyst Alejandro Villanueva. Fox aired the season two premiere of Next Level Chef as its lead-out program. ==== Advertising ==== Fox charged between $6 and 7 million for a 30-second Super Bowl commercial. At least four cryptocurrency-related ads were planned, but their deals fell through after the bankruptcy of FTX in November 2022. One NFT ad aired during the game, which was a giveaway promoting the game Limit Break. Anheuser-Busch purchased three total minutes for its Michelob Ultra, Bud Light, and Busch Light brands. Other advertisers included Heineken, Diageo, Rémy Martin, Molson Coors, Doritos, Google Pixel and M&M's. Peacock aired a commercial for their series Poker Face created exclusively for the game, which referenced some of those commercials, all of which aired before it. Warner Bros., Universal Pictures, Disney, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, MGM and Amazon Studios also promoted their upcoming films and series during the game, with trailer premieres for The Flash, Fast X, The Super Mario Bros. Movie, Strays, Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, Scream VI, Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves, Transformers: Rise of the Beasts, 65, Creed III and Air. A 15-second spot for Universal's Cocaine Bear aired during the pre-game show. Fox also aired a commercial for the season 9 premiere of The Masked Singer during the game. Disney also aired a commercial to kick off its "100 Years of Wonder" celebration in honor of the centennial anniversary of the founding of The Walt Disney Company. This commercial was called by many as the best of the night, with System1, a specialist in advertising effectiveness, naming it the "most effective" with a rating of 5.3 stars on their Test Your Ad platform. Another notable commercial was Interface Interruption, a commercial for the streaming service Tubi. The advertisement tricked its viewers into believing the game had restarted with announcers Kevin Burkhardt and Greg Olsen talking vaguely about the game, before making it appear as though someone had exited the game and changed to Tubi, choosing to watch Mr. & Mrs. Smith. The advertisement, which was purposefully short to alleviate concerns, was met with mixed reactions with some praising the commercial and others such as The Mary Sue and Wanda Sykes referring to it as dangerous. ==== Ratings ==== Nielsen ratings initially reported an average of 113 million viewers, making it the third-highest-rated Super Bowl of all time. Viewership was strongest in the Kansas City market with a 52.0 share, although local viewership was down in comparison to the Chiefs' appearances at Super Bowl LIV (55.7) and LV (59.9). In May 2023, Nielsen revised its ratings data for Super Bowl LVII to account for technical issues that had created "irregularities" in the original ratings, increasing the average to 115.1 million. The game consequently overtook Super Bowl XLIX as the most-watched U.S. television program of all time (the Apollo 11 landing is considered to be the most-watched U.S. television broadcast of all time, as it was reported to have been seen by between 125 and 150 million viewers, but this was a news event carried over multiple networks). ==== Streaming ==== The game was available via streaming to mobile devices on NFL+ and free on the NFL app and NFL.com. This was the first Super Bowl since the league's own NFL+ took over mobile streaming rights from Verizon. ==== Radio ==== Westwood One provided nationwide radio coverage of the game, which was simulcast by NFL Network as part of their Super Bowl GameCenter coverage, with play-by-play announcer Kevin Harlan, color analyst Kurt Warner, sideline reporters Laura Okmin and Mike Golic, and rules expert Gene Steratore. Scott Graham hosted the pregame, halftime, and postgame shows with Ryan Harris providing analysis. In the immediate local markets of the two teams, 106.5 The Wolf carried the Chiefs call of the game with Mitch Holthus, while WIP carried the Eagles call of the game with Merrill Reese. Both teams carried pre-game and post-game coverage, but did not syndicate the game itself on their terrestrial stations due to NFL rules requiring the Westwood One broadcast to air in all non-participating markets. The Chiefs radio broadcast, however, was available to stream worldwide on WDAF-FM's streaming platform Audacy on desktops and laptops with no blackouts. Both teams' radio broadcasts streamed on NFL+ on mobile devices in the US and NFL Game Pass internationally. === International === In Australia, the game was televised by the Seven Network, its sister channel 7mate, and the 7plus on-demand platform. It was also broadcast by ESPN Australia and in New Zealand on the same channel, with ESPN's secondary Monday Night Football team of Steve Levy, Dan Orlovsky and Louis Riddick commentating its international feed. The game was also broadcast by Melbourne radio station 1116 SEN and was commentated by Gerard Whateley In Brazil, the game was televised by ESPN, RedeTV! and the Star+ streaming service. In Canada, the game's broadcast rights are owned by Bell Media. The game was televised in English on TSN and CTV, subject to simultaneous substitution; RDS carried the French broadcast of the game. Additionally, the game was streamed over TSN+ and DAZN. In China, the game was broadcast by Tencent, NFL's media partner for the Chinese market, and nine other TV stations or streaming services also carried the game and Super Bowl coverage provided by Tencent. Tencent and NFL China also sent a crew of 4 reporters to the game. In France, the game was televised on beIN Sports and on La Chaîne L'Équipe. In Germany and Austria, this was the final NFL game televised by ProSieben, Puls 4 and Puls 24 (with original English game commentary) – TV channels that all belong to the same media group: ProSiebenSat.1 Media; television rights for NFL broadcasts will transfer to RTL Group (RTL, Nitro) for the 2023 season, which are also broadcast in Austria. In Greece, the game was televised by Cosmote Sport. In Ireland, the game was televised on Virgin Media Two and Virgin Media Four simulcasting ITV's coverage in the UK. In Italy, the game was televised by Rai 2 from RAI – Radio Televisione Italiana and the DAZN streaming service. In Latin America, the game was televised by ESPN and the Star+ streaming service. In Mexico, the game was televised by Canal 5 from TelevisaUnivision, Azteca 7 from TV Azteca and Fox Sports. In the Netherlands, the game was televised by ESPN with options to watch the game with either Dutch or original commentary. In Oceania, the game was televised by ESPN. In Poland this game was televised on TVP Sport, who broadcast was a last Super Bowl game on this station before handover to New official broadcasters of NFL in Poland - DAZN and Polsat Sport stations. In Serbia, the game was televised on Sport Klub. In Spain, Movistar Plus owns the broadcasting rights to the NFL, and the game was broadcast on their paid channel. In Sweden, the Super Bowl was televised for the first time by the linear TV channel TV12 and on the streaming service C More, following the broadcasting rights transfer from previous rights-holder NENT/Viaplay which had broadcast the NFL in Sweden since the 1980s. In the United Kingdom, the game was televised free-to-air on ITV1 and STV (for the first time since Super Bowl XLI in 2007). It was carried on radio via TalkSPORT and BBC Radio 5 Live. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the game also aired on Sky's subscription sports channels Sky Sports NFL and Sky Sports Main Event and subscription entertainment channel Sky Showcase. In Vietnam, the game was televised by K+ SPORT 2. == Entertainment == === Pregame === American country singer Chris Stapleton sang the national anthem, actress Sheryl Lee Ralph performed "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and R&B singer Babyface sang "America the Beautiful". All three songs were also interpreted in American Sign Language by actor and Arizona native Troy Kotsur, with "America the Beautiful" additionally interpreted in Plains Sign Talk by Collin Denny. For the first time in Super Bowl history, the flyover was entirely crewed by women to celebrate the 50th anniversary of women flying in the US Navy. Four Navy aircraft taking off from Luke Air Force Base were used: a pair of F/A-18F Super Hornets from the Strike Fighter Squadron 122 "Flying Eagles", an F-35C Lightning II from the Strike Fighter Squadron 97 "Warhawks", and an EA-18G Growler from the Electronic Attack Squadron 129 "Vikings". Four Pat Tillman Foundation scholars then served as honorary captains during the coin toss ceremony, honoring the memory of Pat Tillman, the former Arizona Cardinals player turned US Army Ranger who was killed by friendly fire in 2004 while deployed to Afghanistan. === Halftime === On September 23, 2022, Apple Music was announced as the new naming rights sponsor of the Super Bowl halftime show, replacing Pepsi, which had sponsored the previous ten halftime shows. Barbadian singer Rihanna was announced as the headliner of the halftime show on September 25. It marked Rihanna's first live performance in over five years. In a red outfit, she sang portions of twelve of her songs including "Where Have You Been", "Only Girl (In the World)", and "Work". Justina Miles performed the halftime show in American Sign Language for the first time in Super Bowl History. == Game summary == === First half === After Kansas City won the coin toss and deferred their choice to the second half, Philadelphia took the opening possession. Their first drive spanned 75 yards in 11 plays and featured two rushes for 12 yards by quarterback Jalen Hurts, also who completed four passes—the longest of which was a 23-yard completion to wide receiver DeVonta Smith. After the Eagles converted a third down from inside the Kansas City 5-yard line, Hurts scored the game's first points using the team's signature Tush Push play for a 1-yard touchdown run to take a 7–0 lead. Kansas City responded with a six-play, 75-yard drive that featured a 24-yard run by running back Isiah Pacheco. Quarterback Patrick Mahomes also completed two passes to tight end Travis Kelce: first for 20 yards, then for an 18-yard touchdown to tie the game at 7–7. Philadelphia's second drive produced the game's first three-and-out after an offensive pass interference penalty on wide receiver Zach Pascal set them back early. On the Chiefs' next drive, a 22-yard completion from Mahomes to Kelce set up a 42-yard field goal attempt by kicker Harrison Butker, but his kick hit the left upright, keeping the game tied. The Eagles began their next drive from their 32-yard line and gained yardage on two rushes and passes by Hurts, in addition to an offside penalty against defensive end Frank Clark, before the first quarter ended. On the first play of the second quarter, the Eagles retook the lead, 14–7, on a 45-yard touchdown pass from Hurts to wide receiver A. J. Brown. The Chiefs were forced to a three-and-out on their next drive. After a Hurts pass and a rush by running back Kenneth Gainwell each gained 9 yards, Hurts fumbled the ball while running into linebacker Nick Bolton, who recovered it in stride and ran it back 36 yards for a touchdown, tying the game again at 14–14. This would be Philadelphia's only turnover of the postseason. Hurts led the Eagles on another drive to retake the lead. Philadelphia converted a pair of fourth downs, first a 4th-and-5 with a 28-yard scramble by Hurts, and later by drawing defensive tackle Derrick Nnadi offside for the other. On the next play, Hurts finished the drive with a 4-yard touchdown run that made the score 21–14 in favor of Philadelphia. The Chiefs were forced to punt again with 1:33 remaining in the half. Prior to this, Mahomes re-aggravated a high ankle sprain that he had suffered earlier in the playoffs and was seen limping to the sideline after the play. However, unlike the Divisional round game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Chiefs did not play any further offensive snaps without him. Wide receiver Britain Covey returned the ensuing punt 27 yards to his own 43-yard line, which, in addition to a 22-yard pass from Hurts to Brown near the end of the Eagles' next drive, helped put them into field goal range. However, cornerback Trent McDuffie then made a crucial tackle on Gainwell to keep him in bounds after a 2-yard pass from Hurts, preventing the Eagles from having any chance at throwing to the end zone before halftime. The Eagles used their final timeout to stop the clock, and kicker Jake Elliott made a 35-yard field goal to increase their lead to 24–14 as time expired. === Second half === Kansas City received the ball to begin the second half and drove 75 yards in 12 plays, with Mahomes completing all three of his passes for 26 yards, while running back Jerick McKinnon picked up 21 yards on two runs, before Pacheco's 1-yard touchdown run cut their deficit to a field goal at 24–21. Philadelphia responded with a 19-play, 65-yard drive, in which Hurts completed two 17-yard passes to tight end Dallas Goedert, one of which converted a 3rd-and-14. On the first play of the drive, Hurts appeared to complete a pass to running back Miles Sanders before cornerback L'Jarius Sneed forced a fumble from Sanders, which was recovered and returned for a touchdown again by Bolton, this time from 24 yards. However, instant replay determined that Sanders did not have full possession of the ball before he was hit by Sneed, taking the touchdown off the board and allowing Philadelphia to continue their drive. At this point, however, the Kansas City defense started to have more success against the Eagles offense, and although the Eagles managed to succeed on a 4th-and-1 attempt, a subsequent 3rd-and-11 try was stopped at the Chiefs' 15-yard line, forcing the Eagles to settle for a 33-yard field goal attempt, which Elliott converted with 1:48 left in the third quarter, making the score 27–21. The Chiefs gained 31 yards on their next four plays, including two Pacheco rushes for 20 yards that reached the Philadelphia 44-yard line, which led them to end the third quarter. Mahomes completed four passes to wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster for a total of 38 yards during the drive and concluded the Chiefs' 12-play, 75-yard drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Kadarius Toney, giving the Chiefs their first lead of the game, 28–27. It was the first deficit the Eagles faced in the postseason. The Kansas City defense continued their good form by forcing Philadelphia to their first, and only, three-and-out of the second half. The ensuing punt by Arryn Siposs, however, was a poor one and allowed Toney to return it for 65 yards to the Philadelphia 5-yard line and setting a record with the longest punt return in Super Bowl history, surpassing Jordan Norwood’s record of a 61-yard return seven years earlier in Super Bowl 50. After being kept out of the end zone for the first two plays, the Chiefs scored on a 4-yard pass from Mahomes to wide receiver Skyy Moore in an essential mirror image of Toney's touchdown. This was Moore's first NFL career touchdown. The plays that resulted in Toney and Moore's touchdowns, which were less than three minutes apart from each other, became known as the Corn Dogs, which involved using shifts and motion to trick the defense, a similar concept the Eagles used earlier in the season against the Jaguars. The Chiefs now had a 35–27 lead, but Philadelphia responded on their ensuing drive, which spanned eight plays and took just over four minutes off the clock, resulting in a 45-yard pass to Smith that set up Hurts' 2-yard touchdown run on the next play, followed by a two-point conversion with a run by Hurts that tied the score at 35–35 with 5:15 remaining. At the start of Kansas City's next drive, three runs by Pacheco for 15 yards and two completions by Mahomes for 17 yards moved the ball to the Philadelphia 43-yard line. On the next play, despite his re-aggravated ankle injury, Mahomes took off for a 26-yard run — the longest run by any Chiefs player in the game — that gave the Chiefs a first down on Philadelphia's 17-yard line. A 2-yard run by Pacheco ran the clock down to the two-minute warning. A completed pass for no gain brought up 3rd-and-8. Mahomes threw an incomplete pass on the next play, but cornerback James Bradberry was called for a controversial hold against Smith-Schuster, giving Kansas City a new set of downs. After the game, Bradberry's holding penalty was criticized by some, but was supported by others, including by Bradberry himself who would admit after the game that he did hold Smith-Schuster, and was hoping that the officials would not call it. On the next play, with first down at the 11-yard line, McKinnon rushed to the 2-yard line, where he intentionally downed himself, thereby allowing Mahomes to take two knees to run the clock down to eight seconds with Butker kicking a 27-yard field goal. A Hail Mary pass by Hurts was incomplete after he partially slipped, giving the Chiefs a 38–35 victory. Mahomes completed 21 of his 27 pass attempts for 182 yards and three touchdowns and was named the Super Bowl MVP. He also ran for 44 yards. Pacheco was the top rusher of the game with 15 carries for 76 yards and a touchdown. Bolton had eight solo tackles, one assist, and a fumble return touchdown. Hurts finished the day 27/38 for 304 yards and a touchdown while rushing 15 times for 70 yards and three touchdowns. He set the Super Bowl record for rushing yards and rushing touchdowns by a quarterback while tying the Super Bowl record for rushing touchdowns and points scored (20) as well. He would break his own record of rushing yards by two in Super Bowl LIX two years later. Smith was Hurts' top target with seven receptions, and led all receivers in the game with 100 yards, while Brown had six catches for 96 yards and a touchdown. The Chiefs' offensive line was heavily praised for their performance in the game. Philadelphia led the NFL with 70 sacks during the season, just two short of the league record. However, in the Super Bowl, Mahomes was not sacked at all, only the second time the Eagles had no sacks in their regular season or playoff games, while Kansas City's offense rushed for 158 yards. === Box score === == Final statistics == === Statistical comparison === === Individual statistics === 1Completions/attempts2Carries3Long gain4Receptions5Times targeted == Starting lineups == == Officials == Super Bowl LVII featured seven officials, a replay official, a replay assistant, and eight alternate officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers. == Aftermath == The Chiefs successfully defended their Super Bowl title by winning Super Bowl LVIII the following season over the San Francisco 49ers, becoming the first team to repeat as Super Bowl champions since the 2003 and 2004 New England Patriots. The Super Bowl LVIII win, being the Chiefs' third Super Bowl win and fourth Super Bowl appearance in five seasons, led many sports commentators to establish the team as a dynasty. The Eagles started the following season with a 10–1 record, the best in the league. However, the Eagles faltered down the stretch, losing five of their last six games and falling to second place in the NFC East behind the Dallas Cowboys, and the 5-seed in the NFC. They were subsequently blown out by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the Wild Card round. Their late-season collapse is considered by many to be one of the worst in NFL history. The Eagles promptly fired offensive coordinator Brian Johnson and defensive coordinator Sean Desai within a week of their playoff exit. The Chiefs and Eagles rematched in Super Bowl LIX two years later. In that game, Kansas City became the first two-time defending Super Bowl champion to play for a chance to win a third straight Super Bowl championship. However, Philadelphia defeated Kansas City 40–22 in the rematch, denying the Chiefs their three-peat bid. == References == == External links == Official website Super Bowl LVII Box Score at Pro Football Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Burgess#:~:text=She%20volunteered%20for%20a%20job,and%20project%20manager%20for%20Ghostwriter.	Janice Burgess	Janice Burgess (March 1, 1952 – March 2, 2024) was an American television executive, screenwriter and producer for Nickelodeon. She created the Nick Jr. series The Backyardigans and worked as a writer and story editor for Nickelodeon's revival of Winx Club. Both shows were produced at the Nickelodeon Animation Studio. Burgess joined Nickelodeon in 1995 as executive-in-charge of production. == Early life and education == Burgess was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood and attended the Ellis School. She frequently played in her backyard, and she later used those memories as inspiration for The Backyardigans. "I really remember it as a wonderful, happy, safe place... you could have these great adventures just romping around. From there, you could go anywhere or do anything." She loved musicals, and her mother frequently played a wide array of music. Planning to become an art historian, she graduated from Brandeis University in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in art history. == Career == According to an interview with Investor's Business Daily, Burgess did not enjoy traveling "in art circles with collectors and high society," so she sought out a different career after college. She volunteered for a job at the public television station WQED, where she was put in charge of craft services. In the early 1990s, Burgess held positions at the Children's Television Workshop, including as an assistant travel coordinator for 3-2-1 Contact and project manager for Ghostwriter. For the latter, she coordinated the efforts of a tie-in magazine and teacher materials with the content and goals of the television show. It was during this job that she was notified of an opening at Nickelodeon; Burgess joked that she interviewed for the job "about 11,000 times." She was hired as the executive in charge of production for Nick Jr., overseeing the development of Blue's Clues and Little Bill. Burgess later became the vice president of Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. division. === The Backyardigans === While working as an executive, Burgess attended scripting and concept development meetings, where she enjoyed helping the creative teams with characters and storylines. Burgess was eventually given the opportunity to transition to a creative role by the senior vice president of Nick Jr, Brown Johnson. She asked Burgess to develop an idea for a new Nick Jr. show, and Burgess produced a pilot episode called "Me and My Friends" at Nickelodeon Studios Florida in 1998. The pilot was a live-action, full-body puppet show that featured music and dance; it was not picked up for a full series. Several months after the rejection, Brown Johnson asked Burgess to retool the concept, as she liked the characters and music from Burgess's pilot and felt the show would work better in animation. Using the characters from "Me and My Friends," Burgess wrote a second pilot, which was produced at Nickelodeon's New York studio in 2002. The show, now fully animated and renamed The Backyardigans, was greenlit for a full season of 20 episodes. Reflecting on the shift to animation, Burgess said, "Sometimes your first attempt is just not all that great. In this case, my second attempt was much better." The Backyardigans premiered on Nickelodeon on October 11, 2004. Burgess served as executive producer for The Backyardigans throughout its run of four seasons. In 2006, she described her work on the show positively: "making The Backyardigans has become sort of like an adventure that I go on with my friends. Of course, we get paid, but we do get to be carefree in our work, enjoy each other, hang around a lot, travel a little bit, and make up stuff." Burgess drew inspiration from action films when writing episodes of the show, as she wanted to adapt high-stakes stories for a young audience. She also was inspired by memories of playing in her own childhood backyard. The series received eight Daytime Emmy Award nominations, and Burgess won the 2008 Emmy for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program. After The Backyardigans wrapped production in 2010 on the fourth and final season, much of the series' staff members regrouped to work on Nickelodeon's Winx Club, including Burgess. She worked as a writer, story editor, and creative consultant on the action-adventure series. == Death == Burgess died in hospice care in Manhattan on March 2, 2024, the day after her 72nd birthday. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2018, six years prior to her death. == References == == External links == Janice Burgess at IMDb The Backyardigans at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Singh_Rana#:~:text=7%20External%20links-,Early%20life,India%20on%2017%20May%201976.	Sher Singh Rana	Pankaj Singh Pundir (born 17 May 1976), popularly known as Sher Singh Rana or S. Rana, is an Indian politician who was sentenced for the 2001 vendetta-related assassination of Indian dacoit-turned-parliamentarian Phoolan Devi. In August 2014, Rana was sentenced to life imprisonment and a fine of ₹100,000 (approximately US$1,600) for Devi's assassination, as well as charges of conspiracy, after a 10-year trial. He was released from jail in 2016 after the court granted him bail. == Early life == Sher Singh Rana was born as Pankaj Singh Pundir in a Hindu Rajput family in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India on 17 May 1976. == Phoolan Devi assassination == Rana, along with two other men, murdered Phoolan Devi outside her home in New Delhi in July 2001. At the time of her assassination, Phoolan Devi was a sitting Member of Parliament in the 13th Lok Sabha. Rana claims he was motivated to take revenge upon her for her actions as a leader of a bandit gang that acted primarily against the higher castes in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Rana was arrested and confessed to the murder. == Escape from jail and rearrest == Rana escaped from Tihar jail, a high-security prison facility in Delhi on 17 February 2004. He went to Moradabad and checked into a hotel. He then contacted relatives who sent him ₹1 lakh. From Ranchi he applied for a passport in the name of Sanjay Gupta. During the two-month wait for the passport, he visited Gaya and Benaras. Rana then went to Kolkata, where he obtained a three-month Bangladesh visa. Rana claimed that he took a house for rent at Khulna and lived there, posing as Sanjay. After he fled to Bangladesh, he bought a satellite phone for ₹16,500 so that he could contact his relatives and friends without being tracked. Throughout his journey — from Moradabad to Ranchi, Kolkata, Bangladesh and Dubai and later to Afghanistan from where he is said to have brought back the ashes of the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan. He received approximately ₹15,000 to ₹20,000 per month and visited Kolkata often to get his visa extended. At times, he did this in Dhaka. On 25 April 2006, he was re-arrested from Kolkata by SIT, who tracked him down by his subscription to a Hindi newspaper, one of the few people in the Dharmatala area who did so. == Release == A trial court in January 2012 allowed Sher Singh Rana, to file his nomination papers from Tihar to contest Uttar Pradesh assembly election. The Delhi High Court has granted bail to Sher Singh Rana and he was released on 24 October 2016. == Aftermath == He married with Pratima Singh on 28 February 2018, who is the daughter of Pratap Singh. Some newspapers wrongly mentioned Pratap Singh as a former Member of Legislative Assembly from Madhya Pradesh. In Fact Rekha Yadav was the MLA from Malhara in 2008. Sher Singh married by taking a shagun of only a silver coin and refusing the dowry of 10 crore rupees worth property and 31 Lakh rupees cash. In the year 2019, he formed his own political party, Rashtravadi Janlok Party (RJP). == References == == External links == The Phoolan Devi Murder
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao_Beidaihe_Airport#:~:text=The%20airport%20was%20opened%20on,military%2C%20as%20Qinhuangdao's%20main%20airport.	Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport	Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport (IATA: BPE, ICAO: ZBDH) is an airport serving the city of Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, north China. It is located in Longjiadian Town, Changli County, 47 kilometres (29 mi) from the city center and 34 kilometres (21 mi) from Beidaihe. == History == The Beidaihe Airport project was started in 2004, and received approval from the State Council in July 2009. The construction feasibility report was approved in May 2011, and construction officially began in April 2012. The airport was opened on 31 March 2016, replacing the old Shanhaiguan Airport, which was shared with the military, as Qinhuangdao's main airport. Shanhaiguan Airport reverted to sole military use. == Facilities == The airport occupies an area of 2,195 mu. It has a runway that is 2,600 meters long and 60 meters wide, and a 10,592-square-metre (114,010 sq ft) terminal building. It is designed to handle 500,000 passengers and 1,200 tons of cargo annually. == Airlines and destinations == == See also == List of airports in China List of the busiest airports in China == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Schools,_Inc.	King Schools, Inc.	King Schools, Inc. is an American computer software company headquartered in San Diego, California. The company focuses on the creation of Computer Based Training (CBT) or E-learning to assist individuals in obtaining all levels of Pilot certification in the United States. Over the years, the company has expanded its training courses to cover the various pilot certificates, ratings and educational requirements, along with many aeronautical elective studies. More recently, it has begun offering all of its courses in Web-based training (WBT) and mobile device formats. King Schools was founded in 1974 by John and Martha King, husband and wife. As Certificated Flight Instructors, the Kings first began as a traveling ground school, offering two-day courses in various cities. A little more than a decade later, they began producing training videos that other flight instructors could incorporate into their own curriculum. Eventually, demand for their videos by individuals learning to fly led to the development of courses that could be used for self-paced study. As of May 2010, King Schools has over 70 employees and operates exclusively from an 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m2) facility near Montgomery Field. Course development, production, customer service and shipping all occur at this location. Course videos are filmed either in the in-house digital studio or at nearby Montgomery Field. John and Martha King are two of the most recognized experts in flight instruction, and King Schools is best known for its effective use of a folksy, humor-rich approach in their training videos. The company claims that more than half of all pilots in the United States have studied using one of their courses. Of the courses they offer, the Private Pilot Knowledge Test Course is likely the most used, supporting FAA Part 61 ground schools. Among the approximately 90 other courses offered, topics covered include Private Pilot, Instrument Pilot, Commercial Pilot, International Operations and risk management. King Schools also produces the Cessna-branded courses used by Cessna Pilot Centers, which are Part 141 ground schools. == History == In 1975, King Schools, Inc. was started by John and Martha King as a touring 2-day ground school. In 1989, King Schools moves to its current facility in San Diego, California, near Montgomery Field In 1999, King Schools produces the flight training videos for Microsoft Flight Simulator 2000, featuring John and Martha King providing personal instruction for virtual pilots. They also did the same for Microsoft Flight Simulator 2002, in 2001. In 2008, John and Martha King were inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum, and in 2019, they were inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame at the National Museum of the United States Air Force. == Flying risk awareness advocacy == In March 2001, Flying Magazine published an interview with John King titled "John King's Crusade to Change Aviation's Culture." In the article, John openly charged the General Aviation industry with mischaracterizing that light aircraft could be considered safe. He argued that General Aviation pilots were insufficiently trained to recognize and address flight hazards. King Schools later joined efforts with Avemco Insurance to produce a training video to do this. In 2003, this led to the first in a series of training videos marketed by King Schools as a "Practical Risk Management" course. == References == == External links == Official King Schools site King Schools Community site Official Cessna Flight Training System site Audio interview of John King at Flight Podcast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Matoian	John Matoian	John Matoian (born 1948) is a former teacher and television industry executive. He was a vice-president of the CBS Entertainment division. He later became the president of Entertainment at Fox Broadcasting in September 1995. He was president at HBO from 1996 to 1999. He received his B.A. from Stanford University. Matoian is a native of Fresno and is of Armenian descent. In the 2012 United States Presidential election, John Matoian had made $83,800 worth of contributions to Barack Obama's successful presidential campaign. In his book Springfield Confidential, Mike Reiss mentions Matoian by name as the Fox executive whose intense hatred of his and Al Jean's animated series The Critic led to its cancellation after a single season on the network. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dixon_Gibbs	John Dixon Gibbs	John Dixon Gibbs (14 July 1833–6 March 1912) was a British engineer and financier who, together with Lucien Gaulard, is often credited as the co-inventor of the AC step-down transformer. The transformer was first demonstrated in 1883 at London's Royal Aquarium. At the time the term "transformer" had not yet been invented, so instead it was referred to as a "secondary generator". Although he is usually credited equally with Gaulard, Gibb's role in the invention appears to have been more that of a financial backer and businessman. He was one of the initial subscribers to the "National Company for Distribution of Electricity by Secondary Generators", registered on 11 May 1883. In March 1886, he attended that company`s third ordinary annual general meeting and delivered an address regarding the company`s business progress etc. Although the underlying physics of the transformer, mainly Faraday's law of induction, had been known since the 1830s, transformers became viable only after the introduction of Gaulard and Gibbs's transformer design in 1883. The breakthrough was to build an iron transformer core which could act as a magnetic circuit. At the time, their invention was seen as overcomplicated since it contained a movable armature. It caught the attention of Sir Coutts Lindsay, who used it to power the Grosvenor Gallery, which was one of the first lighting systems in Britain powered by a central generating station. In 1885 Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri and Károly Zipernowsky secured a patent on a similar design, using laminated sheets of metal to reduce eddy currents. Information on an exhibition of Gibbs and Gaulard's transformer in Turin, Italy in 1884 was published in 1885 and caught the attention of George Westinghouse. In the summer of 1885 Westinghouse bought the American rights for Gibbs and Gaulard's design and ordered that several transformers from Gibbs and Gaulard be purchased and shipped to his factory in Pittsburgh. Westinghouse then asked the engineer William Stanley, Jr. to design an electric lighting system using them. Stanley subsequently greatly improved on Gibbs and Gaulard's design and is often credited in their place. In July 1889 Gibbs was reported as being one of the four initial directors of the newly-registered British company "The Westinghouse Electric Co. Ltd." (George Westinghouse junior being one of the others). John Dixon Gibbs had his work patented under German patent no. 28947, a patent also recognized in Great Britain. The patent was disputed by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti. Following patent litigation, Gibbs and Gaulard lost the patent. Gibbs appealed the suit, taking the case all the way to the House of Lords, where he again lost. He was financially ruined in the process. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_season_3#Episodes	Scandal season 3	The third season of the American television drama series Scandal, created by Shonda Rhimes, began on October 3, 2013, in the United States, on ABC, and consisted of 18 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season continues the story of Olivia Pope's crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates, and its staff, as well as staff at the White House in Washington, D.C. Season three had ten series regulars, all returning from the previous season, of whom seven are part of the original cast of eight regulars from the first season. The season aired in the Thursday 10:00 pm timeslot, the same as the previous seasons. For her performance, Kerry Washington won the Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and was nominated for Outstanding Performance in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Award, Best Actress in a Television Series at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards. == Plot == The season focuses on Fitz's re-election campaign for his second term, as well as, Olivia's family problems after her father comes back into her life and she discovers that her mother (believed to be deceased for 20 years) is alive, which leads to Olivia Pope & Associates trying to find Olivia's mother, Maya Lewis. After Olivia's name is leaked to the press as Fitz's mistress, Olivia Pope & Associates face financial troubles when all their clients fire them. The firm accepts "new" clients in order to pay the bills. Rowan becomes more involved with Olivia's life, which begins to affect her, and leads Huck and Jake to investigate B613. They discover during a military action code named "Operation Remington" Fitz shot down a civilian aircraft over Iceland and Olivia's mother was one of over 300 casualties. Olivia goes to Fitz and asks him about it, but he refuses to respond. Determined to find out the truth about Operation Remington, the firm investigates Rowan and learns that a passenger was removed from the flight by a Federal Marshall just prior to take off. Quinn starts to hang out with Charlie, who sets her up to kill a security guard who was an eye-witness to the Federal Marshal's removal of the passenger. As a result of Quinn's inadvertent murder, Huck tortures her and she leaves the firm. It's revealed that Maya was the passenger who didn't get on the plane, and that she has been imprisoned by Rowan for the last 20 years. She manages to break free and Olivia is shocked when her "dead" mother contacts her. When Rowan finds out about Maya's escape, he puts her on FBI's most wanted terrorists list. Olivia manages to arrange a flight to Hong Kong with Maya on it, but after she leaves Olivia figures out that Maya really is a terrorist by the name Marie Wallace. After Fitz captures Rowan at the Pentagon, Olivia asks Fitz to arrest her mother, but Maya manages to escape. Meanwhile, Fitz faces problems when Congresswoman Josephine "Josie" Marcus is in the running to win the Democratic Party primary against Senator Samuel Reston and become the first female president of the United States. Cyrus tries his best to find dirt on Marcus in order to ruin her campaign, but fails. After Olivia finds out that Fitz shot down the plane which killed her mother, she declines the offer of being the campaign manager for Fitz's re-election and becomes the manager for Josephine Marcus'. After an incident with Marcus' sister, Josephine backs out of her campaign. Cyrus discovers that Sally plans to run against Fitz as an Independent when she hires Leo Bergen to be her campaign manager. He tries to blackmail her by having James flirt with her husband, Daniel Douglas. However, James figures out Cyrus' plan, and sleeps with Daniel devastating Cyrus. When Sally finds out about this, she becomes furious and kills her husband. After the murder, Sally calls Cyrus for help. David gets a visit from a woman from the NSA who has the recording of the conversation between Sally and Cyrus, which David shares with James. The second part of the season focuses more on the re-election campaign as Olivia has taken over as the campaign manager. At the same time, Sally announces that she is running for president by being an Independent. As a result, Fitz chooses the governor of California, Andrew Nichols, as his new vice presidential running-mate. It is revealed that Nichols had a romantic relationship with the First Lady, Mellie. The campaign faces problems when Sally, stricken with guilt over murdering Daniel, almost reveals the truth at a debate. Cyrus asks Jake to help protect the secret, which he does by killing James to prevent exposing Cyrus's involvement in the cover up. The president's eldest children, Jerry and Karen Grant, come to the White House for an interview, but Olivia soon figures out that they aren't pleased with their parents. Maya and Adnan Salif team up with Dominic Bell, who gives them a bomb. Olivia and her team, with the help of Rowan, track down Dominic and try to find Maya. In the season finale, the bomb goes off in a church, which Sally uses to her advantage to rise in the polls. On the election day, Olivia and Cyrus are convinced that Fitz has lost, but Rowan orders Tom to kill Jerry, which ultimately makes Fitz win the election. Olivia takes up her father's offer and leaves with Jake to an unknown location for a new life. == Cast and characters == == Production == Scandal was renewed for a third season on May 10, 2013. Along with other ABC dramas, this season was split into two runs of uninterrupted episodes, the first consisting of ten episodes. The second run, initially set to consist of 12 uninterrupted episodes, began on February 27, 2014. On December 7, 2013, ABC Studios, announced that due to Kerry Washington's pregnancy, the overall episode order would be trimmed from 22 to 18, which led the season finale to air four weeks earlier on April 17, 2014. It was announced on May 9, 2014 by ABC that Scandal would return in the fall of 2014 for Season 4. === Casting === The third season had ten roles receiving star billing, with all of them returning from the previous season, seven of which part of the original cast from the first season. Kerry Washington continued her role as protagonist of the series, Olivia Pope, a former White House Director of Communications with her own crisis management firm. Scott Foley was upgraded to a series regular, portraying Captain Jake Ballard. Darby Stanchfield played Abby Whelan, Katie Lowes acted as Quinn Perkins who leaves Olivia's firm in the second part of the season for B613. Guillermo Diaz continued playing the character Huck, the troubled tech guy who works for Olivia. Jeff Perry played Cyrus Beene, the Chief of Staff at the White House, who loses his husband James. Joshua Malina played David Rosen, now the re-instated U.S. Attorney. Bellamy Young continued playing First Lady Melody "Mellie" Grant, who begins a relationship with Andrew Nichols, Fitz's Vice President nominee, while Tony Goldwyn portrayed President Fitzgerald "Fitz" Thomas Grant III. On June 14, 2013, Scott Foley was promoted to regular as of the third season. Casting for Lisa Kudrow was announced on August 28, and was revealed to be playing Congresswoman Josephine Marcus for multiple episodes. Private Practice alum Paul Adelstein was announced to join the cast as Leo Bergen, however at the time of the announcement, details on who he would play were kept under wraps. On September 23, 2013, it was announced that Sally Pressman would be playing a recurring role on the show, which turned out to be the sister of Congresswoman Josephine Marcus, played by Lisa Kudrow. Jack Coleman joined the cast in a recurring role as Daniel Douglas, the husband to Vice President Sally Langston. On November 5, 2013, Khandi Alexander was cast in a recurring role as Olivia's mother for a multiple episode arc. On December 3, 2013, it was announced that the show was casting for a new role as a handsome, charismatic fella named Andrew, who would be a love interest for Bellamy Young's character, Mellie. A few days later, on December 6, 2013, actor Jon Tenney was announced to have landed the role of Andrew. On January 28, 2014, it was announced that Scandal was casting the guest-starring roles of Jerry Grant and Karen Grant, Tony Goldwyn and Bellamy Young's characters' children A week later, on February 6, 2014, it was reported that the guest-starring roles of Jerry and Karen had been landed by Dylan Minnette and Madeline Carroll. The duo appeared in the fifteenth episode in addition to the season finale. == Episodes == == Reception == The season premiere returned with a generally favorable response from critics, with many commenting that the show lived up to and if anything surpassed the high bar set by the previous season. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 95% approval rating with average rating of 8.30/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Scandal finds its footing in season three, allowing its characters to blossom and providing the kind of intrigue that makes serialized television so addictive." In social media, the season premiere delivered 712,877 tweets, making Scandal #1 most social series on Thursday night. Kerry Washington was nominated for an Emmy Award (Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series) and a Golden Globe Award for her performance in the season. The season premiere had 10.5 million total viewers, up 71 percent from last season's start in September 2012. The season finale had 10.5 million total viewers, up 15% from last season's finale in May 2013. The third season had an average of 11.5 million in Total Viewers, up 39% from the second season which had a total of 8.3 million. It also went up in Adults 18-49 with 43% with an average of 4.0/12, while the previous season had a 2.8/8. This qualifies Scandal as TV’s fastest growing returning series. Repeats air on BET. == Ratings == === Live + SD ratings === === Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings === == Awards and nominations == == DVD release == == References == == External links == Official website Scandal at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usha_Goswami	Usha Goswami	Usha Claire Goswami (born 21 February 1960) is a researcher and professor of Cognitive Developmental Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, and the director of the Centre for Neuroscience in Education, Downing Site. She obtained her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of Oxford before becoming a professor of cognitive developmental psychology at the University College London. Goswami's work is primarily in educational neuroscience with major focuses on reading development and developmental dyslexia. == Early life and education == Goswami was born on 21 February 1960. She received her Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in experimental psychology from the St John's College, Oxford. She then went on to receive her Post Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) from the University of London in primary education allowing her to become a teacher. In 1987 she received her Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in psychology from the University of Oxford with her main topics being reading and spelling by analogy. == Career and research == Goswami was a research fellow at Merton College, Oxford for the 1986–87 and 1988–89 academic years. She was at the University of Illinois from 1987 to 1988 having received a Harkness Fellowship. She was a lecturer in experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge from 1990 to 1997. Then, from 1997 to 2002, she was Professor of Cognitive Developmental Psychology at the Institute of Child Health, University College London. In January 2003, she moved to the University of Cambridge where she currently works as the director for the Centre for Neuroscience in Education and Professor of Cognitive Developmental Neuroscience. Goswami is currently the Director of the Centre for Neuroscience in Education at the University of Cambridge. The Centre utilizes electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to study the developing brain. Some of her current research projects include the neural basis of developmental dyslexia, the neural basis of speech and language impairments, and the neural basis of rhythmic motor behavior. Dyslexia is a multifaceted disorder of learning primarily manifested by difficulties in reading, spelling, and phonological processing. In people with dyslexia, the brain processes certain signals in a specific way making it a very specific learning difficulty. Dr. Goswami's research is concerned with focusing on dyslexia as a language disorder rather than a visual disorder as she has found that the way that children with dyslexia hear language is slightly different than others. When sound waves approach the brain, they vary in pressure depending on the syllables within the words being spoken creating a rhythm. When these signals reach the brain they are lined up with brain rhythms and this process doesn't work properly in those with dyslexia. Goswami is currently researching whether or not reading poetry, nursery rhymes, and singing can be used to help children with dyslexia. The rhythm of the words could allow the child to match the syllable patterns to language before they begin reading as to catch them up to where children without the disability might be. === Honours and awards === Usha Goswami has received numerous awards and has served on several different committees over the years. Early in her career she was awarded the British Psychology Society Spearman Medal (for early career research excellence), the Norman Geschwind-Rodin Prize (a Swedish award for research excellence in the field of dyslexia), and received research fellowships from the National Academy of Education (USA), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany), and the Leverhulme Trust. She has served on the National Curriculum and the National Literacy Project, the Foresight Project on Mental Capital and Wellbeing in 2008, and the Managing Committee of the European Concerted Action on Learning Disorders as a Barrier to Human Development. In 2013 she was 1 of 42 UK-based scholars that year to be selected to become a Fellow of the British Academy awarded to those with academic distinction in their research. Goswami has also been a member of several research boards including the ESRC Research Grants Board (1998-2000), the Neurosciences and Mental Health Board of the Medical Research Council (1999-2003), and the Cross Board Group of the Medical Research Council (2001-2003).Usha Goswami was awarded the Yidan Prize for Education Research in September 2019 for her ground-breaking neuroscience research in understanding brain function, which allows educators to design different teaching pedagogy, techniques and tools to help children with dyslexia and special needs to learn languages more effectively. Goswami was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to educational research. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 2021. === Publications === Huss M, Verney JP, Fosker T, Mead N & Goswami U (2011). Music, rhythm, rise time perception and developmental dyslexia: Perception of musical meter predicts reading and phonology. Cortex, 47, 674-89. Beddington J, Cooper CL, Field J, Goswami U, Huppert FA, Jenkins R, Jones HS, Kirkwood TBL, Sahakian BJ & Thomas SM (2008). The mental wealth of nations. Nature 455: 1057-1060. Goswami U (2006). Neuroscience and education: from research to practice? Nat Rev Neurosci 7(5):406-11. Ziegler J & Goswami U (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory, Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 3-29. Goswami, U (2014). Child Psychology: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. Goswami, U (2010). The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development: 2nd Edition. Blackwell Handbooks of Developmental Psychology. Goswami, U (2010). Phonology, reading and reading difficulty. In K. Hall, U. Goswami, C. Harrison, S. Ellis and J. Soler (Eds) Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Learning to Read: Culture, Cognition and Pedagogy. London: Routledge. Goswami, U (2008). Cognitive Development: The Learning Brain. Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis. Cooper CL, Field J, Goswami U, Jenkins R, & Sahakian BJ (2009) (Eds.). Mental Capital and Wellbeing. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Goswami, U (2008). Cognitive Development: The Learning Brain. Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis. Goswami, U (2006). Cognitive Development: Critical Concepts in Psychology. London: Routledge. Goswami, U (2002 & 2004). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford: Blackwell. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rubiano_S%C3%A1enz#Cardinal	Pedro Rubiano Sáenz	Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (Spanish: [ˈpeðɾo ru'βjano 'saens]; 13 September 1932 – 15 April 2024) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Bogotá from 1995 to 2010. He was Bishop of Cúcuta from 1972 to 1983, and Archbishop of Cali from 1985 to 1994 after two years as coadjutor there. Pope John Paul II made him a cardinal in 2001. == Biography == === Early life and ordination === Pedro Rubiano Sáenz was born in Cartago, Colombia, on 13 September 1933, the fourth of six sons born to Pedro Rubiano and Tulia Sáenz. He attended the Colegio de María Auxiliadora and the Colegio Ramírez, then the Diocesan College of Santa Teresita in the Bitaco neighborhood, and then at the minor seminaries of Cali and Popayán. He studied at the seminary in Popayán and the Université Laval in Quebec, where he earned his licentiate in sacred theology. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Cali on 8 July 1956 from Bishop Julio Caicedo y Téllez. He then studied at Catholic University in Washington and at the Institute for Social Studies of Santiago de Chile. He fulfilled a variety of pastoral assignments in the 15 years following his ordination, including chaplain of the Marco Fidel Suárez Military Aviation School, the Santa Librada national school, and the Nuestra Señora de los Remedios clinic. He was pastor and founder of the parishes of San Pedro Claver and Nuestra Señora de la Providencia. By 1971 he was pastoral vicar of the archdiocese and vice-rector of the Major School "Santiago di Cali". === Bishop and archbishop === On 2 June 1971, Pope Paul VI named him bishop of Cúcuta. He received his episcopal consecration on 11 July 1972 in Cali from Archbishop Angelo Palmas, Nuncio to Colombia. Pope John Paul II appointed him Coadjutor Archbishop of Cali on 26 March 1983 and he succeeded as archbishop there on 7 February 1985. From 1983 to 1989 he was vice president of the International Commission for Migration and Refugees based in Geneva. From April 1990 to January 1991, he was apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Popayán. Pope John Paul transferred him to the metropolitan see of Bogotá on 27 December 1994. He was installed there on 11 February 1995. On 12 October 1995, he was made a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants. One of his most significant initiatives was the creation of the Archdiocesan Food Bank, which continued to operate as long as he lived. On 4 August 1995, he established the National Conciliation Commission in the hope that a broad and diverse coalition might help resolve Colombia's political divisions and end armed conflict. Rubiano Sáenz was elected to a three-year term as president of the Colombian Bishops Conference in 1990 and re-elected in 1993. === Cardinal === Pope John Paul made Rubiano Sáenz Cardinal-Priest of Trasfigurazione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo in the consistory of 21 February 2001. He was made a member of the Congregation for Catholic Education on 15 May 2001 and his membership on the Pontifical Council for Migrants was renewed on 18 May 2001. In 2002, he was elected to another term as president of the Colombian Bishops Conference. He was also president of the economic committee of the Episcopal Council of Latin America (CELAM) from May 2003 to July 2007. In 2003, he oversaw the creation of three new suffragan dioceses from the territory of the Archdiocese of Bigotá: Engativá, Fontibón and Soacha. Rubiano Sáenz was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. In 2006, as Colombia's Constitutional Court considered an abortion rights case, Rubiano Sáenz warned of the danger posed by a Latin American country breaking from the region's universal ban on abortion. He wrote: "The loss of one country will substantially weaken the pro-life fabric of all of Latin America. What begins as a small hole will end as a huge tear allowing much evil to come in." In May, after the Court ruled that abortion could not be punished in certain cases, he wrote that "decriminalizing abortion, even in the cases indicated by the ruling of the Constitutional Court, does not change either the seriousness of the fact or the moral judgment of abortion.... What is legal is not always moral." On 31 January 2008, he mocked the idea that achieving peace between the government of Colombia and the FARC rebels required the intervention of Venezuela's president Hugo Chavez. He said: "The only thing left is to kneel down before Chavez! I believe we Colombians have dignity." In July 2009, he advised Colombian president Álvaro Uribe against seeking a third term as president. He said: "Two terms is a lot. He has carried out important work for the good of the country and for peace. It would be better for him if after finishing his second term he left office and later on ran again." Pope Benedict accepted Rubiano Sáenz's resignation as Archbishop of Bogotá on 8 July 2010, three years after he had submitted it. Rubiano Sáenz was apostolic administrator of the archdiocese until the installation of his successor, Archbishop Rubén Salazar Gómez, on 13 August 2010. === Death === Rubiano Sáenz died at his residence in Bogotá on 15 April 2024 at the age of 91. == Honors == Rubiano Sáenz was honoured with the following: Order of Boyacá Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order pro merito Melitensi == See also == Catholic Church in Colombia == References == == External links == "Rubiano Sáenz Card. Pedro". Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Perez	Rosie Perez	Rosa Maria Perez (born September 6, 1964) is an American actress. Her breakthrough came at age 24 with her portrayal of Tina in the film Do the Right Thing (1989), followed by White Men Can't Jump (1992). Perez's performance in Fearless (1993) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, among other accolades. Her starring film roles since include It Could Happen to You (1994), The Road to El Dorado (2000), Pineapple Express (2008), and Birds of Prey (2020). Perez earned three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for In Living Color (1990–1994) and another Emmy nomination for her work in The Flight Attendant (2020–22). She has performed in stage plays on Broadway such as The Ritz, Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, and Fish in the Dark. She was also a co-host on the ABC talk show The View during the series' 18th season. Perez additionally had a role in season 2 of the Showtime series, Your Honor. == Early life == Perez was born on September 6, 1964, in the Bushwick neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to Lydia Pérez and Ismael Serrano, a merchant marine seaman. Her mother Lydia (née Fontañez y Reyes) was born in Humacao, Puerto Rico. Her father was from Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. Her mother was married to a man 20 years her senior, Arturo Pérez. Her mother already had five children when she became pregnant with Rosie after having an affair with Serrano. Perez was born at the now-closed Greenpoint Hospital in the Greenpoint neighborhood of Brooklyn. One of 10 children born to her mother, Perez grew up in Bushwick with her siblings while their mother was intermittently jailed. Her mother gave birth to her youngest child while incarcerated. Perez was for a time raised by an aunt and then, like her siblings, went through group homes and foster care. She and her siblings were often split up. She was transferred to a group foster home and lived in foster care in New York and Peekskill until the age of eight. She was legally considered a ward of the State of New York until age 12. Her mother and aunt frequently visited, and her father made an unsuccessful custody bid at one point. When she was in third grade, Perez learned that she had a speech impediment. She had a strict Catholic upbringing, which she has credited to the influence of the nuns during her childhood. She eventually moved in with her paternal aunt, Ana Dominga Otero Serrano-Roque. She attended Grover Cleveland High School, in the Ridgewood neighborhood of Queens. By 1999, her mother was living in poverty in the Woodside Houses, when she died of AIDS-related complications. == Career == At 19 years old, Perez started her career in the early 1980s as a dancer on Soul Train. As a student at Los Angeles City College, with plans to major in biochemistry, she said she relieved stress by going to nightclubs for ladies' night. A talent scout from Soul Train asked Perez to appear on the show. She was not a professional dancer, but loved it so much she dropped out of school. In 1988, when she was 23 years old, Perez was noticed at the dance club Funky Reggae by Spike Lee, who hired her for her first major acting role in Do the Right Thing (1989). Perez later choreographed music videos by Janet Jackson, Bobby Brown, Diana Ross, LL Cool J and The Boys. She was the choreographer for the dancing group the Fly Girls, who were featured on the Fox television comedy program In Living Color, and also worked as a segment producer. She made her Broadway debut in Terrence McNally's Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune. Perez had her third major role in the hit comedy White Men Can't Jump (1992) co-starring Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson. Perez was nominated for the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Peter Weir's 1993 film Fearless. She attended the ceremony with her father. In 1994, she co-starred with Nicolas Cage in It Could Happen to You. In 1997, she co-starred with Javier Bardem in Perdita Durango where she played the titular character, a film in which many scenes of violence, sex and nudity were edited out of the version released in the United States but remained intact in the version released throughout Latin America. In 1999, Perez starred in Nancy Savoca's The 24 Hour Woman. She provides the voices of Click, the camera, on Nick Jr.'s Go, Diego, Go! (2005-11) and Chel, a beautiful native woman in the DreamWorks Animation film The Road to El Dorado (2000). She played corrupt police officer Carol Brazier in the Judd Apatow-produced film Pineapple Express (2008), co-starring Seth Rogen and James Franco. Perez appeared on an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in October 2009 about pedophiles' rights. Executive producer Neal Baer said the writers had Perez in mind when they wrote the role of a young sexual abuse victim's mother. She injured her neck while filming the episode and underwent surgery to heal a herniated disc. One year after the accident, she appeared at the White House in a wheelchair, wearing a neck brace for a meeting with President Obama. In May 2011, Perez filed a lawsuit against the producers of the show, saying the injury she incurred was the result of being "recklessly pulled, grabbed, yanked, wrenched and manhandled" during filming. In June 2013, she served as the grand marshal for the international Boxing Hall of Fame parade in Canastota, New York. In February 2014, Perez published an autobiography titled Handbook for an Unpredictable Life: How I Survived Sister Renata and My Crazy Mother, and Still Came Out Smiling... She is also the reader of the audio CD of this book. Perez said that she did not initially set out to write an autobiography, but rather a book that analyzes the causes and effects of child abuse. She said it was not until about six months after the book was published and she heard responses from others that she found the experience cathartic. On September 3 of the same year, ABC announced Perez would join The View as a new co-host alongside moderator Whoopi Goldberg, newcomer Nicolle Wallace, and returning co-host Rosie O'Donnell. The new season began on September 15, 2014. Perez said she was initially hesitant about the job because "I didn't want to be on a show where people were just screaming at each other disrespectfully." She decided to join the cast when she learned that Bill Wolff, whom she knew from The Rachel Maddow Show, was going to be the new executive producer. In 2015, she returned to Broadway to star in Fish in the Dark, a play written by Larry David. On July 8, 2015, Perez announced she would be leaving The View. In 2018, in a series regular role, Perez portrayed Tracey Wolfe in the NBC musical drama television series Rise, which ran for one season. She starred in the 2020 superhero film Birds of Prey, as the DC Entertainment superhero Renee Montoya / Question. Later that year, Perez starred in the comedy-drama series The Flight Attendant. She earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for the role. In 2021 Perez starred in the film adaptation of the children's book series Clifford the Big Red Dog. In 2023, she had a role in season 2 of the Showtime series Your Honor. She was an official commentator for the Jake Paul vs. Mike Tyson boxing match. == Activism == Perez is an activist for Puerto Rican rights: Her film Yo soy Boricua, pa'que tu lo sepas! (I'm Puerto Rican, Just So You Know!) documents her activism. She starred in and directed the Spanish AIDS PSA campaign "Join the Fight" for Cable Positive and Kismet Films. The campaign featured actor Wilmer Valderrama, BET's Julissa Bermudez, Telenovela actor Erick Elías, singer/actress Lorena Rojas, 2006–2007 Miss Universe Zuleyka Rivera and actress Judy Marte. An English-language campaign was also directed by Liev Schreiber. US President Barack Obama appointed her to The Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (PACHA). She was sworn in on February 2, 2010. On January 6, 2000, she was arrested for disorderly conduct in Manhattan following a rally to protest against the U.S. Navy air weapons training, as well as other forms of payload on the government training range owned at Vieques, an island off the coast of Puerto Rico. Perez serves as the chair of the artistic board for Urban Arts Partnership, a New York City arts education nonprofit that uses arts integrated education programs to close the achievement gap. == Personal life == Perez has suffered from high anxiety, PTSD, and depression, but with therapy, it has been greatly reduced. Perez married filmmaker and playwright Seth Zvi Rosenfeld in 1998. The couple divorced in 2001 after 3 years together. She married artist Eric Haze on September 15, 2013, in Las Vegas. They live in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn as of 2014. == Awards and nominations == (2021) NHMC Impact Awards (Outstanding Performance in a Series) == Filmography == === Film === === Television === === Music video === === Theatre === === Documentary === == Published works == Bourke, Alison P.; Shapiro, Evan; Perez, Rosie; Sherman, Roger M.; Garbus, Liz; Kennedy, Rory; Smits, Jimmy; Taverna, Kathryn; Hurwitz, Tom; Valdez, Carlos (2007). ¡Yo Soy Boricua, Pa'que Tu Lo Sepas!: I'm Boricua, Just So You Know!. Santa Monica, Calif.: Genius Entertainment. ISBN 978-1-59444-303-9. OCLC 123120491. Perez, Rosie (2014). Handbook for an Unpredictable Life: How I Survived Sister Renata and My Crazy Mother, and Still Came Out Smiling (with Great Hair). New York: Crown Archetype. ISBN 978-0-307-95239-4. OCLC 858159344. == References == == External links == Rosie Perez on Twitter Rosie Perez at IMDb Rosie Perez at the Internet Broadway Database Rosie Perez at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Gibaud#:~:text=Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e%20(Aim%C3%A9)%20Gibaud%20(5%20March%201885%2C%20in%20Rochefort%2Dsur%2DMer%20%E2%80%93%2018%20August%201957%2C%20in%20Rochefort%2Dsur%2DMer)%20was%20a%20French%20chess%20master.	Amédée Gibaud	Amédée (Aimé) Gibaud (5 March 1885, in Rochefort-sur-Mer – 18 August 1957, in Rochefort-sur-Mer) was a French chess master. He won the French Chess Championship four times (1928, 1930, 1935, 1940) and won the French correspondence championship three times (1929, 1931, 1932). He tied for fourth/fifth at Ramsgate 1929 (Premier A, William Gibson won). Gibaud played for France in 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad at Paris 1924, and 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936. == Apocryphal game == A very short miniature attributed to Gibaud and Frédéric Lazard is frequently reproduced in chess literature, sometimes with the claim that it was the shortest game ever played between masters in a formal setting. In its shortest and most commonly reproduced version, the game consists of four moves by each player. Black (Lazard) rapidly develops his king's knight to e3 after White (Gibaud) weakens the defense of the square. In the final position White is unable to prevent the capture of his queen, because doing so would allow Black to force checkmate: 5. fxe3 Qh4+ 6. g3 Qxg3#. The four-move, "formal" version of the game is not accepted as a real historical event. Gibaud denied having ever lost a serious game in four moves, instead suggesting that he may have lost a casual skittles game against Lazard involving similar positional themes, albeit with more than four moves played. Gibaud also suggested that his game with Lazard might have been confused with a previously published "theoretical" miniature. Although the four-move version of the game is not accepted as historically accurate, it illustrates several principles of gameplay: the possibility for rapid development to cause serious problems for an opponent, the importance of not weakening the defense of critical squares, and the importance of defending a structural weakness on the kingside in the initial phase of the game (especially involving the f- and g- pawns), which if left unguarded may lead to a quick checkmate, akin to Fool's mate. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Fitch_Shepard#:~:text=In%201881%2C%20US%20President%20Rutherford,New%20York%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce.	Elliott Fitch Shepard	Elliott Fitch Shepard (July 25, 1833 – March 24, 1893) was an American lawyer, banker, and owner of the Mail and Express newspaper, as well as a founder and president of the New York State Bar Association. Shepard was married to Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt, who was a member of the Vanderbilt family. Shepard's Briarcliff Manor residence Woodlea and the Scarborough Presbyterian Church, which he founded nearby, are contributing properties to the Scarborough Historic District. Shepard was born in Jamestown, New York. He graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1855, and practiced law for about 25 years. During the American Civil War, Shepard was a Union Army recruiter and subsequently earned the rank of colonel. He was later a founder and benefactor of several institutions and banks. When Shepard moved to the Briarcliff Manor hamlet of Scarborough-on-Hudson, he founded the Scarborough Presbyterian Church and built Woodlea; the house and its land are now part of Sleepy Hollow Country Club. == Early life == Shepard was born July 25, 1833, in Jamestown in Chautauqua County, New York. He was the second of three sons of Fitch Shepard and Delia Maria Dennis; the others were Burritt Hamilton and Augustus Dennis. Fitch Shepard was president of the National Bank Note Company (later consolidated with the American and Continental Note Companies), and Elliott's brother Augustus became president of the American Bank Note Company. Shepard's extended family lived in New England, with origins in Bedfordshire, England. Fitch, son of Noah Shepard, was a descendant of Thomas Shepard (a Puritan minister) and James Fitch (son-in-law of William Bradford). Delia Maria Dennis was a descendant of Robert Dennis, who emigrated from England in 1635. Elliott was described in 1897's Prominent Families of New York as "prominent by birth and ancestry, as well as for his personal qualities". He attended public schools in Jamestown, and moved with his father and brothers to New York City in 1845. He began attending the college-preparatory University Grammar School (then located in the University of the City of New York building), and graduated from the university in 1855. Shepard began reading law under Edwards Pierrepont, and was admitted to the bar in the city of Brooklyn in 1858. == Military service == From January 1861 through the outbreak of the American Civil War and until 1862 Shepard served as an aide-de-camp to Union Army General Edwin D. Morgan with the rank of colonel. During this time Shepard was placed in command of the department of volunteers in Elmira, and enlisted 47,000 men from the surrounding area. In 1862 he was appointed Assistant Inspector-General for half of New York state, reporting to New York's governor on troop organization, equipment, and discipline. In 1862 he visited Jamestown to inspect, equip and provide uniforms for the Chautauqua regiment, his first return since infancy, and was welcomed by a group of prominent citizens. Shepard recruited and organized the 51st Regiment, New York Volunteers, which was named the Shepard Rifles in his honor. George W. Whitman, brother of the poet Walt Whitman and a member of the regiment, was notified by Shepard of a promotion; Shepard may have influenced his subsequent promotion to major in 1865. In addition, Shepard was involved in correspondence with Walt Whitman. Although President Abraham Lincoln offered him a promotion to brigadier general, Shepard declined in deference to officers who had seen field service; Shepard himself never entered the field. From 1866 to 1868 Shepard served as aide-de-camp to Reuben E. Fenton. == Career == In 1864, Shepard was a member of the executive committee and chair of the Committee on Contributions from Without the City for the New York Metropolitan Fair. He chaired lawyers' committees for disaster relief, including those in Portland, Maine and Chicago after the 1866 Great Fire and the 1871 Great Chicago Fire respectively, and was a member of the municipal committee for victims of the 1889 Johnstown Flood. In 1867 Shepard was presented to Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt at a reception given by Governor Morgan. Their difficult courtship was opposed by Margaret's father, William Henry Vanderbilt. A year later, on February 18, 1868, they were married in the Church of the Incarnation in New York City. After an 1868 trip to Tarsus, Mersin he helped found Tarsus American College, agreeing to donate $5,000 a year to the school and leave it an endowment of $100,000 ($3.5 million in 2024). He became one of the school's trustees and vice presidents. In 1868, Shepard became a partner of Judge Theron R. Strong in Strong & Shepard, continuing the business after Strong's death. He continued to practice law for the next 25 years; he helped found the New York State Bar Association in 1876, and in 1884 was its fifth president. In 1875 Shepard drafted an amendment establishing an arbitration court for the New York Chamber of Commerce, serving on its five-member executive committee the following year. In 1880, the New York City Board of Aldermen appointed Shepard and Ebenezer B. Shafer to revise and codify the city's local ordinances to form the New-York Municipal Code; the last revision was in 1859. During the 1880s he helped found three banks. At the Bank of the Metropolis, he was a founding board member. The others were the American Savings Bank and the Columbian National Bank, where he served as attorney. In 1881, US President Rutherford B. Hayes nominated him for United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. In 1884, Shepard led the effort to create an arbitration court for the New York Chamber of Commerce. On March 20, 1888, Shepard purchased the Mail and Express newspaper (founded in 1836, with an estimated value in 1888 of $200,000 ($7 million in 2024) from Cyrus W. Field for $425,000 ($14.9 million in 2024). Deeply religious, Shepard placed a verse from the Bible at the head of each edition's editorial page. As president of the newspaper company until his death, he approved every important decision or policy. In the same year, Shepard became the controlling stockholder of the Fifth Avenue Transportation Company to force it to halt work on Sundays (the Christian Sabbath). When Margaret's father died in 1885, she inherited $12 million ($420 million in 2024). The family lived at 2 West 52nd Street in Manhattan, one of three houses of the Vanderbilt Triple Palace which were built during the 1880s for William Henry Vanderbilt and his two daughters. After Elliott's death Margaret transferred the house to her sister's family, who combined their two houses into one. The houses were eventually demolished; the nine-story De Pinna Building was built there in 1928 and was demolished around 1969. 650 Fifth Avenue is the building currently on the site. Shepard and his family toured the world in 1884, visiting Asia, Africa, and Europe. He documented his 1887 trip from New York to Alaska in The Riva.: New York and Alaska taken by himself, his wife and daughter, six other family members, their maid, a chef, butler, porter and conductor. According to Shepard, the family traveled 14,085 miles (22,668 km) on 26 railroads and stayed at 38 hotels in nearly five months. After the 1884 trip, aware of the opportunity for church work in the territory, he founded a mission and maintained it with his wife for about $20,000 ($699,900 in 2024) a year. For some time Shepard worshiped at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church under John Hall, and was a vice president of the Presbyterian Union of New-York. Shepard was president of the American Sabbath Union for five years, and he also served as the chairman of the Special Committee on Sabbath Observance. === Briarcliff Manor developments === During the early 1890s Shepard moved to Scarborough-on-Hudson in present-day Briarcliff Manor, purchasing a Victorian house from J. Butler Wright. He had a mansion (named Woodlea, after Wright's house) built south of the house, facing the Hudson River, and improved its grounds. Construction of the mansion began in 1892, and was completed three years later. Shepard died in 1893, leaving Margaret to oversee its completion. The finished house has between 65,000 and 70,000 square feet (6,000 and 6,500 m2), making it one of the largest privately owned houses in the United States. After Shepard's death Margaret lived there in the spring and fall, with her visits becoming less frequent. By 1900 she began selling property to Frank A. Vanderlip and William Rockefeller, selling them the house in 1910. Vanderlip and Rockefeller assembled a board of directors to create a country club; they first met at Vanderlip's National City Bank Building office at 55 Wall Street (Vanderlip was president of the bank at the time). Sleepy Hollow Country Club was founded, with Woodlea becoming its clubhouse and the J. Butler Wright house as its golf house. Shepard established a small chapel on his Briarcliff Manor property, and founded the Scarborough Presbyterian Church in 1892. The church and its manse were donated by Margaret after his death. It was designed by Augustus Haydel (a nephew of Stanford White) and August D. Shepard Jr. (a nephew of Elliott Shepard and William Rutherford Mead). The church, dedicated on May 11, 1895, in Shepard's memory, was briefly known as Shepard Memorial Church. == Family and personal life == Shepard and Margaret had five daughters and one son: Florence (1869–1869), Maria Louise (1870–1948), Edith (1872–1954), Margaret (1873–1895), Alice (1874–1950) and Elliott Jr. (1876–1927). The children attended Sunday school and church, and were educated by private tutors and governesses. Shepard also employed a private chef for his family. Shepard was a strict father known to beat his son, who was described as being as wild as his father was rigid and moralizing. Shepard was tall, with a pleasant expression and manner, and The New York Times called him the "perfect type of well-bred clubman". He had thick hair, manicured nails, a well-trimmed beard and an athletic figure. An opponent of antisemitism, he attended dinners publicizing the plight of Russian Jews and regularly addressed Jewish religious and social organizations avoided by others. He rented pews in many New York churches, supported about a dozen missionaries and was described as a generous donor to hospitals and charitable societies. Shepard was politically ambitious, and decided to build Woodlea as a symbol of power and influence. Shepard had horses and carriages which were ridden by the family in parks, and he prided himself on his equestrianism. Shepard was a long-time friend of US Senator Chauncey Depew. Shepard was a supporter of the Republican Party, contributing $75,000 ($2.62 million in 2024) to the 1888 Presidential campaign fund and $10,000 ($350,000 in 2024) to the state committee for the Fassett campaign. He furnished Shepard Hall, at Sixth Avenue and 57th Street in New York City, offering it rent-free to the Republican Club. Shepard belonged to a number of organizations: the Adirondack League, the American Museum of Natural History, the American Oriental Society, the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, the Century Association, the Congregational Club, the Lawyers' Club of New York, the Manhattan Athletic Club, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Academy of Design, the New England Society of New York, the New York Athletic Club, the New York Press Club, the New York State Bar Association, the New York Yacht Club, the Presbyterian Union of New York, the Republican Club of the City of New York, the Riding Club, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Twilight Club, the Union League Club of New York, and the Union League of Brooklyn. == Later life, death, and legacy == In 1892, the City University of New York gave Shepard a Master of Laws degree and the University of Omaha gave him a Doctor of Laws degree. On January 11, 1893, Shepard addressed the House Committee on the Columbian Exposition in an effort to convince the committee not to open the exposition on a Sunday - the Sabbath. Shepard himself attended, having spent $25,000 ($874,907 in 2024) on September 7, 1891, in reserving sixteen rooms with board at the Auditorium Hotel for six months during the fair. Shepard died unexpectedly during the afternoon of March 24, 1893, at his Manhattan residence. Two doctors were attempting to remove a bladder stone from him. They instructed him to eat lightly, only well before the operation. They gave him the anesthetic ether at 12:45 p.m. For a few minutes Shepard did not seem to react, though soon afterward his color started changing and his respiration and pulse dimmed, so administration of ether was stopped, however not enough ether was given to continue with the operation. His condition started to worsen again; the doctors suspected food or vomit was blocking his windpipe or bronchial tubes. The doctors then administered oxygen, which helped temporarily; however, at 4:00 p.m. his pulse became steadily more feeble, he fell unconscious, and died at 4:10 p.m. His cause of death was edema and congestion of the lungs, after the administration of ether, but due to an unknown cause. Many doctors considered the case to be unusual and debated the cause of death. Some, including family members, accused them of criminal negligence; that Shepard was fed well before the operation, which could have allowed him to choke on vomit. No autopsy was made, but an inquest was made by the coroner. The two doctors to perform the operation made a statement on March 28, 1893, that after prior examinations no diseases were found and his heart and lungs seemed healthy. A Tribune reporter met doctor William J. Morton, son of possible ether discoverer William T. G. Morton who had first used it in 1846. Morton said it was most improbable Shepard died of ether, ensuring its safety when properly used, and that deaths were one in 25,000. He recommended an autopsy. The first funeral service was a small gathering of pallbearers and close friends of the family at the house; then Shepard's body was moved to their church. From the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, Shepard was moved to the Battery and then onto a ferry to Staten Island. At the funeral, organizations that Shepard was part of sent representatives, including the Union League Club, the Republican County Committee, the Republican Club, the New York State Bar Association, the Presbyterian Union, the Chamber of Commerce, the American Sabbath Union, New York Sabbath Observance Committee, American Bible Society, St. Paul's Institute at Tarsus, the Union League of Brooklyn, the Republican Association of the 21st Assembly District, the Shepard Rifles, the New York Typothetae, the American Bank Note Company, the College of the City of New York, the Mail and Express, and the New-York Press Club. Those at the funeral included Albert Bierstadt, Noah Davis, Chauncey M. Depew, John S. Kennedy, John James McCook, Warner Miller, John Sloane, and John H. Starin. Notable family included his immediate family, as well as most of the living Vanderbilt family, including the majority of Margaret Louisa's siblings, their spouses, and Margaret Louisa's mother. Shepard was first buried in the Vanderbilt mausoleum in Moravian Cemetery. On November 17, 1894, one of his daughters, his wife, and her brother George Vanderbilt oversaw the transfer of his remains and those of his daughter Florence to a new Shepard family tomb in the cemetery nearby. Shepard's estate included the $100,000 Tarsus American College endowment, $850,000 in real estate and $500,000 in personal property for a total of $1.35 million ($47.2 million in 2024). His will distributed money and property to his wife and children, his brother Augustus, and religious organizations. Shepard funded a number of scholarships and prizes, including one at the City University of New York and New York University's annual Elliott F. Shepard Scholarship, and in 1888 he donated a large collection of books originally from lawyer Aaron J. Vanderpoel's library to the New York University School of Law. A year later, Shepard created an endowment for periodicals, necessitating the creation of the university's first reading room. In 1897, Shepard's wife donated his 1,390-volume collection of law books to the library. When the wife of Chicago publisher Horace O'Donoghue read him the news of Shepard's death four days after the event, he picked up a razor and slit his throat. Although his suicide was first thought to be an impulsive reaction, it was later learned that the likely cause was O'Donoghue's large debts to Chicago publishing houses. == Selected works == Shepard, Elliott Fitch; Shafer, Ebenezer B. (1881). Ordinances of the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York: In Force January 1, 1881. New York: Martin B. Brown. OCLC 680539530. Shepard, Elliott Fitch (1886). Labor and Capital Are One. New York: American Bank Note Company. OCLC 43539083. == Notes == == References == == Further reading == Crodise, L. F. (February 13, 1891). "Some of Col. Shepard's Good Points". The Epoch. 9 (210). New York: The Epoch Publishing Co.: 21–2. OCLC 31581175. For details on Elliott Fitch Shepard's average business day and family. == External links == Letter to Walt Whitman, from The Walt Whitman Archive Works by or about Elliott Fitch Shepard at the Internet Archive Bust of Shepard by John Quincy Adams Ward, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_India	2021 in India	Events in the year 2021 in India for real time basis. == Incumbents == === Government of India === === State Governments === == Events == === January.. === 1 January – India begins its two-year tenure (2021–22) as a non-permanent member of the UNSC. 2 January – India approves two coronavirus vaccines, Bharat Biotech's "Covaxin" and the Oxford/AstraZeneca "Covishield", for emergency use. Experts raised questions over the efficacy of Covaxin and a lack of transparency in trials. 3 January - Former Indian national cricket team captain Sourav Ganguly suffered a mild cardiac arrest. Social media criticism rose against Adani Wilmar Group's Fortune Edible Oil brand's healthy heart advertisement campaign of which Ganguly is a brand ambassador. The company pulled down the advertisements featuring Ganguly following the criticism and trolls. 4 January – Instant messaging app WhatsApp announced a new amendment in their privacy policies and data sharing norms. This led to massive outrage against the app and an exodus to alternative applications by users in India. The announcement that WhatsApp will share data with their parent company Facebook led to a surge in the user bases of applications like Signal. 12 January – The Supreme Court issues a stay order thereby suspending the implementation of the three new farm laws in the wake of the ongoing farmer protests. 14 January – Former NDTV journalist Nidhi Razdan announced that she fell prey to a serious phishing attack in 2020 that came as a job offer for a teaching position at Harvard University. 16 January – The Indian Government begins a mass vaccination campaign for COVID-19. The vaccine for preventing COVID-19 is prepared by Bharat Biotech. A 500-page transcript of WhatsApp chat between Arnab Goswami and former Broadcast Audience Research Council CEO Partho Dasgupta was leaked to media. The transcripts revealed that Arnab Goswami was privy to top secret information regarding 2019 Balakot airstrike and 2019 Pulwama attack. It also carried derogatory remarks made by Arnab Goswami on political activists, opposition leaders, media persons like Navika Kumar, celebrity like Kangana Ranaut etc. 21 January Five people are killed in a fire at the Serum Institute of India Building, Pune. 26 January – The 72nd Republic Day Parade took place in New Delhi. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, no foreign head of state served as the chief guest. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson, cancelled his appearance due to the pandemic. The event took place with a smaller spectator size than usual and there were an air show by Rafale jets. A massive tractor rally took place in Delhi as part of the farmers' protest against new farm bills. There was ensuing violence and a serious law and order situation that followed the rally, and the Delhi Police alleged that an illegal flag hoisting took place at Red Fort by Deep Sidhu. There were massive crack down by security agencies on farmers, journalists, etc. followed by internet shutdowns in Delhi. === February === 7 February – 2021 Uttarakhand flood. 13 February – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake occurred in Tajikistan. Tremors were felt in parts of North India, including Delhi. 14 February – A 22 year old Indian environmentalist from Bangalore, Disha Ravi, was arrested by the Delhi Police on sedition charges. The police alleged that Ravi edited and circulated a document (toolkit) tweeted by Greta Thunberg relating to the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. 23 February - A Delhi court granted bail to Disha Ravi, citing the toolkit she shared as 'innocuous'. 24 February – The Motera cricket stadium in Ahmedabad was renamed as Narendra Modi Stadium. It is the world largest cricket stadium with a seating capacity of 132,000. === March === 4 March – Heavily polluted Bellandur Lake in Bangalore catches fire. 20 March – Dattatreya Hosabale is elected as the General Secretary of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. 26 March – 2021 Mumbai hospital fire. === April === 1 April – The Gujarat Assembly amends the Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad". Gujarat became the 3rd state to do so, after Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh passed similar bills in 2020. 3 April – 2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack. 8 April – A French online journal Mediapart came out with an investigative journalism piece on the Rafale deal controversy, based on an investigation by the French anti-corruption agency Agence Francaise Anticorruption (AFA). In the report, Mediapart alleged that the jet manufacturer had paid nearly one million Euros to an Indian middleman. 15 April – Adani Ports & SEZ removed from S&P Dow Jones Sustainability Indices due to links and shared financial interests that group have with Tatmadaw that carried out 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. 23 April – Virar hospital fire. A viral video emerged from Madhya Pradesh's Vidisha, showing a dead body falling off a running ambulance draws criticism. 24 April – 25 COVID-19 patients die in Jaipur Golden Hospital, Delhi after the hospital runs out of their oxygen supply. 27 April – The total number of deaths due to COVID-19 in the country cross 2 lakh. However, this is the official figure, with gross amounts of under-reporting suspected. 28 April – 2021 Assam earthquake. 29 April – A Supreme Court of India bench presided by Justice Uday U. Lalit refused a Central Bureau of Investigation probe on the controversial death of Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh Kalikho Pul. 30 April - A Special Bench of Justices Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, L. Nageswara Rao and Shripathi Ravindra Bhat warned State governments and police against clamping down on the spread of information or calls for help through social media from citizens affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The bench also questioned lack of equity in vaccine pricing in India. === May === 1 May - Bharuch hospital fire. 2 May - In a joint statement, opposition party leaders asked the Union government to focus all its attention on ensuring uninterrupted oxygen supply to hospitals across the country. 4 May - Twitter permanently suspends the account of Kangana Ranaut for hateful posts about the post poll violence in West Bengal. Delhi High Court issues show cause notice for contempt of court to Government of India on grounds of not meeting court's direction to supply requisite Oxygen for hospitals in Delhi. 5 May – Supreme Court of India strikes down the Maharashtra State Reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act, 2018 which extends reservation to the Maratha community in public education and employment and upheld the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India verdict and One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India. 6 May – Union Minister V. Muraleedharan's convoy attacked at West Bengal. 10 May – Nearly 150 decomposed and bloated Human Dead bodies were found floating in River Ganges at Chausa, Buxar district, Bihar. It is believed that these bodies belonged to under-reported death cases of COVID-19 pandemic from neighboring state of Uttar Pradesh. 12 May – Thousands of dead bodies are found floating or washing up the shore of the river Ganges. The corpses also include people that died due to COVID-19. In a joint letter to Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, twelve opposition parties urged the government to start a free universal mass vaccination program in India. The letter also urged Modi to repeal the farm bills, scrap the Central Vista Redevelopment Project and provide food grains to people. 17 May - Cyclone Tauktae hits India, resulting in at least 90 deaths. More than 70 people die due to the capsizing of two barges, P-305 and Gal Contractor, housing crew involved in works at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation's Mumbai High Field. The accident happened because the barge contractor ignored Cyclone Tauktae warnings issued by the India Meteorological Department. 21 May It was reported that Air India was subjected to a cyberattack whereas the personal details of about 4.5 million customers around the world were compromised, including passports, credit card details, birth dates, names and ticket information. 13 Maoists killed in Gadchiroli, Maharashtra in an operation carried out by C-60 commandos. 23 May – Fugitive Indian diamond trader Mehul Choksi, who committed the Punjab National Bank Scam, is arrested in Dominica. 25 May – Protests in Lakshadweep against Union territory administrator Praful Khoda Patel by the Save Lakshadweep campaign intensified following controversial decisions and laws passed by Patel. His decision to shut all dairy farms on the island, ban beef on the Muslim majority island, remove non-vegetarian food items from Midday Meals provided in schools, implement the Goonda act (Anti-social Activities Regulation Bill, 2021) in islands with 'zero criminal cases' to crack down dissent against the Citizenship Amendment Act, shift the islands logistics from Cochin Port and Beypore port to New Mangalore Port, violation of COVID-19 protocols etc. raised sentiments against the administrator on the island. 26 May – Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas affects Odisha and West Bengal. 28 May – Lakshadweep administration issues an order to deploy government officials in fishing boats. The decision invited huge outcry and criticism. 29 May – An audio clip of a telephone conversation between social activist H.M. Santhosh and staff of A.V. Hospital Basavanagudi surfaces in the media. In light of the audio clip, the Karnataka Congress alleged a "vaccine selling scam" against L. A. Ravi Subramanya, Member of the Legislative Assembly from Basavanagudi (Vidhana Sabha constituency) who is the uncle of Tejasvi Surya. 31 May – West Bengal Chief secretary Alapan Bandyopadhyay, who was trapped in an appointment tussle between the Union government and the Government of West Bengal, resigned. === June === 1 June – Union Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal was admitted to AIIMS, Delhi due to post-Covid complications. Amul vice chairman Valamji R Humbal urged Prime Minister Narendra Modi to ban Non-governmental organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in India alleging conspiracy following remarks made by PETA to promote Milk substitute in country. 4 June – Delhi High Court dismissed a lawsuit filed by Juhi Chawla against setting up of 5G Cellular network in India and imposed a Rs. 20 Lakh fine for abusing the process of law. 7 June – June 2021 Pune fire. 11 June – Media reports that Government of India may not allow 4 Kerala women who have joined Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province to return to India. The Economic Offence Wing of Tamil Nadu Police arrests Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services (IL&FS) former chairman Ravi Parthasarathi in connection with a criminal breach of trust of Rs. 200 crore done by an (IL&FS) subsidiary to a Chennai based firm. 13 June – Aam Aadmi Party Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, Sanjay Singh and Pawan Pandey from Samajwadi Party alleged that there were financial irregularities that occurred in the purchase of land for the Ram Mandir, Ayodhya by Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra Trust. The politicians alleged that on March 18, 2021, the trust purchased two different plots on same day at two different rates; one transaction appeared manipulated and intended to divert funds. 14 June – Following a tweet by Journalist Sucheta Dalal made on June 12 and decision by National Securities Depository Limited to freeze three Foreign portfolio investment funds based in Port Louis, Mauritius shares of Adani Group companies fell by 5 – 25%. 17 June – Student activists from Pinjra Tod Natasha Narwal and Devangana Kalita, along with Asif Iqbal Tanha from Jamia Millia Islamia were released from Tihar Jail on Thursday, hours after a trial court ordered their immediate release. They were in custody since May 2020, in relation to a case related to the violence in 2020 Delhi riots following the Citizenship Amendment Act protests. The trial court order came because the activists who were granted bail by Delhi High Court on June 15 were not released even after 36 hours. Press Trust of India reports on the basis of data compiled from Swiss National Bank that, funds parked by Indian individuals and firms in Swiss banks rose to a 13 year high of 2.55 billion Swiss franc (over Rs 20,700 crore INR) in 2020. Interestingly amidst this spike, customer account deposits witnessed a dip while money deposited through bonds, securities and other financial instruments rose sharply. 22 June A meeting of opposition leaders under the banner of Rashtra Manch (National Forum) met in the residence of Sharad Pawar in Delhi. The group put forward an alternate vision of anti – BJP third front in India for 2021 elections in India. There were leaders from All India Trinamool Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, Rashtriya Lok Dal, Nationalist Congress Party who were present in the event. There were no leaders from Indian National Congress, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or Communist Party of India (Marxist). The veteran BJP leader and Trinamool leader Yashwant Sinha who was present in the event said that Manch will remain as a non political action group for the moment. The meeting of leaders took place after meetings between Prashant Kishor and Sharad Pawar earlier this month. Kerala High Court issued an interim stay on two controversial orders of Lakshadweep administration on Animal husbandry (closure of dairy farms) and Midday Meal Scheme (exclusion of Non-vegetarian items from menu). 23 June – Enforcement Directorate transferred assets worth ₹8,441.50 crore to public sector banks. The banks suffered losses to the tune of ₹22,585.83 crore due to frauds committed by Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi and Mehul Choksi. Thus the total assets transferred to the bank worth Rs 9,041.5 crore, representing 40% of the total loss to the banks. The total attachments and assets seized by Enforcement Directorate amounts to Rs 18,170.02 crore which included assets of Rs 969 crore located in foreign countries. The quantum of the attached and seized assets represents 80.45% of the total bank loss of Rs. 22,585.83 crore. 24 June – Narendra Modi and Amit Shah meets political leaders from Jammu and Kashmir all main leaders from People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration attended the meeting. PM Modi gives signals regarding elections and restoration of statehood. 25 June M. C. Josephine, Kerala Women's Commission chairperson, resigned following public backlash on her remarks to a woman complaining of domestic violence on June 23 in a live TV show telecasted on Manorama News. Kerala High Court issued Anticipatory bail to Lakshadweep based film maker, Aisha Sultana, against whom sedition charges were imposed on 10 June following a remark made by her against Union territory administrator Praful Khoda Patel, by calling him 'Bio weapon' in a news debate that happened on a Malayalam news channel, MediaOne TV. 27 June – European Union excludes anti-COVID-19 vaccine Covishield from 'Green Pass' list. 28 June – Qatar's Special Envoy of the State of Qatar for Counterterrorism and Mediation of Conflict Resolution, Mutlaq bin Majed Al Qahtani made a statement in a web conference that Indian officials have entered into talks with Talibans political leadership based in Doha. === July === 1 July - Nine European countries which includes Switzerland, Estonia and 7 European Union member states such as Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Greece, Iceland, Ireland & Spain have given recognition to the Covishield vaccine produced by the Serum Institute of India as EU started 'Green Pass' facility. In the meantime EU member Germany however has a travel ban in place for Indians as India has been recognized as a "virus variant country". 4 July – Pushkar Singh Dhami is elected as the 11th Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He is the youngest chief Minister of the state and is the third chief Minister within the 4th Uttarakhand Assembly. 5 July – Jesuit priest and tribal rights activist, Stan Swamy who was arrested in connection with 2018 Bhima Koregaon violence in October 2020, died in custody at Mumbai. He was the oldest political prisoner in India. 6 July – Government of India creates new ministry named Ministry of Co-operation to strengthen the Cooperative movement in India. 7 July – massive reshuffle in the Union Council of Ministers of Second Modi ministry. Twelve existing ministers including Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Harsh Vardhan, Minister of Law and Justice Ravi Shankar Prasad, Prakash Javadekar, D. V. Sadananda Gowda resigns. There are 43 new faces inducted into the ministry including Ashwini Vaishnaw, Jyotiraditya Scindia, Rajeev Chandrasekhar, Sarbananda Sonowal etc. There was elevation in ranks to few existing ministers such as Mansukh L. Mandaviya, Kiren Rijiju, Anurag Thakur etc. 8 July – violence erupts in 12 districts of Uttar Pradesh during filing of the nominations for elections to Panchayat Samiti (Kshethra Panchayats). A video of a woman Samajwadi Party member being assaulted in Lakhimpur Kheri district becomes viral in social media and invited criticism. 9 July – External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar handed over a relic belonging to Ketevan the Martyr, a royal from the 17th-century, that was preserved in Church of St. Augustine, Goa to the Government of Georgia as part of his two-day visit to the country. 11 July – An unconfirmed report in a Tamil daily about the Union government's plan to divide Tamil Nadu and create Kongu Nadu as a Union territory sparked row in Tamil Nadu. The report draw cue from a list of newly appointed ministers published by BJP, where L. Murugan, was mentioned as hailing from Kongu Nadu. All major political party except Bharatiya Janata Party denounced the idea of splitting Tamil Nadu. 14 July – The Supreme Court of India takes suo moto case on Uttar Pradesh's decision to go ahead with Kanwar Yatra despite apprehensions about a third wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. 15 July – as part of hearings on Public interest litigation challenging the constitutional validity of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, Supreme Court of India expressed concern over its widespread misuse and lack of accountability of invoking sedition law. The court sought center's response regarding necessity to retain this colonial law. 18 July 2021 Mumbai landslide A leaked database of an Israeli surveillance technology firm NSO Group that sells a spyware called Pegasus (spyware) was accessed by a Paris-based media nonprofit Forbidden Stories and Amnesty International. The database contained data of government clients of Pegasus (spyware) since 2016. The non profit group worked on this data through an international collaborative journalism of 17 media groups from 10 countries including The Wire (India), Le Monde, The Guardian, The Washington Post, Süddeutsche Zeitung etc. The Indian media partner in the group, The Wire reveals that the data contains more than 300 Indians who were under surveillance through Pegasus. This includes 40 journalists, opposition politicians, a supreme court judge, activists, two ministers of Modi ministry, an Election Commissioner etc. The prominent people who figured in Pegasus surveillance according to the data were Rahul Gandhi, Prashant Kishor, Ashok Lavasa, Ranjan Gogoi, Ashwini Vaishnaw etc. The Prime Minister's Office denied the allegations citing they are baseless and lack concrete evidence. 19 July – Raj Kundra, the spouse of Shilpa Shetty arrested by Mumbai Police on charges of making pornographic content and publishing it through mobile application named Hotshot. 20 July – In an answer to the Rajya Sabha, to an unstarred question raised by K. C. Venugopal, Bharati Pawar, Minister of State of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare said, that there were no deaths due to lack of oxygen in India during the second wave. 22 July Income Tax Department conducted raids on Dainik Bhaskar media group. 2021 Maharashtra floods begin 23 July – Indian Food delivery company Zomato Initial public offering list in stock market at a premium of 53% over issue price. 24 July – Indian weightlifter Saikhom Mirabai Chanu won Olympic silver medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo. 25 July – Ramappa Temple in Telangana gets UNESCO World Heritage Site tag. 26 July – B. S. Yediyurappa resigns as chief minister of Karnataka. Almost five Assam Police personnel at Cachar district killed as a result of violent clashes between Mizoram Police and Assam Police along the state border following a border dispute. 28 July – Basavaraj Bommai, Lingayat leader and son of former chief minister S. R. Bommai takes oath as chief minister of Karnataka. === August === 1 Aug – Indian player P. V. Sindhu won Olympic bronze medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo. Becoming the first women athlete and second athlete after Sushil Kumar to win two Olympic medals in Olympics for India. a 9 year old Dalit girl was allegedly raped by four men including a Hindu priest and crematorium workers on her way to fetch water. The girl's corpse was forcefully cremated at a crematorium in South West Delhi district by the miscreants. 4 Aug – Indian Boxer Lovlina Borgohain, won Olympic bronze medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo in Welterweight category. Indian Women Hockey team player Vandana Katariya's family was abused with caste slurs by upper caste men in Haridwar following the team losing game with Argentina. Flood like situation in Sindh River and Chambal River basin areas in Kota division, Rajasthan and North western Madhya Pradesh. Heavy rains combined with release of water from Maithon Dam, Damodar Valley Corporation results in floods in 300 villages in Hooghly district, West Bengal claiming 23 lives. 5 Aug – India men's national field hockey team won Olympic bronze medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo. Indian Wrestler, Ravi Kumar Dahiya won Olympic silver medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo. 6 Aug – Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award renamed as Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award by Prime Minister of India. Indian Women Hockey team lost the bronze medal match against United Kingdom in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo. Rabia Saif, a twenty year old Civil defense volunteer cum whistleblower brutally murdered and mutilated. 7 Aug – Indian athlete Neeraj Chopra won Olympic gold medal in Javelin throw and Indian Wrestler Bajrang Punia won Olympic bronze medal in 2020 Summer Olympics held at Tokyo and India made its highest medal tally in an Olympics with 7 medals. 10 Aug – Lok Sabha passes the 127th Constitutional amendment bill, which restores states power to make their own Other Backward Class lists and reverses Supreme Court of India's May 5, 2021 verdict on Maratha quota. 11 Aug – Twitter locked official page of Indian National Congress and its five major leaders such as Ajay Maken, Randeep Surjewala etc. following the gag on Rahul Gandhi's official handle. The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ended their monsoon sessions sine die ahead of the scheduled date. There was rumpus in Rajya Sabha between Members of Parliament and marshals following oppositions protests for passing key bills such as General Insurance bill without debate or discussion. The monsoon session was less productive with Lok Sabha working just 19% of its scheduled time and Rajya Sabha working 26%. The lack of consensus between opposition and ruling party resulted in passing of twenty crucial bills (law) without discussion and parliament evading discussion over important issues such as COVID-19 pandemic in India, farm laws, Pegasus (spyware), Ladakh etc. 14 Aug – The Assam Assembly passed a bill that prohibits the slaughter or sale of beef within a 5-km radius of any temple. The legislation seeks to ensure that permission for slaughter is not granted to areas that are predominantly inhabited by Hindu, Jain, Sikh and other non-beef eating communities or places that fall within a 5-km radius of a temple, satra and any other institution as may be prescribed by the authorities. Exemptions, however, might be granted for certain religious occasions. 21 Aug - All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) calls for 24 hour shutdown in hill districts of Manipur for protesting against Manipur Legislative Assembly which did not bring Manipur (Hill areas) Autonomous District Council Bill, 2021 in its monsoon session. 23 Aug - Finance minister of India announced National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) to sell assets worth Rs. 6 trillion in next four years. This includes Indian Railways assets worth Rs. 1.52 trillion, National highways assets worth Rs. 1.6 trillion, power transmission assets worths Rs. 45,000 crores, warehousing assets worth Rs. 28,900 crores etc. 24 Aug - An MBA student from University of Mysore aged 23 years gang raped near Chamundi Hills, Mysore. 27 Aug – Bharatiya Janata Party politician and former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, La. Ganesan appointed as Governor of Manipur. 28 Aug – Haryana Police's baton charge on farmers who protested at Karnal in a BJP meeting venue as part of 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest left ten protesters seriously injured. A video of SDM of district instructing police to break head of protesters invites criticism. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways introduced new Bharat (BH) series vehicle registration in India. 29 Aug – In 2020 Summer Paralympics held at Tokyo, Indian Parathlete Bhavina Patel won silver medal in Table tennis, N.K. Nishad Kumar won silver in High jump and V.K. Vinod Kumar won bronze medal in Discus throw. 30 Aug – In 2020 Summer Paralympics held at Tokyo, Indian Parathlete Avani Lekhara and Sumit Antil won gold medal in women's 10m air rifle standing and men's javelin throw (F64). Avani Lekhara became the first Indian woman to win a gold medal at the Paralympics. In javelin throw F46 Devendra Jhajharia won silver medal and Sundar Singh Gurjar won bronze medal. IN F56 discus throw Yogesh Kathuniya won silver medal. V.K. Vinod Kumar stripped of bronze medal in F52 discus throw by a panel after he was found not meeting the Paralympics criteria. === September === 11 Sept – Chief Minister of Gujarat, Vijay Rupani announces resignation from the post. 18 Sept – Sanjay Pugalia joins Adani Group to lead groups media initiatives. Amarinder Singh resigns as Chief Minister of Punjab (India). 19 Sept – Directorate of Revenue Intelligence has impounded two containers carrying about 2,988.22 kg of Heroin heading from Afghanistan at Mundra Port in Gujarat. It is deemed as one of the largest drug seizures by an enforcement agency in world to date. 20 Sept – An eviction drive by Government of Assam as part of Garukhuthi Project at Sipajhar, Darrang district turns violent. The videos of policemen firing on unarmed persons and a government-appointed photographer attacking an injured person surfaces and invites criticism. Charanjit Singh Channi assumes office as List of chief ministers of Punjab. He is the first dalit chief minister of the state. 23 Sept – Two villagers died and 20 police men injured in violence at Dholpur and Garukhuti in Sipajhar, Darrang district following an eviction drive. === October === 2 Oct – Eight people including Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan khan arrested by Narcotics Control Bureau following a drug bust and raid conducted on a cruise vessel named Cordelia chartered between Mumbai and Goa. 3 Oct – International Consortium of Investigative Journalists began publishing Pandora Papers and around 380 Indians named in the leaks and it includes Sachin Tendulkar, Anil Ambani, Satish Sharma, Niira Radia, Jackie Shroff, Jackie Shroff, Harish Salve, Nirav Modi-Purvi Modi etc. 4 Oct – In the Lakhimpur Kheri massacre, eight people including four farmers killed in Lakhimpur Kheri district as Union Minister Ajay Kumar Mishra's son's car runs over protesters who were part of 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. 8 Oct – Tata Group gets nod to acquire 100% stakes of Air India from Government of India through its subsidiary Talace Private Ltd, as part of Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India. 10 Oct – Almost eight states in India expects power outage due to reduced stocks of Coal as fuel to power the thermal power stations. 16 Oct – Indian men's football team wins eighth SAFF Championship by beating Nepal with 3–0 margin. Flash floods and landslides caused by heavy rains in High Range area of Kerala causes 42 deaths and loss of property worth over ₹200 crores. 19 Oct – Heavy rains and landslides along Kumaon division of Uttarakhand claims at least 64 lives. 21 Oct - India breaches 1 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses administered mark. 26 Oct – Central Bureau of Investigation arrests two retired Indian Navy officers in information leak case. Tripura riots – A Mosque vandalised in North Tripura district of Tripura following a Vishva Hindu Parishad rally organized in protest of attacks against Hindus in Bangladesh during Durga Puja. 27 Oct – The Supreme Court of India orders to constitute an independent panel to make a comprehensive probe into Pegasus (spyware) snooping scandal. 29 Oct – Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation share prices made an unprecedented fluctuation. The share prices plunged 29% in the morning after Ministry of Railways asked IRCTC to share half of its convenience fee collections. However, the stock registered recovery of all losses in the same day after Department of Investment and Public Asset Management announced roll back of this decision. 30 Oct – Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan Khan released from Mumbai Central Prison after 22 days custody following bail order from Bombay High Court. The court cited in its order that there is no proof for alleged conspiracy charges that were filed against Aryan Khan. Malayalam cinema actor Bineesh Kodiyeri, who is also son of Kerala based Communist Party of India (Marxist) leader Kodiyeri Balakrishnan who was jailed at Central Prison, Bangalore in October 2020 in connection with Prevention of Money Laundering Act violations and 2020 Bengaluru drug case released following bail order from Karnataka High Court. === November === 5 Nov – PM Modi unveiled Adi Shankaracharya's statue in a temple of Shiva, Kedarnath, Uttarakhand. Which was previously destroyed in 2013 flash floods. 13 Nov – Colonel Viplav Tripathi and his convoy of the Assam Rifles were ambushed by People's Liberation Army(PLA) militants in Churachandpur district of Manipur. 18 Nov – Share prices of Fintech company Paytm, which done India's biggest Initial public offering worth Rs. 18,300 crores fell by 27.4% on its day of listing thereby marking one of the biggest listing day loss in the history of Indian Stock market. 19 Nov – In a televised address to the nation, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi apologized to the farmers and announces repealing of three Farm Bills following a year long farmers' protest in borders of Delhi. Heavy rains and flash floods hit Rayalaseema claiming at least 29 lives. 24 Nov – The prices of Tomato breaches Rs.100 mark in many Indian states. === December === 2 to 6 Dec – Cyclone Jawad devastated the regions of Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Odisha. 4 Dec – a special unit of the Indian Army mistakenly opens fire against civilians in Mon district of Nagaland and resultant clashes between civilian protestors and forces leaves 15 civilians and one soldier killed. 7 Dec - A Catholic missionary school in the Central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh is attacked and vandalized by a mob of some 500 Hindu extremists, despite school authorities requesting police protection prior to the attack. School principal Brother Anthony Pynumkal told The Indian Express that the mob was armed with iron rods and stones, and chanted Jai Shri Ram while damaging school property. 8 Dec – The Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat and 12 others are killed in a chopper crash near Coonoor, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu. 9 Dec – The 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest called off as govt agrees to the demands of the farmers. 13 Dec – Indian model Harnaaz Sandhu wins Miss Universe. 19 Dec – In a Dharma Sansad event conducted at Haridwar, Hindutva leaders like Yati Narsinghanand and Syed Waseem Rizvi calls for genocide of Muslims, makes hate speeches and offers Rs.1 Crore award for becoming Hindu terrorist. 20 Dec – The Karnataka state cabinet approves an anti-conversion 'love jihad' bill, making it a law in December 2021. 27 Dec – Aam Aadmi Party won most seats in its debut at 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election. == Deaths == === January === 2 Buta Singh, 86, Indian politician, Minister of Home Affairs (1986–1989), Governor of Bihar (2004–2006) and Chairman of NCSC (2007–2010), cerebral haemorrhage. Neelamperoor Madhusoodanan Nair, 84, Indian poet. K. Balu, Indian film producer (Chinna Thambi, Uthama Raasa, Jallikattu Kaalai), complications from COVID-19. 3 Shani Mahadevappa, 90, Indian actor (Shankar Guru, Kaviratna Kalidasa, Guru Brahma), coronary artery disease. Anil Panachooran, 55, Indian lyricist (Arabikkatha, Drona 2010, Marykkundoru Kunjaadu) and poet, COVID-19. Shaji Pandavath, 63, Indian screenwriter and film director, complications from heart surgery and a fall. 5 A. Madhavan, 86, Indian writer. Vennelakanti, 63, Indian lyricist (Murali Krishnudu, Gharana Bullodu, Pellaina Kothalo), cardiac arrest. 22 Narendra Chanchal, 80, Indian bhajan and hymn singer, age related illness === February === 9 Rajiv Kapoor, 58, Bollywood actor 22 Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar, 58, Indian politician MP 24 Sardool Sikander, 60, Punjabi singer === March === 22 Theepetti Ganesan, Tamil actor === April === 4 Shashikala, 88, Indian actress Chandra Nayudu, 88, cricket commentator, illness 17 Vivek, 59, actor and comedian in Tamil cinema, acute coronary syndrome 18 Anupama Puchimanda, 41, hockey umpire, COVID-19 26 Dadudan Gadhvi, 82, Poet, Singer and Lyricist of Gujrati Cinema 27 Ashok A. Amrohi, 68, Diplomat 30 Rohit Sardana, 41, Indian journalist and media personality 30 K. V. Anand, 54, director and Cinematographer in Tamil cinema, complications from COVID-19 === May === 3 Noor Alam Khalil Amini, 68, Academic and litterateur. 6 Ajit Singh, 82, Indian politician 11 K. R. Gouri Amma, 101, Indian politician 14 Kanaka Murthy, Indian sculptor, COVID-19 20 Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi, 94, Historian and biographer. 21 Sunderlal Bahuguna, 94, Indian environmental activist === June === 16 Swatilekha Sengupta, 71, Bengali actress 18 Milkha Singh, 91, Indian athlete, pneumonia caused by COVID-19 22 Poovachal Khader, 72, Malayalam lyricist. 25 Chandrama Santha, 83, politician, MLA. === July === 5 Stan Swamy, 84, Catholic priest and tribal rights activist 7 Dilip Kumar, 98, Veteran Bollywood Actor 8 Abul Kalam Qasmi, 70, Former Dean, Faculty of Arts at the Aligarh Muslim University. 8 Virbhadra Singh, 87, Former Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. 10 P. K. Warrier, 100, Ayurveda practitioner and head of Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakal 13 Yashpal Sharma (cricketer), 66, Member of 1983 winning Indian Cricket Team 16 Surekha Sikri, 75, Veteran Television Actress 16 Danish Siddiqui, 41, Pulitzer Prize winner Photojournalist === August === 21 Kalyan Singh, 89, Former 2-time CM of Uttar Pradesh === September === 1 Syed Ali Shah Geelani, 91, Kashmiri separatist leader 2 September Siddharth Shukla, 40, TV Actor Chandan Mitra, 65, journalist 3 Raghunath Chandorkar, 100, cricketer Suraiya Hasan Bose, 93, textile conservator and designer 5 Sheila Bhalla, 88, economist === October === 3 Ghanshyam Nayak, 77, TMKOC Actor 4 Shakti Sinha, 64, Retired Civil servant 11 Nedumudi Venu, 73, Malayalam Actor 22 K. A. Abraham, 79, Cardiologist and writer 23 V. Govindan, 80, Politician Minoo Mumtaz, 79, Actress 29 Puneeth Rajkumar, 46, Kannada actor === November === 4 Subrata Mukherjee, 75, Indian politician 15 Mannu Bhandari, Indian writer 30 Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry, 66, Indian poet and lyricist === December === 4 Vinod Dua, 67, Indian reporter 5 M. Sarada Menon, 98, Indian psychiatrist 8 Bipin Rawat, 63, Chief of Defence Services 13 Harbans Kapoor, 75, Indian politician 26 Manikka Vinayagam, 78, Indian playback singer and actor == See also == === Country overviews === India History of India History of modern India Outline of India Government of India Politics of India Timeline of Indian history Years in India === Related timelines for current period === 2021 2021 in politics and government 2020s 21st century == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricco_(painter)#:~:text=Wassmer%20marked%20the%20end%20of,known%20industrialist%20and%20philanthropist%20father.	Ricco (painter)	Ricco (October 13, 1915 – March 27, 1972), born Erich Wassmer, was a Swiss painter. His paintings often depict idealizing dream worlds in the genre of magic realism. == Life == Erich Wassmer was born in Allschwil into an upper-class environment, the son of cement factory owner and art patron Max Wassmer (1887–1970). From the age of 3 he grew up at Bremgarten Castle near Bern, which was filled with art and culture. Max and Tilli-Wassmer-Zurlinden socialised with poets, painters and composers such as Hermann Hesse, Louis Moilliet, Cuno Amiet, Paul Basilius Barth and Othmar Schoeck. Early on Erich Wassmer was interested in the art of painting. The family encouraged his artistic talent and his interest in art, literature and music, after the continuation of the parental cement factory had been secured by his two brothers. Wassmer marked the end of his childhood with a new name: From 1937 onwards Erich Wassmer signed his paintings with Ricco — a name like a magic word — instead of the name of his well-known industrialist and philanthropist father. Ricco studied in Munich and Paris, and was taught by Cuno Amiet. However, the influence of his teachers remained marginal. Ricco was fascinated by the sea, as well as by the desire to explore lost paradises and undiscovered territories. He had the symbol of an anchor tattooed on his arm and added this symbol henceforth to his signature on his paintings. During the forties, he crossed the ocean on a freighter, and lived for a while in Tahiti. In the fifties he settled at Bompré Castle near Vichy. In 1963, the French police discovered in his studio photos of nude boys who served as the basis for his paintings. A French court convicted him — without a formal indictment — of sexual "exploitation" of young boys and breach of the morality to eight-months in prison. Ricco never recovered completely from this prison sentence. Following his release, Ricco returned to Switzerland and settled in a mansion in Ropraz. He died there in 1972 at the age of 56. Until his death Ricco Wassmer remained a family shareholder in the Portland-Cement-Werke AG. == Work == Ricco's early work (e.g. his paintings of castle life) can be classified as primitivist, while his mature work includes still lifes, harbor scenes, exotic motifs and allegorical figures. He often painted dream worlds in the style of magic realism with lean boys surrounded by surreal arrangements. Ricco's paintings reveal his longing for a state of androgynous, youthful perfection. Ricco's work "is anchored in everyday reality, but has overtones of fantasy or wonder" creating a surreal atmosphere. == Exhibitions == 1953 Kunsthalle Bern 1969 Kunsthalle Bern 1988 Aargauer Kunsthaus 2002/2003 Museum of Fine Arts Bern 2008 Fondation l'Estrée 2009 Museum of Fine Arts Bern 2015/2016 Museum of Fine Arts Bern == References == == External links == Ricco Catalogue raisonné by Museum of Fine Arts Bern Ricco Wassmer ~ New Works in the Collection of the Kunstmuseum Bern Opens "Ricco". SIKART Lexicon on art in Switzerland. The New York Times Ricco at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Tu	Elsie Tu	Elsie Tu (née Hume; Chinese: 杜葉錫恩; 2 June 1913 – 8 December 2015), known as Elsie Elliott in her earlier life, was a British-born Hong Kong social activist, elected member of the Urban Council of Hong Kong from 1963 to 1995, and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1988 to 1995. Born and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, Tu moved to Hong Kong in 1951 following a period as a missionary in China. She became known for her strong antipathy towards colonialism and corruption, as well as for her work for the underprivileged. She took the main role in the 1966 Kowloon riots when she opposed the Star Ferry fare increase which later turned into riots and faced accusations of inciting the disorder. She fought for gay rights, better housing, welfare services, playgrounds, bus routes, hawker licences and innumerable other issues and her campaigning is credited with leading to the establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in 1974. In the run up to the 1997 handover of Hong Kong to China and the midst of the Sino-British conflict on the 1994 Hong Kong electoral reform, Tu found favour with the Chinese Communist authorities, and took a seat on the Beijing-controlled Provisional Legislative Council, from December 1996 to June 1998, after losing both her seats in the Urban and Legislative Councils in 1995 to another prominent democrat Szeto Wah. In post-1997 Hong Kong, although without a formal public role, Tu consistently supported the SAR government and policies including the controversial Basic Law Article 23 legislation. She died in Hong Kong on 8 December 2015, at the age of 102. == Early life == Tu was born into the working-class family of John and Florence Hume on 2 June 1913 in Newcastle upon Tyne, the second child of four. After attending Benwell Secondary Girls' School and Heaton Secondary School, she went on to study at Armstrong College, a forerunner of Newcastle University, graduating in 1937 with a Bachelor of Arts. From 1937 to 1947 she was a schoolteacher in Halifax, where, during the Second World War, she was a Civil Defence volunteer. Hume converted to Christianity in 1932 during her first year at university. In 1946 she married William Elliott, and went with him to China as a missionary with an organisation called the Christian Missions in Many Lands in 1947, and stationed in Yifeng. Hume was among the last group of missionaries moving from Nanchang to Hong Kong after the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949 and expelled all foreign missionaries from the mainland China. She lived in an illegal apartment in a squatter community in Wong Tai Sin area, known as Kai Tak New Village. She soon learned about corruption because squatters had to pay triad gangs protection money. Shocked by the poverty and injustices there, and due to her sympathy for the situation of Hong Kong society, Elsie became disenchanted with her husband's rigid Protestant faith and the refusal of their church, the Plymouth Brethren, to become involved in social issues. Elsie left the Plymouth Brethren when she stood up in the assembly in Hong Kong in 1955. She returned to Hong Kong alone to carry on her education work. She divorced her husband and lived for a time in a kitchen in a Kowloon Walled City tenement. In 1954, she founded and worked in Mu Kuang English School for poor children in an old army tent at a squatter area near Kai Tak. She started with 30 pupils in the tent. For a year, she lived on little else but bread and water until being employed at the Hong Kong Baptist College, teaching English, English literature and French. She also met her colleague, Andrew Tu Hsueh-kwei in the school, who became her husband 30 years later. The Mu Kuang English School is now situated on Kung Lok Road in Kwun Tong, serving 1,300 children of Hong Kong's low-income families. She remained as the school principal until 2000. == Political career == === Early involvement === Elliott was shocked by the injustices she perceived in Hong Kong when she first arrived. However, her church did not permit social activism. After she left the church, she felt like she was "starting [her] new life at the age of 43, with a mission on earth for human beings, and not mansion in heaven for [her]self." She wrote to The Guardian, deploring the long working hours, low wages and primitive working conditions experienced by Chinese people in Hong Kong. Her letter was quoted during debate in the UK Parliament. A controversy ensued, resulting in labour reform in Hong Kong. Elliott was also appalled to find child labour officially recognised and accepted in Hong Kong. === Urban Councillor === Becoming politically active, Elliott was elected for the first time to the Urban Council in 1963, a body dealing with local district matters such as public health, recreation, culture, food hygiene, hawking and markets. Its membership was partially publicly elected and partially appointed. It was also the only elected office in the colony at the time. Brook Bernacchi's Reform Club was seeking a woman candidate and Elliott ran. At that time, the Reform Club and the Civic Association, the two quasi-opposition parties in the Urban Council formed a join ticket for the four seats in the council to push for constitutional reform in the colony. She later left the club and ran as an independent in the re-election in 1967. One of the prerequisites for becoming an Urban Councillor at that time was a knowledge of English, the only official language. Elliott thought this unfair and lobbied, with Councillor Denny Huang and others, for years to have Chinese recognised as an official language. Elliott became vice-chairman of the Urban Council with Gerry Forsgate as chairman in 1986. Until her defeat in 1995, she had always been re-elected to the Urban Council with the highest votes. She was also the spokeswoman for the United Nations Association of Hong Kong, which advocated self-government in the colony in the 1960s. In 1966, Elliott went to London and met with politicians including Secretary of State for the Colonies Frederick Lee and Members of Parliament, seeking a Royal Commission of Inquiry into Hong Kong on the colony's economic inequality, corruption in the colonial government and self-government for Hong Kong as seen in other British colonies. She also invited some Members of Parliament to visit Hong Kong and joined the delegations of elected Urban Councillors to London in 1979 to discuss the proposed constitutional changes for Hong Kong. Around 1981, when District Boards were set up, Urban Councillors were appointed ex-officio members of the Boards. Consequently, Elliott was member of the Kwun Tong District Board until the appointment system was abolished in 1991. === Social activism === From the 1960s to 1980s, Elliott fought for gay rights, better housing, welfare services, playgrounds, bus routes, hawker licences and innumerable other issues. She was especially opposed to the corruption then endemic in many areas of Hong Kong life and the influence of the triads. Her popularity grew as did her reputation as fighter for the underprivileged and outspoken critic of British colonial rule. In 1954, the government issued a new policy which allowed the Squatter Control Branch to demolish new squatter huts where many newcoming refugees from mainland China were living. Elliott thought that the policy carried out many unjust practices and corruption. She called for a review of the policy once she was elected to the Urban Council in 1963 and helped the homeless and filed complaints to the government officials. Eventually the government agreed that the squatters whose huts were demolished in Jordan Valley could build huts on the nearby hilltop known as "Seventh Cemetery". In 1965, the Star Ferry applied to the Government for a First Class fare increase of 5 Hong Kong cents to 25 cents. This was widely opposed in Hong Kong. Elliott collected over 20,000 signatories opposing the plan, and flew to London in an attempt to arrest it. The increase in fare was approved in March 1966 by the Transport Advisory Committee, where the only vote opposing was Elliott's. Inspired by Elliot's actions, on 4 April 1966, a young man named So Sau-chung began a hunger strike protest at the Star Ferry Terminal in Central with his black jacket upon which he had hand-written the words "Hail Elsie", "Join hunger strike to block fare increase". So was soon arrested and more protests were sparked which eventually turned into the Kowloon riots in April 1966. Elliott faced smear attacks from the pro-government media and was called to an official inquiry, portraying her as the instigator of the riots and naming it the "Elliott riot". At the time street hawkers generally had to pay protection money to triads, a portion of which went to the police. She strove for the institution of hawking control measures to combat these ills. Though many in ruling circles disliked Elliott rocking the boat, her campaigning is credited with leading to the establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in 1974 by Governor Murray MacLehose who pushed forward massive reforms to the colonial system. Minibus drivers in the 1970s had to pay extortion money in order to avoid receiving summonses. She reported these minibus rackets and allegations of police corruption to Peter Fitzroy Godber, the Chief Superintendent of the Traffic Department, Governor Murray MacLehose, the Traffic Commissioner of Traffic Department, Colonial Secretary, and G. A. Harknett, the Director of Operations of ICAC in various letters. She also helped Mak Pui-yuen who was believed to have been victimised for having reported corruption to Police Inspectors J. Peter Law and Peter Fitzroy Godber about a minibus racket in 1970. In 1979, Elliott and Andrew Tu, a social activist whom she later married, formed the Association for the Promotion of Public Justice (APPJ) to promote social justice, stability and prosperity. In 1982, the APPJ Filipino Overseas Workers Group was established to help Filipino domestic helpers in Hong Kong on human rights issues. Elliott fought for gay rights. She urged the government to decriminalise homosexuality, as had been done in the United Kingdom in 1967, but was told that the locals would object. She appealed directly to Governor MacLehose, who also supported gay rights, but he echoed the same sentiment that the community would oppose decriminalisation. In September 1979 she appealed to Sir Yuet-keung Kan, but he and others continued to block reform. Homosexuality was eventually decriminalised in Hong Kong in 1991, although there are still no laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In January 1980, John MacLennan, a police inspector, was found shot five times in the chest and body in his locked flat on the day he was to have been arrested on homosexual charges. Elliott suggested that MacLennan was being persecuted because he "knew too much" about the names of homosexuals in his investigation of homosexuality in the police. As a result, Elliott corresponded with Murray MacLehose, Commissioner of the Commission of Inquiry and MacLennan's family, J. M. Duffy, the Senior Crown Counsel, John C. Griffiths, the Attorney General and also collected information on MacLennan's case as well as the Inquest and Inquiry. The event led to the setting up of the Commission of Inquiry and a review of the laws on homosexuality. In 1980 it was revealed by investigative journalist Duncan Campbell that she was under surveillance by the Standing Committee on Pressure Groups (SCOPG). This, however, did not worry Elliott as she stated: "I know my telephone was tapped and probably is at this moment but I have done nothing wrong and have no political affiliations." Later, Tu wrote in her semi-autobiographical work, Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu, that her phone line was already tapped in 1970. === Before and after 1997 === Tu was appointed as a HKSAR Basic Law Consultative Committee member in 1985 before the handover. In 1985 as the colonial government introduced indirect election to the Legislative Council for the first time in history, the Urban Council became an electoral college, and the Urban Councillors could elect a representative to the Legislative Council. At the next election in 1988 she was first elected to the Legislative Council through the constituency and served for two terms until 1995. From 1991 to 1995 she chaired the House Committee in the legislature. She remained the most popular legislator for most of her tenure. In the period leading up to Hong Kong's return to Chinese sovereignty, Tu became an advocate of slower pace in democratisation as preferred by the Chinese government, which markets it as "gradual pace", as opposed to many democrats who advocate faster-pace democratisation such as Emily Lau and Martin Lee. She opposed the last Governor Chris Patten's electoral reform, questioning the British refusal to give Hong Kong democracy for decades but then advancing such reforms only in the final years of its "disgraceful colonial era" in which Hong Kong "never had any democracy to destroy". She attacked Governor Chris Patten as a hypocrite. In the Urban Council election in March 1995, she lost her seat after 32 years of service to Democratic Party politician Szeto Wah, whose campaign targeted Tu's perceived pro-Beijing stance, by a margin of 2,397 votes. In the Legislative Council election held September in the same year, she left her Urban Council constituency and went for the Kowloon East direct election but was defeated by Szeto Wah again. As she ran against the pro-democracy icon, Tu was supported by the pro-Beijing party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), which made her look even closer to Beijing. Tu was appointed by the Beijing government to the Selection Committee, which was responsible for electing the first Chief Executive and the Provisional Legislative Council, established in 1996 to straddle the 1997 handover in which Tu served as a member. Tu's political career came to an end when the Provisional Legislative Council was dissolved in 1998. In response to her opponents' criticisms of her being increasingly pro-Beijing, she said "I'm not for China, I'm not for Britain. I've always been for the people of Hong Kong and for justice. I will do the work I've always done and stand for the people who get a raw deal." == Retirement and death == Tu left active politics and closed her office in 1998 but continued to comment on social issues and turned in articles to newspapers to criticise government policies she deemed unfair or inadequate. She remained, as one Hong Kong commentator put it, "the pro-Beijing camp's only worthy, authentic, popular hero". In 2002, she wrote to the Legislative Council in support of enactment of the anti-subversion law under Basic Law Article 23. The controversy over Article 23 sparked the 1 July Protest of 2003 with a record turnout of more than 500,000 demonstrators. The legislation had been promoted by Regina Ip, Secretary for Security. When the latter ran in the 2007 Legislative Council by-election against democrat Anson Chan who was the former Chief Secretary for Administration, Tu publicly endorsed the Beijing-supported Ip. In 2013, she criticised the widening income disparity in Hong Kong and "rich men who seem to have no conscience", expressing sympathy for striking dock workers against billionaire Li Ka-shing's Hutchison Whampoa. Tu turned 100 in June 2013. For her 100th birthday, Mu Kuang alumni established the Elsie Tu Education Fund in her honour. She died from pneumonia-related complications at the Kwun Tong United Christian Hospital on 8 December 2015, aged 102. All three Chief Executives Leung Chun-ying and his two predecessors Tung Chee-hwa and Donald Tsang were among the pallbearers at the funeral of Tu on 20 December. A cremation ceremony was held at the Cape Collinson Crematorium in Chai Wan after the funeral and Tu's ashes were buried with the remains of her husband, Andrew Tu. == Family and marriages == Tu's father, John Hume, originally a grocer's assistant, was sent to fight in the First World War in Europe when she was one. He was gassed in the trenches and suffered as a result for the rest of his life. Tu noted that her father had a profound influence on her conscience when he told her his experiences during the war. He had a hatred of war and compassion for all people. He became an agnostic and interested in politics. Her family discussed about the hypocrisy of religions, about Marxism and the rights of workers and about sports. Her left-leaning world-view influenced by her father made Tu decided that "I could at least be good and useful in life" in her youth. Her father died when she was in China. Elsie married William Elliott who was eight years her junior, and worked in the Plymouth Brethren missionary group in 1946. She went with her husband to China in 1947, but became increasingly disillusioned with her husband's fundamentalism and their church. She described the period as "the lowest point in [her] life" and thought of committing suicide. The couple eventually separated during an abortive trip back to England. She returned to Hong Kong alone and later divorced him in 1964. Back in Hong Kong she met her second husband, Andrew Tu Hsueh-kwei, who had come to Hong Kong from Inner Mongolia in the 1950s. They became working partners at the Mu Kuang English School, with Andrew teaching the Chinese language and Elliott teaching all other Form 1 subjects. In spite of cultural and language differences, she found that Andrew's ideas took her back to the days of sharing with her father. In 1985, 30 years after the two teachers met, they finally got married when Elsie was 71 and Andrew was 63. The couple remained married until Andrew died in 2001. Andrew was also a social activist and the leader of the Chinese Alliance for Commemoration of the Sino-Japanese War Victims, which demands justice, reparations and apologies for the victims suffered in the Second Sino-Japanese War from the Japanese government. == Works == Tu wrote two volumes of autobiography, as well as other works. Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu was published in 2003 and Shouting at the Mountain: A Hong Kong Story of Love and Commitment, cowritten with Andrew Tu, tells of the couple's lives dedicated to society. It was completed after Andrew Tu's death in 2001 and published in 2005. She also completed the publication of her husband Andrew's autobiography of his childhood in Inner Mongolia, Camel Bells in the Windy Desert. == Legacy == Tu was seen as the champion who fought for the underprivileged and against corruption back in the 1960s. Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying praised her "passion and devotion to Hong Kong and her tremendous contributions to social reform and development" in a statement after her death. Chief Secretary Carrie Lam said her acquaintance with Tu started in her university days when she was a student participating in social actions led by Tu, who she described as an exemplary champion of social justice who commanded respect for her valiant words and deeds. Founding chairman of the Democratic Party Martin Lee praised her as a pioneer in fighting for democracy. Other democrats such as Lau Chin-shek, Lee Wing-tat, Fred Li Wah-ming and Frederick Fung admitted their involvement in social activism was inspired or assisted by Elsie Tu. == Awards == Tu received numerous honours in recognition of her services to Hong Kong. In 1975, she was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service. She was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1977 for her work against corruption. In 1997, she was among the first recipients of the Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM), the highest honour in the SAR award system. A number of honorary degrees were also conferred on her. She received an honorary doctoral degree in Social Science from the University of Hong Kong in 1988 and both honorary doctoral degrees in Laws from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and in Social Science from the Open Learning Institute of Hong Kong in 1994. From Armstrong College (later to become Newcastle University) of Durham University where she graduated, she received honorary doctoral degrees in Civil Law in 1996 from both universities. == See also == List of centenarians == References == == Additional Sources == Books Elliott, Elsie (1971). The Avarice, Bureaucracy and Corruption of Hong Kong. Elliott, Elsie (1981). Crusade For Justice: An Autobiography. Tu, Elsie (2003). Colonial Hong Kong in the Eyes of Elsie Tu. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-606-6. Tu, Elsie; Tu, Andrew (2005). Shouting at the Mountain: A Hong Kong Story of Love and Commitment. Urban Council, Urban Council Annual Report, 1974 == External links == Hong Kong Newspaper Clippings Online Ramon Magsaysay Award citation Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Elsie Tu Personal Papers Collection in Hong Kong Baptist University Library – Manuscript, Archives and related material of Elsie Tu (includes biographical material) Elsie Tu Digitized Publications Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library. Elsie Tu Digitized Speeches Special Collections & Archives, Hong Kong Baptist University Library. Elsie Elliot The Young Reporter (HKBU Journalism Student Publication Archive)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimchi_temples#:~:text=Krimchi%20temples%20is%20a%20complex,Krimachi%2C%2012%20km%20from%20Udhampur.	Krimchi temples	Krimchi temples is a complex of seven ancient Hindu temples in the Udhampur District of the Jammu Division in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located on bank of a stream Birunala in village Krimachi, 12 km from Udhampur. This group of temples is locally known as the Pandava Temples. == History == According to the Archaeological Survey of India these temples were constructed during 8 to 9 century AD. The temples were constructed in stages. It appears that temples No. 6 and 7 were damaged several centuries ago. Local belief holds that they go back to the protagonists of the Mahabharata War, or a late Pandava dynasty that ruled in Jammu and Kashmir (speculated by Alexander Cunningham). According to legendary accounts, Raja Kichak was said to be creator of the town Krimchi and the kingdom. It is also said pandavas in exile remained there for a long period. As the temples were built in 8th century, these temple complex reflect the profoundness of Indo-Greek architecture. == Complex == The complex consists of four large and three small temples. The main temple is 50 feet tall and is dedicated to Hindu deities including Shiva, Ganesha, Vishnu and Parvati. The architecture resembles classical Kashmiri temples of India. == References == == External links == "Krimchi Mansar Temple - Ancient Pandav Mandir - Udhampur Jammu - North India". YouTube. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Ice_dance	Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Ice dance	The ice dance competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The event was held on February 19 (compulsory dance), 21 (original dance), and 22 (free dance), 2010. == Competition notes == The compulsory dance was held on February 19. The compulsory dance was the Tango Romantica. The original dance was held on February 21. The free dance was held on February 22, 2010. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir became the first ice dancers from Canada and North America to win an Olympic gold medal. They became the first former World Junior Ice dance champions to win the Olympics, and the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice. They were also the first ice dancers to win gold on their Olympic debut since the inaugural Olympic ice dance event in 1976 and the youngest ice dance Olympic champions at 20 and 22 years of age. Isabelle Delobel competed at the Olympics with partner Olivier Schoenfelder just four-and-a-half months after giving birth. == Results == === Compulsory dance === === Original dance === === Free dance === === Overall === == Judges and officials == Referee: Halina Gordon-Poltorak Technical Controller: Katalin Alpern Technical Specialist: Marika Humphreys-Baranova Assistant Technical Specialist: Francesca Fermi Judges (CD): Irina Nechkina Charles Cyr Alla Shekhovtsova Laimute Krauziene Ulf Denzer Liudmila Mikhailovskaya Isabella Micheli Jodi Abbott Mayumi Kato Judges (OD): Liudmila Mikhailovskaya Irina Nechkina Laimute Krauziene Laurent Carriere Akos Pethes Jodi Abbott Hilary Selby Albert Zaydman Alla Shekhovtsova Judges (FD): Albert Zaydman Liudmila Mikhailovskaya Ulf Denzer Laurent Carriere Isabella Micheli Mayumi Kato Hilary Selby Akos Pethes Irina Nechkina == References == 2010 Winter Olympics at the International Skating Union == External links == Vancouver 2010: Figure Skating Archived 2010-09-04 at the Wayback Machine 2010 Winter Olympics results: Ice Dance (compulsory dance), from https://web.archive.org/web/20100222080013/http://www.vancouver2010.com/ retrieved 2010-02-21. 2010 Winter Olympics results: Ice Dance (original dance), from https://web.archive.org/web/20100222080013/http://www.vancouver2010.com/ retrieved 2010-02-21. 2010 Winter Olympics results: Ice Dance (free dance), from https://web.archive.org/web/20100222080013/http://www.vancouver2010.com/ retrieved 2010-02-21.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Gawande	Atul Gawande	Atul Atmaram Gawande (born November 5, 1965) is an American surgeon, writer, and public health researcher. He practices general and endocrine surgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He is a professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Samuel O. Thier Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School. In public health, he was chairman of Ariadne Labs, a joint center for health systems innovation, and chairman of Lifebox, a nonprofit that works on reducing deaths in surgery globally. On 20 June 2018, Gawande was named CEO of healthcare venture Haven, owned by Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, and JP Morgan Chase, and stepped down as CEO in May 2020, remaining as executive chairman while the organization sought a new CEO. He is the author of the books Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science; Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance; The Checklist Manifesto; and Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End. In November 2020, he was named a member of President-elect Joe Biden's COVID-19 Advisory Board. On 17 December 2021, he was confirmed as Assistant Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and was sworn in on 4 January 2022. He left this position on January 20, 2025, when Donald Trump began his second presidential term. == Early life and education == Gawande was born on 5 November 1965 in Brooklyn, New York, to Marathi Indian immigrants to the United States, both doctors. His family soon moved to Athens, Ohio, where he and his sister grew up, and he graduated from Athens High School in 1983. Gawande earned a bachelor's degree in biology and political science from Stanford University in 1987. As a Rhodes Scholar, he earned an M.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) from Balliol College, Oxford, in 1989. He graduated with a Doctor of Medicine from Harvard Medical School in 1995, and earned a Master of Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health in 1999. He completed his general surgical residency training, again at the Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital, in 2003. == Political advocacy == As an undergraduate, Gawande was a volunteer for Gary Hart's campaign for the presidency of the United States. After graduating, he joined Al Gore's 1988 presidential campaign. He worked as a health-care researcher for Representative Jim Cooper (D-TN), who was author of a "managed competition" health care proposal for the Conservative Democratic Forum. Gawande entered medical school in 1990, leaving after two years to become Bill Clinton's healthcare lieutenant during the 1992 campaign. == Public service == Gawande later became a senior advisor in the Department of Health and Human Services after Clinton's first inauguration. He directed one of the three committees of the Clinton administration's Task Force on National Health Care Reform, supervising 75 people and defined the benefits packages for Americans and subsidies and requirements for employers. But the effort was attacked in the press, and Gawande later described this time in his life as frustrating, saying that "what I'm good at is not the same as what people who are good at leading agencies or running for office are really good at." Gawande led the "Safe surgery saves lives checklist" initiative of the World Health Organization, which saw around 200 medical societies and health ministries collaborating to produce a checklist, which was published in 2008, to be used in operating theaters. The Lancet welcomed the checklist as "a tangible instrument to promote safety", adding "But the checklist is not an end in itself. Its real value lies in encouraging communication among teams and stimulating further reform to bring a culture of safety to the very centre of patients' care." == Journalism == Soon after he began his residency, his friend Jacob Weisberg, editor of Slate, asked him to contribute to the online magazine. Several articles by Gawande were published in The New Yorker, and he was made a staff writer for that publication in 1998. In January 1998, Gawande published an article in Slate – "Partial truths in the partial-birth-abortion debate: Every abortion is gross, but the technique is not the issue" – discussing how abortion policy should "hinge on the question of when the fetus first becomes a perceiving being" and "not on techniques at all – or even on when the fetus can survive outside the womb". A June 2009 New Yorker essay by Gawande compared the health care of two towns in Texas to show why health care was more expensive in one town compared to the other. Using the town of McAllen, Texas, as an example, it argued that a corporate, profit-maximizing culture (which can provide substantial amounts of unnecessary care) was an important factor in driving up costs, unlike a culture of low-cost high-quality care as provided by the Mayo Clinic and other efficient health systems. The article "made waves" by highlighting the issue, according to Bryant Furlow in Lancet Oncology. It was cited by President Barack Obama during Obama's attempt to get health care reform legislation passed by the United States Congress. According to Senator Ron Wyden, the article "affected [Obama's] thinking dramatically", and was shown to a group of senators by Obama, who effectively said, "This is what we've got to fix." After reading the New Yorker article, Warren Buffett's long-time business partner Charlie Munger mailed a check to Gawande in the amount of $20,000 as a thank-you to Dr. Gawande for providing something so socially useful. Gawande returned the check and was subsequently sent a new check for $40,000. Gawande donated the $40,000 to the Brigham and Women's Hospital Center for Surgery and Public Health, where he had been a resident. In 2012, he gave the TED talk "How Do We Heal Medicine?" which has been viewed more than 2.3 million times, as of April 2025. The talk draws on his books and articles, particularly his 2009 book The Checklist Manifesto, and cites the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (13:30-). == Books == Gawande published his first book, Complications: A Surgeon's Notes on an Imperfect Science, containing revised versions of 14 of his articles for Slate and The New Yorker, in 2002. It was a National Book Award finalist. His second book, Better: A Surgeon's Notes on Performance, was released in April 2007. It discusses three virtues that Gawande considers to be most important for success in medicine: diligence, doing right, and ingenuity. Gawande offers examples in the book of people who have embodied these virtues. The book strives to present multiple sides of contentious medical issues, such as malpractice law in the US, physicians' role in capital punishment, and treatment variation between hospitals. Gawande released his third book, The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right, in 2009. It discusses the importance of organization and preplanning (such as thorough checklists) in both medicine and the larger world. The Checklist Manifesto reached the New York Times hardcover nonfiction bestseller list in 2010. Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End was released in October 2014 and became a #1 New York Times bestseller. It discusses end of life choices about assisted living and the effect of medical procedures on terminally ill people. The book was the basis of a documentary for the PBS television series "Frontline", which was first broadcast on February 10, 2015. == Later career == Gawande founded the Lifebox charity with Pauline Philip. He chaired the non-profit from its foundation in 2011 until 2022. Lifebox provides training and equipment for safer surgery. In 2018, he was named the CEO for the new, Boston-based company, Haven Healthcare, formed by billionaire investor Warren Buffett, Amazon's Jeff Bezos, and JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon. He stepped down from the position in May 2020, remaining as executive chairman while the organization sought a new CEO. In January 2021, Haven announced that it was to cease operations. According to CNBC, sources associated with the company claimed that "while the firm came up with ideas, each of the three founding companies executed their own projects separately with their own employees, obviating the need for the joint venture to begin with." === Biden administration === In 2020, he was named a member of President-elect Joe Biden's COVID-19 Advisory Board. ==== USAID nomination ==== In 2021, President Biden nominated Gawande for the post of Assistant Administrator of U.S. AID for the Bureau of Global Health. Hearings were held on Gawande's nomination in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on September 29, 2021. Florida Senator Marco Rubio delayed Gawande's committee vote in October 2021, claiming, "Atul Gawande's defense of infanticide is disqualifying... President Biden should withdraw Gawande's nomination and replace him with someone who is committed to upholding the agency's mission of saving lives." Senator Rubio's statement stems from a 1998 article Gawande wrote defending particular methods of late-term abortion and post-delivery infanticide. On November 3, 2021, the committee favorably reported Gawande's nomination to the Senate floor. The entire Senate confirmed Gawande on December 17, 2021, by a vote of 48–31. == Awards and honors == In 2004, Gawande was selected as one of the "20 Most Influential South Asians" by Newsweek. In 2006, he was named a MacArthur Fellow for his work investigating and articulating modern surgical practices and medical ethics. In 2007, he became director of the World Health Organization's effort to reduce surgical deaths, and in 2009 he was elected a Hastings Center Fellow. In the 2010 Time 100, he was included, in fifth place in the "Thinkers" category. The same year, he was he was included by Foreign Policy magazine on its list of top global thinkers. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2012. In 2014, he presented the BBC's annual radio Reith Lectures, delivering a series of four talks titled The Future of Medicine. These were delivered in Boston, London, Edinburgh and Delhi. Also that year, he won the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science. In November 2016, he was one of three recipients of the Massachusetts Governor's Award in the Humanities for his contributions to improving civic life in Massachusetts. In May 2022 he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Sciences by the University of Pennsylvania at their annual commencement ceremony. == Bibliography == === Books === Gawande, Atul (2002). Complications: a surgeon's notes on an imperfect science. Picador. — (2008). Better: a surgeon's notes on performance. Picador. — (2009). The checklist manifesto. Metropolitan Books. — (2014). Being mortal: medicine and what matters in the end. Metropolitan Books. == References == == Further reading == McBain, Sophie (November 21, 2014). "Rock doctor". New Statesman. 143 (5237): 17. == External links == Interviews and Talks Charlie Rose – interviews 2007–2010 The Daily Show – guest on February 3, 2010 Atul Gawande on Real Healthcare Reform and His New Book, The Checklist Manifesto – video report by Democracy Now! Atul Gawande at TED 30 Minute interview on his book, Complications. With Hugh LaFollette, On "Ideas and Issues" WET-FM. Appearances on C-SPAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3137_Horky	3137 Horky	3137 Horky, provisional designation 1982 SM1, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1982, by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos at the Kleť Observatory in the Czech Republic. The likely stony asteroid was named for a hill near the Czech village of Horky. == Orbit and classification == Horky is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,360 days; semi-major axis of 2.4 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in November 1949, almost 33 years prior to its official discovery observation at Klet. === Close approaches === On 1 May 2019, Horky will pass 15 Eunomia at a distance of 1,440,000 km (0.0096 AU). It is also projected to make close approaches to 29 Amphitrite, 7 Iris and 10 Hygiea. == Physical characteristics == In the SMASS classification, Horky is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. However, based on the obtained albedo by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), it is rather a stony S-type (see below). As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this asteroid has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. === Diameter and albedo === According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Horky measures 6.685 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.207, which indicates that is likely of a stony rather than carbonaceous composition. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.3. == Naming == This minor planet was named after a hill and its nearby village Horky in the Czech Republic, where the discoverer installed his first telescope in 1939. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 29 November 1993 (M.P.C. 22828). == References == == External links == Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 3137 Horky at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 3137 Horky at the JPL Small-Body Database
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonham#Early_life	John Bonham	John Henry Bonham (31 May 1948 – 25 September 1980) was an English musician who was the drummer of the rock band Led Zeppelin. Noted for his speed, power, fast single-footed kick drumming, distinctive sound, and feel for groove, he is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential drummers in history. Bonham was born in 1948 in Redditch, Worcestershire, and took up drums at age 5, receiving a snare drum at age 10 and a full drum set at age 15. He played with multiple local bands both at school and following school, eventually playing in two different bands with Robert Plant. Following the demise of the Yardbirds in 1968, Bonham joined Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page and bass guitarist John Paul Jones to form Led Zeppelin. Bonham showcased a hard-hitting hard rock style, but also handled funk and Latin-influenced grooves in later Led Zeppelin releases. Like Keith Moon of the Who, Bonham's drum set grew in size following the band's 1969 concert tours, including congas or timpani and a gong. His drum solo "Moby Dick" was featured on the group's second album and was a staple of their concerts, often lasting just over 20 minutes. Outside of Led Zeppelin, Bonham played drums for other artists, including the Family Dogg, Screaming Lord Sutch, Lulu, Jimmy Stevens and Wings. Bonham played with Led Zeppelin until his sudden death at age 32, in September 1980 following a day of heavy drinking. The surviving members disbanded the group out of respect for Bonham. A mostly self-taught drummer, Bonham was influenced by Max Roach, Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich. While he was primarily known for his hard-rock style during his lifetime, his reputation as a drummer has grown beyond that genre following his death. He has influenced various drummers, including Dave Grohl, Neil Peart, Chad Smith and Dave Lombardo. He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 as a member of Led Zeppelin. In 2016, Rolling Stone named him the greatest drummer of all time. == Early life == John Henry Bonham was born on 31 May 1948, in Redditch, Worcestershire, England, to Joan and Jack Bonham. He began learning to play drums at age five, making a kit of containers and coffee tins, imitating his idols Max Roach, Gene Krupa and Buddy Rich. His mother gave him a snare drum when he was 10. He received his first drum kit, a Premier Percussion set, from his father at age 15. Bonham never took formal drum lessons, although he received advice from other Redditch drummers. While at school, between 1962 and 1963, Bonham joined the Blue Star Trio and Gerry Levene & the Avengers. Bonham attended Lodge Farm Secondary Modern School, where his headmaster wrote in his report that he would "either end up a dustman or a millionaire." After leaving school in 1964, he worked for his father as an apprentice carpenter between drumming for local bands. In 1964, Bonham joined his first semi-professional band, Terry Webb and the Spiders, and met his future wife, Pat Phillips, around the same time. He played in other Birmingham bands such as The Nicky James Movement and The Senators, with whom he made a single, "She's a Mod", in 1964, at Hollick and Taylor Studios in Birmingham. Bonham took up drumming full-time. Two years later, he joined A Way of Life. After the band's demise, Bonham joined a blues group called Crawling King Snakes, whose lead singer was Robert Plant. In 1967, Bonham agreed to return to A Way of Life while keeping in touch with Plant. Plant formed Band of Joy and chose Bonham as the drummer. The band recorded demos but no album. In 1968, American singer Tim Rose toured Britain and asked Band of Joy to open his concerts. When Rose returned months later, Bonham joined Rose's band. Bonham may have played on the April 1968 recording of Donovan's "Hurdy Gurdy Man" although this is disputed. == Career == === Led Zeppelin === After the breakup of the Yardbirds in July 1968, guitarist Jimmy Page formed another band and recruited Plant, who in turn suggested Bonham. Page's choices for drummer included Procol Harum's B. J. Wilson and Paul Francis. However, on seeing Bonham drum for Tim Rose at a club in Hampstead, north London, in July 1968, Page and manager Peter Grant were convinced he was perfect for the project, first known as the New Yardbirds and later as Led Zeppelin. Bonham was initially reluctant. Plant sent eight telegrams to Bonham's pub, the "Three Men in a Boat", in Walsall, which were followed by 40 telegrams from Grant. Bonham was also receiving more lucrative offers from Joe Cocker and Chris Farlowe but he accepted Grant's offer. He recalled, "I decided I liked their music better than Cocker's or Farlowe's." During Led Zeppelin's first tour of the United States in December 1968, Bonham became friends with Vanilla Fudge's drummer, Carmine Appice. Appice introduced him to Ludwig drums, which he then used for the rest of his career. His hard hitting was evident on many Led Zeppelin songs, including "Moby Dick" (Led Zeppelin II), "Immigrant Song" (Led Zeppelin III), "When the Levee Breaks" (Led Zeppelin IV), "Kashmir" (Physical Graffiti), "The Ocean" (Houses of the Holy), and "Achilles Last Stand" (Presence). Page let Bonham use a double bass drum in an early demo of "Communication Breakdown" but scratched the track because of Bonham's "over-use" of it. The studio recording of "Misty Mountain Hop" captures his dynamics, similarly exhibited on "No Quarter". On cuts from later albums, Bonham handled funk and Latin-influenced drumming. Songs like "Royal Orleans" and "Fool in the Rain" are examples, respectively displaying a New Orleans shuffle and a half-time shuffle. His drum solo, first entitled "Pat's Delight", later "Moby Dick", often lasted 20 minutes. In some sections, he used his bare hands on his drums to imitate the sound of a phased hand drum. Bonham's sequence for the film The Song Remains the Same featured him in a drag race at Santa Pod Raceway to the sound of his solo, "Moby Dick". In Led Zeppelin tours after 1969, Bonham included congas, orchestral timpani and a symphonic gong. === Other projects === In 1969, Bonham appeared on The Family Dogg's A Way of Life, with Page and Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones. Bonham also played for Screaming Lord Sutch on Lord Sutch and Heavy Friends in 1970. He played on Lulu's 1971 single "Everybody Clap", written by Maurice Gibb and Billy Lawrie. In 1972, he played on a Maurice Gibb-produced album by Jimmy Stevens called Don't Freak Me Out in the UK and Paid My Dues in the US, credited as "Gemini" (his star sign). He drummed for his Birmingham friend, Roy Wood, on "Keep Your Hands on the Wheel", a single subsequently released on his 1979 album, On the Road Again, and on Wings' album Back to the Egg on the tracks "Rockestra Theme" and "So Glad to See You Here". He was also featured on Paul McCartney & Wings' "Beware My Love" demo version first recorded in 1975; it remained unreleased until 2014 with the release of the album Wings at the Speed of Sound boxset. Bonham was the best man of Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi at his wedding ceremony. In 1974, Bonham appeared in the film Son of Dracula, playing drums in Count Downe's (Harry Nilsson) band. Bonham appeared in a drum line-up including Keith Moon and Ringo Starr on the soundtrack album. == Personal life == Bonham had a younger brother, Mick Bonham (1950–2000), a disc jockey, author and photographer, and a younger sister, Deborah Bonham (born 1962), a singer-songwriter. Bonham's mother, Joan, died aged 85–86 on 10 February 2011. She sang for the Zimmers, a 40-member band set up as a result of a BBC documentary on the treatment of the elderly. Bonham was married to Pat Phillips, and the couple had two children. Zoë Bonham (born 10 June 1975) is a singer-songwriter who appears at Led Zeppelin conventions. Jason Bonham (born 15 July 1966) is a drummer who has recorded or toured with Sammy Hagar and the Circle, Black Country Communion, UFO, Foreigner, and Bonham. A 1973 film clip of seven-year-old Jason playing drums appears in the Led Zeppelin film The Song Remains the Same. Jason played with Led Zeppelin at their Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary reunion show on 15 May 1988 and again on 10 December 2007 at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert. He also played in the band that performed "Stairway to Heaven" at Led Zeppelin's 2012 Kennedy Center Honors award ceremony. Zoë and Jason appeared at the induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 with the surviving members of Led Zeppelin. == Death == On 24 September 1980, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studios for a tour of North America, to begin on 17 October in Montreal; it was the band's first American tour since 1977. During the journey, Bonham asked to stop for breakfast, where he drank four quadruple vodka screwdrivers (16 shots, totalling between 400 and 560 ml). He continued to drink heavily at rehearsals. The band stopped rehearsing late in the evening and then went to Page's house, the Old Mill House in Clewer, Windsor. After midnight, Bonham fell asleep; someone took him to bed and placed him on his side. Jones and the tour manager Benji LeFevre found Bonham unresponsive the following afternoon. He was pronounced dead at 32 years old. The inquest on 27 October 1980 showed that in 24 hours, Bonham had consumed around 40 shots (1–1.4 litres) of 40% ABV vodka, after which he vomited and choked, a condition known as pulmonary aspiration. The finding was accidental death. A post-mortem found no other recreational drugs in Bonham's body. According to Rolling Stone, Bonham had recently overcome a heroin problem and was taking an unspecified medication for anxiety and depression at the time of his death. Bonham's remains were cremated and his ashes interred on 12 October 1980 in the graveyard at St Michael’s Church, Rushock, Worcestershire. Rather than replace Bonham, Led Zeppelin chose to disband. They said in a press release on 4 December 1980: "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend and the deep respect we have for his family, together with the sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were." == Artistry == === Equipment === Bonham initially used Premier drums, but in the late 1960s was introduced to Ludwig drums by Carmine Appice. Throughout the remainder of his career, Bonham endorsed Ludwig. At times, Bonham's kick drum pedal squeaked. Jimmy Page later commented: The only real problem I can remember encountering was when we were putting the first boxed set together. There was an awfully squeaky bass drum pedal on "Since I've Been Loving You". It sounds louder and louder every time I hear it! [laughs]. That was something that was obviously sadly overlooked at the time. In 2005, Ludwig reissued Bonham drum kits in several styles and, in 2007, stainless steel kits similar to those Bonham used on the last Led Zeppelin tours in the 1970s. Bonham used Paiste cymbals and Remo drumheads. His hardware was a mixture of Rogers and Ludwig, including the Ludwig Speed King pedal and Rogers Swiv-O-Matic series of hardware. Initially augmenting his kit in live performances with timbales and congas as well as the cowbell, he soon settled on his trademark timpani, gong and ching-ring mounted on his hi-hat stand as the percussion in his setup in addition to the aforementioned cowbell. Bonham drum solos would often feature playing floor toms and cymbals with his bare hands. He started using this technique as well as developing a finger-control style, influenced from hearing jazz recordings by drummer Joe Morello, during the early 1960s with his first band the Blue Star Trio. == Legacy == === Reception === For music critics who were not receptive to the hard rock aspects of Led Zeppelin's sound, Bonham's playing was sometimes characterized (along with the other elements of Led Zeppelin's music) as bombastic and lacking a sense of swing. While reviewing 1975's Physical Graffiti, Rolling Stone's Jim Miller wrote: "Bonham ... is a steak-and-potatoes percussionist, handpicked, one assumes, for his ability to supply a plodding, stolid, rock-solid bottom—no one has ever accused Led Zeppelin of swinging." In the 2012 documentary Beware of Mr. Baker, Eric Clapton reinforced the idea that Bonham's playing lacked subtlety, and that Bonham and his contemporary Keith Moon of the Who were not equals in terms of musicianship to Ginger Baker, Clapton's drummer in the 1960s rock band Cream. "No, no, no, no, [scoffs]. Ginger was nothing like those players. His musical capabilities are full spectrum. He can write and compose and arrange, and he has an ear, and he is harmonic. He is a fully formed musician." Since his death, Bonham's reputation has continued to grow beyond the world of hard rock, and his playing is now commonly recognised by critics and musicians as worthy of close study. Modern Drummer said of Bonham in 2010: "Like nearly every British rock musician in the mid-'60s, the members of Led Zeppelin played in groups specializing in amped-up versions of black American music like the blues, R&B, jazz, and soul. To play that music convincingly, you had to swing, and few drummers in any genre have swung with as much swagger as John Bonham ... Despite all the deserved attention paid to his brilliant soloing ideas, his rhythmic sophistication, or his bass drum prowess, John Bonham was, above all else, a groover." === Influence === Rock drummers influenced by Bonham include Roger Taylor, Joey Kramer, Lee Kerslake, Neil Peart, Dave Grohl, Tommy Lee, Peter Criss, Chad Smith, Dave Lombardo, Brad Wilk, John Dolmayan, Ian Mosley, Yoshiki, and Shinya. Phil Collins, who became a drummer for Plant's solo career, told Plant he wanted to play with him because he "loved" Bonham's drumming. Grohl said: "John Bonham played the drums like someone who didn't know what was going to happen next—like he was teetering on the edge of a cliff. No one has come close to that since, and I don't think anybody ever will. I think he will forever be the greatest drummer of all time." Smith remarked: "To me, hands down, John Bonham was the best rock drummer ever. The style and the sound was so identifiable to one person. Any drum set that he would play, it sounded like him." Mike Portnoy said: "He was one of the all-time greats. He was just rock solid, and one of a kind. His swing and his feel is unparalleled. Nobody played like John Bonham, and still to this day, nobody really can play like John Bonham – as much as everybody tries. He will forever be one of the greatest rock drummers in the history of music. And he deserves it." Other musicians also paid tribute. John Paul Jones said Bonham was a "bass player's dream". Page has commented: "One of the marvellous things about John Bonham which made things very easy [for a producer] was that he really knew how to tune his drums, and I tell you what, that was pretty rare in drummers in those days. He really knew how to make the instrument sing, and because of that, he could just get so much volume out of it by just playing with his wrists. It was just an astonishing technique that was sort of pretty holistic if you know what I mean." Bonham's drumming has been widely sampled in hip hop music; for example, the Beastie Boys sampled "Moby Dick", "The Ocean", and "When the Levee Breaks" on their debut album Licensed to Ill. The drum beat of the popular song "Return to Innocence" by Enigma was sampled from the Led Zeppelin song "When the Levee Breaks". === Awards and tributes === Bonham has been described by AllMusic as one of the most important, well-known, and influential drummers in rock. Bonham was ranked No. 1 on Classic Rock's 2005 list of 50 Greatest Drummers in Rock, and Modern Drummer describes him as "the greatest rock 'n' roll drummer in history." Adam Budofsky, managing editor of Modern Drummer, writes: "If the king of rock 'n' roll was Elvis Presley, then the king of rock drumming was certainly John Bonham." In 2007, Stylus magazine rated Bonham number one of 50 great rock drummers, as did Gigwise in 2008, and in September 2008, Bonham topped Blabbermouth.net's list of "Rockers fans want brought back to life", ahead of Elvis Presley and Freddie Mercury. Rhythm magazine voted him the greatest drummer ever, topping a readers' poll to determine the "50 greatest drummers of all time" in October 2009. At the end of the BBC Two series I'm in a Rock 'n' Roll Band! on 5 June 2010, Bonham was named best drummer of all time. "Bonz: The Groove Remains the Same—A Night in Honor of John Henry Bonham" was produced by Whitesnake drummer Brian Tichy in Los Angeles on 25 September 2010 – the 30th anniversary of his death. Notable drummers that appeared at the tribute included Steven Adler, Vinny Appice, Kenny Aronoff, Frankie Banali, Fred Coury, Jimmy D'Anda, James Kottak, Chris Slade, Chad Smith, Joe Travers, Simon Wright, and John's son, Jason Bonham. Carmine Appice performed via video. In 1988, the Pulitzer laureate Christopher Rouse composed "Bonham" in tribute. A Rolling Stone reader's poll where he "led the list by a significant margin" in 2011, and in 2016, the same magazine ranked him as the greatest drummer of all time in a list of 100 Greatest Drummers of all time. According to the Los Angeles Times, even after all these years, Bonham still ranks as the best drummer of all time, mentioning that "[his] beat still bangs like a mofo ... Nobody else has brought quite that balance of muscle, groove and showmanship." The surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited to play Live Aid in 1985 and employed two drummers, Phil Collins and Tony Thompson, to take his place. In June 2017, John Bonham's childhood home received a blue plaque in his honour. On 31 May 2018, on what would have been Bonham's 70th birthday, a statue was unveiled in his hometown of Redditch, England, to commemorate him. The work of sculptor Mark Richards, the bronze sculpture weighs around 2.5 tonnes and was installed in Mercian Square. It is covered in anti-graffiti paint and is emblazoned with the words: "The most outstanding and original drummer of his time, John Bonham's popularity and influence continue to resonate with the world of music and beyond." Following the installation of the bronze memorial on Church Green, a special music event was organised to celebrate Bonham's birthday. == References == == Bibliography == Bonham, Mick (2003). Bonham by Bonham: My Brother John. Solihull: Icarus Publications. ISBN 0-9545717-0-3. Bonham, Mick (2005). John Bonham: The Powerhouse Behind Led Zeppelin. Southbank Publishing. ISBN 1-904915-11-6. Lewis, Dave (1990). Led Zeppelin: A Celebration. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-711-92416-1. Kushins, C. M. (2021). Beast: John Bonham and the Rise of Led Zeppelin. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0306846687. Paul McCartney & Wings. Wings at the Speed of Sound Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (box set). Power, Michael (2016). No Quarter: The Three Lives of Jimmy Page. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-4683-1214-0. Prato, Greg (2020). BONZO: 30 Rock Drummers Remember the Legendary John Bonham. Independently published. ISBN 979-8-645-37000-8. Welch, Chris & Nicholls, Geoff (2001). John Bonham: A Thunder of Drums. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-658-0. == External links == Led Zeppelin official site JohnBonham.co.uk The 23 John Henry Bonham Drum Outtakes John Bonham at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Moriah_Wilson#:~:text=She%20grew%20up%20in%20Kirby,had%20become%20a%20gravel%20cyclist.	Murder of Moriah Wilson	On the night of May 11, 2022, professional cyclist Anna Moriah "Mo" Wilson was fatally shot by Kaitlin Marie Armstrong at a friend's home in Austin, Texas. Armstrong, a yoga instructor and licensed realtor, committed the crime out of jealousy triggered by Wilson's romantic encounter with her on-and-off boyfriend, pro cyclist Colin Strickland. Prior to her conviction, Armstrong had made flight attempts both as a wanted person and as a detainee: she spent 43 days at large until her capture in Costa Rica, where authorities said she had used different names and changed her appearance to set up a new life. Over a year later, she attempted to flee from custody on the eve of her trial. == Background == === Victim === Anna Moriah Wilson was born on May 18, 1996, in Littleton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Eric and Karen (née Cronin) Wilson and the sister of Matthew Wilson. She grew up in Kirby, Vermont. Wilson graduated from Burke Mountain Academy in 2014, and from Dartmouth College in 2019 with a Bachelor of Engineering (BE). Raised in a family of athletes, Wilson developed a passion for cycling as a young girl. She was a nationally ranked junior skier, but had become a gravel cyclist. Before her full-time career as a professional cyclist, she had worked as a demand planner for Specialized. === Perpetrator === Kaitlin Armstrong (born November 21, 1987) grew up in Livonia, Michigan. She graduated from Stevenson High School in 2005, then attended Schoolcraft College and Eastern Michigan University. She has been described as a yoga teacher and licensed realtor. Armstrong was in a relationship with professional cyclist Colin Strickland. They briefly separated in the fall of 2021, by which point Strickland had met Wilson and began a brief romantic relationship with her. Armstrong and Strickland would later reconcile and resume their relationship. == Death and investigation == On May 11, 2022, Wilson was found dead with multiple gunshot wounds "shortly before 10 p.m." at a friend's residence in Austin, Texas, where Wilson had been staying to compete in a race in Hico. Hours before her death, she had gone out with Strickland for a swim at Deep Eddy Pool and afterward ate dinner. Strickland denied ever going inside Wilson's friend's house after dropping Wilson off and was ruled out as a suspect following a police investigation. An autopsy ruled Wilson's death a homicide, with three gunshot wounds—two in the head and one in the chest—that occurred "after she was already laying supine on the floor," according to a search warrant. Police named Armstrong a person of interest after video surveillance showed her black Jeep Grand Cherokee arriving at the Austin residence moments before the killing. She was taken into custody over an outstanding misdemeanor warrant for theft. Armstrong made no statement to the police when confronted about the video evidence of her vehicle; however, investigators observed she "turned her head and rolled her eyes in an angry manner" when questioned about how Wilson was with Strickland. She was released on a technicality stemming from discrepancies between her date of birth in the police department's database and the one in the warrant. Police examined Wilson's phone and concluded that she was romantically tied to Strickland while he was still dating Armstrong. Strickland originally denied knowing the victim when first interviewed, but eventually admitted to the relationship and to keeping communication with Wilson hidden from Armstrong, going so far as to delete text messages from Wilson on his phone while saving her phone number under a pseudonym. Armstrong reportedly became aware of the relationship and expressed a strong desire to kill Wilson, telling an anonymous tipster that she "had either recently purchased a firearm or was going to." Strickland revealed he had bought two handguns for Armstrong and himself. Through a search warrant, police recovered two firearms from the house Strickland shared with Armstrong. A spent shell casing from one weapon, a SIG Sauer P365 handgun belonging to Armstrong, yielded a "significant" match with one found in the crime scene. The search warrant also revealed that Armstrong had visited a shooting range with her sister, Christine Armstrong, "to learn how to use a firearm". On May 17, an arrest warrant for first-degree murder was issued for Kaitlin Armstrong. == Arrest, trial and conviction == Armstrong used her sister's passport to fly to Costa Rica. She assumed fake identities and changed her appearance through plastic surgery. U.S. Marshals located her by placing an ad on Facebook looking for a yoga instructor. After spending 43 days at large, Armstrong was apprehended in a hostel in Santa Teresa, Costa Rica, on June 29, 2022. In a press conference about Armstrong's capture, the U.S. Marshals said that she had fled to Costa Rica and sought opportunities to teach yoga under a variety of aliases. They observed that her appearance had changed drastically; her hair had been dyed and cut short, her nose had been bandaged, and there was some discoloration around her eyes, which she reportedly said were caused by a surfboarding accident. Armstrong was arraigned on July 21, 2022, pleading not guilty to the murder charge. She was held on a $3.5 million bond in Travis County Jail. After delays, the case went to trial on October 30, 2023. Armstrong had lost her bid to suppress evidence of her custodial interrogation with the Austin Police Department, which she argued was illegally obtained because she was not apprised of her Miranda warning. A federal charge of Unlawful Flight to Avoid Prosecution against her was provisionally dismissed as well; legal experts said such a motion was "routine" since she had a constitutional right to a speedy trial. On October 12, 2023, Armstrong escaped from officers who had escorted her to a medical appointment outside of the jail. She was re-apprehended after a brief chase. She was charged with escape causing bodily injury and the charges were later dropped. On November 16, 2023, after a trial before Judge Brenda Kennedy, Armstrong was found guilty of murder. She was sentenced to 90 years in prison, with eligibility for parole after 30 years. Armstrong filed an appeal, which was denied. She is imprisoned at the Dr. Lane Murray Unit. == Civil lawsuit == On May 6, 2024, Wilson's parents filed a civil wrongful death lawsuit against Armstrong, seeking $1 million in damages, but they will "ultimately ask that a jury determine the full value and extent of damages." The compensation will cover burial and funeral expenses as well as emotional damages they suffered as a result of Wilson's death. The lawsuit will also prevent Armstrong from profiting financially from her crime. On June 17, 2024, the judge ordered Armstrong to pay $15 million to the Wilson family. Three days after Wilson's parents filed their wrongful death lawsuit, Armstrong emptied her bank account and transferred her assets to her mother, sister, and Colin Strickland, according to a nationwide asset search. Wilson's family filed another lawsuit against Armstrong's family and Strickland in July 2024 for fraudulent transfer. == Adaptation == On June 15, 2024, Lifetime did a television movie called Yoga Teacher Killer: The Kaitlin Armstrong Story as part of its "Ripped from the Headlines" feature films. The film stars Caity Lotz as Kaitlin Armstrong, Kyle Schmid as Colin Strickland, and Larissa Dias as Moriah Wilson. == References == == External links == Ian Parker: A Murder Roils the Cycling World The New Yorker November 7, 2022
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_Aminoff_Prize	Gregori Aminoff Prize	The Gregori Aminoff Prize is an international prize awarded since 1979 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the field of crystallography, rewarding "a documented, individual contribution in the field of crystallography, including areas concerned with the dynamics of the formation and dissolution of crystal structures. Some preference should be shown for work evincing elegance in the approach to the problem." The prize, which is named in memory of the Swedish scientist and artist Gregori Aminoff (1883–1947), Professor of Mineralogy at the Swedish Museum of Natural History from 1923, was endowed through a bequest by his widow Birgit Broomé-Aminoff. The prize can be shared by several winners. It is considered the Nobel prize for crystallography. == Recipients of the Prize == Source: Royal Swedish Academy of Science == See also == List of chemistry awards List of physics awards == References == === Notes === == Citations == == External links == awardee of the Gregori Aminoff Prize Archived 2018-01-19 at the Wayback Machine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremiaphila_bovei	Eremiaphila bovei	Eremiaphila bovei is a species of praying mantis in the family Eremiaphilidae. == See also == List of mantis genera and species == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Ludlam#:~:text=Jennifer%20Kay%20Ludlam%20MNZM%20(born,her%20roles%20in%20Australian%20television.	Jenny Ludlam	Jennifer Kay Ludlam (born 23 July 1951 in Taumarunui, New Zealand) is a New Zealand-born actress, who remains best known for her roles in Australian television. == Acting roles == In Australia, she was a regular cast member in the short-lived soap opera Waterloo Station (1983) followed by guest stints on Prisoner (as Janice Grant in 1985), and Sons and Daughters. She was also a presenter on the long-running ABC children's TV series Play School. Returning to New Zealand, Ludlam has had roles in several television shows, movies and theatre productions. == Honours == In the 2005 New Year Honours, Ludlam was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the theatre. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === == References == == External links == Jenny Ludlam at IMDb Profile at NZ On Screen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_Festival#:~:text=In%202008%2C%20the%20festival%20ended,stage%20was%20added%20in%202010.	Evolution Festival	Evolution Festival was a music festival held annually across Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead, England, from 2002 until 2013. The festival attracted tens of thousands of attendees every year and usually took place on the Quayside. Evolution Festival was briefly titled Orange Evolution due to a sponsorship deal with the mobile phone company Orange. It has been described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged". Headline performers at Evolution Festival included Dizzee Rascal, The Wombats, Paolo Nutini and Maxïmo Park. Florence + The Machine, Amy Winehouse and Ellie Goulding all appeared at Evolution before the height of their fame. In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, and although the organisers claimed it was only a "pause" the event has not been held since. A smaller event featuring local bands, Evolution Emerging, was held up until 2019, when it rebranded into Tipping Point live. == History == Evolution Festival started in 2002. In 2003 the event took place on the Quayside for the first time, with performances from Moloko, Biffy Clyro and Inspiral Carpets. In 2004, due to funding restrictions, Evolution returned to its multi-venue format including a Shindig event headlined by Eric Morillo and Deep Dish. Evolution returned to the Quayside in 2005, sponsored by the mobile phone network Orange and featuring a three-stage event headlined by Dizzee Rascal and The Futureheads. Major Tyneside export Maxïmo Park headlined the 2007 event. In 2008, the festival ended its sponsorship with Orange and became known as Evolution Festival, and introduced an entry charge - of £3 - for the first time. In 2009 the festival became a two-day event with performances from The Wombats, White Lies and Florence + The Machine. A folk stage was added in 2010. In 2012 the organisers of Evolution held a one-off edition of the festival at Avenham Park, Preston as part of the Preston Guild celebrations. The one-day event, titled GFest, featured performances from Maverick Sabre, Labrinth and Stooshe and attracted thousands of festival-goers. The 2013 edition of the main Newcastle event featured The Vaccines, Ellie Goulding, Paloma Faith and Jake Bugg. In 2014 Evolution Festival did not take place, although promoters Jim Mawdsley and Dave Stone said that it was not the end of Evolution Festival. The festival has, however, not been held since 2013 and no news of a relaunch has been announced. The Evolution brand continues through Evolution Emerging, a multiple venue event that showcases new bands from the local region. == Line-ups == === Orange Evolution 05 === === Orange Evolution 06 === === Orange Evolution 07 === === Evolution Festival 08 === === Evolution Festival 09 === === Evolution Festival 2010 === === Evolution Festival 2011 === Note: Clare Maguire replaced Fenech Soler who were playing the Baltic Stage due to illness within the band. Note: Toyger replaced Clare Maguire who was playing the Baltic Stage due to a last minute cancellation. === Evolution Festival 2012 === === Evolution Festival 2013 === == References == == External links == Official website Evolution Festival on Chronicle Live
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Randolph_(ambassador)	Thomas Randolph (ambassador)	Thomas Randolph (1523–1590) was an English ambassador serving Elizabeth I of England. Most of his professional life he spent in Scotland at the courts of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her son James VI. While in Scotland, he was embroiled in marriage projects and several upheavals. In 1568-1569 he was sent on a special embassy to Russia, visiting the court of Ivan the Terrible. Randolph was also a Member of Parliament: for New Romney in 1558, Maidstone 1584, 1586 and 1589, Grantham 1559 and St Ives 1558 and 1572. == Exile in France == Thomas Randolph was born in 1523, the son of Avery Randolph of Badlesmere, Kent and Anne Gainsford (NOT the lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn). He entered Christ Church, Oxford at the time of its foundation, and graduated B.A. in October 1545, and B.C.L. in 1548. Shortly afterwards he became a public notary; and in 1549 he was made principal of Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford. He continued there until 1553, when the Protestant persecutions under Queen Mary compelled him to resign and retire to France. Sir James Melville refers to Randolph's indebtedness to him "during his banishment in France"; Randolph seems to have mainly resided in Paris, where he was still living as a scholar in April 1557. It was probably during his stay in Paris that he came under the influence of George Buchanan, to whom, in a letter to Peter Young, tutor of James VI, he refers in very eulogistic terms as his 'master'. Among his fellow-students and intimates in Paris was Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange. == In the service of Elizabeth I == Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, in 1558, Randolph was acting as an agent of the English government in Germany, but in a few months returned to England; and, probably soon afterwards, bought a farm in Kent—"the house where he was born". Doubtless his acquaintance with the Scottish Protestants in Paris suggested to Elizabeth the employment of Randolph in the task of bringing the Earl of Arran, who had been compelled to flee from France, from Geneva to England. At this time, Randolph sometimes signed his letters with a Latin phrase "Virtus pro divitiis", and he wrote the phrase in his copy of John Jewel's Apologia ecclesiae Anglicanae (London, 1562), a gift from James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray. The book is now held by the University of Edinburgh. === In Scotland === Under the name of Barnabie, and using the codename Pamphilus he was also sent in the autumn of 1559 to secretly conduct James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran into Scotland. He left for London on 25 November, but was again sent to Scotland in March 1560, where his representations had considerable influence in encouraging the Protestants against the queen-regent, and in effecting an understanding between them and Elizabeth. The success of his mission suggested his continuance in Scotland as the confidential agent of Elizabeth; but being an ardent Protestant, he was as well a representative of William Cecil, Elizabeth's secretary of state, as of the Queen. Although by no means a match for Maitland of Lethington as a diplomatist, the fact that he possessed the confidence of the Protestant party enabled him to exercise no small influence in Scottish politics. His numerous letters are among the most valuable sources of information for this period; they abound in interesting details regarding the Queen of Scots and her court, and the political plots and social intrigues. At the marriage of Lord James Stewart and Agnes Keith in February 1562, on Shrove Tuesday Mary, Queen of Scots toasted Queen Elizabeth from a gold cup and then presented it to Randolph and talked to him of the "amity" between England and Scotland. Randolph described this incident in a letter to William Cecil and it was widely reported in England. Mary was sent a portrait of Elizabeth, and Randolph verified the likeness. They talked of a possible meeting of queens. Instead of meeting Elizabeth in England, in the autumn of 1562 Randolph accompanied the Queen of Scots, who professed for him a warm friendship, in an expedition to the north of Scotland. This resulted in the defeat and death of George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly; and Randolph even took part in the campaign, "being ashamed to sit still where so many were occupied". In January 1563, Randolph went to Castle Campbell in Clackmannanshire to the wedding of James Stewart, Commendator of Inchcolm and Margaret Campbell. He had hoped to meet James MacConnel at the wedding. He described his entertainment at the Scottish court, "we passed our time in feasts, banqueting, masking, and running at the ring, and such like". === Marriage negotiations with Mary, Queen of Scots === Randolph met a servant of the Catholic priest John Black at St Andrews in June 1563. He bribed the servant to show him Black's correspondence and copied it. On 5 June 1563 Elizabeth sent him a license to return to England on his private business. On 20 April 1563 he was again sent to Scotland with the special aim of entangling the Scottish queen in negotiations for an English marriage. Elizabeth suggested Lord Robert Dudley, her own favourite, as a consort to Mary, whom she thus hoped to neutralise by a marriage to an Englishman. Randolph tried his best to further the project, which was strongly advocated by William Cecil, many of whose instructions to Randolph survive. At first Mary was not enthusiastic about the proposed match, however, when it became clear, that Elizabeth would declare Mary her official heir on condition that she marry Dudley, the proposal was taken very seriously on the Scottish part. In September 1564 Elizabeth bestowed on Dudley the earldom of Leicester to make him more acceptable to Mary. In the beginning of 1565, Mary accepted the proposal. To the amazement of Randolph, however, Leicester was not to be moved to comply with the proposal: But a man of that nature I never found any...he whom I go about to make as happy as ever was any, to put him in possession of a kingdom, to make him Prince of a mighty people, to lay in his naked arms a most fair and worthy lady...nothing regardeth the good that shall ensue unto him thereby...but so uncertainly dealeth that I know not where to find him. Dudley indeed had made it clear to the Scots at the beginning of the affair, that he was not a candidate for Mary's hand, and forthwith had behaved with passive resistance. This Randolph had repeatedly tried to overcome by his letters. Elizabeth herself now had second thoughts regarding declarations concerning the succession. But as Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley became a serious candidate for Mary's marriage, Elizabeth wanted to prevent it. Randolph again received instructions to press for a marriage "with the Earl of Leicester or some other; and if he find it so far passed as it cannot be revoked, then he shall...declare, how much it shall miscontent her Majesty". Randolph had time to report on a Roman antiquity discovered near Edinburgh at Musselburgh where there was an inscribed altar and a hypocaust, and to court Mary Beaton, one of Mary, Queen of Scots' companions. In April 1565 Beaton and Randolph teamed up to play bowls with the queen and Lord Darnley at Stirling Castle. They won, and Darnley gave Beaton a ring and a brooch with two agates worth fifty crowns. One of Randolph's Scottish contacts, Alexander Clark sent him a letter teasing him about their relationship in a joke using nonsense words; "And as to your mistress Marie Beton, she is both darimpus and sclenbrunit, and you in like manner without contrebaxion or kylteperante, so you are both worth little money." Randolph, to his utter chagrin, could not prevent the marriage of the queen to Lord Darnley, and after the marriage, he declined to recognise Darnley's authority. Randolph's representations and promises may have contributed to the rebellion of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, known as the Chaseabout Raid. On 16 January 1566 he reported Mary withheld the "Matrimonial crown" from Darnley and was now pregnant:It is now spoken for certain that she is with child; and, as it is said, she felt it stir in her belly upon new year's day. Some ladies affirm that she hath milk in her breasts; and finding all other tokens to concur belonging to women lately married, assure it for certain that it can be no other. On 14 February 1566 Randolph wrote to the Earl of Leicester that he was unable and unwilling to commit his opinions on Mary's actions on paper for fear of appearing "malicieus foolyshe and unadvised". In February 1566 he was accused by Mary of having assisted Moray and her rebellious subjects during the Chaseabout Raid with a gift of three thousand crowns, and was required to quit the country within six days. Ultimately he retired to Berwick upon Tweed, and while there he was, after the murder of Riccio, accused by Mary of having written a book against her, called Mr. Randolph's Phantasy. === Embassy to Russia and Scotland === He was recalled to England about June 1566, and apparently it was shortly after his return that he was appointed "Master of the King's Post," a position that later became postmaster general. On 2 November 1567 he obtained from Robert Constable an assignment of the office of constable or keeper of the Queenborough Castle and steward of the lordship or manor of Middleton and Merden in the county of Kent. In June 1568, he was sent on a special embassy to Russia in behalf of the English merchants trading in that country; and he succeeded in obtaining from Ivan IV a grant of certain privileges to the merchant adventurers, which led to the formation of the Muscovy Company. He returned from Russia in the autumn of 1569. Following representations made by Regent Moray's agent Nicolas Elphinstone in January 1570 he was sent to Scotland, although uncertain news of the Regent's assassination had reached London. He remained in Scotland for a year. === Again in France and Scotland === In October 1573 and April 1576 he went on special embassies to France. He was sent to Scotland in February 1578, but too late to prevent the fall of James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton. After the imprisonment of Morton in 1580 he returned to Scotland to conduct negotiations on his behalf. At a convention of the estates, held on 20 February 1581, besides presenting a paper declaring the "Intention of the Queen's Majesty and her Offers to the King of Scotland', he, in a speech of two hours" duration, denounced Esme Stewart, created Duke of Lennox by the king, as an agent of Rome. If anything, however, his bold intervention only helped to seal Morton's fate. Having failed to thwart the purposes of Lennox by a public accusation, he now attempted, with Elizabeth's sanction, to concoct a plot for the seizure of him and the young king; but, the plot having been betrayed, he fled to Berwick, after he had narrowly escaped death from a shot fired into the room he occupied in the provost's house at Edinburgh. Randolph's advice from Scotland had a direct effect on English policy, he counselled Elizabeth against the use of military intervention in Scotland against the Lennox government. === Scotland in 1586 === Randolph was sent on his last mission to Scotland in January 1586, accompanied by Thomas Mills, with instructions for the negotiation of a treaty between the two kingdoms, to which he succeeded in obtaining the signature of James VI despite the efforts of a French diplomat Charles de Prunelé, Baron d'Esneval. In August 1586 Randolph and the Scottish ambassador in London, Archibald Douglas, sent male deer and huntsmen to serve James VI at the park of Falkland Palace. The huntsmen probably included Cuthbert Rayne. Randolph wrote:I have sent the Kynge two hunting men, verie good and skillful, with one footman, that can hoop, hollow and crye, that all the trees in Fawkland will quake for fear. Pray the Kynge's Majestie to be mercifull to the poor bucks; but let him spare and look well to himself. Randolph presented £4,000 to James VI from Elizabeth, the first payment of a regular subsidy. He noted in a memorandum that James VI did not issue receipts for money given to him, and neither had Regent Morton and Regent Moray in previous years. He explained that princes and others do not give "bills of their hands" for "danger or reproach unto themselves for receiving of the same". == Later years == Randolph held the joint offices of Chamberlain of the Exchequer and Master of the Post till his death, which took place in his house in St. Peter's Hill, near Thames Street, London, on 8 June 1590, when he was in his sixty-seventh year. He was buried in the church of St. Peter's, Paul's Wharf. Randolph, during his embassies, was kept very short of money, and had frequent difficulty in paying his expenses. Nor, important as had been his services, did he receive any reward beyond the not very remunerative offices above mentioned. The statement of Wood that he was knighted in 1571 is not supported by any evidence. Randolph is supposed to have been the author of the original short Latin Life of George Buchanan, but this must be regarded as at least doubtful. He took a special interest in the progress of Buchanan's History, and offered his aid with money if necessary towards its completion. Randolph died in 1590. In July 1593 the Scottish ambassador in London, with Roger Aston, insisted that the deceased diplomat Thomas Randolph had promised in 1586 the sum of £5000 yearly would be paid to James VI as a subsidy or annuity. William Cecil thought this unlikely, and ordered Randolph's papers to be searched for any record of this. === Marriages === Towards the close of 1571, he married Anne Walsingham, a daughter of Thomas Walsingham of Chislehurst, and a cousin once removed of Francis Walsingham. Before the marriage he received, on 1 October 1571, an assignment from Thomas Walsingham and William Crowner of letters patent of the custody of the manor and hundred of Middleton and Merden, at the rent of 100 pounds per annum, to be paid to his intended wife. In 1572 he obtained the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer for life. His old friend the bachelor George Buchanan teased him about his marriage in 1572;If you had been in your right wit, you being once escaped the tempestous storms and naufrage (shipwreck) of marriage, had never entered again the same dangers, for I cannot take you for a Stoic philosopher, having one head inexpugnable (not to be captured) with the frenetic tortures of jealousy, or a careless heart sceptic that takes cuckoldry as thing indifferent. The children of Anne Walsingham and Thomas Randolph included: John Randolph Anne Randolph. Thomas Randolph married secondly, Ursula Copinger, a daughter of Henry Copinger of Allhallows Hoo, Kent, and Buxhall, Suffolk, and his wife Agnes, a daughter of Thomas Jermyn (died 1552). Their children included: Thomas Randolph Ambrose Randolph (died 1660) Robert Randolph Frances Randolph, who married Thomas Fitzgerald, a brother of Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Kildare. Their son became George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare. Elizabeth Randolph, whose marriage to a cousin Thomas Coppinger was annulled. Dorothy Randolph. == References == Chamberlin, Frederick: Elizabeth and Leycester Dodd, Mead & Co. 1939 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Randolph, Thomas (1523-1590)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. == External links == Hutchinson, John (1892). "Sir Thomas Randolph" . Men of Kent and Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 114–115.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Fonzi#:~:text=actor%20in%20Argentina.-,Career,brother%2C%20who%20played%20Benjam%C3%ADn%20V%C3%A1zquez.	Dolores Fonzi	Dolores María Fonzi (born 19 July 1978) is an Argentine television, theatre and film actress. Several of her films have received critical acclaim such as Burnt Money (2000), Waiting for the Messiah (2000), Bottom of the Sea (2003), The Aura (2005), and Paulina (2015). In 2023, she marked her directorial debut with the comedy-drama Blondi. Her second film, the legal drama Belén, is competing for the Golden Shell at the 73rd San Sebastian International Film Festival. == Biography == Dolores Fonzi was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. After the separation of her parents, her mother, María del Rosario Cárrega, returned with her children to Adrogué, a city where Dolores and her brothers Tomás and Diego grew up. She studied acting at the school of Carlos Gandolfo. Her brother Tomás Fonzi is also an actor in Argentina. == Career == In 1996, when she was seventeen years old, Dolores Fonzi made her first television appearance in the series La nena. In 1998, Cris Morena chose her to play Clara Vázquez in Verano del '98 with her brother, who played Benjamín Vázquez. Thanks to this successful series and her character as a villain, she gained great popularity and success. At the end of 1999 she left Verano del '98 to be part of the cast of Marcelo Piñeyro's film Burnt Money, thereby landing her film debut with a role as a sex worker. She also appeared in Waiting for the Messiah. In 2001, she had great recognition by integrating the cast of El sodero de mi vida in Canal 13, where she played a girl with a slight mental retardation. Experimenting with Luis Ortega the tape Caja negra is born, where she acted and participated in the integral creation. She later acted in movies like Private Lives, Bottom of the Sea, The Aura, La mujer rota, Salamandra, El club de la muerte and El campo, for the latter she was nominated for the Silver Condor Awards for Best Actress. In 2003 she starred in the unitary series Disputas and in the adaptation of the play of John Ford, Lástima que sea una puta. The following year she starred with Mariano Martínez the terror unit, Sangre fría by Telefe. During 2006, Fonzi starred and produced the miniseries Soy tu fan which in 2010 was adapted by Canana Films in Mexico. She also starred in the series El tiempo no para by Canal 9. From 2005 to 2008 she participated in three chapters of Mujeres asesinas. Her return to television was in 2012 with her participation in Graduados the new Underground production for Telefe. In addition, she was part of the unit of TV Pública En terapia with the actors Norma Aleandro, Diego Peretti, Leonardo Sbaraglia, Ailín Salas, Julieta Cardinali and Germán Palacios. She also resumed the theater as the protagonist of the play Isósceles. That year, she also made the filming of El Crítico by Hernán Guerschuny, a co-production between HC Films and Lagarto Cine where Dolores Fonzi had the lead alongside Rafael Spregelburd. On television she participated as a guest actress in two episodes of the series Aliados. In 2015 Fonzi starred in the film Paulina, remake of the film starring Mirtha Legrand, in 1960. The film had a strong box office collection and favorable reviews, being praised at the Cannes Festival. For her work in the film, Fonzi was awarded the Havana Star Prize for Best Actress at the 17th Havana Film Festival New York. She also acted in Truman film starring Ricardo Darín. In 2016 she was part of the cast of the series of La Leona, she played Eugenia Leone. == Personal life == From 2008 to 2014, Fonzi was in a relationship with actor Gael García Bernal, whom she met on the set of the 2001 film Private Lives. They had two children respectively born in 2009 and 2011. Afterwards, Fonzi entered a relationship with filmmaker Santiago Mitre, whom she met during the filming of Paulina in 2014. == Filmography == === Television === === Movies === === Theater === === Videoclips === == Accolades == == References == == External links == Dolores Fonzi at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsujiro_Shimizu#:~:text=In%201948%2C%20seeing%20the%20difficulty,Japanese%20Association%20of%20Mathematical%20Sciences.	Tatsujiro Shimizu	Tatsujiro Shimizu (清水辰次郎, Shimizu Tatsujirō; 7 April 1897 – 8 November 1992) was a Japanese mathematician working in the field of complex analysis. He was the founder of the Japanese Association of Mathematical Sciences. == Life and career == Shimizu graduated from the Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Tokyo Imperial University in 1924, and stayed there working as a staff member. In 1932 he moved to Osaka Imperial University and became a professor. He made contributions to the establishment of the Department of Mathematics there. In 1949, Shimizu left Osaka and took up a professorship at Kobe University. After two years, he moved again to Osaka Prefectural University. From 1961 he was a professor at the Tokyo University of Science. In 1948, seeing the difficulty in publication of paper in mathematics, Shimizu started a new journal Mathematica Japonicae, for papers of pure and applied mathematics in general, on his own funds. The journal served as the foundation of the Japanese Association of Mathematical Sciences. Shimizu remained active in mathematics into old age. He gave talks at the meeting of the Mathematical Society of Japan until 90 years old. He died in Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture, on November 8, 1992, at the age 95. == Works == === Function theory === The first works of Shimizu treated topics of function theory, in particular the theory of meromorphic functions. A new form of the Nevanlinna characteristic generalised by him (and separately by Ahlfors) is now known as the Ahlfors-Shimizu characteristic. Additionally, with the idea of function groups, he attained a profound result on the construction of Riemann surface of meromorphic functions. In 1931, as a pioneer in Japan responding to Fatou's study of the theory of iteration of the algebraic functions, Shimizu published two papers introducing the subject in Japanese journals. === Applied mathematics === Since he moved to Osaka in 1932, Shimizu has been interested in the application of mathematical methods into science and technology. He broadly worked on the existence conditions of limit cycles, numerical analysis and applied analysis (including solving ordinary differential equations, numerical solutions and non-linear oscillations), computing machines and devices, as well as artificial intelligence (especially in solving arithmetic problems through electronic computer). His research in these areas was continued through this career. He was also involved in operations research and mathematics in management sciences, as well as probability theory and mathematical statistics. == Notable students == Among his students is Shizuo Kakutani, Osaka University, 1941 == Books == Statistical Machine Computing Method (「統計機械計算法」) Practical Mathematics (「実用数学」) Non-linear Oscillation Theory (「非線形振動論」) Applied Mathematics (「応用数学」) == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky#:~:text=Following%20her%20high%20school%20graduation,former%20high%20school%20drama%20instructor.	Monica Lewinsky	Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American activist. She became internationally known in the late 1990s after U.S. president Bill Clinton admitted to having had an affair with her during her days as a White House intern between 1995 and 1997. The affair and its repercussions (which included Clinton's impeachment) became known as the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. Following the scandal, Lewinsky designed a line of handbags under her name, served as an advertising spokesperson for a diet plan, and worked as a television personality. She obtained a master's degree in psychology from the London School of Economics in 2006. In 2014, Lewinsky began speaking out as an activist against cyberbullying. == Early life == Lewinsky was born in San Francisco, California, and grew up in an affluent family in Los Angeles, California. She lived in Brentwood, and later Beverly Hills. Her father is Bernard Lewinsky, an oncologist, who is the son of German Jews who emigrated from Germany in the 1920s, first moving to El Salvador and then finally to the United States when he was 14. Her mother, born Marcia Kay Vilensky, is an author who uses the name Marcia Lewis. In 1996, she wrote a "gossip biography", The Private Lives of the Three Tenors. Lewinsky’s maternal grandfather, Samuel M. Vilensky, was a Lithuanian Jew, and her maternal grandmother, Bronia Poleshuk, was born in the British Concession of Tianjin, China, to a Russian Jewish family. Lewinsky’s parents divorced in 1988 and each has remarried. The family attended Sinai Temple in Los Angeles and Lewinsky attended Sinai Akiba Academy, the school affiliated with the Temple. For her primary education, she attended the John Thomas Dye School in Bel-Air. Lewinsky attended Beverly Hills High School for three years before transferring to Bel Air Prep (later known as Pacific Hills School), graduating in 1991. Following her high school graduation, Lewinsky attended Santa Monica College while working for the drama department at Beverly Hills High School and at a tie shop. Andy Bleiler, her former high school drama instructor, alleged they began a five-year affair in 1992. In 1993, she enrolled at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon, graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1995. With the assistance of a family connection, Lewinsky secured an unpaid summer White House internship in the office of White House chief of staff Leon Panetta. Lewinsky moved to Washington, D.C., and took up the position in July 1995. She moved to a paid posting in the White House Office of Legislative Affairs in December 1995. == Scandal == Lewinsky stated that she had nine sexual encounters with President Bill Clinton in the Oval Office between November 1995 and March 1997. According to her testimony, these encounters involved oral sex and other sexual acts, but not sexual intercourse. Clinton had previously been confronted with allegations of sexual misconduct during his time as Governor of Arkansas. Former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones filed a civil lawsuit against him alleging that he had sexually harassed her. Lewinsky's name surfaced during the discovery phase of Jones' case, when Jones' lawyers sought to show a pattern of behavior by Clinton which involved inappropriate sexual relationships with other government employees. In April 1996, Lewinsky's superiors transferred her from the White House to the Pentagon because they felt that she was spending too much time with Clinton. At the Pentagon, she worked as an assistant to chief Pentagon spokesman Kenneth Bacon. In September 1997, after Lewinsky told co-worker Linda Tripp about her relationship with Clinton, Tripp began to secretly record their telephone conversations. Lewinsky left her position at the Pentagon in December 1997, and in January 1998 submitted an affidavit in the Paula Jones case denying any physical relationship with Clinton. Though she attempted to persuade Tripp to lie under oath in that case, Tripp gave the tapes to Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, adding to his ongoing investigation into the Whitewater controversy. Starr then broadened his investigation beyond the Arkansas land use deal to include Lewinsky, Clinton, and others for possible perjury and subornation of perjury in the Jones case. Tripp reported the taped conversations to literary agent Lucianne Goldberg. She also convinced Lewinsky to save the gifts that Clinton had given her during their relationship and not to dry clean a blue dress that was stained with Clinton's semen. Under oath, Clinton denied having had "a sexual affair", "sexual relations", or "a sexual relationship" with Lewinsky. News of the Clinton–Lewinsky relationship broke in January 1998. On January 26, 1998, Clinton stated, "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky" in a nationally televised White House news conference. The matter instantly occupied the news media, and Lewinsky spent the next weeks hiding from public attention in her mother's residence at the Watergate complex. News of Lewinsky's affair with Andy Bleiler, her former high school drama instructor, also came to light, and he turned over to Starr various souvenirs, photographs, and documents that Lewinsky had sent him and his wife during the time that she was in the White House. Clinton had also said, "There is not a sexual relationship, an improper sexual relationship or any other kind of improper relationship" which he defended as truthful on August 17, 1998, because of his use of the present tense, arguing "it depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is". Starr obtained a blue dress from Lewinsky with Clinton's semen stained on it, as well as testimony from her that the President had inserted a cigar into her vagina. Clinton stated, "I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate", but he denied committing perjury because, according to Clinton, the legal definition of oral sex was not encompassed by "sex" per se. In addition, he relied on the definition of "sexual relations" as proposed by the prosecution and agreed by the defense and by Judge Susan Webber Wright, who was hearing the Paula Jones case. Clinton claimed that certain acts were performed on him, not by him, and therefore he did not engage in sexual relations. Lewinsky's testimony to the Starr Commission, however, contradicted Clinton's claim of being totally passive in their encounters. Clinton and Lewinsky were both called before a grand jury. Clinton testified via closed-circuit television, while Lewinsky testified in person. She was granted transactional immunity by the Office of the Independent Counsel in exchange for her testimony. == Life after the scandal == Lewinsky's immunity agreement restricted what she could talk about publicly, but she was able to cooperate with Andrew Morton in his writing of Monica's Story, her biography which included her side of the Clinton affair. The book was published in March 1999; it was also excerpted as a cover story in Time magazine. On March 3, 1999, Barbara Walters interviewed Lewinsky on ABC's 20/20. The program was watched by 70 million Americans, which ABC said was a record for a news show. Lewinsky made about $500,000 from her participation in the book and another $1 million from international rights to the Walters interview, but was still beset by high legal bills and living costs. In June 1999, Ms. magazine published a series of articles by writer Susan Jane Gilman, sexologist Susie Bright, and author-host Abiola Abrams arguing from three generations of women whether Lewinsky's behavior had any meaning for feminism. Also in 1999, Lewinsky declined to sign an autograph in an airport, saying, "I'm kind of known for something that's not so great to be known for." She made a cameo appearance as herself in two sketches during the May 8, 1999, episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live, a program that had lampooned her relationship with Clinton over the prior 16 months. In September 1999, Lewinsky began to sell a line of handbags bearing her name, under the company name The Real Monica, Inc. They were sold online as well as at Henri Bendel in New York, Fred Segal in California, and The Cross in London. Lewinsky designed the bags—described by New York magazine as "hippie-ish, reversible totes"—and traveled frequently to supervise their manufacture in Louisiana. At the start of 2000, Lewinsky began appearing in television commercials for the diet company Jenny Craig, Inc. The $1 million endorsement deal, which required Lewinsky to lose 40 or more pounds in six months, gained considerable publicity at the time. Lewinsky said that despite her desire to return to a more private life, she needed the money to pay off legal fees, and she believed in the product. A Jenny Craig spokesperson said of Lewinsky, "She represents a busy active woman of today with a hectic lifestyle. And she has had weight issues and weight struggles for a long time. That represents a lot of women in America." The choice of Lewinsky as a role model proved controversial for Jenny Craig, and some of its private franchises switched to an older advertising campaign. The company stopped running the Lewinsky ads in February 2000, concluded her campaign entirely in April 2000, and paid her only $300,000 of the $1 million contracted for her involvement. Also at the start of 2000, Lewinsky moved to New York City, lived in the West Village, and became an A-list guest in the Manhattan social scene. In February 2000, she appeared on MTV's The Tom Green Show, in an episode in which the host took her to his parents' home in Ottawa in search of fabric for her new handbag business. Later in 2000, Lewinsky worked as a correspondent for Channel 5 in the UK, on the show Monica's Postcards, reporting on U.S. culture and trends from a variety of locations. In March 2002, Lewinsky, no longer bound by the terms of her immunity agreement, appeared in the HBO special, "Monica in Black and White", part of the America Undercover series. In it she answered a studio audience's questions about her life and the Clinton affair. Lewinsky hosted a reality television dating program, Mr. Personality, on Fox Television Network in 2003, where she advised young women contestants who were picking men hidden by masks. Some Americans tried to organize a boycott of advertisers on the show, to protest Lewinsky's capitalizing on her notoriety. Nevertheless, the show debuted to very high ratings, and Alessandra Stanley wrote in The New York Times: "after years of trying to cash in on her fame by designing handbags and other self-marketing schemes, Ms. Lewinsky has finally found a fitting niche on television." The same year she appeared as a guest on the programs V Graham Norton in the UK, High Chaparall in Sweden, and The View and Jimmy Kimmel Live! in the U.S. After Clinton's autobiography, My Life, appeared in 2004, Lewinsky said in an interview with the British tabloid Daily Mail: He could have made it right with the book, but he hasn't. He is a revisionist of history. He has lied. ... I really didn't expect him to go into detail about our relationship. ... But if he had and he'd done it honestly, I wouldn't have minded. ... I did, though, at least expect him to correct the false statements he made when he was trying to protect the Presidency. Instead, he talked about it as though I had laid it all out there for the taking. I was the buffet and he just couldn't resist the dessert. ... This was a mutual relationship, mutual on all levels, right from the way it started and all the way through. ... I don't accept that he had to completely desecrate my character. By 2005, Lewinsky found that she could not escape the spotlight in the U.S., which made both her professional and personal life difficult. She stopped selling her handbag line and moved to London to study social psychology at the London School of Economics. In December 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Master of Science degree. Her thesis was titled, "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An Exploration of the Third-Person Effect and Pre-Trial Publicity". For the next decade, she tried to avoid publicity. Lewinsky did correspond in 2009 with scholar Ken Gormley, who was writing an in-depth study of the Clinton scandals. Lewinsky wrote to Gormley that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her. In 2013, the items associated with Lewinsky that Bleiler had turned over to Starr were put up for auction by Bleiler's ex-wife, who had come into possession of them. During her decade out of the public eye, Lewinsky lived in London, Los Angeles, New York, and Portland but, due to her notoriety, had trouble finding employment in the communications and marketing jobs for nonprofit organizations where she had been interviewed. == Public re-emergence == In May 2014, Lewinsky wrote an essay for Vanity Fair magazine titled "Shame and Survival", wherein she discussed her life and the scandal. She continued to maintain that the relationship was mutual and wrote that while Clinton took advantage of her, it was a consensual relationship. She added: "I, myself, deeply regret what happened between me and President Clinton. Let me say it again: I. Myself. Deeply. Regret. What. Happened." However, she said it was now time to "stick my head above the parapet so that I can take back my narrative and give a purpose to my past." The magazine later announced her as a Vanity Fair contributor, stating she would "contribute to their website on an ongoing basis, on the lookout for relevant topics of interest". In July 2014, Lewinsky was interviewed in a three-part television special for the National Geographic Channel, titled The 90s: The Last Great Decade. The series looked at various events of the 1990s, including the scandal that brought Lewinsky into the national spotlight. This was Lewinsky's first such interview in more than ten years. In October 2014, she took a public stand against cyberbullying, calling herself "patient zero" of online harassment. Speaking at a Forbes magazine "30 Under 30" summit about her experiences in the aftermath of the scandal, she said, "Having survived myself, what I want to do now is help other victims of the shame game survive, too." She said she was influenced by reading about the suicide of Tyler Clementi, a Rutgers University freshman, involving cyberbullying and joined Twitter to facilitate her efforts. In March 2015, Lewinsky continued to speak out publicly against cyberbullying, delivering a TED talk calling for a more compassionate Internet. In June 2015, she became an ambassador and strategic advisor for anti-bullying organization Bystander Revolution. The same month, she gave an anti-cyberbullying speech at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. In September 2015, Lewinsky was interviewed by Amy Robach on Good Morning America, about Bystander Revolution's Month of Action campaign for National Bullying Prevention Month. Lewinsky wrote the foreword to an October 2017 book by Sue Scheff and Melissa Schorr, Shame Nation: The Global Epidemic of Online Hate. In October 2017, Lewinsky tweeted the #MeToo hashtag to indicate that she was a victim of sexual harassment or sexual assault, but did not provide details. She wrote an essay in the March 2018 issue of Vanity Fair in which she did not directly explain why she used the #MeToo hashtag in October. She did write that looking back at her relationship with Bill Clinton, although it was consensual, because he was 27 years older than she and in a position with a lot more power than she had, in her opinion the relationship constituted an "abuse of power" on Clinton's part. She added that she had been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder due to what she had experienced after the relationship was disclosed. In May 2018, Lewinsky was disinvited from an event hosted by Town & Country when Bill Clinton accepted an invitation to the event. In September 2018, Lewinsky spoke at a conference in Jerusalem. Following her speech, she sat for a Q&A session with the host, journalist Yonit Levi. The first question Levi asked was whether Lewinsky thinks that Clinton owes her a private apology. Lewinsky refused to answer the question, and walked off the stage. She later tweeted that the question was posed in a pre-event meeting with Levi, and Lewinsky told her that such a question was off limits. A spokesman for the Israel Television News Company, which hosted the conference and is Levi's employer, responded that Levi had kept all the agreements she made with Lewinsky and honored her requests. In 2019, she was interviewed by John Oliver on his HBO show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, where they discussed the importance of solving the problem of public shaming and how her situation may have been different if social media had existed at the time that the scandal broke in the late 1990s. On August 6, 2019, it was announced that the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal would be the focus of the third season of the television series American Crime Story with the title Impeachment. The season began production in October 2020. Lewinsky was a co-producer. It consists of 10 episodes and premiered on September 7, 2021. The season portrays the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and is based on the book A Vast Conspiracy: The Real Story of the Sex Scandal That Nearly Brought Down a President by Jeffrey Toobin. The 28-year-old actress Beanie Feldstein plays Monica Lewinsky. In discussing the series and her observations on social media and cancel culture today in an interview with Kara Swisher for the New York Times Opinion podcast Sway, Lewinsky noted that: I think that the first thing that went out the door in 1998 was the truth, and the second was context. And there’s no nuance. And we were all women who were thrust into the spotlight underneath a political film or sheen. And we were all reduced. We were all reduced in different ways to serve purposes for other people, for either political points or to make money. In October 2021, she was executive producer of an HBO documentary 15 Minutes of Shame, directed by Max Joseph, which focused on public shaming, online shaming, and ostracism. Lewinsky started her own production company, Alt Ending Productions, and signed a first look deal with 20th Television in June 2021. In February 2025, she launched her podcast, Reclaiming with Monica Lewinsky. == References == == Further reading == Berlant, Lauren, and Duggan, Lisa. Our Monica, Ourselves: The Clinton Affair and the Public Interest. Sexual Cultures. New York: New York University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0814798645. Kalb, Marvin. One Scandalous Story: Clinton, Lewinsky, and Thirteen Days That Tarnished American Journalism. New York: Free Press, 2001. ISBN 978-1416576372. Lewinsky, Monica (May 22, 2017). "Roger Ailes's Dream Was My Nightmare". The New York Times. == External links == Monica Lewinsky at IMDb Monica Lewinsky at TED Appearances on C-SPAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pitroda#:~:text=In%20October%202009%2C%20Pitroda%20was,of%20the%20National%20Innovation%20Council.	Sam Pitroda	Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda, popularly known as Sam Pitroda (born 16 November 1942), is an Indian official, telecommunications engineer, and entrepreneur. He was born in Titlagarh, in the eastern Indian state of Odisha, into a Gujarati family. He served as an advisor to Rajiv Gandhi and Manmohan Singh during their respective tenures as the Prime Minister of India, as well as to the United Nations. He is the chairman of the Indian Overseas Congress. == Early life and career == In 1966, he began working for GTE in Chicago. He is considered a pioneer of portable computing, as he invented the electronic diary in 1975. He holds a master's degree in Physics and Electronics from Maharaja Sayajirao University (India) and a Master's in Electrical Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology (USA). == Government Advisor == Between 2005 and 2009, he chaired the National Knowledge Commission in India and served as an advisor to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in the area of Public Information Infrastructure and Innovations. Since 2010, he has been the chairman of the National Innovation Council. == Return to India and later career == On a trip back to India in 1981, Pitroda was frustrated by how hard it was to call his family back in Chicago, and decided he could help modernize India's telecommunications system. In 1984, Pitroda was invited to return to India by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. On his return, he started the Center for Development of Telematics C-DOT, an autonomous telecom R&D organization. He had previously become a naturalized US citizen but renounced his US citizenship to take Indian citizenship again to work in the Indian Government. In the 1990s Pitroda returned to Chicago to resume his business interests. In May 1995, he became the first chairman of WorldTel initiative of the International Telecommunication Union. In 1993, Pitroda helped establish (with Darshan Shankar) the Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition and The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology near Bangalore in India. The foundation promotes Ayurveda, India's traditional medicinal knowledge. In October 2009, Pitroda was appointed as advisor to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Public Information Infrastructure and Innovations with the rank of Cabinet Minister. In 1992, his biography Sam Pitroda: A Biography was published. The Enforcement Directorate, on 15 April 2025, filed a chargesheet against him over his alleged involvement in the National Herald case. == Awards == Dataquest gave Pitroda a lifetime achievement award in 2002. In May 2010, the University of Illinois at Chicago college of medicine presented him an honorary degree. The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan in 2009 for his contribution to science and engineering. == References == == External links == Official website Sam Pitroda Collected news and commentary at The Times of India Biography of Sam Pitroda by Mayank Chaya
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyazybash	Manyazybash	Manyazybash (Russian: Маньязыбаш; Bashkir: Манъяҙыбаш, Manyaźıbaş) is a rural locality (a village) in Kukkuyanovsky Selsoviet, Dyurtyulinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2010. There is 1 street. == Geography == Manyazybash is located 32 km south of Dyurtyuli (the district's administrative centre) by road. Karazirikovo is the nearest rural locality. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India#:~:text=The%20Ministry%20of%20Road%20Transport%20and%20Highways%20(MoRTH)%2C%20Government,sustainable%20environment%20and%20inclusive%20growth.	National Highways Authority of India	The National Highways Authority of India or NHAI (native: Bhāratīya Rāṣṭrīya Rājmārg Prādhikaraṇ) is an autonomous agency of the Government of India, set up in 1995 (Act 1988) and is responsible for management of a road network of over 50,000 km of National highways out of 1,32,499 km in India. It is a nodal agency of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH). NHAI has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for satellite mapping of highways. == History == The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was created through the promulgation of the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. Section 16(1) of the Act states that the function of NHAI is to develop, maintain and manage the national highways and any other highways vested in, or entrusted to, it by the Government of India. On 10 February 1995, NHAI came into operations and was formally made an autonomous body. It is responsible for the development, maintenance and management of National Highways, totalling over 92,851.05 km (57,694.97 mi) in length. The NHAI is also responsible of the toll collection on several highways. Yogendra Narain was the first Chairman of NHAI in 1988. He is a retired IAS officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre. In June 2022, the NHAI created a Guinness World record by building 75 km of highway between Amravati and Akola in Maharashtra in a span of just 5 days. == Projects == The NHAI has the mandate to implement the National Highways Development Project (NHDP). The NHDP is under implementation in Phases. Phase I: Approved in December 2000, at an estimated cost of ₹300 billion, it included the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ), portions of the North–South and East–West Corridor, and connectivity of major ports to National highways. Phase II: Approved in December 2003, at an estimated cost of ₹343 billion, it included the completion of the NS-EW corridors and another 486 km (302 mi) of highways. Phase IIIA: This phase was approved in March 2005, at an estimated cost of ₹222 billion, it includes an upgrade to 4-lanes of 4,035 km (2,507 mi)of National Highways. Phase IIIB: This was approved in April 2006, at an estimated cost of ₹543 billion, it includes an upgrade to 4-lanes of 8,074 km (5,017 mi) of National Highways. Phase V: Approved in October 2006, it includes upgrades to 6-lanes for 6,500 km (4,000 mi), of which 5,700 km (3,500 mi) is on the GQ. This phase is entirely on a DBFO basis. Phase VI: This phase, approved in November 2006, will develop 1,000 km (620 mi) of expressways at an estimated cost of ₹ 167 billion. Phase VII: This phase, approved in December 2007 will develop ring-roads, bypasses and flyovers to avoid traffic bottlenecks on selected stretches at a cost of ₹167 billion. NHAI along with NHIDCL helps in implementing Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE); a project to upgrade National Highways connecting state capitals to 2 lanes or 4 lanes in the north-eastern region. === Golden Quadrilateral === The Golden Quadrilateral is a highway network connecting many of the major industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India. A quadrilateral of sorts is formed by connecting Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai, and hence its name. The largest highway project in India and the fifth longest in the world was launched in 2001 by Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and was completed in 2012. It is part of the first phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and consisted of building 5,846 km (3,633 mi) four/six lane express highways at a cost of ₹600 billion (US$7.1 billion). === North–South and East–West Corridor === The North–South and East–West Corridor is part of the second phase of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) and consists of building 7,142 kilometres (4,438 mi) of four/six lane expressways connecting Srinagar in the north and Kanyakumari and Kochi in the south, Porbandar in the west and Silchar in the east, at a cost of US$12.317 billion (at 1999 prices). === National-Green-Highway-Mission === The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Government of India has promulgated Green Highways (Plantations, Transplantations, Beautification, and Maintenance) Policy – 2015 on 29 September 2015 to develop green corridors along National Highways for sustainable environment and inclusive growth. The policy envisions "development of eco-friendly National Highways with the participation of the communities, farmers, NGOs, private sector, institutions, government agencies and the Forest Departments for economic growth and development in a sustainable manner." Under the aegis of the Policy, development of green corridors is proposed along developed and upcoming National Highways in the width available in existing Right of Way (ROW) in the form of median and avenue plantations. Roadside plantations have immense potential to enhance the green cover of the nation and generate employment opportunities for the rural community. Green Highways Division - under NHAI has been entrusted with the task of planning, implementation and monitoring roadside plantations along one lakh km network of National Highways which would, in turn, generate one lakh direct employment opportunity in plantations sector in next ten years. For effective project planning, implementation and monitoring GHD has developed Guidelines and Vision Document. == Criticism == A 2012 report prepared by the World Bank's Institutional Integrity Unit alleged that fraudulent and corrupt practices were being followed by Indian contractors working on national highway projects funded by it, and sought a thorough investigation into the matter. The report also alleged that contractors paid bribes and gifts, including gold coins, to "influence the actions" of officials and consultants of the National Highways Authority of India. Local bodies and major road owners - including PWD and National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) - were criticized for depending on old technologies and outdated specifications for building and relaying roads. == New numbering system == In March 2010, Government of India issued a new list of numbered routes with rationalized and systematic numbering. The east–west oriented highways are numbered odd starting from North and increasing towards South e.g., NH 1, NH 3, NH 27 etc. The even numbered routes are, similarly, drawn vertically going north to south, with numbers increasing from eastern to western parts of India e.g., NH 2, NH 6, NH 44 etc. == Initiatives == === National Green Highways Program === The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and NHAI launched the green highways program in 2016. === Harit Path application === The National Highways authority of India launched "Harit Path", a mobile application to monitor plantations along National Highways. It will also monitor species detail, target achievements and maintenance activities. == See also == List of national highways in India National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited Expressways of India Inland Waterways Authority of India Transport in India FASTag == References == == External links == National Highways Authority of India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungs%C3%A4ngen_Golf_Club	Kungsängen Golf Club	Kungsängen Golf Club is a golf club in Kungsängen, Sweden. The club was established in 1989. In that year, the first 18 holes were constructed. The club now has two 18-hole golf courses: the 'Kings Course' and the 'Queens Course'. The club house was completed in 1993. == Queens Course == The Queens Course is the oldest of the two golf courses and opened in 1991. The course runs through the forests, is smaller and has smaller greens. == Kings Course == The Kings Course opened in 1993 and immediately had 18 holes. Three years later, there were increased ambitions and the course would be renovated to be made suitable for international championships. The course was made wider so that there would be room for the public. There are natural water hazards and the fairways are surrounded by pines. === European Tour === The club hosted the Scandinavian Masters, one of the tournaments of the European Tour in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2005. The first tournament that this course hosted was won by a Jesper Parnevik, a local professional. 1998 Jesper Parnevik 2000 Lee Westwood 2002 Graeme McDowell 2005 Mark Hensby Kungsängen is 25 minutes away from Stockholm and belongs to the PGA European Tour Courses. === European Senior Tour === In 2001, the club hosted the STC Scandinavian International, one of the tournaments in the European Senior Tour. It was a 54-hole tournament. 2001 Denis O'Sullivan with a score of −8 == References == == External links == Official website PGA European Tour Courses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Guzm%C3%A1n_(footballer)	Juan Guzmán (footballer)	Juan Pablo Guzmán (born August 31, 1988) is a Colombian soccer player. He mainly operates as a defensive midfielder. == Career == === Youth and college === Guzmán attended Charlotte Latin School, where he was member of the NSCAA/Adidas youth All-America team while leading his team to a state championship in 2004. Guzmán went on to play four years of college soccer at Liberty University, where he was twice selected to NSCAA All-South Atlantic Region team as a sophomore in 2007 and as a junior in 2008. During his college years Guzmán also played for the Southern California Seahorses in the USL Premier Development League. === Professional === Guzmán turned professional in 2010 when he signed for USL Second Division side Charlotte Eagles. He made his professional debut for them on July 3, in a game against Harrisburg City Islanders. He scored his first goal for Louisville City FC in Slugger Field v Rochester Rhinos on April 16, 2015. His contract with Louisville City was terminated by mutual consent on January 28, 2016, so that he could sign with Colombian side Patriotas F.C. == Career statistics == As of match played November 8, 2021 == References == == External links == Liberty bio 2006 Liberty Flame's Stats 2007 Liberty Flame's Stats 2008 Liberty Flame's Stats 2009 Liberty Flame's Stats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeffersons#:~:text=Charlie%20was%20also%20revealed%20to,him%20to%20get%20some%20help.	The Jeffersons	The Jeffersons is an American sitcom television series created by Norman Lear, which aired on CBS from January 18, 1975, to July 2, 1985, lasting eleven seasons and 253 total episodes. Starring Isabel Sanford and Sherman Hemsley, the show revolved around a prosperous African-American couple who live in a high-rise apartment in Manhattan, New York City. The show is a spin-off of All in the Family, on which the Jeffersons had been the neighbors of the Bunkers. == Premise == The show focuses on George and Louise Jefferson, a prosperous black couple who have been able to move from Queens to Manhattan owing to the success of George's dry-cleaning chain, Jefferson Cleaners. The show was launched as the second (and longest running) spin-off of All in the Family (after Maude), on which the Jeffersons had been the neighbors of Archie and Edith Bunker. The show was the creation of Norman Lear. The Jeffersons eventually evolved into more of a traditional sitcom, but episodes occasionally focused on serious issues such as alcoholism, racism, suicide, gun control, being transgender, the KKK, and adult illiteracy. The epithets nigger and honky were used occasionally, especially during the earlier seasons. The Jeffersons had one spin-off, titled Checking In. The series was centered on the Jeffersons' housekeeper, Florence, who takes a job as cleaning management at a hotel. Checking In lasted only four episodes, after which Florence returned to The Jeffersons with the story that the hotel had burned down in a fire. The Jeffersons also shared continuity with the sitcom E/R, which featured Lynne Moody, who made a guest appearance in one episode of The Jeffersons. Sherman Hemsley guest-starred as George in two episodes of the series, which lasted for one season. The cancellation of The Jeffersons cleared the way for Marla Gibbs, who played Florence Johnston on the series, to move on to the NBC sitcom 227 in the fall of 1985, a year earlier than scheduled. The Jeffersons ended in controversy after CBS abruptly canceled the series without allowing for a proper series finale. The cast was not informed until after the July 2, 1985, episode, "Red Robins"; actor Sherman Hemsley, who portrayed George Jefferson, said he learned that the show was canceled by reading it in the newspaper. Isabel Sanford (Louise Jefferson), who heard about the cancellation through her cousin who read it in the tabloids, publicly stated that she found the cancellation with no proper finale to be disrespectful on the network's part. Per an article in the May 8, 1985, Los Angeles Times, the series was cancelled by announcement at the CBS network "upfront" presentation the day before, nearly two months before the airing of the final episode. Actor Franklin Cover, who played Tom Willis, also heard about the cancellation while watching Entertainment Tonight. The cast reunited in a stage play based on the sitcom. In season 5 episode 17 of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, titled "Will Is from Mars" (1995), the Jeffersons made a guest appearance as a couple in therapy class. In the 1996 series finale of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, the Jeffersons made a guest appearance as the buyers of the Banks family house. In an episode of Tyler Perry's House of Payne in 2011, Sherman Hemsley and Marla Gibbs reprised their roles of George Jefferson and Florence Johnston. In 1985, Hemsley and Sanford (who was older than her TV husband by 21 years) made a special joint guest appearance in the Canale 5 comedy show Grand Hotel as the Jeffersons, acting with Italian actors Paolo Villaggio, the comic duo Franco & Ciccio, and Carmen Russo. They were guests in the fictional hotel and their voices were dubbed by Italian actors Enzo Garinei (George) and Isa di Marzio (Louise), who also dubbed their characters for the full series. As of 2023, the members still alive from the main cast include Marla Gibbs, Berlinda Tolbert, Damon Evans, and Jay Hammer. == Series development == Louise Jefferson, played by Isabel Sanford, first appeared in the All in the Family episode "Lionel Moves Into the Neighborhood", which was broadcast on March 2, 1971. The episode, the eighth of the series, centers on Louise, her son Lionel, and her husband George moving next door to Archie and Edith Bunker in the working-class section of Queens. Lionel, played by Mike Evans, first appeared in "Meet the Bunkers", the premiere episode of All in the Family. Norman Lear created the character of George Jefferson specifically for Hemsley. Lear originally intended for George to appear in the first season of the series, but Hemsley was starring in the Broadway musical Purlie at the time, and Lear decided to postpone introduction of the character until Hemsley was available. Lear created the character of Henry Jefferson, George's younger brother, who was portrayed by Mel Stewart which replaced George with Henry in the series's scripts until Purlie finished its run. Denzel Washington auditioned for an unspecified role, but his agent convinced him not to do it. Henry played as George when Louise felt embarrassed that George did not want to be in Archie Bunker's house due to prejudice. George was introduced in the episode "Henry's Farewell", and Hemsley and Stewart share their only scene together in its final minutes. The episode marked the final appearance of Henry throughout the series. The idea of the Jeffersons "moving on up" came after three members of the Black Panthers who were fans of Lear's productions visited Lear's CBS office, raising issues with the creator over the portrayal of Black people on television, including his Maude spin-off series Good Times. "Every time you see a Black man on the tube, he is dirt poor, wears shit clothes, can't afford nothing," Lear recalled in his autobiography. Lear consulted with his associate Al Burton on the concept. George, Louise, and Lionel continued to appear on All in the Family until 1975, when the spin-off The Jeffersons, also created by Lear, premiered. The characters of Lionel's multiracial fiancée, Jenny, and her family, all of whom first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode "Lionel's Engagement", were also written into the new series. However, the roles were all recast, with Berlinda Tolbert taking over the role of Jenny, veteran actor Franklin Cover playing her father, Tom Willis, whose first name was changed from Louis, as it was in their first All in the Family appearance, and Roxie Roker as her mother, Helen. Roker was asked during a casting interview if she would be comfortable with her character having a white husband. In response she showed a picture of her husband, Sy Kravitz, who was white. == Synopsis == During the January 11, 1975 episode of All in the Family, titled "The Jeffersons Move Up", Edith Bunker gave a tearful good-bye to her neighbor Louise Jefferson as her husband George, their son Lionel, and she moved from a working-class section of Queens, New York, into the luxurious Colby East, a fictional high-rise apartment complex on East 63rd Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. The Jeffersons premiered the following week, on January 18, 1975. George's career as a dry-cleaner began in the first season of All in the Family in the third episode "Archie's Aching Back" (though the character himself did not appear on-camera). After his car was rear-ended by a bus, he filed a civil action and won $5000, enough to open his first store in Queens. At the beginning of The Jeffersons, he was operating five stores throughout New York City, with another two opening during the following seasons. Louise made friends with Tom and Helen Willis, an interracial couple with two adult children of their own (whom George derided as "zebras"): son Allan (played by Andrew Rubin in the first-season finale, and by Jay Hammer throughout season 5), a white-passing college drop-out; and daughter Jenny, an aspiring fashion designer. Jenny and Lionel became a couple, married on December 24, 1976, and later became the parents of a daughter, Jessica (played by Ebonie Smith). Lionel and Jenny experienced marital issues as evidenced in a two-part season 8 episode "The Separation", and divorced in the final season two-parter "Sayonara". Marla Gibbs portrayed the role of Florence Johnston, the Jeffersons' back-talking, tough, wisecracking, and devoutly religious housekeeper. Florence often teased George, mostly about his short stature and receding hairline. One episode featured George requesting Florence to insult him, in order to get to a prospective business partner who was fond of her wisecracks. Paul Benedict arrived as Harry Bentley, an amiable, kind, loyal yet eccentric British next-door neighbor, who worked as an interpreter at the United Nations. A frequent sight-gag of the show was George slamming the door in Bentley's face mid-conversation, usually during one of Bentley's stories which George invariably perceived as boring. Bentley also had a bad back, and frequently needed George to walk on it. He also became known for addressing the Jeffersons as "Mr. J" and "Mrs. J". Zara Cully played George's mother, Olivia "Mother" Jefferson, who constantly disparaged her daughter-in-law. Cully, who had first appeared in the 1974 All in the Family episode "Lionel's Engagement", reprised her role. She appeared regularly in the first two seasons, but made sporadic appearances over the next two years, much thinner due to a severe case of pneumonia. Cully was written out in season 4 due to her death in 1978, from lung cancer. No episode was centered on Mother Jefferson's death, but it was occasionally mentioned in future episodes that she had died. Ned Wertimer played their tip-hungry doorman, Ralph Hart, throughout the series. He was known for constantly stalling at the Jeffersons' door with his hand out waiting for a tip. Most of the cast usually didn't respond, but George almost always gave in. He also used it in a blackmail manner, usually requiring George to pay more in order to keep his mouth shut about something such as a stock tip. Ralph was also known for making up stories of him struggling to fulfill the Jeffersons' request to get more tips. Danny Wells played Charlie, the owner and a bartender of a nearby bar to the Jeffersons apartment building. The cast commonly visited the bar for a drink or to attend a party. Charlie was also revealed to be an alcoholic in the season 11 episode "A Secret in the Back Room", in which Charlie is in denial, but the Jeffersons eventually get him to admit to his problem and advise him to get some help. His alcohol problem isn't referenced anymore throughout the series, but it is assumable Charlie overcame it. === Cast changes === Mike Evans ("Lionel") left the show after the first season; his replacement was Damon Evans (no relation), who took over the role until halfway through the fourth season. Damon Evans's last episode was "Lionel Gets the Business". Mike Evans and Tolbert returned in the 1979–1980 season, with Tolbert's character, Jenny, pregnant with a daughter named Jessica. However, Mike Evans appeared for only one more season, along with Tolbert. The Jeffersons' sixth season peaked at No. 8 in the summer of 1980. The characters of Lionel and Jenny were written out by stating that they had marital problems, the result of which became a two-part episode storyline as the series' eighth-season premiere. The series' eighth season was the first African-American sitcom in years (since Sanford and Son) to peak in the top 5 (the series' eighth season debuted at No. 3). Evans and Tolbert appeared in the two-part episode together; Evans made his final appearance in two episodes during the series' eleventh and final season. Tolbert became a regular guest star throughout the rest of the series. In the spring of 1981, Paul Benedict left the show for a season and a half, returning in the final two seasons of the series. However, the ratings sank below the top 30, and The Jeffersons aired its last episode, "Red Robins", on July 2, 1985. == Cast == === Main === === Recurring === Ned Wertimer as Ralph Hart Danny Wells as Charlie Clark Ebonie Smith as Jessica Jefferson (season 11) === Notable guest appearances === Source == Episodes == The Jeffersons had many two-part episodes, either over two consecutive weeks, or aired as an hour-long episode. == Theme song == Ja'Net DuBois and Jeff Barry co-wrote The Jeffersons theme song, "Movin' On Up", which was sung by DuBois with a gospel choir. The song was created after DuBois approached Norman Lear, suggesting she expand upon her brief roles on Good Times and explore a music-related project. In response, Lear suggested she try writing a theme song for a new show he was developing about a dry cleaner. Initially, DuBois struggled with the composition until her mother encouraged her to draw from her personal dream of providing her mother with a comfortable retirement. Inspired by that idea, DuBois wrote the song. When Lear heard it, he was amazed at how perfectly it captured the essence of The Jeffersons—despite the fact that he hadn't fully explained the show's concept to her. Lear went on to develop a full arrangement of the song to serve as the show's theme. == Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings == The Jeffersons changed time slots at least 15 different times during its 11-year run, unusual for a popular long running series. The most common time slot was on Sunday night. In its first season (1974–75), the show ranked at number four, surpassed by its parent series All in the Family (which landed at number one for the fifth year in a row). The show's ratings for the following two seasons placed it in the Top 30, but during the 1977–78 and 1978–79 seasons (the show's fourth and fifth seasons), it fell out of the top 30, ranking 52nd in Season 4 and 49th in Season 5. It returned to the Top 10 in 1979–80, and at the end of the 1981–82 season, The Jeffersons finished third overall, only surpassed by fellow CBS series Dallas and 60 Minutes. The series would remain among the Top 20 for the next two seasons. == Daytime reruns == The series was rebroadcast on CBS from February 4, 1980, to September 25, 1981. == Home media == Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first six seasons of The Jeffersons on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including The Jeffersons. They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment; they subsequently released the complete series on DVD in a 33-disc collection on December 9, 2014. On April 28, 2015, Shout! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1. Season 8 was released on August 11, 2015. == Awards and nominations == The Jeffersons received 14 Emmy Award nominations and won two awards. Marla Gibbs received nominations in Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series each year from 1981 to 1985, Sherman Hemsley received nomination in Best Actor in 1984, and Larry M. Harris won the Emmy for Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series in 1983. Isabel Sanford was nominated for 7 consecutive Best Actress Emmys, from 1979-85. Her win in 1981 made her the first African-American actress to win an Emmy for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, and the second to win any Emmy Award; Gail Fisher, who played Peggy on the TV show Mannix, preceded her in 1970. Sanford was also the recipient of five of the eight Golden Globe Awards nominations the program received. === Criticism === Gregory Kane, journalist for The Baltimore Sun, called the series "demeaning" in 1999, criticizing Hemsley's "pimp roll walk", bigotry, loud mouth and low intelligence. "I hereby declare The Jeffersons stereotypical fare that depicts blacks in a buffoonish manner." == Reunion Tour == In 1993, Sherman Hemsley, Isabel Sanford, Roxie Roker, Franklin Cover, and Marla Gibbs reunited for "The Jeffersons Live: The Movin' On Up Tour," AKA "The Best of the Jeffersons Live." The stage show included recreations of the episodes "A Whole Lot of Trouble," "Social Insecurity," and "My Wife... I Think I'll Keep Her." The tour began in Detroit, Michigan for a six-city stop, and eventually Roker dropped out, but Berlinda Tolbert (Jenny) and Ned Wertimer (Ralph) reprised their roles for the Los Angeles staging in 1994. == 2019 special == On May 22, 2019, ABC broadcast Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons, produced by Lear and Jimmy Kimmel and starring Woody Harrelson, Marisa Tomei, Jamie Foxx, Wanda Sykes, Ike Barinholtz, Kerry Washington, Ellie Kemper. Marla Gibbs reprised her role as Florence Johnston. == Notes == == References == == Further reading == Mitchell, Gordon Whitey (2008). Hackensack to Hollywood: My Two Show Business Careers. BearManor Media: Albany, NY; ISBN 1-59393-121-2. Moriarty, Jay (2020). Honky in the House: Writing & Producing The Jeffersons. Antler Publishing, LA, CA ISBN 978-1-7330795-8-7. Newcomb, Horace (ed.) (1997). Encyclopedia of Television. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers: Chicago, IL; ISBN 1-884964-26-5. == External links == The Jeffersons at IMDb The Jeffersons at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao_Shanhaiguan_Airport	Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport	Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Airport (IATA: SHP, ICAO: ZBSH) is a military airport in Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China. It is located in Shanhaiguan District, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city center. From 1985 to 2016 Shanhaiguan Airport also served as the civilian airport for Qinhuangdao. On 31 March 2016, the newly built Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport started operation and all civil flights were transferred to the new airport. == History == On 13 September 1971, Marshall Lin Biao, China's Vice Premier and Minister of Defense, attempted to flee China in his Hawker Siddeley Trident from Shanhaiguan Airport, allegedly following a failed coup attempt. The plane then crashed in Mongolia, killing all nine people on board, including Lin, his wife Ye Qun, and their son Lin Liguo. Shanhaiguan Airport was opened to civil flights on 15 April 1985. During its three decades of operation, it operated flights to more than 20 Chinese cities. For a time starting in 2007, it temporarily operated international flights to Yakutsk and Blagoveshchensk in Russia. Throughout the thirty years the airport maintained a perfect safety record. Although Shanhaiguan Airport was expanded in preparation for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, its status as a military airport limited its potential for further growth. As a result, the new Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Airport was proposed in 2004, and received approval from the State Council in July 2009. Construction for the new airport officially began in April 2012, and was completed in 2016. On 31 March 2016, Beidaihe Airport started operation, and all civil flights were transferred to the new airport. Shanhaiguan Airport reverted to sole military use, although there are plans to use it for general aviation. In 2015, its last full year of operation, Shanhaiguan Airport served 156,000 passengers. == Facilities == The airport has a single runway that is 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) long (class 4C). It can handle mid-sized passenger jets such as the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320. It has six aircraft parking aprons, and 200 car parking spaces. == See also == List of airports in China List of the busiest airports in China List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Abbe	Ernst Abbe	Ernst Karl Abbe (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905), was a German businessman, optical engineer, physicist, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he developed numerous optical instruments. He was also a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of scientific microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums, and other advanced optical systems. == Personal life == Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home – his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist. == Life work == In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1868 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, including models with homogenous immersion objective by 1877 and his apochromatic objective microscopes in 1886. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error. Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens. Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873) although in a publication in 1874, Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer Abbe a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he declined because of his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope. In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of Eq. 1 were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of Eq. 1 occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed Eq. 1. Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, the Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with telescopes, he built an image reversal system in 1895. In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of Eq. 1. In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work on them, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope. During his association with Carl Zeiss' microscope works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform. He founded the social democratic Jenaische Zeitung (newspaper) in 1890 and in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947 book Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus (Writings of the Heidelberg Action Group on Democracy and Free Socialism). The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour. == Bibliography == Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages. == See also == == Notes == == References == === Sources === Abbe, Ernst (1874). "Neue Apparate zur Bestimmung des Brechungs und Zerstreuungsvermögens fester und flüssiger Körper" [New Equipment for Determining the Refraction and Dispersion Property of Solids and Liquids]. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft (in German). 8. Jena, Germany: Mauke's Verlag: 96–174. Abbe, Ernst (1876). Lawson, Henry (ed.). "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the Nature of Microscopic Vision". Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists' Society. 1. Translated by Fripp, H. E. London, UK: Williams & Northgate: 200–261. Abbe, Ernst (1881). Crisp, Frank (ed.). "On the Estimation of Aperture in the Microscope". Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 1 (3). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 388–423. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1881.tb05909.x. Abbe, Ernst (1883). Crisp, Frank (ed.). "The Relation of Aperture and Power in the Microscope (continued)". Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. 2. 3 (1). London, UK: Williams & Norgate: 790–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1883.tb05956.x. Blasius, Ewald (1953). "Abbe, Ernst Carl". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. LCCN 54001573. Debus, Allen G.; Calinger, Ronald S.; Collins, Edward J.; Kennedy, Stephen J., eds. (1968). "Abbe, Ernst Karl". World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present. Chicago, IL: A. N. Marquis Company. ISBN 978-0-8379-1001-7. LCCN 68056149. Günther, Norbert (1970). "Abbe, Ernst". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. I: Pierre Abailard – L. S. Berg. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 6–9. ISBN 978-0-684-10112-5. LCCN 69018090. Helmholtz, Hermann; Fripp, Henry Edward (July 1876). "On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope". The Monthly Microscopical Journal. 16 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x. Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abbe, Ernst". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. LCCN 2008934270. Joint Committee of Civil Engineers; American Congress on Surveying and Mapping & American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (1994). Glossary of the Mapping Sciences. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-0050-0. LCCN 94030078. Pfeiffer, Wolfgang (1991). "Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung". In Hast, Adele; Pascal, Diane B.; Berney, Kate; Barbour, Philippe A.; Griffin, Jessica (eds.). International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. III: Health & Personal Care Products – Materaials. Chicago, IL: St James Press. pp. 445–447. ISBN 978-1-55862-059-9. LCCN 89190943. == Further reading == Sella, Andrea (November 2008). "Abbé's refractometer". Royal Society of Chemistry. Chemistry World. p. 67. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. Volkmann, Harald. "Ernst Abbe and his work." Applied Optics 5.11 (1966): 1720–1731. == External links == Abbe's contributions Paselk, Richard A. "The Evolution of the Abbe Refractometer". Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2008. Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters) O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Ernst Abbe", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Ernst Abbe at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Molecular Expressions's biography Works by Ernst Abbe at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Ernst Abbe at the Internet Archive Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904 Newspaper clippings about Ernst Abbe in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_High_School#cite_note-:25-1	Cary High School	Cary High School is one of six public high schools in Cary, North Carolina, and is part of the Wake County Public School System. In 1907, Cary High School became the first state-funded public high school in North Carolina. It was selected as a Blue Ribbon School in 2002. == History == === Original campus === Cary High School opened in 1896 as a private boarding school. It was established to provide "a higher course of instruction" than could be found in the local one-room schools of the area. It was located in the old Cary Academy at the head of Academy Street. Its first class graduated in May 1897. The school's first principal was Edwin Lee Middleton. In 1907, the North Carolina legislature approved a state-wide public education system. Eight days later on April 3, 1907, the board of directors of Cary High School sold it to the Wake County Board of Education for $2,750—its estimated value at the time was more than $8,000. Half of the purchase price was paid for by the State under the new legislation. Thus, Cary High School is the first county high school in North Carolina, the first state-funded high school in North Carolina, and the first high school in the state system. The school was managed by the Cary School Committee under the leadership of C. W. Scott, chair. The State Legislature approved the establishment of a Cary School District and authorized a school tax for residents of the area. The Cary School Committee could charge up to 30¢ in school taxes for every $100 of real estate owned in the district. The citizens approved the tax in a referendum held on May 7, 1907. The outcome of the referendum was 100 in favor of the school tax and two against it. Those who lived outside the Cary School District could attend the high school for $14 a term for freshmen and sophomores and $16 a term for juniors and seniors. Middleton remained as the school's principal during the transition, retiring in 1908. His replacement was superintendent Marcus Baxter Dry. The curriculum consisted of one year of French, three years of science, and four years of English, history, Latin, and mathematics. The latter included arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. Domestic science was added for female students in 1910. Students could add art, elocution, music, or piano to their studies for an added fee. In the fall of 1912, 119 students enrolled in the high school. This number included eighty boarding students from other counties. The curriculum expanded to include agriculture, botany, and chemistry as science options. That year, the Girls Athletic Club was formed so that female students could play tennis and basketball. By 1913, the student body had outgrown the campus. Dry asked the citizens of the school district to increase the school tax so that the school could have a new building with a modern heating system. In May 1913, the voters approved $25,000 in bonds for a new 33-room brick building to be placed on the site of the original wood frame building. The State contributed an additional $5,000 to construct what was considered "the best high school building in the state". Dry recalled, "It can truly be said that this building led the way for better high school buildings in North Carolina. Many delegations of school people from all over the State came to Cary to see this building, and many a building in the next few years was modeled after it." In 1914, the school changed its name to Cary Public High School and Farm Life School to reflect an expanded curriculum that included vocational agriculture and home economics. The next year, fifteen acres on what is now Walnut Street were donated by James M. Templeton Jr. for hands-on learning in farming. An additional $1,500 was donated by others and the Town of Cary to add a barn, farmhouse, dairy cows, and other stock to the model farm. (The farmhouse survives at 510 Walnut Street.) Students enrolled in the agricultural program would arrive early to milk the cows; the milk was then served with breakfast at the school for boarding students. In 1915, the Chsite yearbook premiered. In 1919, students organized a student council, a general athletic association, and The Echo campus newspaper. In 1921, a marching band was formed, and school colors of olive green and white were selected, along with the white rose as the school flower. The school motto was "service". Also in 1920, Cary voters approve $45,000 in bonds for a new farm life department building. The result was Walter Hines Page Vocational Education Building which was completed in 1922. The next year, a State Normal Class for Teachers was started at Cary High School; this was one of four sites for this program in the state and it operated for five years. By 1924, students could receive either an academic, agriculture, home economics or teacher training diploma. A new gymnasium, the James M. Templeton Physical Education Building, was added to the campus in 1925 at the cost of $12,000. The gym seated 500 people and allowed students to play basketball on a wooden court, rather than on dirt. By 1926, campus athletics included five organized sports—baseball, basketball, football, tennis, and track. Student clubs included the Boys Glee Club, the Dramatic Club, the Girls Glee Club, the Home Economics Club, four literary societies, and the Science Cub. In 1926, the school acquired its first bus which traveled 24 miles a day for 22 students. Realizing the potential benefit of buses, the Wake County Board of Education expanded the Cary School District from the Raleigh City limits near the State Fairgrounds to the Durham County line in 1927. Busing allowed the county to consolidate schools in Morrisville, Reedy Creek, and Sorrell's Grove with Cary, closing the smaller locations. At the same time, the Board of Education allocated $38,000 to construct a new building for the Cary High School campus, and an additional $12,000 to update heating systems. The school also had a library with 1,970 volumes. When the Great Depression hit Cary, property values dropped which reduced the school tax income. The Board of Education closed Mount Herman and Ebenezer schools, sending those students to Cary. The State legislature increased its funding which helped offset the loss of tax revenue, and eventually ended the local school tax altogether in 1933. However, there were still campus budget cuts such as no new books for the library and ceasing publication of the Chsite yearbook. The dormitories were also closed, ending the school's era of being a boarding school. At this time, grades 1 through 11 were taught at Cary High School under a consolidated school program. WPA funding allowed the school to expand its athletic fields by five acres. The community combined WPA funding, county funding, and local support to build what was then one of the finest football stadiums in North Carolina, with seating for 1,500 people. The success of the football field project led to the collaborative funding of a new central school building, with the Board of Education providing $70,000 and the WPA providing the balance of the $132,000 cost of construction. The dedication stone of the new building read: Cary High School First State Public High School Established in North Carolina on April 3, 1907 This building was erected in 1938. However, the building was mostly constructed in 1939. The new three-story building included many modern features, such as a cafeteria, fire doors, a first aid room, an intercom system, a movie projector, a sound-proof typing room, and an auditorium with 834 seats. At the dedication ceremony on March 4, 1940, Governor Clyde Hoey said Cary was "a beacon of hope and inspiration to other communities of the State". The News and Observer wrote, "Cary High School and its predecessor, Cary Academy, has occupied a position of leadership in the field of secondary education, not only in Wake County but in the State as a whole for 75 years." In 1941, Cary had the largest high school in Wake County, with 460 students. The next year, Dry retired after 34 years as principal. However, he then began teaching algebra in summer school. Thaddeus N. Frye became the new principal or superintendent. That same year, Wake County added the 12th grade to its curriculum, and the school year was extended from eight to nine months in 1943. In 1956, Cary High School was the first school in Wake County to be accredited by the Southern Association of Secondary Schools. The next year, the Wake County Board of Commissioners purchased forty acres of land for $30,000 from Luther M. Maynard as a site for a new Cary High School. In 1958, 150 residents debate the proposed location with the Wake County Board of Education; while many liked the new site, others thought the property which was one mile from downtown was too far out in the country and lacked good road access. However, plans went forward with construction at the new campus. The last graduating class to attend their senior year at the original campus was the Class of 1960; it was also the first class to have more than 100 graduating members. The original campus became Cary Junior High and Elementary School, then Cary Elementary School. On August 13, 2011, it opened as the Cary Arts Center. === Current campus === The new campus of Cary Senior High School opened on September 7, 1960, with new principal Samuel Arbes. The campus was filled to capacity when it opened with 573 students comprising the sophomore, junior, and senior classes. The campus consisted of three classrooms buildings, a gymnasium, a library, an auditorium, a cafeteria, and a shop building. Its architect was William A. Deitrick and the builder was J. M. Thompson Construction Company of Raleigh. The construction cost $771,251, with an additional $38,000 for design fees. By 1962, it was estimated that the high school needed ten more classrooms. The resulting building expansion allowed the student body to also include freshmen, starting in 1963. At this time, the school's name reverted to Cary High School. Also in 1963, the Wake County Board of Education approved the voluntary transfer of six students from the all-black Berry O'Kelly School to Cary High School under the "freedom of choice" policy adopted by the board following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on segregation. Cary the first school to be desegregated in Wake County outside of Raleigh (William G. Enloe High School being the first within the city of Raleigh). Board of Education member Ferd Davis recalled that Cary was specifically selected for integration because it was an area that was already rapidly changing and "would accept something new more readily". Some white parents sued the school system over the integration, and the suit was thrown out by the North Carolina Supreme Court. These transfer students were seniors, Lucille Evans and Frances Louise White, juniors Gwendolyn Matthews and Brenda Lee Hill, sophomore Ester Lee Mayo, and freshman Phyllis Rose. These six African-American girls, chosen to be bright, outgoing, and "strong-willed enough to take what was inevitably coming to them", came to the school amid intense verbal opposition from whites. When the students arrived on campus, they were greeted by student protesters. Matthews recalls, "My parents…said it would get better, and it did. The demonstrations went on for ten days with fewer students participating each day. They were never more than fifty…and that's not many at a school the size of Cary". Evans and White graduated in 1964. That fall, Gregory Crowe became the first African American male student at Cary High School. In 1967, the Board of Education decided to integrate Cary High School by making the former black high school the 9th grade Junior High for all races, and transferring all black sophomores, juniors and seniors to what was again called Cary Senior High School. Under the scheme, the senior high school had 764 whites and 112 blacks, or a minority rate of 12.8%. By 1972, the school was again overcrowded, resorting to the use of two mobile classrooms or trailers. When the school opened in the fall of 1973, there were more than 1,500 students, requiring the use of eight classroom trailers. In 1973, a county-wide bond referendum gave $700,000 to expand Cary High School. Construction began in May 1974 on an eight-classroom building to house foreign languages, a library expansion, an auto mechanics shop, a stadium field house, and a new lobby and expanded offices for Building A. In 1989, a 4.5 million dollar school construction project brought more improvements to the school, such as the addition of Building 10 which included a new air-conditioned media center. This allowed freshmen to return to campus for the first time since the mid-1960s. However, in 1995 the school had some 1,800 students in a space designed for some 1,455 students. In 1996, there was a $3.44 million bond approved for school improvements, including a new classroom and administrative space, Building A renovations for the performing arts department, a career center, and computer labs—expanding the school's capacity to 1,585 students. Work also began on a new main entrance at the front of the school. In 2004, plans by the architectural firm of Clark Nexsen were approved to renovate and expand campus facilities, including the construction of a new auditorium, gymnasium, music classrooms, and a new classroom building. Construction was completed by J. M. Thompson of Cary and the new three-story classroom building was opened in August 2008. As part of this project, the existing auditorium, band room, Building E, Building F and part of Building B were demolished. In total, 78,063 square feet were demolished, with 135,839 square feet being added, and 26,831 square feet being renovated. In 2012, Clark Nexsen designed a master plan for Phase III of campus updates, including a dining addition and a 100,000-square-foot classroom. The project will be started when funding is in place. == Student population == As of the 2021–22 academic year, Cary High School had 2.071 students. Of those students, 1,080 are male and 991 are female. The student population was 44.5% White, 27.5% Hispanic, 17.2% Black, 6% Asian, 4.4% two or more races, and 0.3% American Indian. The school's total minority population was 55.5%. 28% of Cary's students are economically disadvantaged, with 23% receiving a free lunch program and 4% participating in the reduced lunch program. The student graduation rate is 87%. Based on test scores, 41.7% of the students are ready for college, above the district average of 37.8%. == Faculty == In the academic year 2021–22, Cary High School had 120 teachers, with a student-teacher ratio of 17:1. The majority of the teachers, 97%, have been in their profession for three or more years and are also certified. In addition, Cary has a student–counselor ratio of 299:1, better than the state average of 361:1. The faculty also includes a social worker. In 2019, Nolan Bryant received a Maggie Award for Best High School Principal in Western Wake County. Track and cross country coach Jerry Dotson for also received a 2019 Maggie Award for Best High School Coach in Western Wake County. == Academics == === Curriculum === Cary High School includes grades 9 through 12. The school operates on a traditional calendar, with a block schedule. The school offers Advanced Placement® courses, with 53% of students participating. In addition, 38% of the students passed at least one AP® Exam. 53% of the school's students take the SAT, with an average score of 1146. However 64% of the school's graduates pursue either college or vocational training. Students from Cary High School have received the Morehead-Cain Scholarship for the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the John T. Caldwell Scholarship to North Carolina State University. The school's Career & Technical Education Department's goal is to prepare students for employment. In addition to classroom learning, internships are also included for many students. The educational areas include agriculture; business, finance and marketing; career development; computer science and information technology; family and consumer sciences; health sciences; and trade, technology, engineering and industrial education. Since the fall of 2022, Cary High School also includes The Academy of Technology and Advanced Manufacturing, an "immersive, smaller learning community within Cary High School". The academy is a four-year program that focuses on advanced manufactures, design, engineering, and technology. Cary High School invested more than $100,000 in electrical, electronic, instrumentation, pneumatic/flow control, and robotic equipment that incorporates current technologies. === Rankings === As of 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranks Cary High School 18th amongst the high schools in Wake County, North Carolina. It is also ranked 91st in North Carolina, and 3,446 in the nation. Niche gives the school an "A" rating and places the school at #95 in best public high schools in North Carolina. === Academic honors === Juniors and seniors with a 3.6 GPA can apply to join the National Honor Society. The top twenty juniors based on GPA rankings are selected to serve as Junior Marshalls for major senior class activities related to graduation. Before graduation each year, there is a reception for Honor Graduates and an Academic Awards Night. At graduation, Honor Students with a GPA of 3.75 or greater receive gold/silver/red tassels for their mortar board and a patch to add to their gown. === Library === The school's media center has a staff of two. Students have access to online databases as well as a physical book collection. The media center's website includes book reviews written by students and staff. == Student life == === Traditions === In 1960, the student council held a design contest for a school seal. The winning seal features pine cones and dogwood blossoms and the Latin phrase Cognito Vincit or Knowledge Conquers. The Cary High School Alma Mater is sung to the tune of "Over the Summer Sea" or "La Donna e mobile" from the opera Rigoletto by Giuseppe Verdi. For more than fifty years, the school had the lyrics to the Alma Mater, but did not know the tune. Research finally revealed the tune and the song were performed by the Cary High Marching Band and Concert Chorus at a football game on October 22, 2021. Since then, the Alma Mater has been revised as a campus tradition. Its lyrics are: "Cary! here’s love to thee / And we will ever be / Filled with true loyalty / And with devotion. / Long we will ever claim / The blessings of thy name, / And may thy spirit reign / From crest to ocean. / Fond hearts entwining, / Cease all repining, / Near us is shining / Cary’s bright smile." Another school tradition involved members of the rising senior class painting their class year on the water tower across Maynard Road from the school before the start of the school year. Fearing for the safety of students, the Town of Cary took over painting the water tower for the Class of 1986. Locals pitched in to pay the professional painters. The Town of Cary has continued this tradition for decades. === Cary Band === The Cary High School Band, established in 1921, is a corps-style marching band that has "gained local, national, and international acclaim". In addition to the marching band, Cary also has three concert bands, a jazz ensemble, an indoor percussion ensemble, an indoor marching wind ensemble, and a symphony. The current director of bands is Christopher R. Foster. The band is supported by the Cary Band Boosters, a nonprofit corporation. The Cary Band hosts Cary Band Day, an annual festival featuring marching bands from the North Carolina and Virginia area since 1958. In 1959, the band marched in Charlotte's Shrine Bowl Parade, Raleigh's Christmas Parade, and Wilmington's Azalea Festival Parade under the direction of James Johnson. Under the leadership of director Jack White, the band was selected to represent North Carolina at a national band festival in Sioux City, Iowa in 1963. In 1965, the band marched in the Governor Dan K. Moore's inaugural parade under the leadership of director A. J. Moore. In 1972, the band entered and won the Sun-Fun Festival at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, beating the national champs of Wilson High from Reading, Pennsylvania. Shortly afterward, the Cary High School band was listed in the top twenty nationally by Ruffles and Flourishes, a national band magazine. In January 1973 under the leadership of director Jimmy Burns, the Cary band was the first from North Carolina to march in the Tournament of Roses parade; the community raised $30,000 to send the band to Pasadena, California for the event. That year, the band also competed on a television show called Sounds of '73 that was emceed by Jerry Lewis and viewed twenty to thirty million people. The band also marched in the inaugural parades for Governor James Holshouser and for President Richard Nixon; they were one of ten bands at the latter event. On December 31, 1973 (televised January 1, 1974), the band marched in the King Orange Bowl Festival parade in Miami, Florida. In August 1974, the Cary band performed at the Fêtes de Genève in Geneva, Switzerland—this honor is limited to only one band from the United States each year. The town celebrated Jimmy Burns Day, in honor of the band's director. In 1975, the band played at the Kentucky Derby, nation's first largest parade. On January 1, 1976, the Cary band was the first out-of-state band to march in the Cotton Bowl parade in Dallas, Texas. Later that year, the band attended the Pennsylvania Festival of the Colonies, winning the parade competition and coming in third overall. In 1977, the band returned to the Tournament of Roses parade. In 1978, they participated in the week-long Festival of States in St. Petersburg, Florida. Under new director Don Stubblefield, they also marched in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City and were seen by eighty million television viewers. In March 1980, the band toured Romania for two weeks as Friendship Ambassadors. In 1982, the band played for President Ronald Reagan when he attended a campaign event at the Raleigh Civic Center. Also in 1982, they were in the Gimbel's Thanksgiving Day parade in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1984, the band again played in the Tournament of Roses parade, becoming the first non-California band to participate in the parade three times. The band competed at the Citrus Bowl Music Festival in 1987, placing third overall. In 1989, the band marched in the inaugural parade for Governor James G. Martin and the San Diego Holiday Bowl Music Festival. The band won the parade event at the Citrus Bowl Music Festival in 1991. In 1993, the band marched in the inaugural parade for Governor James B. Hunt. In 1996 under the leadership of director Tony Robinson, the band received fourteen of fifteen first-place awards at the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, Florida, including the Grand Champions trophy for best in both parade and field show. The band marched in the 2016 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade under the leadership of director Matt Minick. === Ambassadors Club === Ambassadors Club members "represent Cary High to new transfer students and to ninth graders as they transition into high school." === IDEA Club === The IDEA Club promotes student engagement and activism with government and politics. In March 2022, the club was involved in fighting censorship of books related to gender, sexuality, and race in the school's library. The IDEA Club also conducts voter registration drives. === NJROTC === In the fall of 1996, alumnus Del Richards donated $40,000 to start a Navy Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (NJROTC) program at the high school. NJROTC includes numerous competitive teams, including academics, athletics, drill, marksmanship, and physical fitness. === Performing Arts === Cary High School Performing Arts is an umbrella name for the school's choral group and drama club. The group typically produces a fall play and a spring choral concert. During the COVID-19 pandemic, students replaced live performances with videos that were edited by alumnus Michael Shorb and then streamed to audiences. Cary High School Performing Arts is supported by the nonprofit organization, Cary High School Performing Arts Booster Club. === Publications === The school's yearbook, YRAC, was first published in 1948; this was a revival of a prior publication that ceased during the Great Depression. In 1987, The Spirit student newspaper placed first at the American Scholastic Press Association Writing Contest under the leadership of advisor Janice Richardson. Other student-produced publications include The Page online student newspaper which was founded in 2018 by students Stephen Atkinson and Claire Perry. === Speech and Debate === The Speech and Debate team is a member of the Tarheel Forensics League (TFL) and competes statewide. Formed around 2010, the team finished second in a state-wide tournament its first year. The next year, the team finished in second place at the state championship and qualified for the National Speech and Debate Tournament. Since then, the team has competed at the national tournament seven of its first ten years. The team has also hosted local tournaments. == Athletics == === Mascot === Cary High School's mascot is the Imp. Albert H. Werner, football and baseball coach starting in 1935, was an influence in selecting the team mascot. Werner had played football at Duke University where the junior varsity teams were called the Blue Imps rather than the Blue Devils. Probably to balance college favorites, Cary's mascot was called the White Imp, incorporating the White Phantoms which were the mascot of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill at that time. At first, just the football team was referred to as the White Imps, but the name eventually was used for all sports teams. After the 1971-72 school year, "white" was dropped to avoid racial connotations when the school was desegregated. The Imp is now green. The current illustration of the Imp was designed by student Lee Mauney in the 1960s. Mauney later was the school's art teacher and athletic director. In January 2010, Cary premiered a costumed Imp mascot at the Cary vs. Apex High School basketball game. The mascot costume was purchased with donations and funds raised by student members of the Ambassador Club. The costume was produced by Stagecraft in Cincinnati, Ohio. ESPN selected the Cary Imp as one of the best nicknames for a football team in the country in 2009. The Imp was also recognized as the fourth most unique high school nickname in the country by Sports Illustrated in 2010. In 2023, the Cary Imp was voted as the best high school mascot in the country in the Sports Illustrated High School Fan National annual competition. === School Colors === Historically, the school's colors were olive green and white. Today, Cary High School's colors are Kelly green and white. === Rivalries === Cary's historic rival was Garner High School—The New and Observer noted it "was as intense a rivalry as there was". As the community grew and part of the school's students were sent to the new Apex High School, this became the biggest rival. === Sports teams === Cary is a member of the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA). The school has the following co-ed sports teams: cheerleading, junior varsity cheerleading, cross country, indoor track, track, and swim and dive. Sports teams for women include varsity basketball, junior varsity basketball, golf, gymnastics, lacrosse, junior varsity lacrosse, varsity soccer, junior varsity soccer, varsity softball, junior varsity softball, stunt, tennis, varsity volleyball, and junior varsity volleyball. Men's sports teams include varsity baseball, junior varsity baseball, basketball, junior varsity basketball, varsity football, junior varsity football, golf, lacrosse, junior varsity lacrosse, varsity soccer, junior varsity soccer, tennis, and wrestling. ==== Football ==== Cary High School's first football team was organized in 1917. The coach was Tal Stafford who was previously a North Carolina A&M (now North Carolina State University) football star and All American. Probably because of World War I and the closing of the school during the influenza epidemic, the football team disbanded. It was reorganized in 1923. In 1935, Albert H. Werner, a former player at Duke University, became the football and coach. In 1955 under coach John Ebby, the football team was undefeated, winning the Class A state championship. Players included fullback John Yarborough and quarterback Charles Maison who was later an All-American at Elon College. On September 15, 1961, the football field on the new campus was dedicated as the Paul W. Cooper Athletic Field. In 1970, the Imps Booster Club announced it would raise $100,000 to expand Cooper Field to include locker rooms, restrooms, showers, and expanded seating. In 1973, a press box was added. In October of that year, A. E. Finley donated $15,000 toward the stadium's debt. As a result, the facility is renamed Cooper Field at A. E. Finley Stadium. In 1982, the press box was replaced for $29,500. In 1976, Cary won the conference title with a record of 6-1 for coach Dave Riggs' final season. The team won the first round of the playoffs but then lost to undefeated Richmond County High School. This was Cary's best season until 1995. In the 1995-96 year, the team was undefeated under coach Bill Devine. Winning the conference title, the team had only allowed 45 points during their regular season. Although winning their first playoff game, the team did not make it to the finals. However, in this season, Cary's football team had the second-longest winning streak in the school's history, tied the school records for wins, and set school records for most points scored in a season and most interceptions. ==== Wrestling ==== Under the leadership of coach Jerry Winterton from 1981 to 2010, the wrestling team won 19 state championships (11 state tournament and 8 dual teams state titles), 21 regional championships, and 28 consecutive conference tournament championships. In 1987, the team was ranked 25th in the nation by Amateur Wrestling News and was also featured on ESPN's Scholastic Sports America. In 1988, the team was ranked as high as 11th in the nation. In 1990, the wrestling team's consecutive match win streak record ended at 188 wins. Including the playoffs, the Imps had a record of 621–16 under Winterton from 1981 to 2010. During this time he coached 44 individual state champions, as well as wrestlers who earned All-American and National Champion honors. Winterton was inducted into the Cary High School Hall of Fame in 1995, the North Carolina Chapter of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2004, the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) Hall of Fame in 2014, and the National High School Hall of Fame (NFHS) in 2017. ==== State Championships ==== Boys Basketball: 1939 (Class B), 1954 (Class A), 1995 (4A) Girls Basketball: 1993 (4A) Boys Cross Country: 2018 (4A) Girls Cross Country: 1997 (4A) Football: 1955 (Class A) Boys Soccer: 1998 (4A) Boys Outdoor Track & Field: 2019 (4A) Wrestling Dual Team: 1993 (4A), 1996 (4A), 1997 (4A), 1998 (4A), 2005 (4A), 2007 (4A), 2008 (4A), 2009 (4A), 2018 (4A) Wrestling State Tournament Team: 1977 (All Classes), 1987 (4A), 1988 (4A), 1989 (4A), 1997 (4A), 2000 (4A), 2003 (4A), 2005 (4A), 2006 (4A), 2007 (4A), 2008 (4A), 2009 (4A) ==== Hall of Fame ==== In 1994, the first class was inducted into the Cary High School Hall of Fame. Inductees have either played, coached or served the athletic program of Cary High School. == Notable people == === Alumni === John Altschuler, television and film writer and producer Debbie Antonelli, sports commentator Reggie Barnes, former pro-skateboarder and founder/owner of Eastern Skateboard Supply Chris Castor, former NFL wide receiver William C. Creel, former North Carolina Commissioner of Labor Carter Cruise, DJ, producer, model, and adult film actress John Custer, Grammy Award-nominated record producer and musician Ben Fountain, author Linda Hinkleman Gunter, former member of the North Carolina Senate and president of the North Carolina Electoral College Vance Heafner, professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour DJ Horne, college basketball player Andrew Hubner, author Greg Jones, MLB player Scott Kooistra, former NFL offensive tackle Roderick Perry II, former NFL nose tackle Justin Ress, competitive swimmer, represented the United States at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships Anthony Rush, former NFL defensive tackle Mark Scalf, college baseball coach, head coach of UNC Wilmington baseball from 1992–2019 Zack Schilawski, former professional soccer player Vic Sorrell, former MLB pitcher, 1935 World Series champion with the Detroit Tigers Azurá Stevens, WNBA basketball player === Faculty === Linda Gunter, teacher: former member of the North Carolina Senate and president of the North Carolina Electoral College Phil Spence, basketball coach: former NBA player and member of the NC State Wolfpack men's basketball national championship team Julie Schilawski, teacher: recipient of the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching Tal Stafford, football coach: head football coach at North Carolina State University Jerry Winterton, wrestling coach: inducted into the North Carolina chapter of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame and the National High School Hall of Fame == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Carson	Johnny Carson	John William Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television host, comedian, and writer best known as the host of NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992). Carson received six Primetime Emmy Awards, the Television Academy's 1980 Governor's Award and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1993. During World War II, Carson served in the United States Navy. After the war, he started a career in radio, then moved to television and took over as host of the late-night talk show Tonight from Jack Paar in 1962. Carson remained an American cultural icon even after his retirement in 1992. He adopted a casual, conversational approach with extensive interaction with guests, an approach pioneered by Arthur Godfrey and previous Tonight Show hosts Paar and Steve Allen but enhanced by Carson's lightning-quick wit. A cultural phenomenon, Carson is widely regarded as the King of Late Night Television. Former late-night host and friend David Letterman, as well as many others, have cited Carson's influence. == Early life and career == John William Carson was born on October 23, 1925, in Corning, Iowa, to Ruth Elizabeth Carson (née Hook; 1901–1985) and Homer Lloyd "Kit" Carson (1899–1983), a power company manager. Carson was the second of three children; he had an older sister, and a younger brother, Richard "Dick" Carson (1929–2021). Growing up initially in Iowa, Carson lived in the towns of Avoca, Clarinda, and Red Oak before moving to Norfolk, Nebraska, at age 8. There, Carson began developing his talent for entertaining. At age 12 he found a book on magic at a friend's house and then purchased a mail-order magician's kit. After purchasing the kit, Carson practiced his entertainment skills on family members with card tricks. During this period, he would follow his family members around saying, "Pick a card, any card." Carson's mother made him a cape, and his first performance was in front of the local Kiwanis Club. He debuted as "The Great Carsoni" at age 14 and was paid $3 a show. After graduating from high school, Carson hitchhiked to Hollywood, Los Angeles. There he was arrested and fined $50 for impersonating a midshipman, a story often regarded as apocryphal. == Military service == Carson joined the United States Navy on June 8, 1943, and received V-12 Navy College Training Program officer training at Columbia University and Millsaps College. Commissioned an ensign late in the war, Carson was assigned to the USS Pennsylvania in the Pacific. He arrived on the Pennsylvania on August 14, 1945, the same day Imperial Japan announced its surrender. The ship was sent to Guam after a torpedo bomber attack damaged its stern prior to Carson's arrival. Once in drydock, Carson, assigned to damage control, was given the task of supervising the removal of the bodies of 20 servicemen and their effects. He recounted the experience in an unpublished 1967 Time magazine interview, stating "Jesus, that was an awful experience. They'd been down there for eighteen days by the time, and I want to tell you, that was a terrible job." Carson returned stateside with the Pennsylvania to Seattle and was then assigned to command a troop train for returning servicemen. He finished his service in Guam, decoding encrypted messages. Carson later said that the high point of his military career was performing a magic trick for U.S. Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal. In a conversation with Forrestal, the Secretary asked Carson if he planned to stay in the Navy after the war. In response, Carson said no and told him he wanted to be a magician. Forrestal asked him to perform, and Carson responded with a card trick. Carson made the discovery that he could entertain and amuse someone as cranky and sophisticated as Forrestal. While in the Navy, Carson posted a 15–0-1 amateur boxing record, with most of his bouts fought on board Pennsylvania. == Education == Taking advantage of educational opportunities from the Navy, Carson attended the University of Nebraska, where he joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and continued performing magic (then paid $25 per appearance). Carson majored in journalism with the intention of becoming a comedy writer, but instead switched his major to speech and drama a few months later because he wanted to become a radio performer. His college thesis, titled "How to Write Comedy for Radio", was a compilation of taped skits and jokes from popular radio shows with Carson explaining the comedic technique in a voice-over. It allowed him to graduate in three years. Carson graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in radio and speech with a minor in physics in 1949. == Early radio and television == Carson began his broadcasting career in 1950 at WOW-AM (now KXSP) and WOW-TV (now WOWT-TV) in Omaha, Nebraska. He soon hosted a morning television program called The Squirrel's Nest. One of his routines involved interviewing pigeons on the roof of the local courthouse that would report on the political corruption they had seen. Carson supplemented his income by serving as master of ceremonies at local church dinners—attended by some of the same politicians and civic leaders he had lampooned on the radio. The wife of one of the Omaha political figures that Carson spoofed owned stock in a radio station in Los Angeles, and in 1951 referred Carson to her brother, who was influential in the emerging television market in Southern California. Carson joined CBS-owned Los Angeles television station KNXT (now KCBS-TV). In 1953, comic Red Skelton—a fan of Carson's low-budget sketch comedy show, Carson's Cellar (1951–1953) on KNXT—asked Carson to join his show as a writer. The following year, Skelton accidentally knocked himself unconscious during rehearsal, an hour before his live show began. Carson successfully filled in for him. In 1955, Jack Benny invited Carson to appear on one of his programs during the opening and closing segments. Carson imitated Benny and claimed that Benny had copied his gestures. Benny predicted that Carson, who readily admitted Benny's substantial influence on aspects of his comedic delivery, would have a successful career as a comedian. Carson hosted several shows besides Carson's Cellar, including the game show Earn Your Vacation (1954) and the variety show The Johnny Carson Show (1955–1956). He was a guest panelist on the original To Tell the Truth beginning in 1960, becoming a regular panelist from 1961 to 1962. After the primetime Johnny Carson Show failed, Carson moved to New York City to host ABC's Who Do You Trust? (1957–1962). It was on Who Do You Trust? that Carson met his future sidekick and straight man, Ed McMahon. Although Carson believed moving to daytime television would hurt his career, Who Do You Trust? was a success. It was the first show where he could ad lib and interview guests, and because of his on-camera wit, the show became "the hottest item on daytime television" during his six years at ABC. From his experience as a radio host, Carson would later write a parody for The New Yorker of former talk show host Dennis Miller having the new role at the time (2000) as an NFL sports announcer, titled "Proverbs of Dennis Miller". == The Tonight Show == NBC's Tonight was the late-night counterpart to its early-morning show Today. Originating in 1954 with host Steve Allen, Tonight was somewhat experimental at the time, as the only previous network late-night program was NBC's Broadway Open House (1950–51), which starred Jerry Lester and Dagmar. Tonight was successful. Allen moved to primetime comedy-variety shows in 1957 when Jack Paar became host of Tonight. Paar left the show in 1962. Carson's success on Who Do You Trust? led NBC to invite him to take over Tonight a few months before Paar's departure. Carson declined the offer because he feared the difficulty of interviewing celebrities for 105 minutes each day. Bob Newhart, Jackie Gleason, Groucho Marx and Joey Bishop also declined. NBC finally convinced Carson to sign by early February 1962. He can be seen discussing his upcoming job for the first time on the February 11, 1962, episode of What's My Line? Due to Carson having six months left on his ABC contract, NBC used multiple guest hosts until he could take over. Guest hosts included Bishop, Marx, Merv Griffin, Art Linkletter, Arlene Francis, Bob Cummings, Jerry Lewis, Donald O'Connor and others. Although he continued to have doubts about his new job, Carson became the host of Tonight (later called The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson) on October 1, 1962. After a difficult first year, he overcame his fears. While Tonight under its previous hosts had been successful, especially under Paar, Carson's version eventually did very well in the ratings. Billy Wilder said of Carson: By the simple law of survival, Carson is the best. He enchants the invalids and the insomniacs as well as the people who have to get up at dawn. He is the Valium and the Nembutal of a nation. No matter what kind of dead-asses are on the show, he has to make them funny and exciting. He has to be their nurse and their surgeon. He has no conceit. He does his work and he comes prepared. If he's talking to an author, he has read the book. Even his rehearsed routines sound improvised. He's the cream of middle-class elegance, yet he's not a mannequin. He has captivated the American bourgeoisie without ever offending the highbrows, and he has never said anything that wasn't liberal or progressive. Every night, in front of millions of people, he has to do the salto mortale [circus parlance for an aerial somersault performed on the tightrope]. What's more, he does it without a net. No rewrites. No retakes. The jokes must work tonight. McMahon followed Carson from Who Do You Trust? as his announcer and sidekick, and Skitch Henderson was installed as the maestro of the NBC Orchestra. McMahon's famous introduction, "Heeeeere's Johnny!!!" was followed by a brief monologue by Carson. This was often followed by comedy sketches, interviews and live music. Carson's trademark was a phantom golf swing at the end of his monologues, aimed stage left toward the orchestra. (Guest hosts sometimes parodied that gesture. Newhart rolled an imaginary bowling ball toward the audience.) Paul Anka wrote The Tonight Show's theme song, ("Johnny's Theme"), a reworking of his "Toot Sweet"; given lyrics, it was renamed "It's Really Love" and recorded by Annette Funicello in 1959. Before taking over The Tonight Show, Carson wrote lyrics for the song, and so claimed fifty percent of the song's performance royalties (though the lyrics were never used). The theme is heard being played on sound recordings of Carson's first Tonight Show, and it was used without interruption through to his last broadcast on May 22, 1992. The Tonight Show was originally produced at NBC's headquarters at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, with occasional stints in California. The program began videotaping in advance during the Jack Paar days, although during the 1970s NBC fed the live taping from Burbank to New York via satellite for editing (see below). Carson had a talent for quick quips to deal with problems. If the opening monologue fared poorly, the band would start playing "Tea for Two" and Carson danced a softshoe to laughs from the studio audience. Alternatively, Carson might pull the boom microphone close to his face and announce, "Attention K-Mart shoppers, clean up in aisle four!" === Move to Burbank === On May 1, 1972, The Tonight Show moved from 30 Rockefeller Plaza to the NBC Studios in Burbank, California, because of the studio's proximity to celebrities. From 1980, Carson stopped hosting five shows per week. Instead, Mondays featured a guest host, leaving Carson to host the other four weeknights. Shows were videotaped in Burbank at 5:30 pm, fed from there to the Central and Eastern Time Zone stations via cross-country television line at 8:30 pm Pacific time (11:30 pm Eastern time), and later sent from Burbank to the Pacific Time Zone stations at 11:30 pm Pacific time. Since only two feeds originated from Burbank, Central Time Zone stations received the Eastern feed one hour earlier at 10:30 pm local time, and Mountain time stations received the Pacific time zone feed one hour later, at 12:30 am local time. Carson announced in April 1979 that he was leaving The Tonight Show after seventeen years hosting the program. At the time, media analysts estimated the show generated 17% of NBC's pre-tax profits. He negotiated a three-year deal to remain with the show in May 1980, reducing the program's length from ninety to sixty minutes while decreasing his workload from four to three nights each week. Tom Snyder's Tomorrow added a half-hour to fill the vacant time. Joan Rivers became the "permanent" guest host from September 1983 until 1986. The Tonight Show then returned to using rotating guest hosts, including comics George Carlin and Garry Shandling. Jay Leno became the exclusive guest host in fall 1987, later joking that although other guest hosts had upped their fees, he had kept his low, assuring himself more bookings. Eventually, Monday night was reserved for Leno and Tuesday night was reserved for The Best of Carson—rebroadcasts usually dating from a year earlier, but occasionally from the 1970s. Although Carson's work schedule became more abbreviated, The Tonight Show remained so successful that his compensation from NBC continued to rise; by the mid-1970s, he had become the highest-paid personality on television, earning about $4 million a year ($19,284,000 today), not including nightclub appearances and his other businesses. Carson refused many offers to appear in films, including title roles in The Thomas Crown Affair and Gene Wilder's role in Blazing Saddles. He also declined director Martin Scorsese's offer to co-star with Robert De Niro in the 1983 film The King of Comedy, with the role of a TV talk-show host then going to Jerry Lewis. In recognition of his 25th anniversary on The Tonight Show, Carson received a personal Peabody Award, the board saying he had "become an American institution, a household word, [and] the most widely quoted American." They also said they "felt the time had come to recognize the contributions that Johnny has made to television, to humor, and to America." === Uri Geller === In 1973, television personality and self-proclaimed psychic Uri Geller appeared on The Tonight Show. In the NOVA documentary, "James Randi – Secrets of the Psychics," magician and skeptical activist James Randi recalls that Carson "had been a magician himself and was skeptical" of Geller's claimed paranormal powers, and so, prior to the date of taping, Randi was personally asked "to help prevent any trickery." Per Randi's advice, the show's staff prepared its own props without informing Geller and did not let Geller or his staff "anywhere near them." When Geller joined Carson on stage, he appeared surprised that he was not going to be interviewed, but instead was expected to display his abilities using the provided articles. Geller was unable to display any paranormal abilities, saying, "I don't feel strong" and expressing displeasure at feeling like he was being "pressed" to perform by Carson. According to Adam Higginbotham's November 7, 2014, article in The New York Times: The result was a legendary immolation, in which Geller offered up flustered excuses to his host as his abilities failed him again and again. "I sat there for 22 minutes, humiliated," Geller told me, when I spoke to him in September. "I went back to my hotel, devastated. I was about to pack up the next day and go back to Tel Aviv. I thought, That's it — I'm destroyed." However, ironically, this appearance on The Tonight Show, which Carson and Randi had orchestrated to debunk Geller's claimed abilities, backfired. According to Higginbotham, To Geller's astonishment, he was immediately booked on The Merv Griffin Show. He was on his way to becoming a paranormal superstar. "That Johnny Carson show made Uri Geller," Geller said. To an enthusiastically trusting public, his failure only made his gifts seem more real: If he were performing magic tricks, they would surely work every time. === Comic characters === Carson played several continuing characters on sketches during the show, including: Art Fern was the "Tea Time Movie" announcer, whose theme song was "Hooray for Hollywood". Carson once admitted on camera that this was his favorite character, based on late-afternoon movie broadcasts and TV hosts who delivered live commercials throughout the movie. Each sketch usually featured three long commercials interrupted by four-second clips from old silent films. When the camera returned from each clip, Art was always caught off-guard and immediately reminded viewers that they were watching a film favorite. The movies always had unlikely casts and even less likely titles: "Slim Pickens, Patti Page, Duke Wayne, and Charlton Heston in another classic Western: Kiss My Saddle Horn! Carson originally played the fast-talking huckster in his own voice (as Honest Bernie Schlock or Ralph Willie (parodying California used-car dealer Ralph Williams), and the sketch was called "The Big Flick." Carson finally settled on a nasal, high-pitched, smarmy drone, reminiscent of Jackie Gleason's "Reginald Van Gleason III" character. The sketch was renamed "Tea Time Movie" and the host became Art Fern, wearing a lavish toupee, loud jackets, and a pencil mustache. Actress Carol Wayne became famous for her 100-plus appearances (1971–1984) as Art's buxom assistant, the Matinée Lady. While Art gave his spiel, she would enter the stage behind him. Art would react to her attractive body by wincing, loudly shouting "Ho — leeeee!" and turning almost everything she said into a sexual double entendre. After Carol Wayne's accidental death in 1985, Carson kept Art Fern off the air for most of the next year, and finally hired Danuta Wesley and then Teresa Ganzel to play the Matinée Lady. Carson also used these sketches to poke fun at the intricate Los Angeles interstate system, using a pointer and map to give confusing directions to shoppers, often including points where he would unfold the cardboard map to point out, via the appropriate picture, when the shopper would arrive at "the fork in the road". Another freeway routine in the same theme centered on the "Slauson Cutoff", a slang term Carson popularized to describe the truncated Marina Freeway (which ended abruptly at Slauson Avenue in Culver City). Art Fern would advise drivers to take a series of freeways until they reached the Slauson Cutoff, and would then advise them to "Get out of your car, cut off your slauson, get back in your car," often followed by peals of laughter from the audience, led by McMahon. Carnac the Magnificent, a turbaned psychic, could answer questions before seeing them. The character was taken from Steve Allen's essentially identical "Answer Man", which Allen performed during his tenure as host of Tonight in the 1950s. As Allen acknowledged in his book The Question Man, this bit had been created in Kansas City in 1951 by Bob Arbogast and used on The Tom Poston Show in New York where it eventually ended up on The Steve Allen Show, much to the surprise of both Bob and Steve. Carnac had a trademark entrance in which he always turned the wrong direction when coming onstage and then tripped on the step up to Carson's desk. (In one episode, technicians rigged Carson's desk to fall apart when Carnac fell into it.) These comedic missteps were an indication of Carnac's true prescient abilities. McMahon would hand Carson a series of envelopes containing questions, said to have been "hermetically sealed and kept in a mayonnaise jar on Funk & Wagnalls' porch since noon today." Carson would place each envelope against his forehead and predict the answer, such as "Gatorade". Then, he would read the question: "What does an alligator get on welfare?" Some of the jokes were feeble, and McMahon used pauses after terrible puns and audience groans to make light of Carson's lack of comic success ("Carnac must be used to quiet surroundings"), prompting Carson to return an equal insult. McMahon would always announce near the end, "I hold in my hand the last envelope," at which the audience would applaud wildly, prompting Carnac to pronounce a comedic "curse" on the audience, such as, "May a flock of wild geese leave a deposit on your breakfast!", "May your sister elope with a camel!", or "May a diseased yak take a liking to your sister". Staff writer Pat McCormick wrote some of the zaniest Carnac material. One joke had McMahon and Carson nearly rolling on the floor with sustained laughter. The answer was "Sis boom bah". The question: "Describe the sound made when a sheep explodes." Floyd R. Turbo American (with no pause between words) was a stereotypical common working man, wearing a plaid hunting coat and cap, who offered "editorial responses" to left-leaning causes or news events. Railing against women's rights in the workplace, for example, Turbo would shout: "This raises the question: kiss my Dictaphone!" Aunt Blabby, a cantankerous and sometimes amorous old lady, was an obvious copy of Jonathan Winters' most famous creation, Maude Frickert, including her black spinster dress and wig. Aunt Blabby was invariably interviewed by straight man Ed McMahon about elder affairs. McMahon would innocently use a common expression such as "check out", only to have Aunt Blabby warn him: "Don't say 'check out' to an old person!" El Mouldo, a mentalist, was a revival of Carson's 1960s character The Amazing Dillinger, burlesquing mentalist Joseph Dunninger. El Mouldo would attempt to perform mind-reading and mind-over-matter feats, all of which failed. Often, his tricks would include an attempt to bilk money from Ed McMahon or would end with his begging the audience for a dollar, or at least bus fare. The Maharishi, whose theme song was "Song of India", was a frizzy-haired "holy man" who spoke in a high-pitched, tranquil tone, greeted announcer McMahon with a flower, and answered philosophical questions. This was a take-off on Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Doctor Dilly, a feeble-minded physician who dispensed rambling medical advice. Carson imitated stage and radio comedian Ed Wynn for this character, using a high, cracked voice and a silly giggle. One time-honored routine was used whenever Carson and a guest toasted each other with glasses of water on the air. Carson would telegraph the joke to the guest: "The king is dead!" Then both would shout "Long live the king!" and take a mouthful of water. Offscreen, Ed McMahon cried, "The king lives!", prompting Carson and the guest to do a spit-take in mock terror. Don Adams, Don Rickles, Mel Brooks, and Dom DeLuise engaged in this routine; one of Adams's Get Smart episodes was even titled "The King Lives?" === Carson uncensored on satellite === Although Carson's program moved to Burbank in 1972, NBC's editing and production services for the show remained in New York, requiring that the program be transmitted between the two cities. In 1976, NBC used the Satcom 2 satellite to achieve this, feeding the live taping (which started around 5:30 pm local time) directly to New York, where it would be edited prior to the late-night broadcast. This live feed lasted usually for two to two-and-a-half hours a night and was both uncensored and commercial-free. During the slots for commercial breaks, the audio and picture feed would continue, capturing at times risqué language and other events that would be edited out before transmission. At the same time, satellite ground stations owned by individuals began appearing, and some found the live feed. Satellite dish owners began to document their sightings in technical journals, giving viewers knowledge of things they were not meant to see. Carson and his production staff grew concerned about this and pressured NBC into ceasing the satellite transmissions of the live taping in the early 1980s. The satellite link was replaced by microwave transmission until the show's editing facilities were moved to Burbank. == Filmography == === Television work as character === Carson played himself in the 1964 film Looking for Love. He was also a surprise guest on the 1970s Bob Hope television special Joys! (a parody of the hit movie Jaws). Guests on the broadcast included Groucho Marx, George Burns, Telly Savalas, Milton Berle, Red Buttons, Don Adams, Steve Allen, and Harry Ritz, The special was written and produced by Hal Kanter. == Controversies and feuds == Carson often made jokes at the expense of other celebrities. In 1980, Carson backed out of a deal to acquire the Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, and a competing group led by Wayne Newton bought the property. According to lawyer Henry Bushkin, Carson became annoyed that he was portrayed in the media as having "lost" the deal and reacted by telling jokes on his show about Newton. This led to a feud between Carson and Newton. Years later, Newton appeared on Larry King Live, declaring that "Johnny Carson is a mean-spirited human being. And there are people that he has hurt that people will never know about. And for some reason at some point, he decided to turn that kind of negative attention toward me. And I refused to have it." Newton has often told of confronting Carson; ultimately, Newton barged into Carson's office at the NBC studios and threatened to beat him up unless he stopped making such jokes. On February 27, 1982, Carson was arrested for drunk driving on La Cienega Boulevard, near Beverly Hills; he was released on his own recognizance. Carson pleaded no contest to the charges and, in October 1982, received a sentence of three years probation, was fined $603, and was required to attend a driver's education alcohol program. Carson's driving privilege was restricted to driving only to and from work and alcohol education classes for a period of 90 days. Perry Mason actor Raymond Burr became angry over Carson's continuing jokes about his weight, and he appeared on The Tonight Show only twice, in 1968 and 1976. On July 2, 1969, Carson launched an on-air attack on The New York Times after his nightly monologue, assailing the newspaper for an article saying that he was the highest-paid performer on television, earning $75,000 (equivalent to $643,081 in 2024) a week. He denied that was so, while declining to reveal his compensation in a subsequent interview with the newspaper, and called the article "damned unfair." The Times published a follow-up article saying that its initial reporter "erred", and that $75,000 a week was unlikely. Carson reportedly loathed what he perceived as disloyalty, and he was furious when former frequent Tonight Show guest hosts John Davidson and Joan Rivers began hosting their own talk shows. Rivers' show on the Fox Network directly competed with Carson during the 1986–1987 season before being canceled. On June 24, 2009, following Ed McMahon's death, Rivers spoke highly of McMahon on Larry King Live, but said that after she got her own show, Carson refused to ever speak to her again, despite her efforts to apologize. In December 1973, Carson joked on Tonight about an alleged shortage of toilet paper. Viewers believed the story and panic buying and hoarding ensued across the United States as consumers emptied stores, causing a real shortage that lasted for weeks. Stores and toilet paper manufacturers had to ration supplies until the panic ended. Carson apologized in January 1974 for the incident, which became what The New York Times called a "classic study" of how rumors spread. Carson called references in the article to him "very unfair". Carson successfully sued a manufacturer of portable toilets that wanted to call its product "Here's Johnny". Carson performed a parody of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. Rogers noted, "I've told Johnny that I like humor as much as anybody. But what concerns me is the takeoffs that make me seem so wimpy! I hope it doesn't communicate that Mr. Rogers is just somebody to be made fun of. Only people who take the time to see our work can begin to understand the depth of it." Carson later apologized to Rogers for making fun of him. == Business ventures == In 1979, Carson invested $500,000 (equivalent to $2,166,208 in 2024) in the DeLorean Motor Company. Guest Red Skelton kidded Carson on the air about DeLorean and the widely reported allegations of cocaine trafficking: "That car of yours, the DeLorean? Is that a hopped-up car?" Additionally, Carson was head of a group of investors who purchased and operated two television stations. The first was KVVU-TV in Henderson, Nevada, an independent station serving Las Vegas, acquired by the Carson group in 1979. Shortly after buying the station, KVVU was rumored to be acquiring an NBC affiliation because long-time affiliate KORK-TV was in the process of being replaced by KVBC (and KSNV), but it never happened. Carson's second station, independent KNAT-TV in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was purchased in 1982. Unlike the Las Vegas operation, KNAT faced stiffer competition for top-quality, syndicated programming. Carson sold both of his stations in 1985 and 1986, with KVVU-TV (FOX 5) going to the Meredith Corporation and KNAT being sold to Trinity Broadcasting Network. Carson founded Carson Productions in 1980. The company primarily produced The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson from 1980 to 1992 and Late Night with David Letterman from 1982 to 1993, along with other TV shows, including Teachers Only from 1982 to 1983, Partners in Crime from 1984 to 1985, Amen from 1986 to 1991 and TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes (co-produced with Dick Clark Productions) from 1984 to 1993. It also produced the films The Big Chill (1983) and Desert Bloom (1986). Carson's other business ventures included the successful Johnny Carson Apparel, Inc.—his turtlenecks became a fashion trend—and a failed restaurant franchise. == Retirement == Carson retired from show business on May 22, 1992, at age 66, when he stepped down as host of The Tonight Show. His farewell was a major media event, often emotional for Carson, his colleagues, and the audiences, and stretched over several nights. In tribute to Carson and his enormous influence, several networks that had late-night variety talk shows "went dark" for the entire hour he did the last show. After 13 tries, The Tonight Show finally won the Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series later that year, buoyed by the penultimate broadcast, which featured Johnny's final two guests, Robin Williams and Bette Midler. NBC gave the role of host to the show's then-current permanent guest host, Jay Leno. Leno and David Letterman were soon competing on separate networks. === Post-retirement appearances === At the end of his final Tonight Show episode, Carson indicated that he might, if so inspired, return with a new project. Instead, he chose to go into full retirement, rarely giving interviews and declining to participate in NBC's 75th-anniversary celebrations. He made an occasional cameo appearance, including voicing himself on the May 13, 1993, episode of The Simpsons ("Krusty Gets Kancelled"), telephoning David Letterman on a November 1993 episode of Late Show with David Letterman, and appearing in the 1993 NBC special Bob Hope: The First 90 Years. On May 13, 1994, Carson appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman. During a week of shows from Los Angeles, Letterman was having Larry "Bud" Melman (Calvert DeForest) deliver his "Top Ten Lists" under the guise that a famous personality would be delivering the list instead. On the last show of the week, Letterman indicated that Carson would be delivering the list. Instead, DeForest delivered the list, insulted the audience (in keeping with the gag), and walked off to polite applause. Letterman then indicated that the card he was given did not have the proper list on it and asked that the "real" list be brought out. On that cue, the real Carson emerged from behind the curtain (as Letterman's band played "Johnny's Theme"), an appearance that prompted a 90-second standing ovation from the audience. Carson then asked to sit behind Letterman's desk; Letterman obliged, as the audience continued to cheer and applaud. After some moments, Carson departed from the show without having spoken to the audience. He later cited acute laryngitis as the reason for his silence. This turned out to be Carson's last television appearance. Carson played tennis throughout his retirement. Carson also reviewed clips of the Tonight Show included in DVD compilations, and he had humor pieces published in The New Yorker. === David Letterman === Prior to his death, Carson occasionally sent jokes to David Letterman. Letterman would then use these jokes in the monologue of his show, which Carson got "a big kick out of", according to Worldwide Pants Inc. senior vice president Peter Lassally, who formerly produced both men's programs. He also said Carson had always believed Letterman, not Leno, to be his "rightful successor". In his first broadcast after Carson's death, Letterman delivered a monologue compiled entirely of jokes sent in by Carson, a fact the host revealed a short time later in the program. == Influences == Johnny Carson's influences included Jack Benny, Red Skelton, Fred Allen, Bob Hope, Groucho Marx, and Jack Paar. == Legacy and impact on popular culture == Carson's show launched the careers of many performers, especially comedians and musicians. For a comedian appearing on the show, getting Carson to laugh and being invited to the guest chair were considered the highest honors. Notable among these were David Letterman, Freddie Prinze, Robin Williams, Jay Leno, Jerry Seinfeld, Arsenio Hall, Jeff Foxworthy, Ellen DeGeneres, Rodney Dangerfield, Joan Rivers, David Brenner, Tim Allen, Drew Carey, Howie Mandel, Roseanne Barr, and Don Rickles. Carson was successor to The Ed Sullivan Show as a showcase for different types of talent, as well as continuing a vaudeville-style variety show. In 1966, Carson popularized Milton Bradley's game Twister when he played it with actress Eva Gabor. Not widely known up to that time, the game skyrocketed in popularity after the broadcast. Comedians who have credited Carson as an influence include David Letterman, Jay Leno, Conan O'Brien, Dennis Miller, Bill Maher, Joan Rivers, Larry Wilmore, Ray Romano, Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, Angie Dickinson, Carl Reiner, Mel Brooks, Dick Cavett, Norm Macdonald, David Steinberg, Jerry Seinfeld, Ellen DeGeneres, Garry Shandling, Steve Martin, Ray Combs, Arsenio Hall, Craig Ferguson, Orson Bean, and Jimmy Fallon. Brian Wilson was an avid fan of the show and in 1977 wrote a song titled "Johnny Carson" as a tribute. It was released on the Beach Boys Love You album. In 1983 he was awarded American Library Association Honorary Membership. == Personal life == Despite his on-camera demeanor, Carson was introverted off-camera. He avoided most parties and was called "the most private public man who ever lived." Dick Cavett recalled, "I felt sorry for Johnny in that he was so socially uncomfortable. I've hardly ever met anybody who had as hard a time as he did." In addition, George Axelrod once said of Carson, "Socially, he doesn't exist. The reason is that there are no television cameras in living rooms. If human beings had little red lights in the middle of their foreheads, Carson would be the greatest conversationalist on Earth." Musician John Oates later similarly recalled that "he was very subdued. But the moment the countdown started—'three, two, one'—and the lights came on the camera, he was Johnny Carson. He was like, boom. It was that pencil-tapping thing with the coffee mug. And then the moment they went to a commercial, it was like he just stopped." He normally refused to discuss politics, social controversies, his childhood, and his private life with interviewers, and offered a list of pre-written answers to inquiring journalists, suggesting that they append their own questions to them. Among the answers were "Yes, I did," "Not a bit of truth in that rumor," and "No, kumquats." === Politics === Carson opposed the Vietnam War and capital punishment, favored racial equality, and was against criminalizing extramarital sex and pornography. He avoided explicitly mentioning his views on The Tonight Show, saying he "hates to be pinned down" as that would "hurt me as an entertainer, which is what I am." As he explained in 1970, "In my living room I would argue for liberalization of abortion laws, divorce laws, and there are times when I would like to express a view on the air. I would love to have taken on Billy Graham. But I'm on TV five nights a week; I have nothing to gain by it and everything to lose." He also seldom invited political figures onto the Tonight Show because he "didn't want it to become a political forum" and did not want the show used, by himself or others, to influence the opinions of the viewers. In his book, Carson's former lawyer Henry Bushkin stated, he "was by instinct and upbringing definitely Republican, but of an Eisenhower sort that we don't see much of anymore ... Overall, you'd have to say he was anti-big: anti-big government, anti-big money, anti-big bullies, anti-big blowhards." Carson served as MC for Ronald Reagan's inaugural gala in 1981 at the request of Frank Sinatra. === Legal issue === In October 1982, Carson pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor count of driving with a blood alcohol level above the legal limit, while the charges of driving under the influence of alcohol and driving without a license were withdrawn by the prosecution. This case stemmed from an arrest in February 1982. After being pulled over by police shortly after leaving an Italian restaurant with his wife, Carson was fined $603 and placed on three years of probation. Municipal Court Judge David Kidney ordered Carson to attend a driver's education alcohol program and restricted his license for 90 days to trips to and from work and those classes. Though his lawyer Robert Shapiro advised Carson to take his case to trial believing they had a winning case, Carson was looking to move on from the scandal and wanted to avoid the media attention that a trial would bring. Carson commented on the matter in a monologue of the Tonight Show saying, "I regret the incident, And I'll tell you one thing, You will never see me do that again." === Religion === As an adult, Carson was not a regular churchgoer, although during his childhood he was raised as a Methodist and during high school attended Christian Endeavor meetings at the local church. === Marriages === In October 1949, Carson married Jody Wolcott in North Platte, Nebraska. The marriage was volatile, with infidelities committed by both parties, and ended in divorce in May 1963. Carson married Joanne Copeland the same year, on August 17. After a protracted divorce in 1972, Carson's second, Copeland received a settlement of nearly US$500,000 (equivalent to $3,758,552 in 2024), in addition to an annual hundred thousand in alimony. She also received "a pretty nice little art collection." She later had a second marriage that also ended in divorce, and died in California, aged 83, in 2015. She had no children. During fall 1971, while going through the divorce proceedings with Copeland, Carson—having dinner at the 21 Club in New York City with a group of friends that included fashion designer Mollie Parnis—spotted 40-year-old former model Joanna Holland (née Ulrich, 1931–2025) who, having done modelling work for Parnis in the past, passed by and waved at the designer. Taken by Holland's looks, Carson then reportedly arranged, through Parnis, for Holland to take his phone call several days later. Herself a divorcée, Holland had also had a child, son Tim, from a previous marriage. Carson's and Holland's first date in late October 1971, dinner and a show, doubled as his 46th birthday celebration and for the next year he reportedly called her every day at 4:30 p.m. From May 1972, Carson's Tonight Show moved production to Burbank and, soon after, Holland and her 11-year-old son joined him in California where he purchased a US$500,000 Bel-Air mansion that had originally belonged to filmmaker Mervyn LeRoy. During the Tonight Show's 10th-anniversary party at the Beverly Hills Hotel on September 30, 1972, Carson announced that Holland and he had been secretly married that afternoon in Santa Monica, shocking his friends and associates. Having spent time at luxury destinations such as Biarritz, Monte Carlo, and Saint Moritz in the early 1960s with her ex-husband, Holland reportedly introduced Carson to Western European travel—instigating their visits and stays at Hôtel du Cap in Antibes and Wimbledon Championships—which he reportedly enjoyed immensely due to being unknown there and thus not bothered by fans. The couple separated during November 1982, reportedly on Holland's suggestion due to Carson's infidelity, with Carson moving out of their Bel-Air home into their Malibu beach house. On March 8, 1983, she filed for divorce. The divorce case finally ended in August 1985 with an 80-page settlement, with Holland receiving US$20 million (equivalent to $58,471,535 in 2024) in combined assets, from property (the couple's Bel-Air mansion, three of their Manhattan apartments: at the Pierre hotel, on Fifth Avenue, and on 62nd Street, as well as their Rolls-Royce, a Mercedes-Benz and an economy car) and cash (alimony payments of US$35,000 per month for 64 months). Following the divorce, Carson frequently used its financial terms as a source of comedic material on the Tonight Show. Holland's son, Carson's ex-stepson, Tim Holland, later known as Joe, died in May 1994 of pulmonary embolism. Joanna Holland died in July 2025, aged 93. On June 20, 1987, Carson married Alexis Maas. The marriage lasted until his death in 2005. Carson reportedly joked, "My giving advice on marriage is like the captain of the Titanic giving lessons on navigation." === Children === Carson had three sons with his first wife: Christopher (1950–2025 ), Kim Arthur "Ricky" (1951–1991) and Barry William "Cory" (born 1953). His middle son, Ricky, died in a car accident in 1991 while shooting nature photographs. Upon Carson's return to air a few weeks later, he delivered a lengthy tribute to his son at the end of the show—a moment interrupted by his producer, Fred de Cordova, who gave Carson the signal to "wrap it up" because the show was running overtime. The incident led to de Cordova being banned from the studio floor for the remainder of the show’s tenure. During his final Tonight Show broadcasts in May 1992, Carson brought his two surviving sons onto the stage, while the final episode included one of his late son’s nature photographs for the final credit roll. === Philanthropy === In 1981, Carson created the John W. Carson Foundation, dedicated to supporting children, education, and health services. In August 2010, his charitable foundation reported receiving $156 million (equivalent to $251,157,608 in 2024) from a personal trust established by the entertainer years before his 2005 death, thus becoming by far the largest Hollywood charity. As of 2022, the foundation continues to support charitable causes. In November 2004, Carson announced a $5.3 million gift to the University of Nebraska Foundation to support the Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts Department of Theater Arts, which created the Johnny Carson School of Theater and Film. Another $5 million donation was announced by the estate of Carson to the University of Nebraska following his death, while a $1 million donation was announced on November 4, 2011, creating the Johnny Carson Opportunity Scholarship Fund. The foundation made another $5 million donation to the university on October 22, 2021, to augment the Opportunity Scholarship Fund. Carson also donated to causes in his adopted hometown of Norfolk, including the Carson Cancer Center at Faith Regional Health Services, the Elkhorn Valley Museum, and the Johnny Carson Theater at Norfolk Senior High School. Carson also donated to the Northeast Community College Lifelong Learning Center in honor of his favorite teacher, Miss Fay Gordon. Miss Gordon had appeared on his show a number of times. His last known visit to Norfolk was to throw the 100th-birthday party for Miss Gordon, which Carson had promised to do several years earlier. === Other interests === Carson, an amateur astronomer, was a close friend of astronomer Carl Sagan, who often appeared on The Tonight Show. The unique way Sagan had of saying certain words, like "billions" of stars, would lead Carson to ribbing his friend, saying "BILL-ions and BILL-ions". Carson was the first person to contact Sagan's wife Ann Druyan with condolences when the scientist died in 1996. He owned several telescopes, including a top-of-the-line unit. In 1981, the minor planet 1981 EM4 was named in his honor, 3252 Johnny. That year, a star was also nicknamed after Carson. Carson was an amateur drummer and was shown on a 1979 segment of 60 Minutes practicing at home on a drum set given to him by his close friend Buddy Rich, who was the jazz musician with the most appearances on The Tonight Show. Gore Vidal, another frequent Tonight Show guest and friend, wrote about Carson's personality in his 2006 memoir. Carson was an avid tennis player. When he sold a Malibu house to John McEnroe and Tatum O'Neal, the escrow terms required McEnroe to give Johnny six tennis lessons. Carson's primary tennis teacher was Bob Trapenberg, who taught him for some time, and traveled with him to Wimbledon. Carson was also a private pilot; his flight logbook and jacket were donated after his death to the Experimental Aircraft Association in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. == Final years, death and tributes == On March 19, 1999, Carson suffered a severe heart attack at his home in Malibu, California, and was hospitalized in nearby Santa Monica, where he underwent quadruple-bypass surgery. Carson had been a heavy smoker for decades, and in the early days of his tenure on The Tonight Show, he often smoked on-camera, at one point having smoked four packs of Pall Mall cigarettes a day. It was reported that as early as the mid-1970s, he would repeatedly say, "These things are killing me." His younger brother recalled that during their last conversation, Carson kept saying, "Those damn cigarettes." In 2002, he turned down an offer to appear at NBC's 75th anniversary. In September 2002, Carson revealed that he had emphysema but denied he was terminally ill. On January 23, 2005, Carson died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles of respiratory failure arising from emphysema. His body was cremated, and the ashes were given to his wife, Alexis Maas. In accordance with his family's wishes, no public memorial service was held. Carson was also survived by his younger brother, Dick, who was an Emmy Award–winning director of, among other things, the competing Merv Griffin Show and Wheel of Fortune. Numerous tributes were paid to Carson upon his death, including a statement by then-President George W. Bush, all recognizing the deep and enduring affection held for him. On January 31, Late Show with David Letterman paid tribute with former Tonight Show executive producer Peter Lassally and bandleader Doc Severinsen. At the beginning of this show, Letterman said that for 30 years, no matter what was going on in the world, whether people had had a good or bad day, they wanted to end it being "tucked in by Johnny." He also told his viewers that the monologue he had just performed, which was very well received by the studio audience, consisted entirely of jokes sent to him by Carson in the last few months of his life. Doc Severinsen ended the Letterman show that night by conducting and playing, along with Tommy Newsom and Ed Shaughnessy, one of Carson's two favorite songs, "Here's That Rainy Day" (the other was "I'll Be Seeing You"). The Tonight Show with Jay Leno also paid tribute to Carson with guests Ed McMahon, Bob Newhart, Don Rickles, Drew Carey, and k.d. lang. On his final Tonight Show appearance, Carson himself said that while sometimes people who work together for long stretches of time on television do not necessarily like each other, this was not the case with McMahon; he and McMahon were good friends who would have drinks and dinner together, and the camaraderie they had on the show could not be faked. Their friendship spanned 46 years. The 2005 film The Aristocrats was dedicated to Carson. The Simpsons' seventh episode of season 16, entitled "Mommie Beerest", was dedicated to his memory. At the first Comedy Awards on Comedy Central, the Johnny Carson Award was given to David Letterman. At the 2nd Annual Comedy Awards on Comedy Central, the Johnny Carson Award was given to Don Rickles. A two-hour documentary about his life, Johnny Carson: King of Late Night, aired on PBS on May 14, 2012, as part of PBS's American Masters series. It is narrated by Kevin Spacey and features interviews with many of Carson's family, fellow comedians, and protégés. A park is named in his memory in Burbank, across from the former NBC Studios. == References == == Further reading == === Accounts on work and life === Bart, Peter (May 18, 1992). "We Hardly Knew Ye". Variety. Los Angeles. Boulware, Jack (February 20, 2001). "Johnny Carson". Salon. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Bushkin, Henry (2013). Johnny Carson. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-21762-1. Corkery, Paul (1987). Carson: The Unauthorized Biography. Randt & Co. ISBN 0-942101-00-6. Cox, Stephen (2002). Here's Johnny: Thirty Years of Americas Favorite Late Night Entertainer. Cumberland House Publishing. ISBN 1-58182-265-0. De Cordova, Fred (1988). Johnny Came Lately. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-55849-8. Ephron, Nora (1968). And now here's Johnny!. Avon Books. OCLC 3302852. Ess, Ramsey (September 18, 2015). "When Johnny Carson Opened Up, Briefly". Vulture. Retrieved December 3, 2023. Hise, James Van (1992). 40 Years at Night: the Story of the Tonight Show. Movie Publisher Services. ISBN 1-55698-308-5. Knutzen, Erik (1992). Celebs Say Thanks, Johnny. Herald. Leamer, Laurence (1989). King of the Night: The Life of Johnny Carson. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07404-9. McMahon, Ed (2005). Here's Johnny!: My Memories of Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show, and 46 Years of Friendship. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 1-4016-0236-3. Smith, Ronald L. (1987). Johnny Carson: An Unauthorized Biography. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-01051-6. Sweeney, Don (2005). Backstage at the Tonight Show, from Johnny Carson to Jay Leno. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58979-303-3. Tennis, Craig (1980). Johnny Tonight: A Behind the Scenes Closeup of Johnny Carson & the Tonight Show. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-41451-8. Tynan, Kenneth (February 20, 1978). "Fifteen Years of the Salto Mortale". The New Yorker. Wilde, Larry (2000). The Great Comedians Talk About Comedy. Executive Books. ISBN 978-0-937539-51-4. Zehme, Bill; with Thomas, Mike (2024). Carson the Magnificent. Simon Schuster. ISBN 978-1-451645-27-9. Zoglin, Richard (March 16, 1992). And What A Reign It Was: In His 30 Years, Carson Was The Best. Time. === Humor material collections === Carson, Johnny (1965). Happiness is a Dry Martini. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 1-199-39735-0. Carson, Johnny (1967). Misery is a blind date. Doubleday and Company. ASIN B002J1EG3A. Johnny Carson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. == External links == Official website Johnny Carson at IMDb Johnny Carson at the Internet Broadway Database Johnny Carson papers, 1970–1992 at the Library of Congress Johnny Carson King of Late Night Archived December 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, an American Masters documentary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhunath_Singh#:~:text=Shahi.-,Conviction%20and%20controversies,Ashok%20Singh%2022%20years%20prior.	Prabhunath Singh	Prabhunath Singh is a politician from Bihar, India and was a member of the 12th, 13th and 14th Lok Sabha. Singh represented the Masrakh assembly constituency from 1985 to 1995, and the Maharajganj Lok Sabha constituency of Bihar from 1998 to 2009. In 2013, he won the bypoll and remained as MP until 2014. Singh is a member of the JDU and currently serving life imprisonment in murder case. == Early life and education == Singh was born in Mashrakh, Saran district, Bihar. He studied until class-12 from Bihar University, Muzaffarpur in 1972. His brothers Dina Singh, Madan Singh and Kedar Singh are also politicians. == Family == He is married to Binda Devi. His son, Randhir Kumar Singh, is also a politician and lost in the 2019 Indian general election to Janardan Singh Sigriwal of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). == Career == Before entering into politics, Singh owned a brick-making factory. He won his first election for MLA as an independent candidate due to his support among Rajputs from his area. He is a four time member of parliament from the Saran district. In the 1995 elections, he ran as a member of BJP, but left for the Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) party after losing. Singh won election as a member of the JD(U) party, but later joined RJD due to dictatorship of Nitish Kumar in JD(U). He represented the Maharajganj constituency of Bihar from 2004 to 2009 on the JD(U) ticket. In 2009, he contested on the JD(U) ticket, but narrowly lost to Uma Shankar Singh of RJD. After the death of Uma Shankar Singh, whose seat was now vacant, Singh contested on the RJD ticket, defeating JD(U)'s nominee P.K. Shahi. == Conviction and controversies == On 23 May 2017, Singh was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Hazaribagh Court for his connection with the murder of MLA Ashok Singh 22 years prior. == Positions held == Prabhunath Singh had been elected as MLA twice, and as Lok Sabha MP four times. == References == Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Janak_Patel	Murder of Janak Patel	On 23 November 2022, a dairy worker named Janak Patel was murdered during a robbery at the Rose Cottage Superette in Sandringham, Auckland, New Zealand. Police subsequently arrested three men in connection with the robbery and killing. The killing of Patel attracted significant attention from domestic media and political figures including Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, Police Minister Chris Hipkins, and ACT Party leader David Seymour against the backdrop of an alleged recent crime wave targeting dairies and other retailers across New Zealand. In March 2024, one of the defendants Frederick Hobson pleaded guilty to murder and aggravated robbery. In late June, Hobson was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum non-parole period of 15 years for murder while a second defendant Shane Tane was sentenced to four years and six months imprisonment for aggravated robbery. The third defendant Henry Ford was granted a stay in proceedings due to his terminal illness. == Background == In April 2022, Stuff reported that a surge in retail crime that year including "ram raids," shoplifting, and repeat offending had prompted businesses to deploy a range of counter-measures including training staff to deal with aggressive customers, issuing stab-proof vests, radios, body cameras, automatic number plate recognition, and facial recognition systems. In response, the New Zealand Police created a national retail investigation unit to deal with rising retail crime. A University of Otago study also estimated that retail theft cost retailers NZ$1 billion a year in lost income and that retailers spent NZ$500 million a year on security. Retail NZ chief executive Greg Harford estimated that retail crime including shoplifting cost the average household NZ$800 per year. According to Dairy and Business Owners Association chairperson Sunny Kaushal, incidents of dairy and convenience store theft during the first 11 months of 2021 increased by 30 percent (1,402 offences) compared with 2020 while arrests for such crimes declined by 23 percent in 2021. In late July 2022, The New Zealand Herald reported that incidents of retail crime including shoplifting, vandalism, and "ram raids" had doubled from 4,000 to under 8,000 in the five-year period between 2017 and the first six months of 2022; citing figures released by the Police to the opposition National Party. In addition, a 2019 Retail NZ survey estimated that 70% of retail crime was unreported. While Police attributed the increase in retail crime to improved reporting processes, the National Party blamed the crime surge on the Labour Government's alleged "soft on crime" on crime policies. By late August 2022, the Police had secured NZ$6 million in government funding for the Small Retailer Crime Prevention Fund aimed at helping small businesses to procure countermeasures such as shatterproof glass, bollards, fog cannons, and roller doors. Other countermeasures have included companies hiring door staff to greet customers at the door with the goal of deterring potential offenders. By October 2022, Matthew Tierney, the manager of the Police's National Retail Investigation Support Unit, confirmed that the unit had dealt with over 70 retail crime offenders and laid nearly 600 charges against them. == The incident == Rose Cottage Superette manager Janak Patel was a recent Indian migrant who had moved to New Zealand in 2022. He had only moved to Auckland from Hamilton a few days before the robbery, which occurred at 8pm on 23 November 2022. Patel had also recently married and his wife was also present at the dairy during the robbery. At 8pm, Patel and his wife were in a backroom living area of the dairy at the time of the robbery when the masked offender Frederick Gilbert Hobson, an Ōtāhuhu resident who had been repatriated from Australia, entered the Rose Cottage Superette armed with a knife. Hobson had been stalking the area for the past 45 minutes, hiding in a telephone booth where he pretended to make calls. Ptel confronted Hobson but retreated when the offender wielded his knife. Besides stealing the cash register, Hobson also stole several objects including butane lighters and vapes. After exiting the store, Hobson walked about 100 metres towards Duncan Avenue. CCTV footage recorded him placing the cash register inside a household rubbish bin. At this point, the suspect was confronted by Patel, who had armed himself with a hockey stick. During the ensuing confrontation, Hobson used a tree branch to fend off blows from Patel's hockey stick. Hobson managed to knock the hockey stick out of Patel's hands and forced him to the ground on his back. After holding Hobson down with his left hand, Hobson proceeded to stab him several times with his right hand. Patel attempted to fight back and wrestled with Hobson for the hockey stick. Following a tussle, Hobson stabbed Patel in the neck, which caused him to fall to the ground. Hobson subsequently left with the rubbish bin in a vehicle shortly later. The wounded Patel managed to retreat back to the store where he contacted emergency services, who administered first aid. During the confrontation, Patel sustained six stabs, including one to his chest and one to his back. Though Patel subsequently succumbed to his injuries, he managed to provide a description of the suspect to Police.The offender subsequently left with the rubbish bin. == Police investigation and manhunt == Following the Rose Cottage Superette's robbery and Janak Patel's killing, the New Zealand Police launched a homicide investigation and confirmed that they were hunting for a lone man in connection with those crimes. On 24 November, Police released three images of the suspect, who was described as wearing a black cap, a black and white bandanna, dark top, and a pair of black trousers emblazoned with the word "Raiders." Police also launched a post-mortem investigation into Patel's death. They also confirmed that the stolen till had been found inside a rubbish bin and issued a call to the public for CCTV footage and eyewitnesses. On 25 November, the media company Stuff provided Police with CCTV footage showing two men and a black car. That evening, Police announced that their investigation had widened to two men and identified their get-away vehicle as a dark-coloured Honda Inspire. By 26 November, the Police confirmed that they had arrested two men in connection to the robbery and Patel's killing. The suspects were identified as a 34-year-old man charged with Patel's murder and aggravated robbery, and a 42-year-old man charged with robbery in relation to the incident. The two suspects appeared in the Auckland District Court where the murder suspect was granted interim name suppression. A 36-year-old man was charged with robbery on 27 November. On 27 November, The New Zealand Herald reported that the suspect charged with murder had been deported from Australia earlier in 2022. In December 2014, the Australian Government had amended the Migration Act 1958 to make it easier to deport non-citizens who had been imprisoned for at least one year. Australia hosts a large New Zealand diaspora community, which numbered 650,000 by December 2019. By March 2022, a total of 2,544 New Zealanders had been deported from Australia over the past seven years. The accelerated deportations contributed to a surge in crime in New Zealand including over 2,000 dishonesty convictions, 1,387 violent crime convictions, 861 drug and anti-social behavior offenses, and 57 sexual crime offenses by March 2022. In addition, several Australian-based bikie gangs including the Comanchero and Mongols expanded their operations to New Zealand. Both Police Commissioner Andrew Coster and National Party leader Christopher Luxon attributed the rising crime rate and gang membership to the repatriation of New Zealand deportees from Australia. == Legal proceedings == On 14 December 2022, the three defendants accused of participating in the Sandringham dairy robbery and murder of Janak Patel appeared at the Auckland High Court. A 34-year old Otahuhu resident, who received interim name suppression, pleaded not guilty to charges of aggravated robbery and murder. His co-defendants were identified as 34-year-old Wiri resident Henry Fred and 42-year-old Otahuhu resident Shane Henry Tane. Both Fred and Tane pleaded not guilty to charges of robbing the dairy's cash register and stealing vape and butane lighters. The robbery charges carry a prison term of up to ten years while the murder charge carries a term of life imprisonment. Justice Sally Fitzgerald remanded the defendants into custody until their next scheduled court appearance in March 2023. A five-week trial is scheduled for 20 May 2024. On 8 March 2023, Fred and Tane had their charges upgraded from aggravated robbery to murder. In addition, name suppression lapsed for the third suspect and he was identified as Frederick Hobson. Hobson and Fred pleaded not guilty to the murder charge On 15 March, Tane pleaded not guilty to the murder charge. Hobson was also identified as the defendant accused of wielding the knife during Patel's murder and was the first of the three suspects to be charged with murder. On 13 March 2024, Frederick Hobson pleaded guilty in the Auckland High Court to aggravated robbery and murder. Hobson's sentencing was scheduled for June 2024. The other two defendants still awaited trial on charges of aggravated robbery and murder. Dairy and Business Association chairman Sunny Kaushal welcomed Hobson's guilty plea but added that "our hearts still ache for this needless act of violence." On 26 June 2024, Hobson was sentenced by Judge Simon Moore to life imprisonment with a minimum non-parole term of 15 years. In addition, co-defendant Shane Tane pleaded guilty to aggravated robbery and was sentenced to four years and six months imprisonment. The third defendant Henry Ford was granted a stay of proceedings due to his terminal illness. Hobson's lawyer read a statement stating that Hobson was ashamed and deeply remorseful for his actions. Judge Moore accepted Hobson's remorse and that his homelessness, unemployment and drug addiction contributed to the offending. During Hobson and Tane's sentencing, the Auckland High Court heard victim impact statements from Patel's mother, father, sister, and brother-in-law. == Responses == === Political responses === On 24 November, Minister of Police Chris Hipkins stated that Rose Cottage Superette had qualified for fog cannon funding from the Government and sought an explanation from the Police on why the shop's request for one had been declined. The Sandringham Neighbourhood Support Group had stated that Superette's owners had tried unsuccessfully for years to apply for support to install security measures. Following Patel's death, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern was criticised by ACT Party leader David Seymour for not postponing her trip to the Chatham Islands on 26 November 2022 and not visiting local dairies in Sandringham, which falls within the boundaries of her Mount Albert electorate. In response to criticism, Ardern defended her trip, stating that she had been in contact with Mount Albert community leaders. Ardern also said that she did not want to interfere with an active Police investigation and disturb Patel's grieving family. Ardern had visited the Chatham Islands as part of an official delegation to sign an agreement with the Māori iwi (tribe) Ngāti Mutunga o Wharekauri to settle historical Treaty of Waitangi claims. On 26 November, Ardern met with Patel's family, the Sandringham Business Association and other community members. During a press conference at the Auckland Central Police Station, Ardern acknowledged the Police's investigation efforts and confirmed she had spoken with the owner of the Rose Cottage Superette. Ardern also confirmed that the Government was investigating ways to help small businesses including investing in fog cannons and other security measures. On 28 November, Ardern and Hipkins announced that the Government would be launching a new retail crime package to combat retail crime including a fog cannon subsidy scheme; a NZ$4 million fund to support local councils' crime prevention programmes in Auckland, Hamilton and the Bay of Plenty; and expanding the existing NZ$6 million Retail Crime Prevention Fund eligibility to include aggravated robberies. === Civil society responses === On 25 November 2022, Dairy and Business Association chairperson Sunny Kaushal announced plans to hold a nationwide protest following Janak Patel's funeral. As part of the protest, thousands of dairies and small businesses will cease operations for a minimum of two hours. Kaushal also penned a guest column in The New Zealand Herald calling upon the Government to acknowledge that New Zealand was facing a "crime emergency" and for the introduction of self-defence laws allowing owners to defend their property with "acceptable force." In response to Patel's death, Sandringham Business Association chair Jithin Chittibomma criticised the Government for ignoring the concerns of dairies and small business owners. He stated that "they [the Government] thought the perpetrators' rights were more important than the retailers." On 26 November, the Migrant Workers Association organised a candlelit vigil outside the Rose Cottage Superette to pay respect to Patel. The Association's President Anu Kaloti called on the Government to take action but warned that "tough on crime" policies were doomed to fail. Unite Union organiser Joe Carolan also spoke at the vigil and called for a "culture of community" with no murder and greed. Members of the public laid flowers and tributes for Patel outside the dairy. On 28 November, the Dairy and Business Owners Group staged a nationwide protest to honour Patel's memory, raise awareness of the plight of retailers, and protest perceived Government inaction against retail crime. 300 people attended a streetside vigil outside Ardern's electorate office in Mt Albert, which spilled into the nearby New North Road. Other vigils were also held across the country including a protest vigil outside Deputy Prime Minister Grant Robertson's Wellington Central electorate office. By 3 December, a Givealittle page had raised NZ$91,000 for Patel's family. By 23 December, more than NZ$100,000 had been raised for Patel's family via the Dairy and Business Owners Group's Givealittle page. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Honeycomb	Android Honeycomb	Android Honeycomb is the codename for the third major version of Android, designed for devices with larger screen sizes, particularly tablets; however, it has also been unofficially ported to the Nexus One. It is the eighth version of Android and is no longer supported, as of November 14, 2016. Android Honeycomb debuted with the Motorola Xoom in February 2011. Besides the addition of new features, Android Honeycomb introduced a new so-called "holographic" user interface theme and an interaction model that built on the main features of Android, such as multitasking, notifications, and widgets. == Features == New features introduced in Honeycomb include the following: The Email and Contacts apps use a two-pane UI. The Gallery app now lets users view albums and other collections in full-screen mode, with access to thumbnails for other photos in a collection. The Browser app replaces browser windows with tabs, adds an incognito mode for anonymous browsing, and presents bookmarks and history in a unified view, among other features. A redesigned keyboard to make entering text easier on large-screen devices such as tablet computers. A Recent Apps view for multitasking. Customizable home screens (up to five). == See also == Android version history iOS 4 Mac OS X Snow Leopard Windows Phone 7 Windows 7 == References == == External links == Media related to Android Honeycomb at Wikimedia Commons Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3412_Kafka#:~:text=It%20was%20discovered%20on%2010%20January%201983	3412 Kafka	3412 Kafka, provisional designation 1983 AU2, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1983, by American astronomers Randolph Kirk and Donald Rudy at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after writer Franz Kafka. == Orbit and classification == Kafka orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,212 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1942 YB at the Finnish Turku Observatory in 1942, extending the body's observation arc by 41 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar. == Physical characteristics == According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Kafka measures 6.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.231. Kafka is a superslow rotator. Its rotation period of 2,766 hours (about 115 days) is among the longest of any known asteroid. == Naming == This minor planet was named after Franz Kafka (1883–1924), Austrian–Czech writer of novels and short stories, in which protagonists are faced with bizarre or surrealistic situations. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 February 1987 (M.P.C. 11641). == References == Bibliography Edberg, Stephen J.; Levy, David H. (1994). Observing, Comets, Asteroids, Meteors, and the Zodiacal Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42003-7. == External links == Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 3412 Kafka at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 3412 Kafka at the JPL Small-Body Database
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Prasad_Dhar	Durga Prasad Dhar	Durga Prasad Dhar, commonly known as D. P. Dhar (1918–1975), was an Indian politician and diplomat who is considered as the chief architect of the Indian intervention in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Dhar was a close adviser and confidant of Indira Gandhi. He served as the Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, and as a minister in the Government of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Government of India. == Early life and education == Dhar was born on May 10, 1918, in Srinagar in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in British India into a Kashmiri Pandit family. He studied at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Sheikh Bagh. He earned his bachelor's degree from the University of the Punjab in Lahore and went on to complete his LLB from the University of Lucknow. == Career == === Political === Dhar joined the Quit Kashmir movement in 1946, which was led by Sheikh Abdullah against Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir. He is reported to have played a key role in assisting the Indian Army during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. He helped the Indian officers interact with the population and collect porters, mules and other kinds of administrative help which facilitated the soldiers' job. Dhar was subsequently appointed the Home Secretary and then the Deputy Home Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in 1948, when Sheikh Abdullah was the Prime Minister. He was a Member of the Jammu and Kashmir State Constituent Assembly from 1951 to 1957 which endorsed Kashmir's accession to India. He was also a Member of the State Assembly from 1957 to 1967, and was appointed Cabinet Minister, in-charge of various portfolios. He was later elected to the Rajya Sabha from Jammu and Kashmir in 1972. He was appointed as the Union Minister for Planning in July, 1972. Dhar was a close associate of Indira Gandhi and was instrumental in finalising the 1972 Indo-Bangladesh treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation. He became one of the closest confidants of the Nehru-Gandhi family and also played a significant role in the 1972 Simla agreement between India and Pakistan. === Diplomacy === Dhar was a member of the Indian delegation to the United Nations security council meeting in 1949 and the Indian delegation to United Nations General Assembly in the Paris Session of 1952. He was the ambassador of India to the Soviet Union between 1969-1971 and then again from 1975 till his death. He negotiated the 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and was a principal architect of India's military intervention in neighbouring East Pakistan's civil war, which led to the creation of independent Bangladesh. The D.P. Dhar Hall at Embassy of India in Moscow is named in his honour. === Death === D.P. Dhar died of a heart attack on 12 June 1975. == Awards == In 2012, Bangladesh president Zillur Rahman conferred the Liberation War Friendship Honour (posthumous) to Durga Prasad Dhar in recognition of his pioneering role in concluding the 1971 Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty, mobilising international support in favour of Bangladesh and playing a special role in support of the Liberation War. Vijay Dhar, son of D.P. Dhar received the honour on his behalf in Dhaka. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Fitzpatrick	Gabrielle Fitzpatrick	Gabrielle Fitzpatrick (born 1 February 1967) is an Australian film and television actress. == Early life == Fitzpatrick was born in 1 February 1966, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Her background is Irish, English and German. She started her career as a model. She made her first on-screen appearance in an Outback Steakhouse television advertisement. == Career == While modelling in Milan, Fitzpatrick auditioned for a modeling part in Italian film Via Monte Napoleone, directed by Carlo Vanzina, but was lucky enough to score a speaking role. She has since starred in 11 films, including superhero film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995), Australian thriller Offspring (1996), action films Mr. Nice Guy (1997) and Inferno (1999) alongside Jackie Chan and Jean-Claude Van Damme respectively. Other film credits include Clover Bend (2002) and religious film The Last Sin Eater (2007) with Henry Thomas. She has also featured in the television movies Blackwater Trail (1995) and The Magicians (2000). Her most recent film project was 2017's Fatties: Take Down the House, directed by Bob Gordon. Fitzpatrick has also appeared in numerous television series, including regular roles as Brooke Bannister in Australian soap opera Paradise Beach (1993) and Montana Hale in Australian period drama The Man from Snowy River (1995–1996). She had recurring roles as Naomi Reynolds in American police procedural series NYPD Blue (1997–1998) and Charlotte Bentley Logan in American western drama Legacy (1999). She has also appeared in guest roles in both Australian and American television series including E Street (1991), Police Rescue (1991), G.P. (1993), Fire (1995), Roar (1997), Frasier (1998), Nash Bridges (2000), Providence (2001), Dragnet (2003), 24 (2004), North Shore (2004) and Lost (2006/2007). == Personal life == Fitzpatrick has been married to Shaun Sewter, an animation director, VFX supervisor, and motion graphics artist, since 10 September 2008. She is currently based in Los Angeles, California. She studied advertising, marketing and brand development at UCLA from 2007 to 2010. She has worked as a consultant for Self By Self Art and as a marketing and PR assistant for Moo Studios, according to her LinkedIn profile. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === == References == == External links == Gabrielle Fitzpatrick at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_(fencing)	Sabre (fencing)	The sabre (US English: saber, both pronounced ) is one of the three disciplines of modern fencing alongside foil & epee. The sabre weapon is for thrusting and cutting with both the cutting edge and the back of the blade (unlike the other modern fencing weapons, the épée and foil, where a touch is scored only using the point of the blade). The informal term sabre fencer refers to sabre fencers of both genders. == Weapon == "The blade, which must be of steel, is approximately rectangular in section. The maximum length of the blade is 88 cm (35 in). The minimum width of the blade, which must be at the button, is 4 mm (0.16 in); its thickness, also immediately below the button, must be at least 1.2 mm (0.047 in)." The cross-sectional profile of the sabre blade is commonly a V-shaped base which transitions to a flat rectangular shaped end with most blade variants, but this is dependent on how it is manufactured. This allows the blade to be flexible towards the end. According to regulation, manufacturers must acknowledge that the blade must be fixed horizontally at a point 70 cm (28 in) from the tip of the blade. Standardised adult (size 5) blades are 88 cm (35 in) in length (excluding other components). At the end of the blade, the point is folded over itself to form a "button" which, when viewed end on, must have a square or rectangular section of 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) no larger or smaller. The button must not be any more than 3 mm (0.12 in) from the end of the 88 cm (35 in) blade section. The guard is full in shape, made in one piece and is externally smooth; the curvature of the guard is continuous without any aesthetic perforations or rims. The interior of the guard is fully insulated by either paint or a pad. The guard is designed to provide the hand adequate protection to ensure that injury does not occur which may hinder the performance of the fencer. Guards are dimensionally measured 15 by 14 cm (5.9 by 5.5 in) in section where the blade is parallel with the axis of the gauge. On electrical sabres, a socket for the body wire is found underneath the bell guard. A fastener known as a pommel is attached to the end of the sword to keep the bell guard and handle on. It electrically separates the handle and the guard. The conventional handle of the sabre is shaped so that it may be held so that the hand may slide down to gain further extension of the weapon relative to the fencer. Other grips which form various shapes are incompatible and impractical with sabre as they limit the movement of the hand, and are likely to be ergonomically incompatible with the guard. The entire weapon is generally 105 cm (41 in) long; the maximum weight is 500 g (18 oz), but most competition swords are closer to 400 g (14 oz). It is shorter than the foil or épée, and lighter than the épée, hence physically easier to move swiftly and decisively. However the integrity of the sabre blade is not as strong as other weapons as it is more likely to break due to the design. === Electrical sabre === Like other weapons used in fencing, the modern sabre uses an electrical connection to register touches. The sabreur wears a lamé, a conductive jacket, to complete the circuit and register a touch to a valid target. Sabre was the last weapon in fencing to make the transition over to using electrical equipment. This occurred in 1988, 32 years (1956) after the foil and 52 years (1936) after the épée. In 2004, immediately following the Athens Summer Olympics, the timing for recording a touch was shortened from its previous setting, dramatically altering the sport and method in which a touch is scored. Unlike the other two weapons, there is very little difference between an electric sabre and a steam or dry (non-electric) one. The blade itself is the same in steam and electric sabres, as there is no need for a blade wire or pressure-sensitive tip in an electric sabre. An electric sabre has a socket, which is generally a 2-prong or bayonet foil socket with the two contacts shorted together. The electric sabre also has insulation on the pommel and on the inside of the guard to prevent an electrical connection between the sabre and the lamé. This is undesirable because it effectively extends the lamé onto the sabre, causing any blade contact to be registered as a valid touch. Early electric sabres were equipped with a capteur socket. The capteur was a small mechanical accelerometer that was intended to distinguish between a good cut and a mere touch of the blade against the target. In November 2019, the FIE announced their intention to re-introduce the capteur to sabre using modern accelerometer technology. == Target area == The general target area for the discipline, that is, all areas where a valid hit may be scored, comprises the entire torso above the waist, the head, and the arms up to the wrist. The legs, hands and feet are excluded from the target area. A single circuit for the entire target area used in scoring systems is formed by multiple conductive pieces of equipment: Glove: Gloves usually provide the conductive manchette (cuff) used in physical conjunction and contact with the lamé; usually worn over the lamé. The hand may not be conductive. Lamé: The conductive lamé which covers the torso and arms of the fencer. Conductivity of the lamé does not extend past the waistline to meet with the target criteria. Mask: The conductive mask, usually directly connected to the lamé through a wire with a crocodile clip on each end. Because touches can be scored using the edge of the blade, there is no need for a pressure-sensitive head (the "button") to be present on the end of the blade. When fencing "electric" (as opposed to "steam" or "dry") a current runs through the sabre blade. When the blade comes into contact with the lamé, the electrical mask, or the manchette, current flows through the body cord and interacts with the scoring equipment. == Scoring == === Central judging apparatus === The scoring apparatus or box aids the referee's final judgement. As for all electrical apparatus used in modern fencing, the referee must take into account the possibility of mechanical failure. Most sabre hits are registered by light signals placed on top of the sabre apparatus (red and green distinguishable for each fencer, with the light indicating the fencer who registered a hit) and accompanied by audible signal(s) consisting of either a short ring or a continuous note limited to two seconds. In some circumstances a white signal is indicated when a fencer has hit off-target. ==== Lockout period ==== The lockout period is the minimum amount of time between registered touches respective of the target area. This period is set into the electrical apparatus to aid judgement. Recent regulation adjustments to the "functioning times of the scoring apparatuses" following from the 2016 Olympic Games modified the registering times from 120 ms (± 10 ms) to 170 ms (± 10 ms). Scoring apparatuses with the new modification are marked with a 2 cm × 4 cm (0.79 in × 1.57 in) magenta identification label bearing in black text "FIE 2016". If both hits occur and the time difference is greater than the lockout period, one signal is displayed by the judging apparatus. The referee is likely to award the point to the first hit. If both hits occur within the lockout period, both signals are displayed; in such a situation final judgement of the score is determined by the 'right of way'. Changing the lockout timing effectively changed the way with which the sabre was fenced, making it faster with greater emphasis on footwork. Although the essential nature of the game would remain the same, the strategies for attack and defense would need to be rethought. The timing change was initially greeted with a degree of controversy, as many fencers were accustomed to having the longer timings. This made the techniques then employed vulnerable to fast stop-cuts (a hit made by the defender that lands whilst the attacker is still beginning an attack, also known as a skyhook) or remises (a second attack made by the original attacker after the first has technically finished). It was commonly regarded that the shorter timings would only encourage poor technique and an "attack only" mentality, negating much of the art of the sport. Remises and stop-cuts would not normally score a point, as a hit by the attacker would take priority. However, the hit made with priority may arrive too late under the shorter timings to register, and so the stop-cuts and remises would indeed score. As a result of the narrower timings, the efficacy of attacks into preparation was increased, meaning that it was now more critical that the preparing fencer must already have begun an attack by the time the two fencers were in hitting distance of each other. The techniques of how to parry and riposte have been extended. The solid parries, used extensively before the change of timings, would be supplemented by an additional step back by the defender to avoid the attacker remising (continuing to push their blade after their attack has technically done) or else the defence to be performed as a beat-attack, an extending arm that deflects the oncoming attack halfway through the extension before hitting the original attacker's target area. With hindsight, the shorter timings seem to have encouraged a tightening and refinement of the original techniques with smaller, neater moves so that, on the whole, sabre fencing became faster and more precise than it had ever been before. === Right of way === When both signals indicate, it rests upon the referee to decide which fencer scores the point. The decision is based on the concept of right of way which gives the point to the fencer who had priority, i.e. the attacking fencer. As with foil, the other right of way weapon, priority is gained in many ways, which can be broken down into active, passive, and defensive categories: Active: Attacking the opponent. (In fencing the word "attack" is defined as: the initial offensive action made by extending the arm and continuously threatening the opponent's target, preceding the launching of the lunge or step. The flèche is illegal in sabre as a "crossover". In sabre the threat may be established with the point or the cutting edge, and the end of the attack coincides with the moment the front foot touches the strip.) Hitting with the blade after the front foot has landed constitutes a remise of the attack, and so an opponent's attack delivered at the same time would take the right of way in this case. Executing an attack which is preceded by a beat on the opponent's weapon. Passive: Establishing a point in line prior to the opponent initiating an attack. The hit must be completed with the point and have the point stick to their opponent's chest (not a poke that hits and then slides off). Derobement of the opponent's attempts to beat are allowed, but the point must continue to threaten the target, and a derobement when there is no attempt to beat also loses the right of way. If an attack is executed against an opponent who has point in line, the attacker must remove the point in line (i.e., with a beat, etc.). Simply making contact with the blade is insufficient and the blade must actually be moved aside. If an attempt to beat the blade is made, and missed (because of a derobe), the opponent maintains the right of way. Point in line can lose priorities regardless of whether the fencer is advancing, stationary, or retreating, but is lost if the arm is bent or the point is moved away from targeting the opponent. Defensive: Executing an immediate return offence following the opponent's failed attack; the failed attack can be the result of a parry (i.e., parry-riposte), or because it has fallen short of the target (commonly termed a "get-away-go"), or in any other way missed. If neither fencer has 'right of way' in a double touch situation (typically, if both initiate the attack simultaneously in so far as the director can determine), the action is called a "simultaneous attack" and no point is awarded unless an attack is initiated first and is not parried or missed. Right of way rules were initially established to encourage fencers to use parries and other techniques in order to hit without being hit, as they would logically desire to do if they were using sharp swords. Subsequently, the rules of right of way have been altered simply to keep the strategy and technique of sabre interesting and (relatively) easy to understand. === Referee === The referee may halt the action for reasons such as a safety hazard, fencer injury, or violation of the rules. When the referee says "halt", no further action may score a point. For cases of rules violations, the referee may choose to either warn the offender or show him or her a penalty card. A warning has no scoring implication. Cards, on the other hand, have further penalties: Yellow card: Offender's touch may be annulled, similar to a warning. This may be given if a fencer moves forward before "fence" is heard, or unnecessary action after "halt" is heard. Red card: Offender's touch usually annulled, point awarded to opponent. Two yellow cards result in a red card. Black card: Offender is removed from the tournament and the building. This can be caused by refusing to salute, or falsifying documents and covering up breaches in rules. The referee will traditionally score the bout in French, but most non-French speaking referees tend to make calls in the relevant local language. However, in international competitions, the referees are required to use French. There are also associated hand motions the referees will make to indicate specific calls in order to bridge a potential language barrier. Most current referees are required to make calls both verbally and with the relevant hand motions to avoid any type of confusion. == Technique == At sabre, it is generally easier to attack than to defend (for example, the timing favours remises) and high-level international sabre fencing is often very fast and very simple, although when required, top sabreurs do display an extended repertoire of tactical devices. In response to the relatively high speed of sabre fencing (sabre is the fastest sport in the world combat wise), the rules for sabre were changed to prohibit the forward cross-over (where the back foot passes the front foot) – it is now a cardable offence. Thus, the flèche attack is no longer permissible, so sabre fencers have instead begun to use a "flunge" (flying lunge). This attack begins like a flèche, but the fencer pushes off from the ground and moves quickly forward, attempting to land a hit before their feet cross over. Similarly, "running attacks" – consisting of a failed flèche followed by continuous remises – have also been eliminated. Sabre defense comprises the three primary parries: Tierce, high outside, flank: The tierce parry is used to defend against attacks aimed at the upper outside line, specifically the fencer's flank and upper arm. The fencer raises their weapon hand to shoulder level, with the blade angled outward to deflect incoming attacks. Quarte, high inside, chest: The quarte parry is employed to block attacks directed at the upper inside line, particularly targeting the fencer's chest and upper arm on the inside. The fencer brings their weapon hand across their body, positioning the blade horizontally and inward to intercept the opponent's blade. Quinte, head: The quinte parry is designed to defend against attacks aimed at the fencer's head. The fencer lifts their weapon hand above their head, angling the blade slightly forward and downward to create a protective shield. and three secondary parries: Prime, generally taken in a sweeping motion to cover the entire inside line - often used instead of quarte when moving from quinte Seconde, either guarding the low outside line - often used instead of tierce when moving from a "point-in-line" Sixte, Blade up and to the outside, wrist supinated. This parry can be lateral or circular. There is great debate over whether this guarde actually exists, or whether it is just a slightly extended tierce, just as in foil and épée parry nine is viewed by some to be just a high sixte. Another parry, lesser-known, but which works against opponents of the same handedness, is referred to as "the Hungarian". This parry is most useful when both fencers charge off the line towards each other. To perform the Hungarian, a fencer throws a "prime" parry when the opponent is within striking distance and sweeps upward into a "quinte" position, covering (in the process) nearly all target area, and performs the riposte as with a normal "quinte" parry. The Hungarian technique often works best if a step or angle is taken in the opposite direction of the "prime" parry. This technique will not work with two fencers of opposite handedness. It follows from the nature of sabre parries (they block an incoming attack rather than deflecting it as in foil and épée) that they are static and must be taken as late as possible to avoid being duped by a feint attack, committing to a parry in the wrong line and being unable to change parry (which often involves completely altering the orientation of the blade while moving and rotating the wrist and forearm) to defend against the real attack quickly enough. Circles, such as Circle 3, 4, and 5, defend against stabs to the body, which an ordinary parry would not block. This is extremely useful, as it is highly versatile, covering much of the target area. There are variations of the primary and secondary parries where the fencer uses their body along with the blade. The most popular is when the fencer jumps into the air and throws a "Seconde." If done correctly, the defender can block an attack to the "Tierce" sector while taking advantage of the high ground. Another example is when the fencer squats to the floor and takes a "Quinte" to both make themselves a smaller target and block their only weak point. Each fencing weapon has a different tempo, and the tempo for épée and foil is rather slow with sudden bursts of speed. Sabre is fast throughout the entire touch. == References == == Further reading == Amberger, J. Christoph (1998). The Secret History of the Sword: Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts. Burbank, California: Unique Publications. ISBN 1-892515-04-0. Luigi Barbasetti: The Art of the Sabre and the Epee. 1936. Reprint 2019. ISBN 978-3-96401-005-6. == External links == FIE ranking enquiry - current and archive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Srinagar_bombing#:~:text=On%206%20March%202022%2C%20a,four%20people%20and%20killing%20two.	2022 Srinagar bombing	On 6 March 2022, a militant threw a grenade at a marketplace in Srinagar, Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, injuring twenty-four people and killing two. The attack occurred at a market in Hari Singh High Street near the Amira Kadal bridge at around 4:20 P.M. The street was very busy and a large number of people were in the marketplace when the bombing struck. The terrorist threw a grenade at security forces, injuring dozens of people, including at least one policeman. Later that day, 60-year old Muhammad Aslam Makdhoomi from Nowhatta succumbed to his injuries. 19-year old Rafiya Jan died the following day. The bombing received widespread condemnation in India, including from Manoj Sinha, Farooq and Omar Abdullah, Mehbooba Mufti, the Jammu Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee, the Bharatiya Janata Party, and many more. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie_Smith#Unmarked_grave	Bessie Smith	Bessie Smith (April 15, 1892 – September 26, 1937) was an American blues singer widely renowned during the Jazz Age. Nicknamed the "Empress of the Blues" and formerly Queen of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1930s. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, she is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and was a major influence on fellow blues singers, as well as jazz vocalists. Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Smith was young when her parents died, and she and her six siblings survived by performing on street corners. She began touring and performed in a group that included Ma Rainey, and then went out on her own. Her successful recording career with Columbia Records began in 1923, but her performing career was cut short by a car crash that killed her at the age of 45. == Biography == === Early life === The 1900 census indicates that her family reported that Bessie Smith was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in July 1892. The 1910 census gives her age as 16, and a birth date of April 15, 1894, which appears on subsequent documents and was observed as her birthday by the Smith family. The 1870 and 1880 censuses report several older siblings or half-siblings. Smith was the daughter of Laura and William Smith, a laborer and part-time Baptist preacher (he was listed in the 1870 census as a "minister of the gospel", in Moulton, Lawrence County, Alabama). He died while his daughter was too young to remember him. By the time Bessie was nine, her mother and a brother had also died and her older sister Viola took charge of caring for her siblings. As a consequence, Bessie was unable to gain an education. Due to her parents' death and her poverty, Bessie experienced a "wretched childhood." To earn money for their impoverished household, Bessie and her brother Andrew busked on the streets of Chattanooga. She sang and danced as he played the guitar. They often performed on "street corners for pennies," and their habitual location was in front of the White Elephant Saloon at Thirteenth and Elm streets, in the heart of the city's African-American community. In 1904, her oldest brother Clarence left home and joined a small traveling troupe owned by Moses Stokes. "If Bessie had been old enough, she would have gone with him," said Clarence's widow, Maud. "That's why he left without telling her, but Clarence told me she was ready, even then. Of course, she was only a child." In 1912, Clarence returned to Chattanooga with the Stokes troupe and arranged an audition for his sister with the troupe managers, Lonnie and Cora Fisher. Bessie was hired as a dancer rather than a vocalist since the company already included popular singer Ma Rainey. Contemporary accounts indicate that, while Ma Rainey did not teach Smith to sing, she likely helped her develop a stage presence. Smith eventually moved on to performing in chorus lines, making the "81" Theatre in Atlanta her home base. She also performed in shows on the black-owned Theater Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.) circuit and would become one of its major attractions. === Career === Bessie Smith began forming her own act around 1913, at Atlanta's "81" Theater. By 1920, she had established a reputation in the South and along the East Coast. At the time, sales of over 100,000 copies of "Crazy Blues", recorded for Okeh Records by the singer Mamie Smith (no relation), pointed to a new market. The recording industry had not directed its product to black people, but the success of the record led to a search for female blues singers. Hoping to capitalize on this new market, Smith began her recording career in 1923. She was signed to Columbia Records in 1923 by Frank Walker, a talent agent who had seen her perform years earlier. Her first recording session for Columbia was on February 15, 1923; it was engineered by Dan Hornsby who was recording and discovering many southern music talents of that era. For most of 1923, her records were issued on Columbia's regular A-series. When the company established a "race records" series, Smith's "Cemetery Blues" (September 26, 1923) was the first issued. Both sides of her first record, "Downhearted Blues" backed with "Gulf Coast Blues", were hits (an earlier recording of "Downhearted Blues" by its co-writer Alberta Hunter had previously been released by Paramount Records). As her popularity increased, Smith became a headliner on the Theatre Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.) circuit and rose to become its top attraction in the 1920s. Working a heavy theater schedule during the winter and performing in tent shows the rest of the year, Smith became the highest-paid black entertainer of her day and began traveling in her own 72-foot-long railroad car. Columbia's publicity department nicknamed her "Queen of the Blues", but the national press soon upgraded her title to "Empress of the Blues". Smith's music stressed independence, fearlessness, and sexual freedom, implicitly arguing that working-class women did not have to alter their behavior to be worthy of respect. Despite her success, neither she nor her music was accepted in all circles. She once auditioned for Black Swan Records (W. E. B. Du Bois was on its board of directors) and was dismissed because she was considered too rough as she supposedly stopped singing to spit. The businessmen involved with Black Swan Records were surprised when she became the most successful diva because her style was rougher and coarser than Mamie Smith. Even her admirers—white and black—considered her a "rough" woman (i.e., working class or even "low class"). Smith had a strong contralto voice, which recorded well from her first session, which was conducted when recordings were made acoustically. The advent of electrical recording made the power of her voice even more evident. Her first electrical recording was "Cake Walking Babies [From Home]", recorded on May 5, 1925. Smith also benefited from the new technology of radio broadcasting, even on stations in the segregated South. For example, after giving a concert to a white-only audience at a theater in Memphis, Tennessee, in October 1923, she performed a late-night concert on station WMC, which was well received by the radio audience. Musicians and composers like Danny Barker and Tommy Dorsey compared her presence and delivery to a preacher because of her ability to enrapture and move her audience. She made 160 recordings for Columbia, often accompanied by the finest musicians of the day, notably Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, Fletcher Henderson, James P. Johnson, Joe Smith, and Charlie Green. A number of Smith's recordings—such as "Alexander's Ragtime Band" in 1927—quickly became among the best-selling records of their release years. ==== Broadway ==== Smith's career was cut short by the Great Depression, which nearly put the recording industry out of business, and the advent of sound in film, which spelled the end of vaudeville. She never stopped performing, however. The days of elaborate vaudeville shows were over, but Smith continued touring and occasionally sang in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a Broadway musical, Pansy. The play was a flop; top critics said she was its only asset. ==== Film ==== In November 1929, Smith made her only film appearance, starring in a two-reeler, St. Louis Blues, based on composer W. C. Handy's song of the same name. In the film, directed by Dudley Murphy and shot in Astoria, Queens, she sings the title song accompanied by members of Fletcher Henderson's orchestra, the Hall Johnson Choir, the pianist James P. Johnson and a string section, a musical environment radically different from that of any of her recordings. ==== Swing era ==== In 1933, John Henry Hammond, who also mentored Billie Holiday, asked Smith to record four sides for Okeh (which had been acquired by Columbia Records in 1925). He claimed to have found her in semi-obscurity, "working as a hostess in a speakeasy on Ridge Avenue in Philadelphia." Smith worked at Art's Cafe on Ridge Avenue, but not as a hostess and not until the summer of 1936. In 1933, when she made the Okeh sides, she was still touring. Hammond was known for his selective memory and gratuitous embellishments. Smith was paid a non-royalty fee of $37.50 for each selection on these Okeh sides, which were her last recordings. Made on November 24, 1933, they serve as a hint of the transformation she made in her performances as she shifted her blues artistry into something that fit the swing era. The relatively modern accompaniment is notable. The band included such swing era musicians as the trombonist Jack Teagarden, the trumpeter Frankie Newton, the tenor saxophonist Chu Berry, the pianist Buck Washington, the guitarist Bobby Johnson, and the bassist Billy Taylor. Benny Goodman, who happened to be recording with Ethel Waters in the adjoining studio, dropped by and is barely audible on one selection. Hammond was not entirely pleased with the results, preferring to have Smith revisit her old blues sound. "Take Me for a Buggy Ride" and "Gimme a Pigfoot", both written by Wesley Wilson, were among her most popular recordings. === Death === On September 26, 1937, Smith was critically injured in a car crash on U.S. Route 61 between Memphis, Tennessee, and Clarksdale, Mississippi. Her lover, Richard Morgan, was driving, and misjudged the speed of a slow-moving truck ahead of him. Skid marks at the scene suggested that Morgan tried to avoid the truck by driving around its left side, but he hit the rear of the truck side-on at high speed. The tailgate of the truck sheared off the wooden roof of Smith's old Packard vehicle. Smith, who was in the passenger seat, probably with her right arm or elbow out the window, took the full brunt of the impact. Morgan escaped without injuries. The first person on the scene was a Memphis surgeon, Dr. Hugh Smith (no relation). In the early 1970s, Hugh Smith gave a detailed account of his experience to Bessie's biographer Chris Albertson. This is the most reliable eyewitness testimony about the events surrounding her death. Arriving at the scene, Dr. Smith examined Smith, who was lying in the middle of the road with obviously severe injuries. He estimated she had lost about a half pint (240 mL) of blood, and immediately noted a major traumatic injury: her right arm was almost completely severed at the elbow. Dr. Smith stated that this injury alone did not cause her death. Though the light was poor, he observed only minor head injuries. He attributed her death to extensive and severe crush injuries to the entire right side of her body, consistent with a sideswipe collision. Henry Broughton, a fishing partner of Dr. Smith's, helped him move Smith to the shoulder of the road. Dr. Smith dressed her arm injury with a clean handkerchief and asked Broughton to go to a house about 500 feet (150 m) off the road to call an ambulance. By the time Broughton returned, about 25 minutes later, Smith was in shock. Time passed with no sign of the ambulance, so Dr. Smith suggested that they take her into Clarksdale in his car. He and Broughton had almost finished clearing the back seat when they heard the sound of a car approaching at high speed. Dr. Smith flashed his lights in warning, but the oncoming car failed to slow and plowed into his car at full speed. It sent his car careening into Smith's overturned Packard, completely wrecking it. The oncoming car ricocheted off Hugh Smith's car into the ditch on the right, barely missing Broughton and Bessie Smith. The young couple in the speeding car did not sustain life-threatening injuries. Two ambulances then arrived from Clarksdale—one from the black hospital, summoned by Broughton, the second from the white hospital, acting on a report from the truck driver, who had not seen the crash victims. Smith was taken to the G. T. Thomas Afro-American Hospital in Clarksdale, where her right arm was amputated. She died that morning without regaining consciousness. After her death, an often repeated, but now discredited story emerged that she died because a whites-only hospital in Clarksdale refused to admit her. The jazz writer and producer John Hammond gave this account in an article in the November 1937 issue of DownBeat magazine. The circumstances of Smith's death and the rumor reported by Hammond formed the basis for Edward Albee's 1959 one-act play The Death of Bessie Smith. "The Bessie Smith ambulance would not have gone to a white hospital; you can forget that", Hugh Smith told Albertson. "Down in the Deep South Cotton Belt, no ambulance driver, or white driver, would even have thought of putting a colored person off in a hospital for white folks." Smith's funeral was held in Philadelphia a little over a week later, on October 4, 1937. Initially, her body was laid out at Upshur's funeral home. As word of her death spread through Philadelphia's black community, her body had to be moved to the O. V. Catto Elks Lodge to accommodate the estimated 10,000 mourners who filed past her coffin on Sunday, October 3. Contemporary newspapers reported that her funeral was attended by about seven thousand people. Far fewer mourners attended the burial at Mount Lawn Cemetery, in nearby Sharon Hill. Jack Gee thwarted all efforts to purchase a stone for his estranged wife, once or twice pocketing money raised for that purpose. ==== Unmarked grave ==== Smith's grave remained unmarked until a tombstone was erected on August 7, 1970, paid for by the singer Janis Joplin and Juanita Green, who as a child had done housework for Smith. Dory Previn wrote a song about Joplin and the tombstone, "Stone for Bessie Smith", for her album Mythical Kings and Iguanas. The Afro-American Hospital (now the Riverside Hotel) was the site of the dedication of the fourth historical marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail. == Personal life == In 1923, Smith was living in Philadelphia when she met Jack Gee, a security guard, whom she married on June 7, 1923, just as her first record was being released. During the marriage, Smith became the highest-paid Black entertainer of the day, heading her own shows, which sometimes featured as many as 40 troupers, and touring in her own custom-built railroad car. In the 1920s and 30s African Americans had limited options in terms of hotels and other spaces to gather. To meet this need, establishments were created by and for African Americans called Buffet Flats, which featured expensive food, free-flowing booze, and sex shows (see also, Prostitution in Harlem Renaissance). Smith frequented Buffet Flats after concerts with friends, including drag queens and gay men who viewed it as a safe haven. Her friends reported that a lot of people would pay top dollar to see the sex shows at the buffet, and it has been reported that she would engage in sexual activities with both men and women, including her longtime friend and lover Ruby Walker, both before and during her relationship with Jack Gee. Her marriage to Gee was stormy, with infidelity on both sides, including Smith's numerous female lovers. Gee was impressed by the money Smith made during her career, but never adjusted to show business life, or to her bisexuality. He would leave periodically, and Smith would use this as an opportunity to have affairs, including with her musical director Fred Longshaw. When Gee found out about this, he physically assaulted Smith, but she got back up quickly and started beating him. When she found out about one of her husband's affairs, she proceeded to get Gee's gun, and shot at him. In 1929, when she learned of his affair with another singer, Gertrude Saunders, Smith ended the relationship, although neither of them sought a divorce. Smith later entered a common-law marriage with an old friend, Richard Morgan, who was Lionel Hampton's uncle. She stayed with him until her death. == Musical themes == Songs like "Jail House Blues", "Work House Blues", "Prison Blues", "Sing Sing Prison Blues" and "Send Me to the 'Lectric Chair" dealt critically with social issues of the day such as chain gangs, the convict lease system and capital punishment. "Poor Man's Blues" and "Washwoman's Blues" are considered by scholars to be an early form of African-American protest music. What becomes evident after listening to her music and studying her lyrics is that Smith emphasized and channeled a subculture within the African-American working class. Additionally, she incorporated commentary on social issues like poverty, intra-racial conflict, and female sexuality into her lyrics. Her lyrical sincerity and public behavior were not widely accepted as appropriate expressions for African-American women; therefore, her work was often written off as distasteful or unseemly, rather than as an accurate representation of the African-American experience. Smith's work challenged elitist norms by encouraging working-class women to embrace their right to drink, party, and satisfy their sexual needs as a means of coping with stress and dissatisfaction in their daily lives. Smith advocated for a wider vision of African-American womanhood beyond domesticity, piety, and conformity; she sought empowerment and happiness through independence, sassiness, and sexual freedom. Although Smith was a voice for many minority groups and one of the most gifted blues performers of her time, the themes in her music were precocious, which led to many believing that her work was undeserving of serious recognition. Smith's lyrics are often speculated to have portrayed her sexuality. In "Prove it On Me", performed by Ma Rainey, Rainey famously sang, "Went out last night with a crowd of my friends. They must've been women, 'cause I don't like no mens.. they say I do it, ain't nobody caught me. Sure got to prove it on me." African American queer theorists and activists have often looked to Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith as "gender-bending" role models of the early 20th-century blues era. == Awards and honors == === Grammy Hall of Fame === Three recordings by Smith were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, an award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance". === National Recording Registry === In 2002, Smith's recording of "Downhearted Blues" was included in the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Board of the Library of Congress. The board annually selects recordings that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". "Downhearted Blues" was also included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts in 2001, and in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 songs that shaped rock 'n' roll. === Inductions === === U.S. postage stamp === The U.S. Postal Service issued a 29-cent commemorative postage stamp honoring Smith in 1994. === Other === In 2019 Time created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Smith for 1923. In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Smith at No. 33 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. == In pop culture == The 1948 short story "Blue Melody", by J. D. Salinger, and the 1959 play The Death of Bessie Smith, by Edward Albee, are based on Smith's life and death, but poetic license was taken by both authors; for instance, Albee's play distorts the circumstances of her medical treatment, or lack of it, before her death, attributing it to racist medical practitioners. The circumstances related by both Salinger and Albee were widely circulated until being debunked at a later date by Smith's biographer. Dinah Washington and LaVern Baker released tribute albums to Smith in 1958. Released on Exodus Records in 1965, Hoyt Axton Sings Bessie Smith is another collection of Smith's songs performed by folk singer Hoyt Axton. The song "Bessie Smith" by The Band first appeared on The Basement Tapes in 1975, but probably dates from 1970 to 1971, although musician Artie Traum recalls bumping into Rick Danko, the co-writer of the song, at Woodstock in 1969, who sang a verse of "Going Down The Road to See Bessie" on the spot. Her song "See If I'll Care" was sampled by Indian Summer throughout their self-titled EP, released in 1993. The release was received well by critics, noting how the sample helped contrast the post-hardcore and emo styles of the rest of the release. When their discography was reissued in 2019 to acclaim, Smith and the song also saw a boost in popularity. She was the subject of a 1997 biography by Jackie Kay, reissued in February 2021 and featuring as Book of the Week on BBC Radio 4, read in an abridged version by the author. In the 2015 HBO film Bessie, Queen Latifah portrays Smith, focusing on the struggle and transition of Smith's life and sexuality. The film was well received critically and garnered four Primetime Emmy Awards, winning Outstanding Television Movie. In the medical show New Amsterdam, season 2 episode 16, the character Reynolds says Bessie Smith's accident, and the myth she was first taken to a white hospital and denied care, was what inspired him and his treatment plans. The show did get the fact that she had an unmarked grave corrected and mentioned her legacy in the world of blues. Each June, the Bessie Smith Cultural Center in Chattanooga sponsors the Bessie Smith Strut as part of the city's Riverbend Festival. == Digital remastering == Technical faults in the majority of her original gramophone recordings (especially variations in recording speed, which raised or lowered the apparent pitch of her voice) misrepresented the "light and shade" of her phrasing, interpretation and delivery. They altered the apparent key of her performances (sometimes raised or lowered by as much as a semitone). The "center hole" in some of the master recordings had not been in the true middle of the master disc, so that there were wide variations in tone, pitch, key and phrasing, as commercially released records revolved around the spindle. Given those historic limitations, the 70 LP complete recordings and even more the digitally remastered versions of her work deliver noticeable improvements in the sound quality. Some critics believe that the American Columbia Records compact disc releases are somewhat inferior to subsequent transfers made by the late John R. T. Davies for Frog Records. == Discography == Throughout her entire music career (1923-1933), Bessie Smith recorded 156 tracks for Columbia Records and 4 for the subsidiary OKeh. This makes it quite easy to acquire her complete musical works, which were first released in the 1970s across the following five double albums: The World's Greatest Blues Singer (1970), Any Woman's Blues (1970), Empty Bed Blues (1971), The Empress (1971), Nobody's Blues But Mine (1972). Those recording were later reissued in LPs and CDs in the 1990s under The Complete Recordings (Vol. 1-5) title LPs and CDs 1923-24 – The Complete Recording Vol. 1 (2XLp or CD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1991) 1925-25 – The Complete Recording Vol. 2 (2XLp or CD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1991) 1925-28 – The Complete Recording Vol. 3 (2XLp or CD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1992) 1928-31 – The Complete Recording Vol. 4 (2XLp or CD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1993) 1932-33 – The Complete Recording Vol. 5 (2XLp or CD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1996) 1923-33 – The Complete Recording Vols. 1-8 (8xCD) (Frog, 2001) First editions in 10 and 122" Lps Bessie Smith Album (Columbia, 1938) 6 shellac 10" Lp 78 rpm albums Empress of the Blues (Columbia, 1940) shellac 10" Lp 78 rpm album Empress of the Blues, Vol. II (Columbia, 1947) shellac 10" Lp 78 rpm album The Bessie Smith Story, in 4 Volumes (Columbia, 1951) 12" Lp 33 rpm albums Antologies 1923-33 - The Essential Bessie Smith (2xCD) (Columbia/Legacy, 1997) 1923-33 - Empress of the Blues (Giants Of Jazz, 1985) 1923-33 - The Collection (Columbia, 1989) 1928-33 - Blue Spirit Blues (Drive, 1989) === 78 RPM singles — Columbia Records === === 78 RPM Singles — Okeh Records === === Hit records === There was no official national record chart in the US until 1936. National positions have been formulated post facto by music historian Joel Whitburn. == Notes == == References == == Further reading == Albertson, Chris (1991). Bessie Smith: The Complete Recordings, Volumes 1–5 (Liner notes). Sony Music Entertainment. Albertson, Chris (2003). Bessie. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09902-9. Barnet, Andrea (2004). All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913–1930. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-1-56512-381-6. Brooks, Edward (1982). The Bessie Smith Companion: A Critical and Detailed Appreciation of the Recordings. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-76202-1. Davis, Angela (1998). Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude 'Ma' Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-679-45005-X. Eberhardt, Clifford (January 1, 1994). Out of Chattanooga: The Bessie Smith Story. Chattanooga: Ebco. ASIN B0006PDFAQ. Feinstein, Elaine (1985). Bessie Smith. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-80642-0. Grimes, Sara (2000). Backwaterblues: In Search of Bessie Smith. Amherst, Massachusetts: Rose Island. ISBN 0-9707089-0-4. Kay, Jackie (1997). Bessie Smith. New York: Absolute. ISBN 1-899791-55-8.. Reprinted 2021, London: Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0571362929 Manera, Alexandria (2003). Bessie Smith. Chicago: Raintree. ISBN 0-7398-6875-6. Martin, Florence (1994). Bessie Smith. Paris: Éditions du Limon. ISBN 2-907224-31-X. Oliver, Paul (1959). Bessie Smith. London: Cassell. Palmer, Tony (1976). All You Need is Love: The Story of Popular Music. New York: Grossman Publishers, Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-11448-0. Schuller, Gunther (1968). Early Jazz, Its Roots and Musical Development. Vol. 1 (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504043-0. Scott, Michelle R. (2008). Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga: Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07545-2. Welding, Pete; Byron, Tony, eds. (1991). Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93375-1. == External links == Interview with Bessie Smith biographer Chris Albertson Bessie Smith discography at Discogs Bessie Smith recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan	Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan	This is a list of all the amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan. == References == == External links == The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennesla	Vennesla	Vennesla is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vennesla. Other villages in Vennesla include Grovane, Hægeland, Homstean, Mushom, Øvre Eikeland, Øvrebø, Røyknes, and Skarpengland. Vennesla lies about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the city of Kristiansand in the Otra river valley. The 384-square-kilometre (148 sq mi) municipality is the 242nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vennesla is the 79th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 15,294. The municipality's population density is 42.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (109/sq mi) and its population has increased by 11.2% over the previous 10-year period. == General information == The parish of Vennesla was established as a municipality in 1864 when it was separated from the larger municipality of Øvrebø. Initially, Vennesla had 1,103 residents. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, Vennesla (population: 7,321) was merged with most of the neighboring municipality of Øvrebø (population: 925) and with all of another neighboring municipality, Hægeland (population: 849) which created a new, much larger municipality of Vennesla. On 1 January 1978, a small area of Vennesla (population: 10) was transferred to neighboring Songdalen municipality. Then again on 1 January 1984, the unpopulated Hauglandsvatnet area was transferred from Vennesla to Songdalen municipality. On 1 January 1990, the unpopulated Røssebrekka area, just east of the village of Vennesla was transferred from Kristiansand municipality to Vennesla. === Name === The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the old Vennesla farm (Old Norse: Vendilslá) since the first Vennesla Church was built there. The first element is vendil which comes from the word vǫndr which means "small twig". This may have been an old name for an arm of Venneslafjorden. The last element is lá which means "swamp" or "shallow water". === Coat of arms === The coat of arms was adopted on 15 May 1971. The blazon is "Gules, three barrulets wavy in bend sinister with six tree trunks with branches issuant in chief and two cogwheels in sinister base Or". This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is three wavy lines diagonally crossing the arms with six trees above the lines and two cogwheels below. The charge has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The three wavy lines symbolises the river Otra, which runs through the municipality. The six trees symbolize the importance of forestry to the local economy. The cogwheels symbolize the local industry. There is a three-pointed mural crown on top of the arms which represent the three municipalities that were merged in 1964 to form the present municipality: Vennesla, Øvrebø, and Hægeland. The arms were designed by Alv Erikstad. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms. === Churches === The Church of Norway has three parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Vennesla. It is part of the Otredal deanery in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. == Government == Vennesla Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Agder District Court and the Agder Court of Appeal. === Municipal council === The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Vennesla is made up of 27 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party. === Mayors === The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Vennesla: == Geography == Vennesla municipality is situated in Agder county, Norway, about 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the city of Kristiansand. The neighboring municipalities are Evje og Hornnes (to the north), Birkenes and Iveland (to the east), and Kristiansand (to the south and west), and Lindesnes (to the west). The river Otra runs through the municipality from north to south. Both of the lakes Kilefjorden and Venneslafjorden are located along the river. The river Songdalselva runs through the western part of the municipality. === Climate === == Economy == Vennesla (mostly the village of Vennesla) has a small industrial base, primarily with Hunsfos Fabrikker AS, a paper mill, as the cornerstone of the community. During recent decades, however, the number of employees has drastically declined from around 1,200 in the 1970s, to 200 in 2005 and 120 in 2007. In 2010 there was only 135 employees at the paper mill. In 2011, Hunsfos Fabrikker AS celebrated 125 years as a paper mill but later the same year finally ceased production and was declared bankrupt. During Q4 2022, "one hundred plus" workers at Huntonit, a cornerstone of the community, were scheduled for a temporary Layoff (from work); that's a large part of the company's work force; there is no fixed schedule for returning to work. == Media == The newspaper Vennesla Tidende has been published in Vennesla since 1989. == Attractions == === Vikeland Hovedgård === Vikeland Hovedgård is a manor house located along the Otra River in the village of Vennesla. Vigeland Manor was completed in 1847. The building was constructed of wood in both Empire and Swiss style. It was built as part of Vigeland Brug, then one of the largest sawmills in the area. Vigeland Manor was built by Caspar Wild who bought the farm and adjacent sawmill in 1833. In 1894, the farm was sold to John Clarke Hawkshaw whose family retained the manor until around 1960. The current annex was built around 1900. During the 1980s, there was restoration with the main building subsequently used as lodging, corporate, and meeting facilities. The manor house has been said to be haunted by a ghost known as "the Blue Lady" (den Blå Dama). Mari was a farm worker who fell in love with the owner's son. They were not allowed to marry, so it is said Mari committed suicide in the "blue room", hence the title "the Blue Lady". === Vennesla Church === Vennesla Church (Vennesla Kirke) serves Vennesla parish in Otredal deanery (Otredal prosti). The church was completed in 1829 and consecrated the following year. The church was built of stone and brick, while the west tower with side buildings are wooden. The church replaced a church from the first half of the 1600s. The tower was made higher in 1886, and the interior was restored in 1925. === Vindbjart Football Club === The football club of Vennesla is Vindbjart FK, founded in 1896. Vindbjart is currently playing in the Norwegian Third Division and the stadium is Moseidmoen gress in the village of Vennesla. == Notable people == Gabriel Moseid (1882 in Vennesla – 1961), a politician who was Mayor of Vennesla in 1922 Ole Jørgensen (1897–1966), a politician and Mayor of Vennesla during the 1940s & 1950s Sigurd Aalefjær (1917–1991), an engineer and director of hydropower plants who grew up in Vennesla Engly Lie (1919 in Vennesla – 2001), a carpenter and politician who was Mayor of Vennesla in 1959 Børre Knudsen (1937 in Vennesla – 2014), a Lutheran priest and anti-abortion activist Kristen Gislefoss (born 1954 in Vennesla), a meteorologist, prime time weather presenter for NRK Kjetil Nordhus (born 1975 in Vennesla), a singer, composer, and music producer Jorun Stiansen (born 1984), a pop singer and artist who grew up in Vennesla Maria Arredondo (born 1985 in Vennesla), a pop singer == Twin towns – sister cities == Vennesla is twinned with: Katrineholm, Sweden Odder, Denmark Salo, Finland == See also == Vennesla Library and Culture House == References == == External links == Media related to Vennesla at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Vennesla at Wiktionary Vest-Agder travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway (in Norwegian) Welcome to Vennesla – Tourist information Vigeland Hovedgård
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley#Death	Lisa Marie Presley	Lisa Marie Presley (February 1, 1968 – January 12, 2023) was an American singer-songwriter. She was the daughter of singer and actor Elvis Presley and actress Priscilla Presley, as well as the sole heir to her father's estate after her grandfather and great-grandmother died. She was also known for being the first wife of Michael Jackson, from 1994 to 1996. Her musical career consisted of three studio albums: To Whom It May Concern (2003), Now What (2005) and Storm & Grace (2012), with To Whom It May Concern being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Presley also released non-album singles, including duets with her father using archival recordings. Her memoir, From Here to the Great Unknown, was released posthumously in October 2024. == Early life == Lisa Marie Presley was born on February 1, 1968, the only daughter of Elvis and Priscilla Presley, at Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, nine months to the day after her parents' wedding. After her parents divorced, she lived with her mother in Los Angeles, and frequently stayed with her father Elvis at Graceland in Memphis. Presley's parents separated when she was four years old. When her father died in August 1977, nine-year-old Lisa Marie became joint heiress to his estate with her 61-year-old grandfather, Vernon Presley, and her 87-year-old great-grandmother Minnie Mae (Hood) Presley. Through Vernon, Lisa Marie was a descendant of the Harrison family of Virginia. Upon the deaths of her grandfather in 1979 and her great-grandmother in 1980, she became Elvis' sole heir; on her 25th birthday in 1993, she inherited the estate, which had grown to an estimated $100 million. Presley sold 85 percent of Elvis Presley Enterprises in 2004. In the late 1970s, a year or two after her father's death, she attended her first rock concert when she saw Queen at The Forum in Inglewood, California. She gave Freddie Mercury a scarf of her father's after the show, and expressed her love of theatrics. Shortly after her father's death, her mother began dating the actor Michael Edwards. In an interview with Playboy in 2003, Presley said Edwards would enter her room intoxicated and was sexually inappropriate with her. In From Here to the Great Unknown, Presley repeated this allegation and stated that Edwards sexually assaulted her starting in 1978. She has a half-brother, Navarone Garibaldi, from her mother's 22-year relationship with Marco Garibaldi. Presley made a video of "Don't Cry Daddy" as a posthumous duet with her father in 1997. This video was presented on August 16, 1997, at the tribute concert that marked the 20th anniversary of Elvis' death. The video contains Elvis' original vocal to which new instrumentation and Lisa Marie's vocals were added. == Career == === 2003–2005: To Whom It May Concern === Presley released her debut album, To Whom It May Concern, on April 8, 2003. It reached No. 5 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and was certified gold in June 2003. Presley wrote all the lyrics (except "The Road Between", which was co-written with Gus Black) and co-wrote every melody. To promote it, she presented a concert in the UK. The album's first single, "Lights Out", reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 chart and No. 16 on the UK charts. Presley collaborated with Billy Corgan for a co-written track called "Savior", which was included as the B-side. In his review of the album, the Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn wrote that it had "a stark, uncompromising tone" and that "Presley's gutsy blues-edged voice has a distinctive flair". Pat Benatar and Presley performed at VH1 Divas Duets, a concert to benefit the VH1 Save the Music Foundation held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on May 22, 2003, in Las Vegas. Together they sang Benatar's hit "Heartbreaker", which Presley frequently performed at her own concerts on tours afterward. Also in 2003, Presley contributed a recording of "Silent Night" for the NBC Holiday Collection, Sounds of the Season. === 2005–2012: Now What and further singles === Presley's second album, Now What, was released on April 5, 2005, and reached No. 9 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Presley co-wrote 10 songs,which she received credit for, and recorded covers of Don Henley's "Dirty Laundry" (the album's first single, which hit No. 36 on the Billboard 100 AC singles chart), and the Ramones' "Here Today and Gone Tomorrow". The song "Idiot" is a jab towards different men in her life. Unlike her first album, Now What included a Parental Advisory sticker. Presley covered Blue Öyster Cult's "Burnin' for You" as a B-side. Pink made a guest appearance on the track "Shine". The video for "Dirty Laundry" was directed by Patrick Hoelck and singer George Michael made a cameo appearance in it. Too Tough to Die: A Tribute to Johnny Ramone, a documentary about Johnny Ramone of the rock group the Ramones, was released in 2006. Directed by Mandy Stein, the film shows Deborah Harry, the Dickies, X, Eddie Vedder, Presley, and Red Hot Chili Peppers as they stage a benefit concert to celebrate the Ramones' 30th anniversary and raise money for Cancer research. Presley appeared in the music video for Johnny Cash's "God's Gonna Cut You Down" in 2006. Rick Rubin produced the record and Tony Kaye directed the video which featured multiple celebrities and won a 2008 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. Her single "In the Ghetto" was released in August 2007 as a virtual duet with her father, who had originally recorded the song in 1969. It was released to commemorate the 30th anniversary of her father's death. The video, simultaneously released with the single, reached No. 1 on the iTunes sales and No. 16 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart. The proceeds from the single benefited a new Presley Place Transitional Housing Campus in New Orleans. Presley appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to perform the song with the Harlem Gospel Choir, using vintage footage of her father. Presley joined singer Richard Hawley on stage in London in October 2009. She sang vocals on a song the pair had been working on called "Weary". Hawley wanted to help Presley relaunch her music career, and the two embarked on a songwriting partnership in which she wrote the lyrics and Hawley the music. In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Presley said that she was currently recording a new album in London, which was due to be released in 2011. === 2012–2018: Storm & Grace and final releases === Her third album, Storm & Grace, was released on May 15, 2012. She said: "It's much more of a rootsy record, organic record, than my previous work." It is produced by Oscar and Grammy winner T Bone Burnett. AllMusic described the album as "a stronger, more mature, and more effective work than one might have expected" and noted "Presley is finally developing a musical personality that truly suits her". Spinner.com described it as "the strongest album of her career" and Entertainment Weekly praised the "smoky, spooky" single "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet". T-Bone Burnett said of collaborating with Presley on Storm & Grace (2012): "When songs from Lisa Marie Presley showed up at my door, I was curious. I wondered what the daughter of an American revolutionary music artist had to say. What I heard was honest, raw, unaffected and soulful. I thought her father would be proud of her. The more I listened to the songs, the deeper an artist I found her to be. Listening beyond the media static, Lisa Marie Presley is a Southern American folk music artist of great value." In 2018, Presley was featured on the title track of the compilation "Where No One Stands Alone", a collection of her father's gospel songs, which sold over 300 million copies. The song was reworked into a duet between Presley and her father. A music video for the song was released in which Presley is incorporated into scenes of her and her father. === Memoir === Prior to her death, Presley had recorded audio tapes for a memoir. Her daughter, Riley Keough, completed writing the details on the tapes in book form following her mother's death. In addition to preparing the memoir, Riley narrated its audiobook version, which includes “Never-before-heard recollections” through Presley's voice. The cover of the memoir, titled From Here to the Great Unknown features a photo of a young Presley with her father on the cover. Presley and her daughter Riley are both credited as the book's authors. From Here to the Great Unknown was released on October 8, 2024, through Random House. == Charity work and humanitarian efforts == Presley Charitable Foundation (PCF) was formed by Presley in 2007. It was reincorporated from Presley Charitable Foundation to The Presley Foundation Inc. on November 10, 2022, and registered as a public benefit and grantmaking foundation on February 13, 2023. In 2001, Presley Place opened to its first residents. Presley Place provides homeless families with up to one year of rent-free housing, child day care, career and financial counseling, family management guidance, and other tools to help them break the cycle of poverty and regain self-esteem and independence. It is also funded by the PCF the Elvis Presley Music Room, where the children of Presley Place and others enjoy access to musical instruments and instruction and participate in special related programs. Her father's foundation The EPCF created the Elvis Presley Endowed Scholarship Fund at the College of Communication & Fine Arts at the University of Memphis to assist students majoring in areas of the arts. Presley joined Oprah Winfrey and her Angel Network and was active in the relief efforts after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and surrounding areas. Presley gave a helping hand in Memphis, Tennessee. "I'm here", she said, "because I definitely needed to do something, and it just so happens this is where I'm from. I'm going to do everything I can. People need help—this is a huge catastrophe and everyone needs to stand up." Her first stop was a food bank, where, with the help of FedEx and Kroger, Presley loaded a truck with groceries. Then it was time for a pit stop at Target for toiletries and clothes. "I thought I was going to grab a couple things at the store", Presley said, "and I ended up filling up a truck. I went a little crazy." Presley's final destination was the Grand Casino Convention Center in Mississippi to distribute the supplies to people who had lost everything. One evacuee said, "I really appreciate everything Ms. Presley is doing for us. We have nothing, so we're very grateful for everything she's doing." In 2011 Presley became a patron of the Dream Factory, a charity based in Hainault, London. === Grammy Foundation === Presley was involved with the Grammy Foundation's Gold Grammy Signature Schools program, which recognizes top US public high schools that are making an outstanding commitment to music education during an academic school year. On October 22, 2005, Presley presented a special award to Isaac Hayes at the Memphis Recording Academy Honors. A host of hometown stars gathered to see Presley, Justin Timberlake, Isaac Hayes, and David Porter honored by the Memphis chapter of the Recording Academy. Presley and music producer Jimmy Jam presented the award to Hayes. On November 11, 2005, Presley participated in a Grammy SoundCheck at LA's House of Blues, during which she and other industry professionals met with a group of music students to discuss career opportunities available to them within the music industry. == Awards and honors == On June 24, 2011, Presley was officially honored by the governor of Tennessee, Bill Haslam, who proclaimed a day of recognition for her charitable efforts. Two days later, she was issued a Certificate of Proclamation by the mayor of New Orleans, Mitchell J. Landrieu, in recognition of her dedication and contributions to the city. She also received a proclamation from the city of Memphis on June 28, 2011, for her philanthropy there. == Personal life == In 2005, Presley allowed the public a brief look into her personal life, appearing in the TV movie Elvis by the Presleys. Between 2010 and 2016, Presley lived in a 15th-century manor house in Rotherfield, East Sussex, England, 15 miles east of Saint Hill Manor, the British headquarters of the Church of Scientology. Presley publicly acknowledged her struggle with opioid addiction. She penned a foreword for a book titled United States of Opioids: A Prescription for Liberating a Nation in Pain (2019); in the foreword, she stated that she was prescribed opioids following the birth of her twin daughters in 2008 and became dependent upon them. She had been using opioids again in the weeks prior to her death on January 12, 2023. === Marriages and divorces === ==== Danny Keough ==== On October 3, 1988, Presley married Chicago-born musician/actor Danny Keough at the Scientology Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles. They had dated for three years previously. Their honeymoon was upon a cruise ship owned by the Church of Scientology. After an early abortion that Presley later claimed was "the stupidest thing she has ever done," the couple had two children: a daughter, Riley Keough (born May 29, 1989, at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California), and a son, Benjamin Storm Keough (born October 21, 1992, at Humana Women's Hospital in Tampa, Florida). Benjamin was delivered according to a Church of Scientology practice called "Silent birth". Presley obtained a quickie divorce in the Dominican Republic on May 6, 1994. Later that year, Keough considered seeking custody of their two children due to child molestation charges against Michael Jackson, whom Presley married after their divorce. In a 2003 interview with The Commercial Appeal, Presley commented on reports that she and Keough were planning to remarry: "Danny is my best friend, always has been, always will be. I love him unconditionally, but we are not together. It's not like that." Keough and Presley became closer again after Presley divorced Michael Jackson. In 2005, Danny Keough was a bass guitar player in Presley's band, and also served as her musical mentor. Presley still regarded him as a close friend, and he lived in the guest house on Presley's property. Presley described her relationship with Keough after they separated: "I don't know how, but we've managed to stay close. There's others that I have pain or betrayal associated with that I won't have anything to do with. But he and I had a special thing. Unconditional." Presley told People in 2005 that she and Danny Keough were like brother and sister. In addition, Presley commented on her relationship with Keough: "Ultimately this is a good message to send out to people: You don't have to put your crap on your kids even if you are not together. You can still be civilized." Presley remained close friends with Danny Keough until her death in 2023 at the age of 54. Presley's daughter, Riley, married Ben Smith-Petersen in 2015. In 2022, their daughter Tupelo, Presley's grandchild, was born. Benjamin Keough died on July 12, 2020, at the age of 27 in Calabasas, California, from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. The Los Angeles County Medical Examiner's Office listed his death as a suicide. Presley was distraught by her son's death, and was never the same afterward. ==== Michael Jackson ==== On May 26, 1994, 20 days after her divorce from Keough, Presley married singer Michael Jackson. Keough's younger brother Thomas Keough was an official witness at Presley's wedding to Jackson. They had first met in 1974 when a six-year-old Presley attended his concert at the Sahara Tahoe. According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A." Regarding alleged sexual abuse by Jackson, Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong, and that he was wrongly accused and, yes, I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it." Shortly afterwards, she successfully persuaded Jackson to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover. Presley appeared in Jackson's "You Are Not Alone" video in June 1995, directed by Wayne Isham. In January 1996, citing irreconcilable differences, Presley filed for divorce, according to legal papers. Jackson's make-up artist, Karen Faye, later claimed that Jackson had originally planned to file for divorce first and had relented after Presley begged him not to. The following day, Jackson discovered that Presley had filed for divorce herself. In an October 2010 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Presley revealed that she and Jackson had attempted to reconcile intermittently for four years following their divorce and that she had traveled to different parts of the world to be with him. After Jackson's death in 2009 at the age of 50, Presley was reported to have "felt shattered". Presley clarified some points about her relationship with Michael Jackson during her 2010 interview with Oprah Winfrey. Talking about the years she was with him after their divorce, she stated: "We again, were going to get back together, we spent four more years after we’d divorced getting back together and breaking up and talking about getting back together and breaking up." During the same interview she also said about Jackson: "I felt like I just always wanted to be around him, always wanted to be part of – I felt so high. I’ve never felt like that around another human being..." Presley said she was the last person standing over Michael's casket: "Well, most people had left and I was the last one standing over him. I didn’t want to leave him." In 2014, Lisa Marie Presley said in an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald: "With MJ [Michael Jackson], unfortunately, too much happened, too much got between us. There was a very deep strong love there; intense. But people got in the way, on my end and his end. We had so many people telling us what to do and intercepting and speaking on behalf of the other. Had it been just he and I, towards the end, I don't think we would have divorced." In her 2024 published memoir, From Here to the Great Unknown, Presley states, "I've never been that happy again", referring to her time with Jackson. ==== John Oszajca ==== In May 1999, Presley met musician John Oszajca and got engaged to him two days before Christmas. She broke off the engagement in March 2001, some five months after meeting Nicolas Cage at a party. ==== Nicolas Cage ==== Presley's third marriage was to Nicolas Cage, whom she had met while in a relationship with Oszajca. They married in Kamuela, Hawaii, on August 10, 2002, and Cage filed for divorce 107 days later on November 25, 2002. The divorce was finalized on May 24, 2004. ==== Michael Lockwood ==== On January 22, 2006, in Kyoto, Japan, Presley married for a fourth time, to Michael Lockwood, her guitarist, music producer, and director. Danny Keough served as best man at the wedding. In March 2008, Presley announced that she was pregnant. Her husband was a first-time father. On October 7, 2008, Presley gave birth to fraternal twin girls Harper Vivienne Ann Lockwood and Finley Aaron Love Lockwood, via Caesarean section, at Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California. The couple had a home in England at Coes Manor, Rotherfield, East Sussex, where Presley enjoyed life out of the limelight. In 2016, Presley filed for divorce from Lockwood after ten years of marriage. In February 2017, the couple's children were placed in the temporary care of Priscilla Presley after Lisa Presley alleged she found inappropriate images of children on Lockwood's personal computer in a divorce court filing challenging Lockwood's request for spousal support. The Beverly Hills Police Department investigated the allegations, examining over 80 electronic devices, and found no criminal activity and referred the matter to investigators in Tennessee. Later in 2017, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigations closed its investigation of the allegations made by Presley, citing no evidence of a crime. The divorce was finalized on May 26, 2021. === Scientology === Presley, along with friend and fellow Memphian and Scientologist Isaac Hayes, opened the Literacy, Education and Ability Program (LEAP) in October 1997. LEAP is run by Applied Scholastics, a group run by Scientologists. For her efforts to help US children learn study skills, Presley received the Humanitarian Award from the Church of Scientology-supported World Literacy Crusade on January 5, 2002. Presley received her award from Isaac Hayes, Chaka Khan, and Yolanda King, daughter of Martin Luther King Jr. World Literacy Crusade is regarded by critics as a front group for the Church of Scientology. On September 26 of that same year, Presley addressed a US congressional hearing in opposition to the use of medication in treating ADHD, stating: "I have spoken to children who have been forced to take a cocaine-like stimulant to control their behavior. I have shared their sense of sheer desperation. Children have been wrenched from their family's care simply because their parents favored an alternative, drug-free approach to addressing educational and behavioral problems. The psychotropic drugging of millions of children has to stop." Addressing the committee as the International Spokesperson for Children's Rights, for the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), a group run by Scientologists, Presley expressed her view that parents should be informed about alternatives to drugs so they may "make an informed choice about their child's educational and medical needs". Presley left Scientology in 2014, though she had been experiencing growing discontent with the organization as early as 2008. == Elvis Presley estate == After Elvis Presley's death at Graceland on August 16, 1977, his will appointed his father, Vernon Presley, executor and trustee. The beneficiaries of the trust were Vernon, Elvis's grandmother Minnie Mae Presley, and Lisa Marie, whose inheritance was to be held in trust until her 25th birthday. After Vernon Presley's death in 1979, Elvis's former wife Priscilla Presley was named as one of three trustees in his will; the others were the National Bank of Commerce in Memphis and Joseph Hanks, who had been the Presleys' accountant. With Minnie Mae Presley's death in 1980, Lisa Marie became the only surviving beneficiary. In 1993, Presley inherited her father's estate on her 25th birthday, which, thanks largely to the stewardship of her mother, had grown to an estimated $100 million. In 1998, Presley became more closely involved in the management of the Elvis Presley Trust and its business entity, Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. and until February 2005 she was owner and chairman of the board, when she sold 85 percent of the estate's business holdings to CKX, Inc., excluding Graceland itself and the property within it. Following Presley's death, her three daughters were expected to inherit Graceland. However, her mother Priscilla challenged a 2016 amendment that Presley had made to her estate, removing Priscilla as trustee and naming her two oldest children. One of these two, Presley's son Benjamin, died by suicide in 2020, leaving Riley as sole trustee. On August 16, 2024, Missouri woman Lisa Jeanine Findley was arrested for a scheme which involved, among other things, using a fraudulent claim about Presley owing money in order to illegally force the sale of Graceland. According to the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Public Affairs, Findley "allegedly fabricated loan documents" on which she "forged the signatures of Elvis Presley’s daughter and a Florida State notary public. Findley then allegedly filed a false creditor’s claim with the Superior Court of California in Los Angeles, and a fake deed of trust with the Shelby County Register’s Office in Memphis" and "allegedly published a fraudulent foreclosure notice." One person involved with the Graceland foreclosure scheme previously acknowledged to the New York Times in May 2024 that the scheme involved a ring of identity thieves based in Nigeria making a claim that Presley owed $2.8 million to Naussany Investments & Private Lending LLC. However, Naussany Investments & Private Lending LLC was not a real company, and the identity thieves made a habit of using forgeries of recently deceased people in order to make money through fraud schemes. As a prominent figure in facilitating the scheme to force the sale of Graceland from Presley's family, Findley "posed as three different individuals" affiliated with the "fictitious private lender" in order to falsely accuse Presley of borrowing $3.8 million from Naussany Investments in 2018. The loan documents purportedly signed by Presley had purportedly been acknowledged before Kimberly L. Philbrick, a Florida notary public. However, Philbrick sided with Riley Keough in her lawsuit against Naussany, stating in an affidavit, “I have never met Lisa Marie Presley, nor have I ever notarized a document signed by Lisa Marie Presley. ... I do not know why my signature appears on this document.” === "Elvis Through His Daughter's Eyes" exhibit === In February 2012, Presley opened a new exhibit, "Elvis ... Through His Daughter's Eyes". It is included in the Graceland VIP Tour and features 200 items assembled by Presley and the Graceland Archives staff. The personal exhibit looks at Presley's experience of growing up with a famous father. Home movies, toys, and rarely seen family mementos are among the items on display. === Aircraft Lisa Marie === In November 1975, her father named one of his private aircraft, a converted Convair 880 jet, after her. He spent more than $1 million refurbishing it to use as his main transport while on tour. The Lisa Marie and one of his other planes, Hound Dog II, are on exhibit at Graceland. == Death == On January 12, 2023, at approximately 10:30 a.m., Presley suffered cardiac arrest at her home in Calabasas, California. Emergency responders administered CPR, and she regained a pulse before being transported to West Hills Hospital in Los Angeles. She died later that day at the age of 54. According to the autopsy report, Presley died from a small bowel obstruction caused by complications of a prior bariatric surgery. A toxicology analysis found opioids in her system, but they were not considered a factor in her death. Her last public appearance had been two days earlier at the 80th Golden Globe Awards, which she attended with her mother. Hundreds attended Presley's public memorial service that was held at Graceland on January 22, and more than 1.5 million people watched the service via live stream. Presley was interred in the Graceland Meditation Garden, next to her son Benjamin and adjacent to her father Elvis. Among those in attendance (some of whom provided spoken and/or musical tribute) included her mother; surviving children; family friend Jerry Schilling; former Memphis mayor A. C. Wharton; Guns N' Roses lead singer Axl Rose; The Smashing Pumpkins lead singer Billy Corgan; Sarah, Duchess of York; gospel quartet The Blackwood Brothers; singer Alanis Morissette; and both the director and star of Elvis, respectively, Baz Luhrmann and Austin Butler. On the CBS primetime special The Presleys: Elvis, Lisa Marie and Riley, which aired on October 8, 2024, Presley's daughter Riley Keough provided Oprah Winfrey with details about Presley's final years, with the loss of her son Benjamin revealed to have resulted in her losing the will to keep living. === Allegations against Priscilla Presley === In August 2025, Priscilla Presley's former business partners Brigette Kruse and Kevin Fialko filed a lawsuit claiming that Priscilla "pulled the plug" on her daughter's life support with the intent to "regain control" of Elvis' family trust. It has been acknowledged that soon after Lisa Marie's death, Priscilla sued Lisa Marie's daughter Riley Keough for control of the trust. The lawsuit further alleged that Priscilla "ignored" Lisa Marie's ongoing health issues and also "exploited" her death with the intent to "regain control over Elvis Presley’s legacy and assets." An amended complaint included a personal letter from Riley to her grandmother Priscilla, stating that Lisa Marie had planned to sue Priscilla shortly before her death, but was dissuaded by Riley. == Discography == === Studio albums === === Singles === == Tours == S.O.B. Tour (2003–2004) Now What Tour (2005–2006) Storm & Grace Tour (2012–2014) == References == == Further reading == Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2004). The Magic and the Madness. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 0-330-42005-4. Finstad, Suzanne (2006). Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley. Terra Alta, WV: Headline. ISBN 978-0-307-33695-8. == External links == Official website (last archive) Lisa Marie Presley at AllMusic Lisa Marie Presley discography at Discogs Lisa Marie Presley at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Zurbr%C3%BCgg	Rolf Zurbrügg	Rolf Zurbrügg (born 1971) is a Swiss ski mountaineer and national ski-mountaineering coach. He is also a cross-country skier and a trained mountain guide. Zurbrügg was born in Adelboden. Professionally he is deployed in the Border Guard Corps and works at the border station of Brig. By order of the Swiss Alpine Club he has coached the national ski mountaineering team since November 2005. == Selected results == Zurbrügg won several Swiss Cup races. 2002: 1st, Patrouille de la Maya A-course, together with Damien Farquet and Rico Elmer 2003: 1st, Trofeo Mezzalama, together with Damien Farquet and Rico Elmer 2004: 2nd, Zermatt-Rothorn run === Patrouille des Glaciers === 2000: 5th (international military teams ranking), together with Pvt E-2 Ernest Farquet and Pvt E-2 Gregoire Saillen 2004: 3rd, together with Damien Farquet and Rico Elmer == External links == Rolf Zurbruegg at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WION	WION	WION (, WEE-ahn; World is One News) is an Indian English language news channel headquartered in Noida, India. WION is owned by the Essel Group and is a part of the Zee Media network of channels, whose majority owner is Subhash Chandra and family. As of 2021, WION had presence in over 190 countries. It has faced scrutiny from multiple foreign countries including China and Canada over its coverage, and in 2022 was blocked from YouTube for a period of time for broadcasting a speech by Sergey Lavrov, the head of Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The channel's former Pakistan bureau chief was forced into exile after a failed kidnapping attempt in Islamabad. The channel has been accused of promoting misinformation regarding COVID-19. == History == Zee Media hired Rohit Gandhi as the founder and first editor-in-chief to establish the channel in August 2015. Its simulcast was launched on its website in many countries as a free-to-air satellite service on 15 June 2016. The television channel began airing on 15 August 2016. The channel was made available on Google Assistant in 2020. Sudhir Chaudhary served as its editor-in-chief after Gandhi until he left in 2021. Before switching to CNN-News18, Palki Sharma Upadhyay served for 4 years and resigned in September 2022. Past team includes Naveen Kapoor and Kartikeya Sharma. In 2021, the appointment of M.J. Akbar, an Indian journalist and politician who has been accused of sexual assault by women, to WION as an "editorial consultant" was met with controversy, with more than 150 journalists signing a statement demanding that Akbar be removed by WION and Zee News. == Staff == The current team includes Sidhant Sibal of DD News, who joined the media corporation on 1 April 2018. Madhu Soman joined as a chief business officer in 2022 but left in 2024. Rohit Banerjee looks after the branded content. While Molly Gambhir replaces Palki Sharma's position on Gravitas and Gravitas Plus to become the leading anchor of the WION channel, other associated journalists include Digvijay Singh Deo, Shivan Chanana, Rabin Sharma, Ieshan Wani, Esha Hanspal, Priyanka Sharma and Alyson le Grange. The channel's Pakistan bureau chief, Taha Siddiqui, was forced into exile after a failed kidnapping attempt in Islamabad. He was replaced by Anas Mallick. Anas Mallick resigned in July 2025. == Content and responses == === Conflicts with China === In 2020, the Chinese Embassy in India lodged a formal protest against WION for its interview with Joseph Wu, head of Taiwan's foreign relations. The embassy criticized WION for promoting what it called "Taiwan Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) separatist activities", claiming it contradicted India's adherence to the One-China policy. The embassy stated that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, as recognized by UN resolutions, and urged WION to respect India's official position. It warned that any challenge to China's territorial integrity regarding Taiwan would be strongly opposed. In the same year, the Chinese government blocked access to the WION website, as confirmed by GreatFire.org, a Chinese internet monitoring watchdog. Earlier WION has faced criticism from the Chinese government for a coverage on what it described as a "cover-up" of COVID-19 pandemic situation in China. In March, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian blocked WION on Twitter. Chinese diplomats in India also critiqued its reporting. In June, the Global Times, linked to the Chinese Communist Party, named WION in an article, advising it to think "independently". === Ban in Nepal === In July 2020, cable operators in Nepal ceased broadcasting several Indian news channels, including WION, in response to airing of a video that was deemed to be disrespectful to K. P. Sharma Oli, the prime minister of Nepal and a leader of Nepal Communist Party. After a month, some cable operators decided to lift the ban following public backlash from Nepali viewers. === 2022 YouTube block === On 22 March 2022, WION was blocked from YouTube for "violating YouTube's community guidelines". YouTube had taken objection to a video posted on 10 March, broadcasting a speech by Sergey Lavrov, the head of Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, denying the Russian invasion of Ukraine. YouTube unblocked the channel on 26 March after a social media campaign by WION. === Alleged interference in Canadian issues === WION was cited in a September 2024 report from RRM Canada on "Potential Foreign Information Manipulation, and Interference following PM Statement on Killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar". The report examined content from popular Indian State-aligned media outlets and influencers, including WION, finding that "Modi-aligned outlets amplified several state-supported narratives about Prime Minister Trudeau, "Canada's High Commissioner to India, Canada's national security agencies, Canada's Punjabi Sikh diaspora, and Hardeep Singh Nijjar's political beliefs." The report also noted the “massive digital footprint” of some of these media outlets in comparison to Canadian media outlets, and the likely reach they had to global and Canadian audiences. == Litigation == After the former anchor Palki Sharma Upadhyay announced her retirement from WION and the creation of a new talk show in CNN News18, WION filed a lawsuit against Upadhyay, saying that "confidential and proprietary Zee information" was taken by Upadhyay, and demanded that Upadhyay should continue to work for WION until December 2022 and pay for damages worth ₹2 crores. However, the Delhi High Court refused WION's appeal, and the next hearing of the case was delayed until March 2023. == References == == External links == Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Buchner	Eduard Buchner	Eduard Buchner (German: [ˈeːduaʁt ˈbuːxnɐ] ; 20 May 1860 – 13 August 1917) was a German chemist and expert on fermentation (sometimes called a zymologist), awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation. == Biography == === Early years === Buchner was born in Munich to a physician and Doctor Extraordinary of Forensic Medicine. His older brother was the bacteriologist Hans Ernst August Buchner. In 1884, he began studies of chemistry with Adolf von Baeyer and of botany with Carl Nägeli, at the Botanic Institute in Munich. After a period working with Otto Fischer (cousin of Emil Fischer) at the University of Erlangen, Buchner was awarded a doctorate from the University of Munich in 1888 under Theodor Curtius. === Academics === Buchner was appointed assistant lecturer in the organic laboratory of Adolf von Baeyer in 1889 at the University of Munich. In 1891, he was promoted to lecturer at the same university. In the autumn of 1893, Buchner moved to University of Kiel and appointed professor in 1895. In the next year he was appointed Professor Extraordinary for Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry in the chemical laboratory of H. von Pechmann at the University of Tübingen. In October, 1898, he was appointed to the Chair of General Chemistry in the Agricultural University of Berlin, fully training his assistants by himself, and received his habilitation in 1900. In 1909, he was transferred to the University of Breslau (reorganised to be University of Wrocław in 1945), and in 1911, he moved to University of Würzburg. ==== The Nobel Prize ==== Buchner received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907. The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and kieselguhr and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a pestle and mortar. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and the resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added and carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract. Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars, but it was later found that fermentation occurs inside the yeast cells. Maria Manasseina claimed to have discovered free-cell fermentation a generation earlier than Buchner, but Buchner and Rapp considered that she was subjectively convinced of the existence of an enzyme of fermentation, and that her experimental evidence was unconvincing. === Personal life === Buchner married Lotte Stahl in 1900. At the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered in the Imperial German Army and rose to the rank of Major, commanding a munition-transport unit on the Western and then Eastern Front. In March 1916, he returned the University of Würzburg. In April 1917, he volunteered again. On 11 August 1917, while stationed at Focșani, Romania, he was hit by a shell fragment in the left thigh and died in a field hospital two days later. He died in the Battle of Mărășești and is buried in the cemetery of German soldiers in Focșani. Though it is believed by some that the Büchner flask and the Büchner funnel are named for him, they are actually named for the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner. == Publications == Eduard Buchner (1897). "Alkoholische Gährung ohne Hefezellen (Vorläufige Mitteilung)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 30: 117–124. doi:10.1002/cber.18970300121. Eduard Buchner, Rudolf Rapp (1899). "Alkoholische Gährung ohne Hefezellen". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 32 (2): 2086–2094. doi:10.1002/cber.189903202123. Robert Kohler (1971). "The background to Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation". Journal of the History of Biology. 4 (1): 35–61. doi:10.1007/BF00356976. PMID 11609437. S2CID 46573308. Robert Kohler (1972). "The reception of Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation". Journal of the History of Biology. 5 (2): 327–353. doi:10.1007/BF00346663. PMID 11610124. S2CID 34944527. == See also == History of biochemistry == References == == External links == Works by or about Eduard Buchner at the Internet Archive Eduard Buchner on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1907 Cell-Free Fermentation Buchner, Eduard (1897). "Alcoholic Fermentation Without Yeast Cells". Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 30: 117–124. doi:10.1002/cber.18970300121. Archived from the original on 2006-08-19. (English translation of Buchner's "Alkoholische Gährung ohne Hefezellen")
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan_Ocelot	Teotihuacan Ocelot	The Teotihuacan Ocelot or Teotihuacán Ocelot is the name of an alabaster sculpture of a feline found at the ancient Mesoamerican site of Teotihuacan, central Mexico. Discovered in the late nineteenth century, it was purchased by the British Museum in 1926. == Description == This unique sculpture is an offering vessel in the form of a recumbent ocelot. Carved from a single piece of prestigious alabaster, the figure reflects the geometric style and pattern of contemporary funerary masks and architecture from Teotihuacan. The eyes would have once been inlaid with shells or precious stones and the depression on the feline's back would have held the temple offering - some have conjectured that this may have included human hearts removed for ritual sacrifices. == Provenance == The feline figure was found by a labourer at the foot of the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan in 1889. It was initially offered to the Museo Nacional, but as they would not buy it, it was sold to an English traveller. The sculpture was eventually bought by the British Museum in 1926, with support from the Christy Fund. Only one other similar calcite statuette of a jaguar has been unearthed at the site, which is now in the Mexican national collection. == Bibliography == C. McEwan, Ancient Mexico in the British Museum (London, The British Museum Press, 1994) C. Berlo (ed.), Art, ideology and the city of Teotihuacan: A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 8 and 9 October 1988 (Washington, D.C., Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1992) K. Berrin and E. Pasztory (eds.), Teotihuacan: Art from the city of the gods (Thames and Hudson, 1993) E. Pasztory, Teotihuacan: an experiment in living (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1997) == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusevskoye_Urban_Settlement	Gusevskoye Urban Settlement	Gusevskoye Urban Settlement is the name of several municipal formations in Russia. Modern entities Gusevskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the Work Settlement of Gus-Zhelezny in Kasimovsky District of Ryazan Oblast is incorporated as Historical entities Gusevskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation which the town of district significance of Gusev in Gusevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast was incorporated as; it was abolished when Gusevsky Municipal District was transformed into Gusevsky Urban Okrug in June 2013 == See also == Gusevsky (disambiguation) == References == === Notes === === Sources === Правительство Калининградской области. Постановление №640 от 30 августа 2011 г. «Об утверждении реестра объектов административно-территориального деления Калининградской области», в ред. Постановления №877 от 21 ноября 2011 г «О внесении изменения в Постановление Правительства Калининградской области от 30 августа 2011 г. №640». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда" (вкладыш "Официально"), №170, 15 сентября 2011 г. (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011. Effective as of the day of the official publication.). Калининградская областная Дума. Закон №230 от 29 мая 2013 г. «О преобразовании Гусевского городского поселения, Калининского, Кубановского, Маяковского и Михайловского сельских поселений путём объединения поселений и наделении вновь образованного городского поселения статусом городского округа». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования, за исключением статей 4, 5. Опубликован: "Калининградская правда", №92, 31 мая 2013 г.. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #230 of May 29, 2013 On the Transformation of Gusevskoye Urban Settlement, Kalininskoye, Kubanovskoye, Mayakovskoye, and Mikhaylovskoye Rural Settlements by Merging the Settlements and Granting the Newly Formed Urban Settlement Urban Okrug Status. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication, with the exception of Articles 4, 5.). Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 61 208», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 61 208, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). Рязанская областная Дума. Закон №82-ОЗ от 7 октября 2004 г. «О наделении муниципального образования — Касимовский район статусом муниципального района, об установлении его границ и границ муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав», в ред. Закона №25-ОЗ от 12 мая 2014 г. «Об изменении статуса муниципального образования – Лашманское городское поселение Касимовского муниципального района и внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Рязанской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Рязанские ведомости", №212–213 (без приложений), 14 октября 2004 г. (Ryazan Oblast Duma. Law #82-OZ of October 7, 2004 On Granting the Municipal Formation of Kasimovsky District the Status of a Municipal District, on Establishing Its Borders and the Borders of the Municipal Formations It Comprises, as amended by the Law #25-OZ of May 12, 2014 On Changing the Status of the Municipal Formation—Lashmanskoye Urban Settlement of Kasimovsky Municipal District—and on Amending Various Legislative Acts of Ryazan Oblast. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Galloway_Bissell	Jean Galloway Bissell	Jean Galloway Bissell (June 9, 1936 – February 4, 1990) was a South Carolina attorney who became a high-ranking bank executive, and later a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. == Early life and education == Born in Due West, South Carolina, Bissell earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of South Carolina in 1956 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1958. == Professional career == Bissell worked in private legal practice in Greenville, South Carolina from 1958 until 1971 and then in Columbia, South Carolina until 1976. She worked as an executive at South Carolina National Bank in Columbia from 1976 until 1984, rising to become the highest-ranking female executive among the 100 largest bank holding companies in the United States. Bissell also lectured at the University of South Carolina in the 1970s and early 1980s. == Federal judicial service == On May 24, 1984, Bissell was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a new seat established by 96 Stat. 25 on the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Reagan previously had nominated United States Department of Commerce official Sherman Unger to the seat in 1982, but Unger's nomination drew significant opposition and never was voted upon because Unger became afflicted with terminal cancer and died in late 1983. Bissell was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 8, 1984, and received her commission on June 11, 1984. With her confirmation, she became the first female South Carolina lawyer to become a federal judge. She served on the court until her death. == Death == Bissell died of cancer on February 4, 1990, at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C., at the age of 53. == References == == Sources == Jean Galloway Bissell at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX	SpaceX	Space Exploration Technologies Corp., commonly known as SpaceX, is a private American aerospace company and space transportation company headquartered at the Starbase development site in Starbase, Texas. Since its founding in 2002, the company has made numerous advances in rocket propulsion, reusable launch vehicles, human spaceflight and satellite constellation technology. As of 2025, SpaceX is the world's dominant space launch provider, its launch cadence eclipsing all others, including private competitors and national programs like the Chinese space program. SpaceX, NASA, and the United States Armed Forces work closely together by means of governmental contracts. SpaceX was founded by Elon Musk in 2002 with a vision of decreasing the costs of space launches, paving the way to a self-sustaining colony on Mars. In 2008, Falcon 1 successfully launched into orbit after three failed launch attempts. The company then moved towards the development of the larger Falcon 9 rocket and the Dragon 1 capsule to satisfy NASA's COTS contracts for deliveries to the International Space Station. By 2012, SpaceX finished all COTS test flights and began delivering Commercial Resupply Services missions to the International Space Station. Also around that time, SpaceX started developing hardware to make the Falcon 9 first stage reusable. The company demonstrated the first successful first-stage landing in 2015 and re-launch of the first stage in 2017. Falcon Heavy, built from three Falcon 9 boosters, first flew in 2018 after a more than decade-long development process. As of May 2025, the company's Falcon 9 rockets have landed and flown again more than 450 times, reaching 1–3 launches a week. These milestones delivered the company much-needed investment and SpaceX sought to diversify its sources of income. In 2019, the first operational satellite of the Starlink internet satellite constellation came online. In subsequent years, Starlink generated the bulk of SpaceX's income and paved the way for its Starshield military counterpart. In 2020, SpaceX began to operate its Dragon 2 capsules to deliver crewed missions for NASA and private entities. Around this time, SpaceX began building test prototypes for Starship, which is the largest launch vehicle in history and aims to fully realize the company's vision of a fully reusable, cost-effective and adaptable launch vehicle. SpaceX is also developing its own space suit and astronaut via its Polaris program as well as developing the human lander for lunar missions under NASA's Artemis program. SpaceX is not publicly traded; a space industry newspaper estimated that SpaceX has a revenue of over $10 billion in 2024. == History == === 2001–2004: Founding === In early 2001, Elon Musk met Robert Zubrin and donated $100,000 to his Mars Society, joining its board of directors for a short time. He gave a plenary talk at their fourth convention where he announced Mars Oasis, a project to land a greenhouse and grow plants on Mars. Musk initially attempted to acquire a Dnepr launch vehicle for the project through Russian contacts from Jim Cantrell. Musk returned with his team to Moscow, this time bringing Michael Griffin, who later became the 11th Administrator of NASA, but found the Russians increasingly unreceptive. On the flight home, Musk announced he could start a company to build the affordable rockets they needed instead. By applying vertical integration, using inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf components when possible, and adopting the modular approach of modern software engineering, Musk believed SpaceX could significantly cut launch costs. In early 2002, Elon Musk started to look for staff for his company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approached five people for the initial positions at the fledgling company, including Griffin, who declined the position of Chief Engineer, Jim Cantrell and John Garvey (Cantrell and Garvey later founded the company Vector Launch), rocket engineer Tom Mueller, and Chris Thompson. SpaceX was first headquartered in a warehouse in El Segundo, California. Early SpaceX employees, such as Tom Mueller (CTO), Gwynne Shotwell (COO), and Chris Thompson (VP of Operations), came from neighboring TRW and Boeing corporations. By November 2005, the company had 160 employees. Musk personally interviewed and approved all of SpaceX's early employees. Musk has stated that one of his goals with SpaceX is to decrease the cost and improve the reliability of access to space, ultimately by a factor of ten. === 2005–2009: Falcon 1 and first orbital launches === SpaceX developed its first orbital launch vehicle, the Falcon 1, with internal funding. The Falcon 1 was an expendable two-stage-to-orbit small-lift launch vehicle. The total development cost of Falcon 1 was approximately $90 million to $100 million. The Falcon rocket series was named after Star Wars's Millennium Falcon fictional spacecraft. In 2004, SpaceX protested against NASA to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) because of a sole-source contract awarded to Kistler Aerospace. Before the GAO could respond, NASA withdrew the contract, and formed the COTS program. In 2005, SpaceX announced plans to pursue a human-rated commercial space program through the end of the decade, a program that would later become the Dragon spacecraft. In 2006, the company was selected by NASA and awarded $396 million to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the International Space Station (ISS) under the COTS program. The first two Falcon 1 launches were purchased by the United States Department of Defense under the DARPA Falcon Project which evaluated new U.S. launch vehicles suitable for use in hypersonic missile delivery for Prompt Global Strike. The first three launches of the rocket, between 2006 and 2008, all resulted in failures, which almost ended the company. Financing for Tesla Motors had failed, as well, and consequently Tesla, SolarCity, and Musk personally were all nearly bankrupt at the same time. Musk was reportedly "waking from nightmares, screaming and in physical pain" because of the stress. The financial situation started to turn around with the first successful launch achieved on the fourth attempt on September 28, 2008. Musk split his remaining $30 million between SpaceX and Tesla, and NASA awarded the first Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract awarding $1.6 billion to SpaceX in December, thus financially saving the company. Based on these factors and the further business operations they enabled, the Falcon 1 was soon retired following its second successful, and fifth total, launch in July 2009. This allowed SpaceX to focus company resources on the development of a larger orbital rocket, the Falcon 9. Gwynne Shotwell was also promoted to company president at the time, for her role in successfully negotiating the CRS contract with the NASA Associate Administrator Bill Gerstenmaier. === 2010–2012: Falcon 9, Dragon, and NASA contracts === SpaceX originally intended to follow its light Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5. The company instead decided in 2005 to proceed with the development of the Falcon 9, a reusable heavier lift vehicle. Development of the Falcon 9 was accelerated by NASA, which committed to purchasing several commercial flights if specific capabilities were demonstrated. This started with seed money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006. The overall contract award was $278 million to provide development funding for the Dragon spacecraft, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon. As part of this contract, the Falcon 9 launched for the first time in June 2010 with the Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit, using a mockup of the Dragon spacecraft. The first operational Dragon spacecraft was launched in December 2010 aboard COTS Demo Flight 1, the Falcon 9's second flight, and safely returned to Earth after two orbits, completing all its mission objectives. By December 2010, the SpaceX production line was manufacturing one Falcon 9 and Dragon every three months. In April 2011, as part of its second-round Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, NASA issued a $75 million contract for SpaceX to develop an integrated launch escape system for Dragon in preparation for human-rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the ISS. NASA awarded SpaceX a fixed-price Space Act Agreement (SAA) to produce a detailed design of the crew transportation system in August 2012. In early 2012, approximately two-thirds of SpaceX stock was owned by Musk and his seventy million shares were then estimated to be worth $875 million on private markets, valuing SpaceX at $1.3 billion. In May 2012, with the Dragon C2+ launch, Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station. After the flight, the company private equity valuation nearly doubled to $2.4 billion or $20/share. By that time, SpaceX had operated on total funding of approximately $1 billion over its first decade of operation. Of this, private equity provided approximately $200 million, with Musk investing approximately $100 million and other investors having put in about $100 million. SpaceX's active reusability test program began in late 2012 with testing low-altitude, low-speed aspects of the landing technology. The Falcon 9 prototypes performed vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL). High-velocity, high-altitude tests of the booster atmospheric return technology began in late 2013. === 2013–2015: Commercial launches and rapid growth === SpaceX launched the first commercial mission for a private customer in 2013. In 2014, SpaceX won nine contracts out of the 20 that were openly competed worldwide. That year Arianespace requested that European governments provide additional subsidies to face the competition from SpaceX. Beginning in 2014, SpaceX capabilities and pricing also began to affect the market for launch of U.S. military payloads, which for nearly a decade had been dominated by the large U.S. launch provider United Launch Alliance (ULA). The monopoly had allowed launch costs by the U.S. provider to rise to over $400 million over the years. In September 2014, NASA's Director of Commercial Spaceflight, Kevin Crigler, awarded SpaceX the Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract to finalize the development of the Crew Transportation System. The contract included several technical and certification milestones, an uncrewed flight test, a crewed flight test, and six operational missions after certification. In January 2015, SpaceX raised $1 billion in funding from Google and Fidelity Investments, in exchange for 8.33% of the company, establishing the company valuation at approximately $12 billion. The same month SpaceX announced the development of a new satellite constellation, called Starlink, to provide global broadband internet service with 4,000 satellites. The Falcon 9 had its first major failure in late June 2015, when the seventh ISS resupply mission, CRS-7 exploded two minutes into the flight. The problem was traced to a failed two-foot-long steel strut that held a helium pressure vessel, which broke free due to the force of acceleration. This caused a breach and allowed high-pressure helium to escape into the low-pressure propellant tank, causing the failure. === 2015–2017: Reusability milestones === SpaceX first achieved a successful landing and recovery of a first stage in December 2015 with Falcon 9 Flight 20. In April 2016, the company achieved the first successful landing on the autonomous spaceport drone ship (ASDS) Of Course I Still Love You in the Atlantic Ocean. By October 2016, following the successful landings, SpaceX indicated they were offering their customers a 10% price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused Falcon 9 first stage. A second major rocket failure happened in early September 2016, when a Falcon 9 exploded during a propellant fill operation for a standard pre-launch static fire test. The payload, the AMOS-6 communications satellite valued at $200 million, was destroyed. The explosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellant turning so cold that it solidified and ignited with carbon composite helium vessels. Though not considered an unsuccessful flight, the rocket explosion sent the company into a four-month launch hiatus while it worked out what went wrong. SpaceX returned to flight in January 2017. In March 2017, SpaceX launched a returned Falcon 9 for the SES-10 satellite. This was the first time a re-launch of a payload-carrying orbital rocket went back to space. The first stage was recovered again, also making it the first landing of a reused orbital class rocket. === 2017–2018: Leading global commercial launch provider === In July 2017, the company raised $350 million, which raised its valuation to $21 billion. In 2017, SpaceX achieved a 45% global market share for awarded commercial launch contracts. By March 2018, SpaceX had more than 100 launches on its manifest representing about $12 billion in contract revenue. The contracts included both commercial and government (NASA/DOD) customers. This made SpaceX the leading global commercial launch provider measured by manifested launches. In 2017, SpaceX formed a subsidiary, The Boring Company, and began work to construct a short test tunnel on and adjacent to the SpaceX headquarters and manufacturing facility, using a small number of SpaceX employees, which was completed in May 2018, and opened to the public in December 2018. During 2018, The Boring Company was spun out into a separate corporate entity with 6% of the equity going to SpaceX, less than 10% to early employees, and the remainder of the equity to Elon Musk. === Since 2019: Starship, first crewed launches, Starlink and general === In 2019 SpaceX raised $1.33 billion of capital across three funding rounds. By May 2019, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to $33.3 billion and reached $36 billion by March 2020. On August 19, 2020, after a $1.9 billion funding round, one of the largest single fundraising pushes by any privately held company, SpaceX's valuation increased to $46 billion. In February 2021, SpaceX raised an additional $1.61 billion in an equity round from 99 investors at a per share value of approximately $420, raising the company valuation to approximately $74 billion. By 2021, SpaceX had raised more than $6 billion in equity financing. Most of the capital raised since 2019 has been used to support the operational fielding of the Starlink satellite constellation and the development and manufacture of the Starship launch vehicle. By October 2021, the valuation of SpaceX had risen to $100.3 billion. On April 16, 2021, Starship HLS won a contract to play a critical role in the NASA crewed spaceflight Artemis program. By 2021, SpaceX had entered into agreements with Google Cloud Platform and Microsoft Azure to provide on-ground computer and networking services for Starlink. A new round of financing in 2022 valued SpaceX at $127 billion. In July 2021, SpaceX unveiled another drone ship named A Shortfall of Gravitas, landing a booster from CRS-23 on it for the first time on August 29, 2021. Within the first 130 days of 2022, SpaceX had 18 rocket launches and two astronaut splashdowns. On December 13, 2021, company CEO Elon Musk announced that the company was starting a carbon dioxide removal program that would convert captured carbon into rocket fuel, after he announced a $100 million donation to the X Prize Foundation the previous February to provide the monetary rewards to winners in a contest to develop the best carbon capture technology. In August 2022, Reuters reported that the European Space Agency (ESA) began initial discussions with SpaceX that could lead to the company's launchers being used temporarily, given that Russia blocked access to Soyuz rockets amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Since that invasion and in the greater war between Russia and Ukraine, Starlink was extensively used. In 2022, SpaceX's Falcon 9 also became the world record holder for the most launches of a single vehicle type in a single year. SpaceX launched a rocket approximately every six days in 2022, with 61 launches in total. All but one (a Falcon Heavy in November) was on a Falcon 9 rocket. In November 2023, SpaceX announced it would acquire its parachute supplier Pioneer Aerospace out of bankruptcy for $2.2 million. On July 16, 2024, Elon Musk posted on X that SpaceX would move its headquarters from Hawthorne, California, to SpaceX Starbase in Brownsville, Texas. Musk said this was because the recently passed California AB1955 bill "and the many others that preceded it, attacking both families and companies". This new law in California bans school districts from requiring that teachers notify parents about changes to a student's sexual orientation and gender identity. The headquarters officially moved to Brownsville, Texas in August 2024, according to records filed with the California Secretary of State. The move to relocate SpaceX's headquarters was seen as largely symbolic, at least in the short term. The Hawthorne facility continues to support the company's Falcon launch vehicles, which was SpaceX's workhorse product in 2024. SpaceX's 2024 Polaris Dawn mission featured the first-ever private spacewalk, marking a major milestone in commercial space exploration. In 2025, ProPublica reported that Chinese investors were investing in SpaceX via offshore entities, such as the Cayman Islands. Experts speculated that this might raise national security concerns with regulators. Later in 2025 ProPublica reported that Chinese equity ownership in SpaceX likely extended to direct investment, citing the court testimony of investor Iqbaljit Kahlon. By July 2025, as part of $5 Billion equity raise SpaceX agreed to invest $2 billion in xAI. ==== Starship ==== In January 2019, SpaceX announced it would lay off 10% of its workforce to help finance the Starship and Starlink projects. The purpose of the Starship vehicle is to enable large-scale transit of humans and cargo to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. SpaceX's Starship is the largest and most powerful rocket ever flown, with a planned payload capacity of 100+ tons. Construction of initial prototypes and tests for Starship started in early 2019 in Florida and Texas. All Starship construction and testing moved to the new SpaceX South Texas launch site later that year. On April 20, 2023, Starship's first orbital flight test ended in a mid-air explosion over the Gulf of Mexico before booster separation. After launch, multiple engines in the booster progressively failed, causing the vehicle to reach max q later than planned. "Max q" is the theoretical point of maximal mechanical stress which occurs during the launch sequence of a space vehicle. In the case of a rocket that must be self-destructed during its ascent, max q occurs at the point of self-destruction. Eventually, the vehicle lost control and spun erratically until the automated flight termination system was activated, which intentionally destroyed the rocket. Elon Musk, SpaceX, and other individuals familiar with the space industry have referred to the test flight as a success. Musk said at the time that it would take "six to eight weeks" to get the infrastructure prepared for another launch. In October 2023, a senior SpaceX executive stated the company had been ready to launch the next test flight since September. He accused government regulators of disrupting the project's progress, adding the delay could lead to China beating U.S. astronauts back to the Moon. On November 18, 2023, SpaceX launched Starship on its second flight test, with both vehicles flying for a few minutes before separately exploding. In early March 2024 SpaceX announced that it was targeting March 14 as the tentative launch date for its next uncrewed Starship launch configuration flight test, pending the issuance of a "launch license" by the FAA. This license was granted on March 13, 2024. On March 14, 2024, at 13:25 UTC, Starship launched for the third time and for the first time Starship reached its planned suborbital trajectory. The flight ended with the booster experiencing a malfunction shortly before landing and the ship being lost during re-entry over the Indian Ocean. On June 4, 2024, SpaceX received the launch license for Starship's fourth flight test. The licensure itself was notable in that it was the first time that the FAA included a clause that would allow SpaceX to launch subsequent test flights without a mishap investigation, provided that they met a similar launch profile and used the same specification of hardware. The provision could prove to speed the development timeline. On October 12, 2024, SpaceX received FAA approval for Starship's fifth flight test. The flight was the first without engine failures, and the first successful tower catch. SpaceX launched Starship on its sixth flight test on November 19, 2024. The booster aborted the catch attempt, while the ship conducted a relight in space. On January 16, 2025, SpaceX launched Starship on its seventh flight test, with the first Block 2 Ship, Ship 33 (standing at 403 ft or 123 meters). This test also carried a demonstration payload, a Starlink V3 simulator. The test launched at 22:37 UTC. The test resulted in the second catch of the Super Heavy booster, B14, but after 8 minutes, SpaceX lost contact with 'Ship', which is the upper stage of the Starship which resulted in the failure of the ship during the ascent. The spacecraft reportedly exploded around 8.5 minutes after launch over the Atlantic Ocean near the Turks and Caicos Islands. The FAA, on January 18, required a mishap investigation of the failure. On March 7, 2025, SpaceX launched another Starship rocket, this time from Texas. Contact was lost minutes into the test flight and the spacecraft came tumbling down and broke apart, with wreckage seen across Florida's skies. As per preliminary investigation, Starship's 7th test flight was disrupted by an oxygen leak, flashes and sustained fires in its aft section, which caused the rocket's engines to shut down and turn on the spacecraft's self-destruct system. On June 18, 2025, a SpaceX Starship rocket exploded during a static fire test at the company's Starbase facility in Texas, following what the company described as a “major anomaly”. ==== Crewed launches ==== A significant milestone was achieved in May 2020, when SpaceX successfully launched two NASA astronauts (Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken) into orbit on a Crew Dragon spacecraft during Crew Dragon Demo-2, making SpaceX the first private company to send astronauts to the International Space Station and marking the first crewed orbital launch from American soil in 9 years. The mission launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) in Florida. ==== Starlink ==== In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first large batch of 60 Starlink satellites, beginning to deploy what would become the world's largest commercial satellite constellation the following year. In 2022, most SpaceX launches focused on Starlink, a consumer internet business that sends batches of internet-beaming satellites and now has over 6,000 satellites in orbit. On July 16, 2021, SpaceX entered an agreement to acquire Swarm Technologies, a private company building a low Earth orbit satellite constellation for communications with Internet of things (IoT) devices, for $524 million. In December 2022, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the launch of up to 7,500 of SpaceX's next-generation satellites in its Starlink internet network. In September 2025, SpaceX said it would purchase the rights to use some of EchoStar's spectrum for $17 billion in a cash and stock deal. The company said it would use the spectrum as a foundation for Starlink's direct-to-cell business around the globe. === Summary of achievements === == Hardware == === Launch vehicles === SpaceX has developed three launch vehicles. The small-lift Falcon 1 was the first launch vehicle developed and was retired in 2009. The medium-lift Falcon 9 and the heavy-lift Falcon Heavy are both operational. Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low Earth orbit. It launched five times between 2006 and 2009, of which two were successful. The Falcon 1 was the first privately funded, liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit. Falcon 9 is a medium-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 22,800 kilograms (50,265 lb) to orbit, competing with the Delta IV and the Atlas V rockets, as well as other launch providers around the world. It has nine Merlin engines in its first stage. The Falcon 9 v1.0 rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on June 4, 2010. Its third flight, COTS Demo Flight 2, launched on May 22, 2012, and launched the first commercial spacecraft to reach and dock with the International Space Station (ISS). The vehicle was upgraded to Falcon 9 v1.1 in 2013, Falcon 9 Full Thrust in 2015, and finally to Falcon 9 Block 5 in 2018. The first stage of Falcon 9 is designed to retro propulsively land, be recovered, and flown again. Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift launch vehicle capable of delivering up to 63,800 kg (140,700 lb) to Low Earth orbit (LEO) or 26,700 kg (58,900 lb) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). It uses three slightly modified Falcon 9 first-stage cores with a total of 27 Merlin 1D engines. The Falcon Heavy successfully flew its inaugural mission on February 6, 2018, launching Musk's personal Tesla Roadster into heliocentric orbit. Both the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy are certified to conduct launches for the National Security Space Launch (NSSL). As of December 11, 2025, the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy have been launched 589 times, resulting in 586 full mission successes, one partial success, and one in-flight failure. In addition, a Falcon 9 experienced a pre-flight failure before a static fire test in 2016. SpaceX is developing a fully reusable super-heavy lift launch system known as Starship. It comprises a reusable first stage, called Super Heavy, and the reusable Starship second stage space vehicle. As of 2017, the system was intended to supersede the company's existing launch vehicle hardware by the early 2020s. === Rocket engines === Since the founding of SpaceX in 2002, the company has developed several rocket engines – Merlin, Kestrel, and Raptor – for use in launch vehicles, Draco for the reaction control system of the Dragon series of spacecraft, and SuperDraco for abort capability in Crew Dragon. Merlin is a family of rocket engines that uses liquid oxygen (LOX) and RP-1 propellants. Merlin was first used to power the Falcon 1's first stage and is now used on both stages of the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles. Kestrel uses the same propellants and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second-stage main engine. Draco and SuperDraco are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines. Draco engines are used on the reaction control system of the Dragon and Dragon 2 spacecraft. The SuperDraco engine is more powerful, and eight SuperDraco engines provide launch escape capability for crewed Dragon 2 spacecraft during an abort scenario. Raptor is a new family of liquid oxygen and liquid methane-fueled full-flow staged combustion cycle engines to power the first and second stages of the in-development Starship launch system. Development versions were test-fired in late 2016, and the engine flew for the first time in 2019, powering the Starhopper vehicle to an altitude of 20 m (66 ft). === Dragon spacecraft === SpaceX has developed the Dragon spacecraft to transport cargo and crew to the International Space Station (ISS). The first-generation Dragon 1 spacecraft was used only for cargo operations. It was developed with financial support from NASA under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. After a successful COTS demonstration flight in 2010, SpaceX was chosen to receive a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract. The currently operational second-generation Dragon 2 spacecraft conducted its first flight, without crew, to the ISS in early 2019, followed by a crewed flight of Dragon 2 in 2020. It was developed with financial support from NASA under the Commercial Crew Program program. The cargo variant of Dragon 2 flew for the first time in December 2020, for a resupply to the ISS as part of the CRS contract with NASA. In March 2020 SpaceX revealed the Dragon XL, designed as a resupply spacecraft for NASA's planned Lunar Gateway space station under a Gateway Logistics Services (GLS) contract. Dragon XL is planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy, and is able to transport over 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to the Gateway. Dragon XL will be docked at the Gateway for six to twelve months at a time. SpaceX designed a spacesuit to be worn inside the Dragon spacecraft to protect from possible depressurization. On May 4, 2024, SpaceX unveiled a second spacesuit designed for extravehicular activity, planned to be used for a spacewalk during the Polaris Dawn mission. === Autonomous spaceport drone ships === SpaceX routinely returns the first stage of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets after orbital launches. The rocket lands at a predetermined landing site using only its propulsion systems. When propellant margins do not permit a return to a launch site (RTLS), rockets return to a floating landing platform in the ocean, called autonomous spaceport drone ships (ASDS). SpaceX also had plans to introduce floating launch platforms, which would be modified oil rigs provide a sea launch option for their Starship launch vehicle. As of February 2023, SpaceX had sold the oil rigs, but had not ruled out sea-based platforms for future use. === Starlink === Starlink is an internet satellite constellation under development by Starlink Services, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of SpaceX, that consists of thousands of cross-linked communications satellites in ~550 km orbits. Its goal is to address the significant unmet demand worldwide for low-cost broadband capabilities. Development began in 2015, and initial prototype test-flight satellites were launched on the SpaceX Paz satellite mission in 2017. In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9. Initial test operation of the constellation began in late 2020 and first orders were taken in early 2021. Customers were told to expect internet service speeds of 50 Mbit/s to 150 Mbit/s and latency from 20 ms to 40 ms. In December 2022, Starlink reached over 1 million subscribers worldwide. The planned large number of Starlink satellites has been criticized by astronomers due to concerns over light pollution, with the brightness of Starlink satellites in both optical and radio wavelengths interfering with scientific observations. In response, SpaceX has implemented several upgrades to Starlink satellites aimed at reducing their brightness. The large number of satellites employed by Starlink also creates long-term dangers of space debris collisions. However, the satellites are equipped with krypton-fueled Hall thrusters which allow them to de-orbit at the end of their life. They are also designed to autonomously avoid collisions based on uplinked tracking data. In December 2022, SpaceX announced Starshield, a program to incorporate military or government entity payloads on board a Starlink-derived satellite bus. The Space Development Agency is a key customer procuring satellites for a space-based missile defense system. In June 2024, SpaceX introduced a compact version of its Starlink antennas, the "Starlink Mini", designed for mobile satellite internet use. Offered for $599 in an early access release, it was more expensive than the base model. The Mini antenna, half the size and one-third the weight of the Standard version, featured a built-in WiFi router, lower power consumption, and over 100 Mbit/s download speeds. == Other projects == === Hyperloop === In June 2015, SpaceX announced that it would sponsor a Hyperloop competition, and would build a 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long subscale test track near SpaceX's headquarters for the competitive events. The company held the annual competition from 2017 to 2019. === COVID-19 antibody-testing program === In collaboration with doctors and academic researchers, SpaceX invited all employees to participate in the creation of a COVID-19 antibody-testing program in 2020. As such, 4300 employees volunteered to provide blood samples resulting in a peer-reviewed scientific paper crediting eight SpaceX employees as coauthors and suggesting that a certain level of COVID-19 antibodies may provide lasting protection against the virus. === Other === In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children stuck in a flooded cavern in Thailand. Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, encouraged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a backup in case flooding worsened. However, Stanton later concluded that the mini-submarine would not work and said that Musk's involvement "distracted from the rescue effort". Engineers at SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand. Thai authorities ultimately declined to use the submarine, stating that it wasn't practical for the rescue mission. == Facilities == SpaceX is headquartered at the SpaceX Starbase near Brownsville, Texas, where it manufactures and launches its Starship vehicle. However most of the company's operations are based out of its office in Hawthorne, California where it was previously headquartered, where it builds Falcon rockets and Dragon spacecraft, and where it houses its mission control. The company also operates a Starlink satellite manufacturing facilities in Redmond, Washington, a rocket development and test facility in McGregor, Texas, and maintains an office in the Washington, D.C. area, close to key government customers. SpaceX has two active launch sites in Florida, one active launch site in California and one active launch site at Starbase in Texas. === Hawthorne, CA: Falcon and Dragon manufacturing, mission control === SpaceX operates a large facility in the Los Angeles suburb of Hawthorne, California. The three-story building, originally built by Northrop Corporation to build Boeing 747 fuselages, houses SpaceX's office space, mission control, and Falcon 9 manufacturing facilities. The area has one of the largest concentrations of space sector headquarters, facilities, and subsidiaries in the U.S., including Boeing/McDonnell Douglas main satellite building campuses, The Aerospace Corporation, Raytheon, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, United States Space Force's Space Systems Command at Los Angeles Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Northrop Grumman, and AECOM, etc., with a large pool of aerospace engineers and recent college engineering graduates. SpaceX uses a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket engines. SpaceX builds its rocket engines, rocket stages, spacecraft, principal avionics and all software in-house in their Hawthorne facility, which is unusual for the space industry. The Hawthorne facility was SpaceX's headquarters until August 2024. However, the move to relocate SpaceX's headquarters was seen as largely symbolic, at least in the short term, as the facility will remain to the company's operations. === Starbase, TX: Starship manufacturing, launch === SpaceX manufactures and flies Starship test vehicles from the SpaceX Starbase in Boca Chica near Brownsville, Texas, having announced first plans for the launch facility in August 2014. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the permit in July 2014. SpaceX broke ground on the new launch facility in 2014 with construction ramping up in the latter half of 2015, with the first suborbital launches from the facility in 2019 and orbital launches starting in 2023. SpaceX has faced increased scrutiny over the environmental impact of its Starbase facility. In August 2024, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality cited SpaceX for violating environmental regulations by repeatedly releasing pollutants into water near the Boca Chica launch site. The EPA fined SpaceX approximately $150,000 for allegedly discharging "industrial wastewater" and violating the Clean Water Act. === McGregor, TX: Rocket Development and Test Facility === SpaceX's Rocket Development and Test Facility in McGregor, Texas is a rocket engine test facility. Every rocket engine and thruster manufactured by SpaceX must pass through McGregor for final testing being used on flight missions. The facility also serves as a testing ground for various components and engines during the research and development process. In addition to engine testing, after splashdown and recovery, Dragon spacecraft make a stop at McGregor to have their hazardous hypergolic propellant fuels removed, before the capsules continue on to Hawthorne for refurbishment. SpaceX calls the facility the most advanced and active rocket engine test facility in the world, and said that as of 2024, over 7,000 tests had been conducted at the facility since it opened, with seven engine test fires on a typical day, across more than a dozen test stands. Despite its low-profile compared to the company's other facilities, is a critical part of SpaceX's operations, and company president and COO Gwynne Shotwell maintains her primary office in McGregor. Originally the site of the Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant during World War II, the facility was later used by Beal Aerospace before being leased by SpaceX in 2003. The company has since expanded it significantly from 256 acres (104 ha) in 2003 to 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) by 2015. In July 2021, SpaceX announced plans to build a second production facility for Raptor engines at McGregor. This expansion is expected to significantly increase SpaceX's production capacity, with the goal of producing 800 to 1,000 Raptor engines per year. === Starlink manufacturing facilities === SpaceX's Starlink subsidiary operates over two main facilities. Satellite manufacturing takes place near Seattle, Washington while user terminal manufacturing takes place near Austin, Texas. Starlink's satellite development and manufacturing operations campus occupies over 314,000 square feet (29,200 m2) in at least six buildings located in Redmond, Washington, east of Seattle. The first building opened in early 2015, and the company later expanded into five buildings on the Redmond Ridge Corporate Center. Starlink opened a user terminal manufacturing facility just outside of Bastrop, Texas, east of Austin in December 2023. In its first nine months of operation, the one-million-square-foot (93,000 m2) facility produced one million user terminals and was on track to become the largest factory for printed circuit boards in the United States. === Launch facilities === SpaceX operates four orbital launch sites, at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and Kennedy Space Center in Florida and Vandenberg Space Force Base in California for Falcon rockets, and Starbase near Brownsville, Texas for Starship. SpaceX has indicated that they see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and that they have sufficient launch business to fill each pad. The Vandenberg launch site enables highly inclined orbits (66–145°), while Cape Canaveral and Kennedy enable orbits of medium inclination (28.5–55°). Larger inclinations, including SSO, are possible from Florida by overflying Cuba. Before it was retired, all Falcon 1 launches took place at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Omelek Island of the Marshall Islands. In April 2007, the Pentagon approved the use of Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) by SpaceX. The site has been used since 2010 for Falcon 9 launches, mainly to low Earth and geostationary orbits. The former Launch Complex 13 at Cape Canaveral, now renamed Landing Zones 1 and 2, has since 2015 been used for Falcon 9 first-stage booster landings. Later on, SpaceX will retire these two landing zones and add three landing zones for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets to conduct to "Return-to-launch-site" landings, two at LC-39A and one at SLC-40. Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E) was leased from the military in 2011 and is used for payloads to polar orbits. The Vandenberg site can launch both Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy vehicles, but cannot launch to low inclination orbits. The neighboring SLC-4W was converted to Landing Zone 4 in 2015 for booster landings. On April 14, 2014, SpaceX signed a 20-year lease for Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A. The pad was subsequently modified to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. As of 2024 it is the only pad that supports Falcon Heavy launches. SpaceX launched its first crewed mission to the ISS from Launch Pad 39A on May 30, 2020. Pad 39A has been prepared since 2019 to eventually accommodate Starship launches. With delays in launch FAA permits for Boca Chica, Texas, the 39A Starship preparation was accelerated in 2022. == Contracts == SpaceX won demonstration and actual supply contracts from NASA for the International Space Station (ISS) with technology the company developed. SpaceX is also certified for U.S. military launches of Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle-class (EELV) payloads. With approximately thirty missions on the manifest for 2018 alone, SpaceX represented over $12 billion under contract. === Cargo to ISS === In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to demonstrate cargo delivery to the ISS, with a possible contract option for crew transport. Through this contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new capabilities, NASA paid SpaceX $396 million to develop the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 launch vehicle with their resources. These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development 4–10 times less expensive than if produced by NASA alone. In December 2010, with the launch of the SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1 mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft. Dragon successfully berthed with the ISS during SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 in May 2012, a first for a private spacecraft. Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) is a series of contracts awarded by NASA from 2008 to 2016 for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the ISS on commercially operated spacecraft. The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for 12 cargo transport missions, covering deliveries to 2016. SpaceX CRS-1, the first of the 12 planned resupply missions, launched in October 2012, achieved orbit, berthed, and remained on station for 20 days, before re-entering the atmosphere and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean. CRS missions have flown approximately twice a year to the ISS since then. In 2015, NASA extended the Phase 1 contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from SpaceX, and then extended the contract further for a total of twenty cargo missions to the ISS. The final Dragon 1 mission, SpaceX CRS-20, departed the ISS in April 2020, and Dragon was subsequently retired from service. A second phase of contracts was awarded in January 2016 with SpaceX as one of the awardees. SpaceX will fly up to nine additional CRS flights with the upgraded Dragon 2 spacecraft. In March 2020, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop the Dragon XL spacecraft to send supplies to the Lunar Gateway space station. Dragon XL will be launched on a Falcon Heavy. === Crewed === SpaceX is responsible for the transportation of NASA astronauts to and from the ISS. The NASA contracts started as part of the Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program, aimed at developing commercially operated spacecraft capable of delivering astronauts to the ISS. The first contract was awarded to SpaceX in 2011, followed by another in 2012 to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft. In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that would be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. SpaceX won $2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017. The contracts called for at least one crewed flight test with at least one NASA astronaut aboard. Once Crew Dragon received NASA human-spaceflight certification, the contract required SpaceX to conduct at least two, and as many as six, crewed missions to the space station. SpaceX completed the first key flight test of its Crew Dragon spacecraft, a Pad Abort Test, in May 2015, and successfully conducted a full uncrewed test flight in early 2019. The capsule docked to the ISS and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an in-flight abort test, the last test flight before flying crew, in which the Dragon spacecraft fired its launch escape engines in a simulated abort scenario. On May 30, 2020, the Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, the first time a crewed vehicle had launched from the U.S. since 2011, and the first SpaceX commercial crewed launch to the ISS. The Crew-1 mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station on November 16, 2020, with NASA astronauts Michael Hopkins, Victor Glover and Shannon Walker along with JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi, all members of the Expedition 64 crew. On April 23, 2021, Crew-2 was launched to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough and K. Megan McArthur, JAXA astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, and ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet. The Crew-2 mission successfully docked on April 24, 2021. SpaceX also offers paid crewed spaceflights for private individuals. The first of these missions, Inspiration4, launched in 2021 on behalf of Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman. The mission launched the Crew Dragon Resilience from the Florida Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A atop a Falcon 9 launch vehicle, placed the Dragon capsule into low Earth orbit, and ended successfully about three days later when the Resilience splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean. All four crew members received commercial astronaut training from SpaceX. The training included lessons in orbital mechanics, operating in a microgravity environment, stress testing, emergency-preparedness training, and mission simulations. === National defense === In 2005, SpaceX announced that it had been awarded an Indefinite Delivery/Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract, allowing the United States Air Force to purchase up to $100 million worth of launches from the company. Three years later, NASA announced that it had awarded an IDIQ Launch Services contract to SpaceX for up to $1 billion, depending on the number of missions awarded. In December 2012, SpaceX announced its first two launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The United States Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center awarded SpaceX two EELV-class missions: Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and Space Test Program 2 (STP-2). DSCOVR was launched on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2015, while STP-2 was launched on a Falcon Heavy on June 25, 2019. The Falcon 9 v1.1 was certified for National Security Space Launch (NSSL) in 2015, allowing SpaceX to contract launch services to the Air Force for any payloads classified under national security. This broke the monopoly held since 2006 by United Launch Alliance (ULA) over U.S. Air Force launches of classified payloads. In April 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded the first such national security launch to SpaceX to launch the second GPS III satellite for $82.7 million. This was approximately 40% less than the estimated cost for similar previous missions. SpaceX also launched the third GPS III launch on June 20, 2020. In March 2018, SpaceX secured an additional $290 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three GPS III satellites. The U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) also purchased launches from SpaceX, with the first taking place on May 1, 2017. In February 2019, SpaceX secured a $297 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to launch another three national security missions, all slated to launch no earlier than FY 2021. In August 2020, the U.S. Space Force awarded its National Security Space Launch (NSSL) contracts for the following 5–7 years. SpaceX won a contract for $316 million for one launch. In addition, SpaceX will handle 40% of the U.S. military's satellite launch requirements over the period. SpaceX also designs and launches custom military satellites for the Space Development Agency as part of a new missile defense system in low Earth orbit. The constellation would give the United States capabilities to sense, target and potentially intercept nuclear missiles and hypersonic weapons launched from anywhere on Earth. Both China and Russia brought concerns to the United Nations about the program, and various organizations warn it could be destabilizing and trigger an arms race in space. In March 2024, Reuters reported that, as part of a $1.8 billion contract signed with the National Reconnaissance Office in 2021, SpaceX is building a network of hundreds of spy satellites. This new network, Reuters reported, would be able to operate as a swarm in low orbits. In December 2024, WSJ reported that Musk didn't have access to government secrets. == Launch market competition and pricing pressure == SpaceX's low launch prices, especially for communications satellites flying to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), have resulted in market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices. Prior to 2013, the openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by Arianespace (flying the Ariane 5) and International Launch Services (flying the Proton). With a published price of $56.5 million per launch to low Earth orbit, Falcon 9 rockets were the least expensive in the industry. European satellite operators are pushing the ESA to reduce launch prices of the Ariane 5 and Ariane 6 rockets as a result of competition from SpaceX. SpaceX ended the United Launch Alliance (ULA) monopoly of U.S. military payloads when it began to compete for national security launches. In 2015, anticipating a slump in domestic, military, and spy launches, ULA stated that it would go out of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders. To that end, ULA announced a major restructuring of processes and workforce to decrease launch costs by half. Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the NASA Space Act Agreement process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to design and develop the Falcon 9 rocket on its own at a substantially lower cost. According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's total development cost for the Falcon 9 rocket, including the Falcon 1 rocket, was estimated at $390 million. In 2011, NASA estimated that it would have cost the agency about $4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes, about ten times more. In May 2020, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine remarked that thanks to NASA's investments into SpaceX, the United States has 70% of the commercial launch market, a major improvement since 2012 when there were no commercial launches from the country. As of 2024, SpaceX operates a Rideshare and Bandwagon (mid inclination) programs. This provides additional competition for small satellite launchers. == Corporate affairs == === Business trends === === Board of directors === === Leadership changes === In November 2022, the company announced COO Gwynne Shotwell and vice president Mark Juncosa would oversee Starbase, its Texas launch facility, along with Omead Afshar, who at the time oversaw operations for Tesla in Texas. Shyamal Patel, who was senior director of operations at the site, would shift to its Cape Canaveral site. CNBC reported that these executive moves demonstrated "the sense of urgency within the company to get Starship flying". === Taxes === According to The New York Times, SpaceX has likely paid little to no federal income taxes due to tax loss deferral of up to $5.4bn in deferred losses, but has privately told investors that it may never realize some or all of those losses. === Workplace culture === According to former NASA deputy administrator Lori Garver, the company overall has a male-dominated employee culture, similar to that of the spaceflight industry in general. In December 2021, claims of workplace sexual harassment from five former SpaceX employees, ranging from interns to full engineers, were published. The former employees claimed to have experienced unwanted advances and uncomfortable interactions. Additionally, the accounts included claims of a culture of sexual harassment existing at the company and one where complaints made to executives, managers, and human resources officers went largely unaddressed. In May 2022, a Business Insider article alleged that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct with a SpaceX flight attendant in a private jet in 2016 citing an anonymous friend of the flight attendant. In response, some employees collaborated on an open letter condemning "Elon's harmful Twitter behavior". It also asks the company to clearly define SpaceX's "no-asshole" and "zero tolerance" policies, which it says is unequally enforced from one employee to the next. The next day, Gwynne Shotwell announced that those employees who were involved with the letter had been terminated and claimed that unsponsored, unsolicited surveys were sent to employees during the work day and that some felt pressured to sign the letter. The company has also been described as having a work culture that pushes employees to work excessively and is described as fostering a burnout culture. According to a memo by Blue Origin, a rival aerospace company with a history of lawsuits and anti-SpaceX political lobbying, SpaceX expected very long work hours, work on weekends, and limited use of holidays. "SpaceX employees say they’re paying the price for the billionaire’s push to colonize space at breakneck speed" reported Reuters in 2023. An examination of OSHA's records revealed injury rates higher than the industry's averages. In addition, Reuters documented at least 600 previously unreported workplace injuries at SpaceX, including "crushed limbs, amputations, electrocutions, head and eye wounds and one death." The person who died was Lonnie LeBlanc, a former United States Marine. In June 2024, eight ex-employees, the same who had previously been fired for penning the open letter against Elon Musk, filed a lawsuit against Musk and SpaceX alleging sexual harassment and discrimination. The lawsuit has since stalled on headquarter jurisdiction grounds. == References == == Further reading == Berger, Eric. Reentry: SpaceX, Elon Musk, and the Reusable Rockets that Launched a Second Space Age. BenBella Books (2024). ISBN 978-1637745274 Berger, Eric. Liftoff: Elon Musk and the Desperate Early Days That Launched SpaceX. William Collins (2021). ISBN 978-0008445621 Davenport, Christian. The Space Barons; Elon Musk. Jeff Bezos, and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos. PublicAffairs (2018). ISBN 978-1610398299 Fernholz, Tim. Rocket Billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and the New Space Race. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2018). ISBN 978-1328662231 Vance, Ashlee. Elon Musk: How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping Our Future. Penguin Random House UK (2015). ISBN 978-0753555620 == External links == Official website SpaceX on OpenSecrets, a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying SpaceX on LittleSis, a website that publishes data on who-knows-who between government, donors and business
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_E._Oesper	Ralph E. Oesper	Ralph Edward Oesper (14 June 1886 – 10 December 1977) was an American chemist and historian of chemistry. He is noted for his biographies of scientists, emphasizing their personal lives in addition to their scientific contributions. Oesper translated significant works in the field of chemistry to various languages especially English. As an independent investigator, he developed improved analytical methods. These contributions included new reagents for certain types of titrations. One such new reagent, Oesper's Salt, is named after him. == Personal life and education == Oesper was born in Cincinnati and attended public schools before enrolling at the University of Cincinnati in 1904. There he earned a bachelor's degree in 1908, a master's degree in 1909, and a PhD in 1914 with Lauder William Jones as his thesis advisor. These degrees were all in the field of chemistry or analytical chemistry. On 29 June 1910 he married Helen Gertrude Wilson (1885–1972). The couple had one child, Peter Oesper, who also became a chemistry professor. == Career == Following completion of his PhD degree, Oesper taught for a brief time at New York University and then at Smith College as a non-tenure track faculty member. He then in 1918 became a tenure track faculty member and later a full professor at the University of Cincinnati, where he remained until his retirement in 1951 as professor emeritus. In retirement, he remained active as an occasional lecturer, a journal editor, and a translator of scientific books and articles. Oesper wrote approximately 300 scientific articles on analytical and organic chemistry, colloid chemistry and chemical history. He was fluent in the German language and translated about 20 chemistry books and numerous articles from German into English. He also translated chemistry articles from French and Dutch into English. === Analytical chemistry === Early in his career as an independent researcher, Oesper continued investigations in analytical chemistry. His scientific accomplishments at this stage of his career included demonstrating the utility of the compound ferrous ethylene diamine sulfate in certain applications especially redox titrations. This compound replaced Mohr's salt (ferrous ammonium sulfate) in many applications because of its greater stability compared to Mohr's salt. He published these findings in 1947. Ferrous ethylene diamine sulfate is often referred to as "Oesper's Salt", in recognition of Oesper's scientific contributions. A further contribution to analytical chemistry was his demonstration of the use of naphthidine as an indicator for certain chromate titrations such as for chloride ion. This improved indicator resulted in better testing results. He published this finding in 1934. === Biographies and translations === Following extensive European travel in the 1920s, Oesper began writing and compiling biographies of notable European chemists. These biographies were published in the United States in 1929 in a journal article entitled "What a Chemist May See in Europe". The publication included 24 biographies, examples including Fritz Haber, Alfred Nobel, Wilhelm Ostwald, Joseph Priestley, Jeremias Benjamin Richter amongst others. As part of his career as a researcher in analytical chemistry, in 1938 Oesper translated a significant treatise on analytical methods from the German language into English, thereby making the information more broadly available. From then, Oesper continued to translated important scientific works. Oesper wrote numerous short biographies of notable chemists and lectured on the history of chemistry. Particularly notable was his 1975 book The Human Side of Scientists, which emphasized the lives of the scientists over their scientific contributions per se. The book includes 138 short biographies of scientists, mostly chemists. === Honors and legacy === In 1954, Oesper received the 5th annual Eminent Chemist award by the American Chemical Society. In 1956 he received the first Dexter Award for Outstanding Achievement in the History of Chemistry from the American Chemical Society. In 1966 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Cincinnati. Oesper was a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Chemical Education, Chymia, Mikrochemie, and Microchimica Acta. Oesper bequeathed his extensive library to the University of Cincinnati. This included a financial endowment to fund projects on the history of chemistry. The University of Cincinnati with the Cincinnati section of the American Chemical Society present an annual Oesper Award and Symposium series, named in Ralph Oesper's honor. Oesper was also known for his efforts to preserve the history of chemistry. In addition to his work as a translator and historian, he helped establish one of the most comprehensive collections of historical chemical apparatus and literature in the United States, now housed at the University of Cincinnati. == Selected publications == === Articles === Oesper, Ralph E.; Broker, Walter; Cook, Walter A. (1925). "New chlorocarbonates derived from aromatic and dihydroxy alcohols". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 47 (10): 2609–2610. doi:10.1021/ja01687a028. Cohen, Stuart; Oesper, Ralph E. "The Preparation of Naphthidine." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition". 8 (4). 1936: 306–307. doi:10.1021/ac50102a036. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Oesper, Ralph E.; Deasy, Clara L. (1 April 1939). "The Preparation of Lead Tetraacetate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (4): 972–973. doi:10.1021/ja01873a510. Oesper, R. E.; Fulmer, R. E. (1 June 1953). "New Analog of Cupferron". Anal. Chem. 25 (6): 908–909. doi:10.1021/ac60078a016. === Books === As translator: Feigl, Fritz (1943). Laboratory manual of spot tests. Academic Press. Feigl, Fritz (1946). Qualitative analysis by spot tests, inorganic and organic applications (3rd ed.). Elsevier. Laue, Max von (1950). History of physics. Academic Press. As author: Oesper, Ralph E. The Human Side of Scientists, University Publications, 1975. == External links == The Oesper Collections in the History of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rebroff#:~:text=Rebroff%20was%20born%20on%2031,has%20never%20been%20totally%20refuted.	Ivan Rebroff	Ivan Rebroff (born Hans Rolf Rippert; 31 July 1931 – 27 February 2008) was a German vocalist, allegedly of Russian ancestry, who rose to prominence for his distinct and extensive vocal range of four octaves, ranging "from a low F to a high F, one and a quarter octaves above C". An imposing figure on stage, usually bearded and dressed in Cossack clothing, his presence was enhanced by his height, being over 2 metres tall. == Life and career == Rebroff was born on 31 July 1931 in Berlin (prematurely, he asserted, at seven months, on a train platform) as Hans Rolf Rippert to German parents. His parents were Paul Rippert, an engineer born in 1897 in Liebenwerda, and Luise Fenske, born in Bromberg (nowadays Bydgoszcz in modern day poland). He claimed Russian descent, and while often disputed, this has never been totally refuted. In a 1989 interview with Izvestia, he said "according to documents I am Ivan Pavlovich Rebroff" (Russian: Иван Павлович Ребров). He studied singing at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg. Although his knowledge and pronunciation of Russian was imperfect, he became famous for singing Russian folk songs, but also performed opera, light classics and folk songs from many other countries. He was known on stage for his gusto. He performed over 6,000 concerts in his career, including a two-year seven-day-a-week stint at the Théâtre Marigny in Paris, singing and acting, among other greats, the role of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof. When he was well into his seventies, Rebroff still performed 13 concerts in 21 days on an Australian tour. Rebroff described himself as international, the "connection between East and West". He was named an honorary citizen of the Greek Sporades island of Skopelos, his domicile. Rebroff was homosexual. As well as being a singer, he was at least a reasonable violinist and keyboardist (he is pictured playing a church organ but may have also played the piano). Rebroff sang and was able to converse to a lesser or greater extent in several languages in addition to his native German; Russian, French, Italian, English, and Greek. He died aged 76 in Frankfurt on 27 February 2008, after a long illness. Four days after his death, his brother Horst Rippert, who is nine years his senior (and by his own unsubstantiated accounts shot down Antoine de Saint-Exupéry during World War II), claimed part of Rebroff's vast fortune. == LP discography == 1967 Volksweisen aus dem alten Russland (Folk Songs from Old Russia) 1968 Volksweisen aus dem alten Russland 2 (Folk Songs from Old Russia Volume II) Original Russische Liebeslieder Na Sdarowje (Iwan Rebroff Singt Weisen Von Vodka Und Wein) Slawische Seele (Compilation album shared with Tatjana Iwanow and Dunja Rajter) 1969 Beim Klang der Balalaika, and in French Au son des Balalaikas Favourites from Mother Russia Abendglocken (compilation) Russische Weihnacht mit Ivan Rebroff Ivan Rebroff (includes "Lara's Theme" from Doctor Zhivago) A Russian Christmas Un Violon sur le toit (soundtrack of French production of Fiddler on the Roof) Russische Party (live album) Festliche Weihnacht (with Regensburger Domspatzen boys' choir) A Festive Christmas (Festliche Weihnacht re-issue) 1970 Kosaken müssen reiten (German-language versions) 1971 The Best of Ivan Rebroff (compilation) Somewhere My Love (English-language versions) Ivan Rebroff Sing Vir Ons (South African album – Gold Disk Award) Vir Jou Suid-Afrika (South African album) Ivan Rebroff (Opera) Kalinka (soundtrack from the 1971 film L'Homme qui vient de la nuit, German: Das Lied der Balalaika) Mein Russland, du bist schön (German-language versions) Starportrait (compilation) Zwischen Donau und Don (with Dunja Rajter) 1972 Erinnerungen an Russland (Russian-language versions) The Best of Ivan Rebroff Volume II (compilation) Lieder der Welt (Folk songs from around the world) 1973 Mein altes Russland (lushly arranged Russian folk songs) 25 Greatest Russian Melodies (compilation with Tatjana Iwanow (2 duets)) 20 Greatest Hits (New Zealand compilation release) 1974 Russische Party 2 (live album) Memories of Russia 1975 Ivan Rebroff at Carnegie Hall (live) Reich' mir die Hand Russische Lieder von Liebe und Tod (featuring Herbert Seidemann) 1976 Komm mit nach Hellas (German-language versions of Greek songs) Die Fledermaus conducted by Carlos Kleiber – Deutsche Grammophon – with Hermann Prey, Júlia Várady, Lucia Popp, René Kollo, Bernd Weikl, Benno Kusche – Bavarian State Opera Chorus and Bavarian State Orchestra 1977 Mitternacht in Moskau (also known as Midnight in Moscow, with German and Russian versions) 1979 Ave Maria (Festliche Abendmusik Mit Ivan Rebroff) Die Ivan Rebroff Versameling (compilation of South African tracks) Midnight in Moscow (Russian-language version), in German Mitternacht in Moskau 1980 Zauber einer großen Stimme – 20 unvergängliche Welterfolge Die schönsten Lieder dieser Welt (Ivan Rebroff singt 20 unvergängliche Melodien) Katharina und Potemkin (TV musical/operetta) The Ivan Rebroff Collection (compilation) Der Zarewitsch (operetta) 1981 Melodien für Millionen (Ihr Wunschkonzert Mit Den Schönsten Liedern Der Welt) 1982 Ivan Rebroff (Signal record label release) Zauber Grosse Stimmen (8xLP compilation featuring Alexandra) 1983 Taiga-Träume (Neue Lieder Und Geschichten Aus Dem Alten Rußland) Russie Éternelle (French release) Die Schönsten Melodien 1984 In Diesen Heiligen Hallen 1985 Live in Concert - Recitals 1968-1982 Meine Lieblingsmelodien (Swiss compilation release) Schenk Mir Einen Wodka Ein - 16 Seiner Großen Erfolge (compilation release) 1986 Ich Bete An Die Macht Der Liebe (Festliche Abendmusik Mit Ivan Rebroff Vol. II) Ivan Rebroff Singt Heitere Klassik ...Und Friede Auf Erden 1988 Zauber Einer Großen Stimme (Seine Größten Welterfolge) Zijn Grootste Successen (Dutch compilation release) 1989 Perestroika - Glasnost The Best of Ivan Rebroff - Ses Plus Grands Succès (English/French release) 1990 The Very Best of Ivan Rebroff (BBC release) Greatest Hits (CBS release) Stationen Einer Karriere 1991 Ses Plus Grands Succès (French release of The Very Best of Ivan Rebroff) The Very Best of Ivan Rebroff (Volume II) (BBC release) 1992 Die Krönung Einer Großen Karriere == CD discography == 1976 Die Fledermaus conducted by Carlos Kleiber – Deutsche Grammophon – with Hermann Prey, Júlia Várady, Lucia Popp, René Kollo, Bernd Weikl, Benno Kusche – Bavarian State Opera Chorus and Bavarian State Orchestra 1980 Der Zarewitsch 1986 Ivan Rebroff Singt Heitere Klassik 1990 The Very Best of Ivan Rebroff 1991 The Very Best Of Ivan Rebroff (Volume II) 1996 Best of Ivan Rebroff 2002 Meine Reise um die Welt The Great Ivan Rebroff Ach Natascha 2003 Seine Größten Welterfolge Golden Stars 2004 Around The World With Ivan Rebroff 2005 Stimme Aus Gold 2006 Ivan Rebroff – 75 Jahre (Meine Schönsten Lieder) == Compilation albums == Festliche Weihnachten Wunschkonzert The Art of Ivan Rebroff The Best of Russian Folk Songs Vol. 1 The Best of Russian Folk Songs Vol. 2 Erinnerungen an das letzte Jahrhundert Weihnachten mit Ivan Rebroff Die schönste Stimme Rußlands Kosakenträume == References == == External links == Ivan Rebroff discography at Discogs Ivan Rebroff at IMDb Former official website of Ivan Rebroff, via Internet Archive Ivan Rebroff fan page Photos of Ivan Rebroff on Skopelos island "Im tiefen Keller" on YouTube (composed by Ludwig Fischer) Video of concert, Sydney, 1982 on YouTube, "If I Were a Rich Man" from Fiddler on the Roof
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_and_L_Building#:~:text=The%20building%20was%20refurbished%20in,Places%20since%20December%2019%2C%202008.	L and L Building	The L and L Building is a historic two-story building in Billings, Montana. It was designed in the Italianate style, and built in 1893-1896 by Sam and Yee Quong Lee, two brothers who were born in China and emigrated to the United States in 1865. It housed a dry goods store, a restaurant, and a lodging house until the late 1910s, when the first floor was remodelled as a saloon and a liquor store. It later housed the Arcade Bar, which became known as "an eyesore and a gathering spot for the city's criminal underbelly," The bar closed temporarily after it was raided by the police, who arrested a bartender and two customers on marijuana charges in January 1993, and it closed down in May 1994. The building was refurbished in 2004–2006. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 19, 2008. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_Casulana	Maddalena Casulana	Maddalena Casulana (c. 1544 – c. 1590) was an Italian composer, lutenist and singer of the late Renaissance. She is the first female composer to have had a whole book of her music printed and published in the history of western music, dedicated to her female patron Isabella de' Medici. == Life and work == Extremely little is known about her life, other than what can be inferred from the dedications and writings on her collections of madrigals. Most likely she was born at Casole d'Elsa, near Siena, from the evidence of her name. She received her musical education and early experiences in Florence. Her first work dates from 1566: four madrigals in a collection, Il Desiderio, which she produced in Florence. Two years later she published in Venice her first actual book of madrigals for four voices, Il primo libro di madrigali, which is the first printed, published work by a woman in western music history. Also that year Orlando di Lasso conducted Nil mage iucundum at the court of Albert V, Duke of Bavaria in Munich; however the music has not survived. She evidently was close to Isabella de' Medici, and dedicated some of her music to her. In 1570, 1583 and 1586 she published other books of madrigals, all at Venice. Sometime during this period she married a man named Mezari, but no other information is known about him, or where she (or they) were living. Evidently she visited Verona, Milan and Florence, based on information contained in dedications, and likely she went to Venice as well, since her music was published there and numerous Venetians commented on her abilities. She made at least one voyage to the French imperial court in the 1570s. The following line in the dedication to her first book of madrigals, to Isabella de' Medici, shows her feeling about being a female composer at a time when such a thing was rare: "[I] want to show the world, as much as I can in this profession of music, the vain error of men that they alone possess the gifts of intellect and artistry, and that such gifts are never given to women." == Style == Her style is moderately contrapuntal and chromatic, reminiscent of some of the early work by Marenzio as well as many madrigals by Philippe de Monte, but avoids the extreme experimentation of the Ferrara school composers such as Luzzaschi and Gesualdo. Her melodic lines are singable and carefully attentive to the text. Casulana favoured dramatic dialogue in her polyphonic vocal works. This is demonstrated in her madrigal, "Morte - Che voi - Te Chiamo?", in which she alternates different voices to highlight the questions and answers of the text. Other composers of the time, such as Philippe de Monte, thought highly of her; that Lassus conducted a work of hers at a wedding in Bavaria suggests that he also was impressed with her ability. A total of 66 madrigals by Casulana have survived. In 2022 it was announced that a further 17 madrigals have been added to her surviving repertoire, with twelve of the pieces being performed for the first time in 400 years on 8 March 2022, by the Fieri Consort, as part of the BBC Radio 3's programming for International Women’s Day. The discoveries were made by Laurie Stras, Professor of Music at the Universities of Southampton and Huddersfield, who identified the lost alto partbook of Casulana's 1583 book of five-voice madrigals in the Russian State Library in Moscow, thought to have been looted from the Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences during the Second World War, and still bearing Gdańsk's catalogue numbers. == Discography == Bonds, Mark Evan. A History of Music in Western Culture. Vol. 1. Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2014, 6 compact discs accompany text of same title. Originally released in 2010. Briscoe, James R., comp. New Historical Anthology of Music by Women.. Indiana University Press, 2004, 3 compact discs accompanying an anthology of scores. Originally released in 1991. I canti di Euterpe, sec. XVI. Ensemble Laus contentus.Recorded in 1998. La bottega discantica, Discantica 37, 1998, compact disc. English and Italian Renaissance Madrigals. Virgin 7243 5 61671 2 4, 1999, 2 compact discs. Originally released in 1987. The Excellence of Women: Casulana & Strozzi, The Fieri Consort, 2024, Fieri Records. Frauensaiten: die weibliche Seite der Musik. The Hilliard Ensemble, et al. EMI Electrola 7243 4 78380 2 6, 1997, compact disc. Originally released as LP in 1955. Full Well She Sang: Women’s Music from the Middle Ages & Renaissance. Marquis MAR 81445, 2013, compact disc. Originally released in 1991. Italian Renaissance Madrigals. EMI Classics CDC 7 54435 2, 1992, compact disc. Understanding Music: Student's Compact Disc Collection. Sony Music Special Products A3 24952, 1996, 3 compact discs accompany textbook of same title. Verklingend und ewig: Raritäten aus der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel. Capella Augusta Guelferbytana, Mädchenchor Hannover (Gudrun Schröfel, cond.); Knabenchor Hannover (Jörg Breiding, cond.). Recorded July 4–9, 2011. Rondeau ROP6054, 2011, compact disc. == Work Index == This index provides a list of Casulana's works and a reference from the original publication. Available recordings are provided in the third column. == References == == Bibliography == Bridges, Thomas W. "Maddalena Casulana". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Edited by Stanley Sadie. Washington, D. C.: Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1980. Bridges, Thomas W. "Madelana Casulana" in The Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers. Edited by Julie Anne Sadie and Rhian Samuel. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995. Chater, James. "'Such sweet sorrow': The Dialogo di partenza in the Italian Madrigal." Early Music 27, no. 4 (November 1999): 576–88, 590–99. Deutsch, Catherine. Maddalena Casulana: Music Advocating for Women in Early Modern Italy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2025. Gough, Melinda J. "Marie de Medici's 1605 ballet de la reine and the Virtuosic Female Voice." Early Modern Women 7 (2012): 127–56. Hadden, Nancy. "Changing Women: Performers, Patrons and Composers in Renaissance Europe." IAWM Journal 18, no. 1 (June 2012):14–20. Heere-Beyer, Samantha E. "Claiming Voice: Madalena Casulana and the Sixteenth-Century Italian Madrigal." MM thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2009. LaMay, Thomasin. "Composing from the Throat: Madalena Casulana's Primo libro de madrigali, 1568." In Musical Voices of Early Modern Women: Many-Headed Melodies. Edited by Thomasin LaMay. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. LaMay, Thomasin. "Madalena Casulana: My Body Knows Unheard of Songs." In Gender, Sexuality, and Early Music. Edited by Todd C. Borgerding. New York: Routledge, 2002, 41–72. Lindell, Robert. "Music and Patronage at the Court of Rudolf II." In Music in the German Renaissance: Sources, Styles, and Contexts. Edited by John Kmetz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. MacAuslan, Janna and Kristan Aspen. "Noteworthy Women: Renaissance Women in Music." Hot Wire (1993): 12–13. EBSCOhost (accessed October 18, 2016). Newcomb, Anthony. "Giovanni Maria Nanino’s Early Patrons in Rome." The Journal of Musicology 30, no. 1 (2013): 103–27. Pendle, Karin. "Musical Women in Early Modern Europe." Women & Music: a History, Indiana University Press, 2001. Pescerelli, Beatrice, ed. I madrigali di Maddalena Casulana. Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1979. Pescerelli, Beatrice. "Maddalena Casulana". In The Historical Anthology of Music by Women. Edited by James R. Briscoe. Bloomington: Indiana U P, 1986. Willimann, Joseph. "'Indi non piùdes io': Vom Verzichten und Begehren: Die Madrigale von Maddalena Casulana." Musik & Ästhetik 10, no. 37 (2006): 71–97. == External links == Free scores by Maddalena Casulana at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Free scores by Maddalena Casulana in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) Il secondo libro de madrigali a quattro voci, Vinegia, 1570 Casula, Madalena (1567). Bonagionta da San Genesi, Giulio (ed.). "Amorosetto Fiore". Terzo libro del desiderio. Madrigali a quattro voci di Orlando Lasso et d'altri eccel. Musici con un dialogo a otto. Venice: Gallica: 16.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Aschoff	Jürgen Aschoff	Jürgen Walther Ludwig Aschoff (January 25, 1913 – October 12, 1998) was a German physician, biologist and behavioral physiologist. Together with Erwin Bünning and Colin Pittendrigh, he is considered to be a co-founder of the field of chronobiology. Aschoff's work in the field of chronobiology introduced ideas of light interactions in the circadian rhythms of nocturnal and diurnal species as summarized by Aschoff's Rules. == Life == Aschoff was born in Freiburg Im Breisgau, the fifth child of pathologist Ludwig Aschoff (known for discovering the Aschoff-Tawara or atrioventricular node) and his wife Clara. He grew up in the liberal but morally strict world of Prussian academia. After the Abitur at a humanistic high school, he – according to his own statement "lacking a specific interest" – studied medicine at the University of Bonn, where he joined the Burschenschaft (fraternity) Alemannia Bonn. Aschoff's scientific career began in 1938, when he moved to the University of Göttingen to study thermoregulation physiology with Hermann Rein. In 1944, he received the venia legendi. He then became a professor at the University of Göttingen in 1949. In 1952, his mentor, Hermann Rein, was appointed director of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg. Rein brought Aschoff to the Institute as a collaborator to study circadian rhythms in humans, birds, and mice. Aschoff then moved to the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in Andechs to work with Gustav Kramer, who showed time-compensated sun-compass navigation in birds, and Erich von Holst, who studied physiological oscillators. From 1967 to 1979, he was a director at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology and a professor in Munich. Aschoff was a scientific member and a member of the Kollegiums of the Max Planck Institute for Behavior Physiology, as well as senator of the Max Planck Society from 1972 to 1976. Aschoff was known as an excellent lecturer with a booming voice, and he took a special interest in creating a scientific community and encouraging young scientists. After his retirement in 1983 and return to Freiburg, Aschoff continued his scientific work in the form of further publications. Jürgen Aschoff died in 1998 aged 85 after a short illness, only ten months after his beloved wife, Hilde, died. == Work == Aschoff provided a strong foundation for the field of chronobiology through his research on circadian rhythms and entrainment in many different organisms such as rats, mice, birds, macaques, monkeys, and humans. His early research focused on understanding the properties of circadian rhythms and how these rhythms can change in response to stimuli. His later work was more applicable to pathologies, such as psychiatric disorders and dangers of shift work schedules, which can result from manipulating specific Zeitgebers. === Early work === Aschoff began his research on the physiology of thermoregulation by self-experimentation. He discovered that there was a 24-hour rhythm of variation in body temperature. After these experiments, he began investigating the basic mechanisms of circadian rhythm. In the 1950s, he met and began to collaborate with Erwin Bünning and Colin Pittendrigh. Aschoff began further experimentation studying the circadian rhythms of birds and mice under constant conditions. His results led to the conclusion that the circadian oscillations of biological processes were innate and did not require prior exposure to a 24-hour day to be expressed. Aschoff also applied these methods to experiments with human circadian rhythms by building an underground "bunker" to isolate human subjects from any external environmental cues. Subjects placed in this bunker were allowed to turn lights on or off according to their own internal rhythms. After over twenty years of tracking sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, urine output, and other physiological and behavioral outputs, Aschoff and his collaborator Rütger Wever concluded that humans have endogenous circadian oscillators. This discovery has become the foundation for our understanding of many medical problems such as aging, sleep disorders, and jet lag. Colin Pittendrigh is commonly thought to be the first researcher to study chronobiology in modern times. He studied fruit flies in the 1950s, and his mentee, Jürgen Aschoff, studied humans in the 1960s. In 1960, Aschoff coined the term Zeitgeber (from German for "time giver" or "synchronizer") to refer to external, environmental cues that synchronize an endogenous oscillator to the environmental cycle. To investigate the properties of natural endogenous oscillators, Aschoff exposed organisms to constant conditions without Zeitgeber cues (either constant light or constant darkness). The observations from this paper were formulated into the fundamental rules of biological clocks. === Aschoff's Rule === ==== History ==== Aschoff's experiments executed in 1960 showed that under constant light conditions, the activity phase shortens in nocturnal organisms and lengthens in diurnal organisms. These trends were termed alpha compression and alpha expansion, respectively. In tribute to his mentor, Pittendrigh called this observation "Aschoff's Rule" in a different 1960 publication, and the designation remains today. Aschoff's rule is related to the model of parametric entrainment, which assumes continuous phase changes. This means that activity patterns adjust to environmental light patterns. Parametric and non-parametric concepts refer to the nature of the action of light, whether continuous or tonic in the case of parametric entrainment, or discrete or phasic in the case of nonparametric entrainment. Suggestive of phasic effects are the large phase shifts elicited often by very brief light pulses, while the changes in period as a result of different constant light intensities are proof of the existence of tonic effects. Aschoff and Pittendrigh approached the field with different models of how oscillators entrain, which resulted in different predictive models. Aschoff's parametric model states that entrainment occurs through gradual changes in the clock that adapt to a new light-dark cycle. Although this is no longer recognized as the only objectively correct model in the field, Serge Daan suggested in 1998 that Aschoff made qualitative contributions that provide valuable alternatives to inconsistencies in the current field. ==== Terms ==== Relevant terms to understanding Aschoff's Rule are listed below: Actogram: A graph of the phases of activity and rest over the course of a day. Alpha: The duration of wake time. Alpha Compression: The observation that under constant light conditions, the length of activity of nocturnal organisms shortens. Alpha Expansion: The observation that under constant darkness conditions, the length of activity of nocturnal organisms lengthens. Circadian: Any rhythm that has a period of approximately 24h. Circadian Clock: The endogenous, molecular mechanism which regulates circadian rhythms. Circadian Time (CT): Time defined by an organism's intrinsic clock without accounting for Zeitgebers. Diurnal: An organism that displays activity during the day (in light conditions) and during subjective day (in constant conditions) Endogenous: Growing or working from within an organism; intrinsic. Entrainment: The process an organism undergoes when synchronizing endogenous rhythms to a Zeitgeber. Free-Running Period (FRP): The length of time it takes for an organism's endogenous rhythm to repeat without Zeitgebers in constant conditions (LL or DD). Masking: The apparent coupling of an observable rhythm in an organism to a Zeitgeber, but this change is not caused by an alteration of the endogenous clock that schedules the observable rhythm, but by a confounding variable. Nocturnal: An organism that is active during the night (in light conditions) and during subjective night (in constant conditions). Onset of Activity: The time when the passive phase ends, and the active phase begins. Phase-Shift: A change in free-running cycle, caused by an external stimulus. Phase Response Curve (PRC): A graph representing the ways that external stimuli can affect phase. Photoperiod: (a.k.a. Day Length): The duration of light in an external light-dark cycle. Splitting: A phenomenon that occurs in high-intensity, constant light conditions, where two separate bouts of activity can be observed in one period. Tau 'τ': The length of an organism's free-running period. Tau 'Τ': The total period of an external period, environmental period. Zeitgeber: Any external time cue that is effective in entraining an organism. Zeitgeber Time (ZT): Time defined by external stimuli. ==== Rules ==== Aschoff's 4 Rules are generalities that most diurnal and nocturnal organisms follow. The main basis for Aschoff's rule was the differential responses in free-running periods to DD and LL, later expanded to Tau=f(LL-intensity). These rules provide an explanation of how the free running period (Tau 'τ') of an organism deviates slightly from a 24-hour period. Rule 1: The free running period of a nocturnal organism is typically less than 24 hours.𝜏DD < 24. Rule 2: The free running period of a diurnal organism is typically more than 24 hours.𝜏LL > 24 Rule 3: Increasing the intensity of a light in LL will typically increase the length of a free running period in nocturnal organisms. Rule 4: Increasing the intensity of a light in LL will typically decrease the length of a free running period in diurnal organisms. To help with understanding, a nocturnal species such as house mice that are kept in a constantly dark environment would exhibit a free-running period shorter than 24 hours (Aschoff's first rule). In contrast, a diurnal species such as a starling that is kept in a constantly dark environment would exhibit a free-running period longer than 24 hours (Aschoff's second rule). There are a few exceptions to these rules. For example, certain species of ground beetles and squirrels violate Aschoff's first rule by not producing the predicted changes in their free-running rhythms in response to constant light (LL). Some arthropods also appear to violate Aschoff's third rule however it is not certain because prior lighting history can cause long-lasting after-effects on the circadian period and alter the observed compliance with Aschoff's Rules. === Later work === Much of Aschoff's later work involved tests on human subjects. He found that the absence of a light-dark cycle does not prevent humans from entrainment. Rather, knowing the time of day from social cues, such as regular meal times, is sufficient for entrainment. Aschoff also found that different circadian outputs such as body temperature and locomotor activity can be either internally synchronized or desynchronized depending on the strength of the Zeitgeber. In constant darkness, rectal temperature and sleep onset and duration became desynchronized in some subjects, and the rectal temperature at the time of sleep onset was correlated to the duration of the bout of sleep. He hypothesized that internal desynchronization, the phase differences resulting from period differences between two circadian output processes, could be related to many psychiatric disorders. Some of Aschoff's later work also integrated his initial interest in thermoregulation with his work on circadian rhythm. He found a circadian rhythm in thermal conductance, a measurement of heat transfer from the body. Minimal conductance in mammals and birds oscillates with circadian phase, with a wide range of conductance values. This allows animals to release heat during their activity period, when they have higher basal metabolism, as well as conserve heat during their rest period, when they have lower basal metabolism. In birds, the circadian rhythm in conductance results mostly from circadian rates of evaporative heat loss. In mammals, the conductance oscillates with circadian rhythms in the body's heat resistance and blood flow rate. Following up on his temperature studies, he found that a mammalian species can entrain to a temperature cycle, but that temperature is a weak Zeitgeber compared to a light-dark cycle. Aschoff described masking signals as inputs that circumvent the pacemaker but nevertheless lead to modulation of a circadian behavior that is also controlled by the pacemaker. Parametric entrainment is entrainment that does not result from an instant change in phase, as governed by a Phase Response Curve, as in the case of masking signals. The term Aschoff used for this phenomenon is "arousal" due to non-photic zeitgebers. Data from experimental assays show a relationship between masking effects and phase, leading to a "demasking" effect whereby animals arrhythmic in constant conditions have free-running periods in high frequency light-dark cycles. Aschoff concluded that the oscillator or circadian clock "integrates" over the intensity of light to which it has been exposed, and then responds with a change in the period of activity, as seen in greenfinches, chaffinches, hamsters, and siskins. Aschoff concluded, however, that non-parametric effects, as opposed to parametric effects, are the principal source of entrainment. === Aschoff–Wever Model === Jurgen Aschoff and Rütger Wever created an experiment in which participants lived in a bunker for multiple weeks in a row, with limited to no access to the outside world, to measure effects on bodily functioning, sleep-wake activity, and time perception. Participants were asked to press a buzzer every hour and one minute after the hour. The scientists found that urine and rectal samples and circadian rhythms had a free-running period of 25 hours. ==== Light Intensity ==== The impact of light intensity on the circadian period was measured by changing light lux from 40 to 200. Increasing the light intensity can cause a decrease in the period of .7-1hour. ==== Desynchronization ==== Desynchronization of body temperature from circadian period was seen in some participants immediately upon entry to the bunker or after several weeks. Body temperature maintained approximately a 25-hour rhythm while sleep-wake cycles fluctuated significantly. This led to the hypothesis that humans may have multiple circadian clocks. ==== Current Implications ==== Free running periods in humans are thought to range from 23.56hrs-24.7hrs, and it is suspected that the larger value found in this experiment is due to light exposure. The dual circadian pacemaker model has been updated to a system of a central and a peripheral clock. === Influence on other researchers === Aschoff published articles with both Pittendrigh and Serge Daan, the latter also a pivotal researcher in chronobiology. In his late work, Daan attempted to reconcile the idea of parametric entrainment to light proposed by Aschoff with the non-parametric model of entrainment proposed by Pittendrigh. Results from a 2008 paper from Daan's lab lend further evidence to Aschoff's model of parametric entrainment. Daan died in 2018. === Current Research Based on Aschoff's Rules === Aschoff's work inspired research related to blue light intensity, molecular basis of circadian rhythms, and modeling the SCN. At the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China in the Wang lab, research was conducted to determine the role of blue light on CRY2 and PRR9 interactions in plants to create a molecular basis for Aschoff's rule. CRY2 is stimulated by blue light to interact directly with PRR9. This prevents PRR9 from interacting with co-repressor TPL/TPRs and downstream kinase PPKs. The co-repressor and downstream kinases phosphorylate PRR9 to help regulate rhythms. In an experiment to determine the relationship between varying light intensity and PRR9 mutants, it was discovered that both PRR9-1 and PRR90x-1 had changes of photoperiods under high light irradiance. This variation is deemed to be related to CRY2 activity. It was also found that CRY2 blocks PRR9-TPL interactions by GFP tagging the photolyase homology region on CRY2. The PHR domain of CRY2 by itself can co-immunoprecipitate full-length PRR9, meaning CRY2 can be used to isolate the protein. Additionally CRY2 is found to inhibit PRR9 phosphorylation using lambda phosphatase treatments. The phosphorylation of PRR9 is critical for circadian rhythms. Blue light stimulates CRY2 activity, thereby altering the phosphorylation of PRR9 and timing of circadian rhythms. ‌In the Foster lab at Imperial College in London, United Kingdom, research was conducted to determine the molecular basis for Aschoff's rule. Wheel running behavior was collected from mice in DD or LL for 50 days and the abundance of four genes and proteins was collected every four hours using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Researchers found that in DD mPer1, mPer2, mCry1, and mCry2 messages demonstrated rhythmic behavior and their corresponding protein levels also demonstrated rhythmic behavior. In LL mPer1, mPer2, mCry1, and mCry2 demonstrated rhythmic behavior but mCry2 had significantly altered behavior compared to its DD rhythm. Additionally, mPER1, mCRY1, and mCRY2 all showed rhythmic behavior but mPER2 was constitutively expressed. Phase contrast microscopy was used to show that mPER2 was concentrated in the nucleus during LL, as it appears in DD during CT12. Under DD, mice had an average period of 23.26 ± 0.05h. In LL, mice had an average period of 24.47 ± 0.06hrs. The LL mice had a significantly longer period. This research supports the idea that mPER2 contributes to phase delays. Additionally, it suggests that light does not act on mPer2 transcription or mPER2 translation to the nucleus. Rather, light is inhibiting a different mechanism that would typically cause mPER2 degradation. At the University of Aveiro, Portugal in the Yoon lab researchers determined that the core-shell organization of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (Kuramoto model) contributes to anticipation and dissociation with regard to activity. Previous research states that the SCN shell (ventral) is dense with arginine vasopressin neurons and the core possesses vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons. [4] It was determined that the SCN upholds Aschoff's first rule of a shorting free-running period in DD and a lengthening period in LL. The Kuramoto model accounts for free-running periods coming from individual cells while also considering population-based activity coming from neurons as they exhibit nearly identical patterns. In the entrained state, the core activity parallels the external stimulus. However, the shell peaks before the core. This allows the system to demonstrate anticipation of external events by peaking at two separate times and queueing peripheral clocks of the incoming signal. The shell phase difference (ψd-ψv) is shown to be proportional to the gap between peak activity between the two. == Aschoff's Rule (prize) == At a dinner held in Aschoff's honor at the 1991 Gordon Conference on Chronobiology, Professor Till Roenneberg began the tradition of giving the "Aschoff's Rule Prize" to scientists who have advanced the field of chronobiology. It was first given to Professor Maroli K. Chandrashekera in 1991. Recipients choose the winner the following year and must follow two guidelines: The successor should be a chronobiologist working in a country different from that of the current holder of the prize. The successor should be working with an organism different from that of the current holder of the prize. == Selected publications == Exogenous and Endogenous Components in Circadian Rhythms (1960), Beginn und Ende der täglichen Aktivität freilebender Vögel (with R. Wever, 1962), Circadian Clocks (1965) *Desynchronization and Resynchronization of Human Circadian Rhythm (1969) Aschoff, J. (1965) Circadian Rhythms in Man. Science. 148: 1427–1432. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Hemmendinger#:~:text=Upon%20the%20family's%20return%20to,Survivors%20after%20the%20Death%20Camps%22.	Judith Hemmendinger	Judith Hemmendinger (née Feist, 2 October 1923 – 24 March 2024) was a German-born Israeli researcher and author who specialised in child survivors of the Holocaust. During World War II, she was a social worker and refugee counselor for the Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE), a French Jewish children's aid organization based in Geneva, and from 1945 to 1947, she directed a home for child survivors of Buchenwald in France. She authored books and papers on the Holocaust experiences and later lives of child survivors. She was awarded the French Legion of Honor in 2003. == Early life == Judith Feist was born on 2 October 1923, in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Germany, to Phillip Feist, a native of Frankfurt who worked as a mining engineer, and his wife Hannah, née Eisenmann. She was a great-granddaughter of Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins. Her family was Orthodox Jewish and well-off. She was the second of five children. When she was five years old, her father found employment in the Parisian suburb of Eaubonne and moved the family to France. As the only Jews in their locale, the Feist children attended public school, where they spoke French and learned secular subjects, while, at home, they spoke German and were tutored in Hebrew and the Bible. When her older sister began high school, Judith's family moved to Paris. == World War II == The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 found the Feists on their annual summer vacation in Megève, southern France. Phillip Feist was arrested as an enemy alien and deported to a detention camp in Normandy. The rest of the family was assigned to a house in Megève. Upon Phillip's release in June 1940, the family traveled to Roanne in the French Free Zone. However, German officials advised Phillip to return to Paris, while his wife and children stayed in Roanne. Later, Phillip traveled to Nice to open a school, at the behest of Rabbi Schneour Zalman Schneersohn. He was arrested at the Nice train station and interned in the Gurs internment camp. He was afterwards deported to the Drancy internment camp and on to Auschwitz in September 1943, where he was murdered on the same day he arrived. In summer 1942, Judith began working at a youth hostel for hidden children operated by the Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE), a French Jewish children's aid organization based in Geneva. On 1 January 1943, she traveled under the alias of Jacqueline Fournier to Taluyers, and joined a covert hakhshara (Zionist agricultural training institute) operated by the Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs israélites de France under the guise of an agricultural school. The student body of 22 young Jewish men and women all carried false papers. She developed a relationship with one of the students, Claude Hemmendinger, but in September 1943, her mother called her to accompany her and her younger siblings on an escape to Switzerland, following her father's arrest. The family trekked over the Alps with a guide, but was arrested after crossing the border and was detained in Geneva. After their release, they were sent to a refugee camp, where Judith worked as a teacher. She applied for a six-month course being offered by the OSE to train social workers "to deal with the post-war situation", and was accepted. As part of her job, she interviewed child refugees traveling under false papers to find out their true identities, with the goal of re-uniting them with their families after the war. In May 1945, she responded to the OSE's call for volunteers to care for child survivors of the Buchenwald concentration camp. She traveled to the Chateau d'Ambloy in Loir-et-Cher, France, where a home had been set up for 90 to 100 teenage boys from Orthodox homes who had requested kosher facilities and a higher level of religious observance than that being provided to the larger group of Buchenwald child survivors in France. Though only 22 years of age, Judith replaced the director, who found it difficult to relate to the youth. She stayed with the home on its move to the Chateau de Vaucelles in Taverny in October 1945, and remained as its director until September 1947, when the last child had found a permanent placement. Among the boys under her care were Yisrael Meir Lau, the future Chief Rabbi of Israel; his brother Naphtali Lau-Lavie; Menashe Klein, the future Ungvarer Rav; and Elie Wiesel. Explaining her success with the boys, who had displayed extreme trauma and anxieties upon their arrival in France, she said: "I loved them, I never judged them, I became attached to them, and I felt that it was reciprocal". After the home closed, Judith went to London to stay with her aunt and uncle. There, she received a letter from Claude Hemmendinger, her fellow student at the hakhshara, who wished to see her again. They met in Paris and were married in September 1948. At first, they settled on a kibbutz in Beit She'an, Israel, but returned to Claude's mother's home in Strasbourg after the death of his father. They resided in Strasbourg for 20 years. They had two sons and one daughter. == Education and research == In Strasbourg, Judith Hemmendinger began seeing a psychotherapist to work through her wartime experiences. Upon the family's return to Israel in 1969, she undertook a formal education, earning her bachelor's degree in Jerusalem, her master's degree at Bar-Ilan University, and her PhD at the University of Strasbourg in 1981. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Rehabilitation of Young Camp Survivors after the Death Camps". In 1982, she published the paper "Psychosocial adjustment 30 years later of people who were in Nazi concentration camps as children". In 1984, she co-authored, with Elie Wiesel, Les enfants de Buchenwald: que sont devenus les 1000 enfants juifs sauvés en 1945? (The children of Buchenwald: What became of the 1,000 Jewish children rescued in 1945?) (Favre, 1984), and in 1986, Survivors: Children of the Holocaust (National Press, 1986). Dr. Robert Krell, a Holocaust survivor, saw the Dutch translation of the 1984 book, and in 2000, he translated it into English with supplementary material under the title The Children of Buchenwald: Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Their Post-war Lives (Gefen, 2000). Hemmendinger remained in contact with the Buchenwald children and their offspring for years. In 1970, she was invited by the child survivors to a dinner commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the liberation of Buchenwald. In 2003, she was awarded the French Legion of Honor for her work to rehabilitate the child survivors of Buchenwald. Hemmendinger died on 24 March 2024, at the age of 100. == Publications == La vie d'une Juive errante: de Bad-Homburg vor der Höhe à Jérusalem [The Life of a Wandering Jew: From Bad-Homburg vor der Höhe to Jerusalem] (in French). Harmattan. 2008. ISBN 978-2296067967. Les enfants de Buchenwald [The Children of Buchenwald] (in French). L'Harmattan. 2002. ISBN 978-2747516426. Revenus du néant: cinquante ans après, l'impossible oubli : 23 témoignages [Revenge of the Nothing: Fifty years later, the impossible forgetting: 23 testimonies] (in French). Harmattan. 2002. ISBN 978-2747523257. The Children of Buchenwald: Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Their Post-war Lives. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 2000. ISBN 978-9652292469. (with Dr. Robert Krell) Survivors: Children of the Holocaust. Bethesda, Md: National Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-915765-24-9. Les enfants de Buchenwald: que sont devenus les 1000 enfants juifs sauvés en 1945? [The Children of Buchenwald: What became of the 1,000 Jewish children rescued in 1945?] (in French). P. M. Favre. 1984. ISBN 978-2828901431. (with Elie Wiesel) == References == == Sources == Goldberger, Leo; Breznitz, Shlomo, eds. (2010). Handbook of Stress (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-0233-3. Heberer, Patricia (2011). Children During the Holocaust. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1986-4. Hemmendinger, Judith; Krell, Robert (2000). The Children of Buchenwald: Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Their Post-war Lives. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. ISBN 978-9652292469. Niven, William John (2007). The Buchenwald Child: Truth, Fiction, and Propaganda. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-1-57113-339-7. == External links == The Feist children pose on the steps of their home dressed in Purim costumes, March 1, 1934
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong#:~:text=From%201971%20to%201973%2C%20she,keynote%20at%20a%20national%20convention.)	Anne L. Armstrong	Anne Legendre Armstrong (December 27, 1927 – July 30, 2008) was a United States diplomat and politician. She was the first woman to serve as Counselor to the President and as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, serving in those capacities under the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations. She was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987. == Personal life == Armstrong was born on December 27, 1927 in New Orleans, Louisiana, and graduated from Vassar College in 1949. In 1950, she married Tobin Armstrong, a cattle rancher from Texas. == Political career == From 1966 to 1968, she was the vice chairman of the Texas Republican Party. From 1971 to 1973, she was co-chairman of the Republican National Committee, and she was the keynote speaker at the 1972 Republican National Convention. Armstrong was the first woman from either major party to keynote at a national convention. In a Christmas dinner toast at the White House on Dec. 16, 1972, she "in one breath" praised "'Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace'" and Nixon as "the man who has done the most for peace in our history"; at the time, Nixon had given orders for the Christmas Bombing of North Vietnam. == Counselor to the President == President Richard Nixon named Armstrong as Counselor to the President on December 19, 1972. She held from January 19, 1973 to November 1974 under President Ford. During her tenure as Counselor, Armstrong founded the first Office of Women's Programs in the White House, predecessor to the current White House Council on Women and Girls. Fluent in Spanish, she was Nixon's liaison to Hispanic Americans and was a member of a Cabinet committee on opportunities for Spanish-speaking people. From 1976 to 1977, Armstrong was the first woman United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. == Consideration for the vice presidency == At the 1976 Republican National Convention in Kansas City, Missouri, there was a draft effort to put Armstrong on the ticket as the vice presidential nominee with incumbent President Gerald Ford. Senator Robert Dole of Kansas was instead chosen by Ford. In 1978, Armstrong supported George W. Bush in his successful primary challenge to Jim Reese in their congressional runoff primary in Texas's 19th congressional district. == Support for the Equal Rights Amendment == Armstrong was a supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). In 1971, Armstrong was quoted as saying, "I feel like it has become a symbol of meaning for so many people. Plus it would clear up a lot of legal questions." == Awards and recognition == In 1987, Armstrong was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan. In 1989, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. She received an honorary Doctor of Laws from St. Mary's University in 1978. == Death == Armstrong died of cancer in 2008. She is buried at Oakwood Cemetery, Austin, Texas. == References == == External links == Brief biography from the Gerald R. Ford Library Brief biography on Seven Revolutions site A Few Good Women... The Honorable Anne Legendre Armstrong Appearances on C-SPAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Jung_Shah	Fateh Jung Shah	Sri Chautaria Fateh Jang Shah (Nepali: फत्तेजङ्ग शाह; 1805 – 14 September 1846) or Fatya Jang Shah, also popularly known as Fatte Jang Chautariya, was the 6th prime minister of Nepal. == Early life and background == Fateh Jung Shah was born on 1805 A.D. as eldest son of Sri Chautaria Prana Shah and Chautaryani Moha Kumari Devi. He was 6th generation of King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha. He was nephew of PM Chautariya Pushkar Shah. His 4 brothers were Colonel Sri Chautaria Guru Prasad Shah, Rajguru Ram Krishna Bahadur Shah, Captain Sardar Bir Bahadur Shah and Colonel Sri Chautaria Rana Sher Shah. His sister was Hiranya Garbha Devi, third wife of PM Jung Bahadur Rana. He was educated privately. == Works == He was appointed Mukhtiyar (1840-1843). He lived in exile at Gaya, India from 1843 to 1845. Later, he was promoted to Full General and Commander of Three Regiments in 1845 after the exile. He then served as Mukhtiyar and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1845-1846). == Children == He had three sons including Sri Chautaria Khadga Bikram Shah (Khadga Babusaheb) who was killed with him at the September 1846 Kot Massacre. The other two were Guru Prasad Shah and Guna Bahadur Shah. == Siblings == His 4 brothers were Colonel Sri Chautaria Guru Prasad Shah, Rajguru Ram Krishna Bahadur Shah, Captain Sardar Bir Bahadur Shah and Colonel Sri Chautaria Rana Sher Shah. His sister was Hiranya Garbha Devi. == Death == He was killed in Kot Massacre at the courtyard of Hanuman Dhoka Palace on 14 September 1846. == See also == List of prime ministers of Nepal == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajwadi_Janata_Party_(Rashtriya)#:~:text=The%20party%20was%20formed%20on,which%20lasted%20for%20seven%20months.	Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)	Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) (SJP(R)) was an Indian political party founded by Chandra Shekhar, who served as prime minister of the country from 1990 to 1991. He led the party until his death on 8 July 2007. At the time of his death, he was the party's sole member of the Lok Sabha. The party was formed on 5 November 1990 when Shekhar and Devi Lal broke away from the governing Janata Dal. The party was able to gather 60 MPs and form a government, supported by the Indian National Congress (Indira) with Shekhar as prime minister. The SJP(R) government lasted for seven months, from 10 November 1990 to 21 June 1991. Shekhar's government collapsed when the INC(I) withdrew support. S. R. Bommai was the president of Karnataka state unit till the state party got merged with Janata Dal in 1993 before 1994 Karnataka Assembly elections. As of 2012 Kamal Morarka, a former cabinet minister in the union government headed by Chandra Shekhar, was the head of the party. The party headquarters were located in Narendra Niketan, ITO Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi, India. On 14 April 2015, the SJP(R), Janata Dal (United), Janata Dal (Secular), Rashtriya Janata Dal, the Indian National Lok Dal, and Samajwadi Party, announced that they would merge into a new national alliance, Janata Parivar in order to oppose the Bharatiya Janata Party. == References == == External links == Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aftershocks_of_the_April_2015_Nepal_earthquake	List of aftershocks of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake	The following is a list of aftershocks that occurred after the earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015. There was some seismic activity in the Jumla district before the main shock. However, they are not foreshocks to the main shock. As of 7 June 2015, over 304 aftershocks have occurred. The large number of aftershocks after the earthquake is considered normal by seismologists. According to seismologist Roger Musson, the standard pattern for aftershocks is that the biggest aftershock will be one day after, and one magnitude less. Thus, the 6.7 magnitude aftershock on 26 April 2015 following the 7.8 magnitude main shock would fit this pattern. It is highly unlikely that the earthquake was a foreshock preceding an even larger earthquake. Therefore, an earthquake larger than 7.8 in the near future after 25 April 2015 is not expected. == List of aftershocks 5.0 and higher == The list below is incomplete and maybe inaccurate for some aftershocks. Note: The list below shows bigger earthquakes only. == Notes == 1. ^ The list uses data from National Seismological Centre of Nepal, not of US Geological survey. The magnitude is local magnitude. 2. ^ The earthquake of 12 May 2015 was an aftershock of Gorkha earthquake and not a separate earthquake. 3. ^ All times shown below (including the ones for Tibet) are in Nepal Standard Time and in 24-hour format. Seconds are not shown in all times below. 4. ^ All dates are in the DD Month Year format (Little-endian). 5. ^ Please note that a significant number of aftershocks are missing in this list for the date between 27 April and 12 May. == References == == External links == USGS Earthquake Hazards Program National Seismological Centre, Nepal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Pilar_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Vega	María del Pilar Fernández Vega	María del Pilar Fernández Vega (Villadiego, Burgos, 8 November 1895 – Madrid, 4 July 1973) was a Spanish museum curator and the first female museum curator in Spain. == Biography == Maria's mother, Filomena Vega Gutiérrez, was a teacher and her father, Felipe Fernández Roiz was secretary of the town councils of Humada and Los Barrios de Villadiego (Burgos), since at least 1890. === Education === In 1908, at almost 13 years of age, she took the entrance exam to study for her Bachelor's degree at the General and Technical Institute of Burgos. In addition, she passed three subjects at the Escuela Normal Superior de Burgos, which allowed her, once she had obtained her Bachelor's degree, to obtain the title of Higher Education Teacher. She studied Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid between 1913 and 1918. During the 1916–1917 academic year, she taught at the Instituto Internacional on the recommendation of Manuel Bartolomé Cossío. She then moved to Villablino where she worked as a teacher until 1920, when she returned to Madrid to prepare for the competitive examinations, residing at the Residencia de Señoritas, which was one of the few places for women to live while at the university. After passing the competitive examinations in 1922, she entered the optional corps of Archivists, Librarians and Archaeologists, specializing in the study of collections of American origin. Her first assignment was to the Treasury Archive and Provincial Library of Logroño. She served in the Archives of the Ministry of State as well as in the General Debt Archives, both in Madrid. She was a member of the Lyceum Club for Women, along with María de Maeztu, Victoria Kent and Isabel Oyarzábal, with whom she had been associated at the Residencia de Señoritas. She was also a member of the Ateneo de Madrid and frequented the circles of the Sociedad Española de Amigos del Arte and the salons of the magazine Blanco y Negro, where years later she declared that she had met Margarita Nelken. === Curator === In 1928, she requested a transfer to the National Archaeological Museum (MAN), where she held the position of head of the Pre-Columbian section, becoming the first woman curator of a museum in Spain. In the 1930s she would be joined by Felipa Niño Mas and Joaquina Eguaras Ibáñez in 1930 and Concepción Blanco Mínguez and Ursicina Martínez Gallego in 1931. Only since 1910 had Spain recognized the right of women to access official education without legal restrictions and the recognition of the university degree to practice professionally in public institutions under the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. There were two royal orders, one on 8 March and the other on 2 September 1910, published in the Madrid Gazette on 9 March and 4 September 1910 respectively. She participated as a professor in the 1933 Mediterranean University Cruise which visited destinations such as New York in 1934 and the USSR (for 13 days) in 1935. One achievement of the trip was that it attracted many Spaniards to Spanish archaeology. In 1934, Pilar Fernández applied for a grant for a four-month study trip to New York to see the American art collections in the city's museums. During the Spanish Civil War she worked at the Archaeological Museum of Valladolid. With the end of the Civil War, Franco's repressive machinery targeted her and prosecuted her by a War Council. Its goal was to purge civil servants opposing the new regime, but the examining magistrate concluded that Pilar Fernández did not fall within any of the cases typified by the Law of Political Responsibilities and proposed that she be declared exempt from political responsibility. The case was closed in February 1945. After the war, she returned to the National Archaeological Museum, and then moved to the National Museum of Decorative Arts, combining her position there with that of interim director of the Museum of America, from the time of her appointment in 1941 until 1968. This museum was installed on the grounds of the University City and inaugurated in 1944. === Personal life === She was married to José Ferrandis Torres. == Publications == She published two monographs on the American collections of the MAN (Acquisitions in 1930: Peruvian textiles from the collection of Messrs. Schmidt and Pizarro, Lima in 1933 and the Catalogue of the exhibition of Inca Art (Juan Larrea Collection) in 1935, the latter together with H. Trimborn). Guide to the Museum of America, 1965. Publisher: Ministry of National Education, General Directorate of Fine Arts. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1982_lunar_eclipse	January 1982 lunar eclipse	A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Saturday, January 9, 1982, with an umbral magnitude of 1.3310. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 1.3 days after perigee (on January 8, 1982, at 11:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger. == Visibility == The eclipse was completely visible over much of Africa, Europe, and Asia, seen rising over northeastern North America, eastern South America, and west Africa and setting over Australia and the western Pacific Ocean. == Eclipse details == Shown below is a table displaying details about this particular lunar eclipse. It describes various parameters pertaining to this eclipse. == Eclipse season == This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight. == Related eclipses == === Eclipses in 1982 === A total lunar eclipse on January 9. A partial solar eclipse on January 25. A partial solar eclipse on June 21. A total lunar eclipse on July 6. A partial solar eclipse on July 20. A partial solar eclipse on December 15. A total lunar eclipse on December 30. === Metonic === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of March 24, 1978 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of October 28, 1985 === Tzolkinex === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of November 29, 1974 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of February 20, 1989 === Half-Saros === Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 4, 1973 Followed by: Solar eclipse of January 15, 1991 === Tritos === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of February 10, 1971 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of December 9, 1992 === Lunar Saros 124 === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of December 30, 1963 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of January 21, 2000 === Inex === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of January 29, 1953 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of December 21, 2010 === Triad === Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of March 11, 1895 Followed by: Lunar eclipse of November 9, 2068 === Lunar eclipses of 1980–1984 === This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of lunar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit. The penumbral lunar eclipses on March 1, 1980 and August 26, 1980 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the penumbral lunar eclipses on May 15, 1984 and November 8, 1984 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set. === Saros 124 === This eclipse is a part of Saros series 124, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 73 events. The series started with a penumbral lunar eclipse on August 17, 1152. It contains partial eclipses from March 21, 1513 through June 15, 1639; total eclipses from June 25, 1657 through April 18, 2144; and a second set of partial eclipses from April 29, 2162 through July 14, 2288. The series ends at member 73 as a penumbral eclipse on October 21, 2450. The longest duration of totality was produced by member 39 at 101 minutes, 27 seconds on August 30, 1765. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit. Eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth. === Tritos series === This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings. === Inex series === This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings. === Half-Saros cycle === A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 131. == See also == List of lunar eclipses List of 20th-century lunar eclipses == Notes == == External links == 1982 Jan 09 chart Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.