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A “claim” may be defined simply as a demand for money or property. The settlement of claims against the United States, called “payment claims,” is the subject of this chapter. Claims by | 1 |
Since our last high-risk update, while progress has varied, many of the 32 high-risk areas on our 2015 list have shown solid progress. One area related to sharing and managing terrorism-related information | 1 |
Congress built into the Recovery Act numerous provisions to increase transparency and accountability, including requiring recipients of funds to report quarterly on a number of measures. To implement these requirements, OMB worked | 1 |
Recovery Act funds are being distributed to states, localities, other entities, and individuals through a combination of formula and competitive grants and direct assistance. Nearly half of the approximately $580 billion associated | 1 |
The basic goal of the elections system in the United States is straightforward: All eligible persons, but only eligible persons, should be able to cast their votes and, if such votes have | 1 |
On January 29, 2001, you wrote us that you had become increasingly concerned about media reports of damage to the White House and the EEOB that was discovered by the incoming Bush | 1 |
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that finances health care for certain categories of low-income individuals, including children, families, persons with disabilities, and persons who are elderly. The federal government matches state | 1 |
February 3 . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke begins second term. February 2. Greece's prime minister, George Papandreou, makes appeal for unity over its worst financial crisis in decades. The European | 1 |
Hospitals, which account for over 40 percent of U.S. health care expenditures, are changing rapidly and dramatically. Growing costs, advancing technology, and an aging population are driving these changes. As health care | 1 |
An election is the act or process by which citizens cast a vote to select an individual for an office. Although an election is a single event, an election system involves the | 1 |
This is an outline of two federal statutes: the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Both evolved out of the shadow of the Supreme Court's Fourth | 1 |
As described at the beginning of this report, DOD recognized the need for additional base closures and realignments following the 1995 closure round and made repeated efforts to gain congressional authorization for | 1 |
In fiscal year 1993, GAO made over 1,600 recommendations. This report includes summaries highlighting the impact of GAO’s work and information on the status of all GAO recommendations that have not been | 1 |
More than 80 benefit programs provide cash and noncash aid that is directedprimarily to persons with limited income. These benefit programs cost $522.2 billionin FY2002, a record high. This sum was up | 1 |
Each year, GAO’s work contributes to many legislative and executive branch actions that result in significant financial savings and other improvements in government operations. Some, but not all, are identified through GAO’s | 1 |
O n July 9, 2018, President Donald J. Trump announced the nomination of Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) to | 1 |
In 2009, the war in Iraq appears to be winding down, as security gains made since the height of the insurgency in 2006 and 2007 continue to be sustained, and as Iraqis | 1 |
This report analyzes homegrown violent jihadist plots and attacks that have occurred since 9/11. It discusses the radicalization process and the forces driving violent extremist activity. It examines post-9/11 law enforcement and | 1 |
People and communities with limited resources are a major focus of public policy. While policymakers might disagree in theory on whether or to what extent government should act to protect the economic | 1 |
More than 80 benefit programs provide cash and noncash aid that is directed primarily to persons with limited income. These benefit programs cost approximately $583 billion in FY2004, a record high. This | 1 |
Throughout its history, Congress has engaged in oversight—broadly defined as the review, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of public policy—of the executive branch. The first several Congresses inaugurated such important oversight | 1 |
The Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) establish the principle of full disclosure, which requires that investors receive sufficient information on investment opportunities | 1 |
Tax systems can have multiple goals. For example, in addition to the common goal of raising revenue for the government, goals can also include redistributing income, stabilizing the economy, and achieving various | 1 |
The pending debate over reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is likely to be a high priority in the 110 th Congress. Funding authorizations for aviation programs set forth in Vision | 1 |
"In the United States, the prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled to collect a reasonable attorneys' fee from the loser." Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society , 421 U.S. 240, 247 | 1 |
To assess how the structure of the D.C. criminal justice system affected systemwide operations, we first compiled a detailed description of the system’s structure, including its unique attributes. In doing this, we | 1 |
At the beginning of the 112 th , 113 th , and 114 th Congresses—in 2011, 2013, and 2015 respectively—a number of reform-minded Senators unsuccessfully urged the Senate to adopt its rules | 1 |
Given the large influx of Recovery Act funds that LEAs and IHEs are receiving, the Administration has stated its intention to ensure that federal agencies provide information to the public that is | 1 |
In the past decade, China's "soft power"—global influence attained through diplomatic, economic, cultural, and other non-coercive means—has grown along with its international standing. Despite this development, the United States remains the preeminent | 1 |
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution vests in Congress the power "to declare War." Pursuant to that power, Congress has enacted 11 declarations of war during the course of American history | 1 |
On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law comprehensive health care reform legislation, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA; P.L. 111-148), as passed by the Senate on December 24, | 1 |
The International Monetary Fund, established in 1945, is a cooperative, intergovernmental, monetary and financial institution. As of April 1999, it had 182 members. The IMF’s first purpose is the promotion of international | 1 |
On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law a comprehensive health care reform bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA; P.L. 111-148 ). Health care reform is at the | 1 |
The origin of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is rooted in a reorganization of the executive branch under the Nixon Administration. Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 proposed the establishment of EPA | 1 |
On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed into law a comprehensive health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The following week, on March 30, 2010, the President signed | 1 |
This report provides background information and issues for Congress on China's naval modernization effort and its implications for U.S. Navy capabilities. The question of how the United States should respond to China's | 1 |
The Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 created Amtrak to provide U.S. intercity passenger rail service because existing railroads found such service unprofitable. Today, Amtrak continues to be the main provider of | 1 |
On July 20, 2012, a 24-year-old male entered a theater in Aurora, CO, and perpetrated what has been described as one of the worst mass shootings in modern U.S. history. James Holmes | 1 |
The difference in price between what farmers receive for their raw milk and what consumers pay for fluid milk products has increased in recent years. This growing spread between farm and retail | 1 |
Risk assessments are conducted to estimate whether and/or how much damage or injury can be expected from exposures to a given risk agent and to assist in determining whether these effects are | 1 |
Oil and gas reservoirs vary in their geological makeup, location, and size. Regardless of the reservoir, unconventional oil and gas development involves a number of activities, many of which are also conducted | 1 |
The size and composition of federal spending directed toward low-income people is a focus of public policy. Particularly in a budget-conscious environment, policy makers want to know what the federal government spends | 1 |
Greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, among other gases—trap some of the sun’s heat in the Earth’s atmosphere and prevent the heat from returning to space. This insulating effect, known | 1 |
On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed a comprehensive health reform bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 3590 , as amended by the Senate. The bill contains numerous provisions | 1 |
On January 16, 2017, U.S. and Cuban officials signed a memorandum of understanding to deepen bilateral law enforcement cooperation and information sharing. (See " Advancing Engagement ," below.) On January 12, 2017, | 1 |
Through rules known as capital requirements, financial regulators set minimum levels for capital that banks and bank holding companies,securities broker-dealers, futures commission merchants (FCM), and life insurance companies hold as a cushion | 1 |
Congress has been interested in detecting nuclear weapons and the special materials needed to make them for many years, especially since 9/11. Nuclear detection has many applications for countering nuclear terrorism and | 1 |
This is an overview of federal forfeiture law. It sketches the origins and general attributes of forfeiture, describes the distribution of the hundreds of millions of dollars it generates, and identifies some | 1 |
This report is based on our reviews of 24 major agencies’ strategic plans that were formally submitted to Congress and OMB by September 30, 1997. To do these reviews, we used the | 1 |
The 21st Century Cures Act ( P.L. 114-255 ) was signed into law on December 13, 2016, by President Barack Obama. On November 30, 2016, the House passed the House amendment to | 1 |
From Alaska's Prudhoe Bay eastward 200 miles to the Canadian border is an area of uniquenatural wealth. An area teeming with wildlife, it has been called the "Serengeti of the Arctic." Theeastern | 1 |
On January 14, 2013, Cuba's new travel policy went into effect whereby Cubans wanting to travel abroad no longer need an exit permit and letter of invitation. Under the new policy, travel | 1 |
Member voting is perhaps the most important activity of any legislature—determining the fate of bills, resolutions, amendments, and other matters. With record votes, legislators and their parties put themselves on the public | 1 |
Our analysis of initial estimates of Recovery Act spending provided by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) suggested that about $49 billion would be outlayed to states and localities by the federal government | 1 |
This report provides a summary of the status of U.S. compliance efforts in pending World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes that have resulted in adverse rulings against the United States. The report focuses | 1 |
The House is a chamber characterized by rules that favor decision making. The rules, practices, and traditions of the House also favor the majority, which is normally the majority party, and allow | 1 |
On March 16, the Crimean authorities held a referendum on Crimea's annexation to Russia. Crimea's union with Russia was allegedly approved by 96.77% of those voting, with a turnout of 83.1%. Ukraine, | 1 |
AIG is an international insurance organization serving customers in more than 130 countries. As of June 30, 2011, AIG reported assets of $616.8 billion and revenues of $34.1 billion for the preceding | 1 |
To help manage its multi-billion dollar acquisition investments, DHS has established policies and processes for acquisition management, test and evaluation, and resource allocation. The department uses these policies and processes to deliver | 1 |
The United States does not just believe, as some people say, that India is a rising power; we believe that India has already risen. India is taking its rightful place in Asia | 1 |
The Congressional Research Service receives numerous requests for lists of recipients of the Medal of Honor (MOH), the nation's highest award for military bravery. Since its first presentation in 1863, there have | 1 |
MSDs as a workplace concern have received increased attention over the last several years. While there is some debate about what injuries should be considered MSDs, data from the Bureau of Labor | 1 |
The National Strategy for Homeland Security sets out a plan to improve homeland security through the cooperation and partnering of federal, state, local, and private sector organizations on an array of functions. | 1 |
NPS Projected Returns from Concessioners. GAO/RCED-96-48R. November 28, 1995. BACKGROUND: Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO examined the assumptions that the National Park Service (NPS) used to project future financial returns to | 1 |
On December 23, 2010, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Havana announced that two more political prisoners would be released. This brought to 57 the number of political prisoners released since July, with | 1 |
Energy storage technology has great potential to improve electric power grids, to enable growth in renewable electricity generation, and to provide alternatives to oil-derived fuels in the nation's transportation sector. In the | 1 |
Federal efforts to use collaboration, broadly, and collaborative resource management more specifically have their roots in natural resource and environmental law, litigation, and alternative efforts to resolve environmental conflicts. Beginning in the | 1 |
Our analysis of initial estimates of Recovery Act spending provided by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) suggested that about $49 billion would be outlayed to states and localities by the federal government | 1 |
The report is intended to provide a brief summary and analysis of major legislative provisions in bills related to reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and related aviation programs that were considered | 1 |
Two Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs—the Office of the General Sales Manager (GSM)-102 and GSM-103 export credit guarantee programs—are intended to promote the export of U.S. agricultural commodities. The programs’ goals—under the | 1 |
During the last 50 years, many analysts and researchers have raised concerns that cash-based budgeting does not provide complete information on the cost of some federal programs. Concerns that the cash-based budget | 1 |
In 1994, we reported on a number of risks associated with the use of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, but we did not specifically address sales practice issues. However, since the beginning of 1994, | 1 |
On December 17, 2014, after the end of the 113 th Congress, President Obama announced major developments in U.S.-Cuban relations. First, the Cuban government released Alan Gross, the U.S. Agency for International | 1 |
The Army is composed of both an Active Component (AC) and a Reserve Component (RC). The AC consists of soldiers who are in the Army as their full-time occupation. The RC consists | 1 |
This report describes changes to the Medicare program made in H.R. 3962 , the Affordable Health Care for America Act, as passed by the House on November 7, 2009. H.R. 3962 contains | 1 |
On July 7, 2011, the House Appropriations Committee reported H.R. 2434 , the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations Act, 2012. H.R. 2434 would have provided $42.97 billion for agencies funded through | 1 |
Federal student loan programs that make available loan forgiveness or repayment in return for service in certain professions or occupations have existed since the enactment of the National Defense Education Act of | 1 |
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008 ( P.L. 110-161 ) was signed into law by the President on December 26, 2007. The DHS Appropriations Act of 2008 was included as Division E | 1 |
[[author name scrubbed], Specialist in International Trade ([phone number scrubbed]) [author name scrubbed], Specialist in National Defense ([phone number scrubbed]) [author name scrubbed], Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs ([phone number scrubbed])] | 1 |
As we previously reported, factors such as a rapid decline in home prices throughout much of the nation, weak regional labor market conditions in some states where foreclosure rates were already elevated, | 1 |
The inevitable tension between Congress and the Executive created by our constitutionally mandated system of separated but shared powers has been the source of continual interbranch conflict. One manifestation of this struggle | 1 |
Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances U.S. security interests in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction | 1 |
On December 8, 2004, the President signed H.R. 4818 , the ConsolidatedAppropriations Act, 2005 ( P.L. 108-447 ). Congress approved the conference committee report on H.R. 4818 ( H.Rept. 108-792 ), which | 1 |
Continuing a legislative effort that began in the 107th Congress, House and Senate confereeson November 17, 2003, reached agreement on an omnibus energy bill ( H.R. 6 , H.Rept.108-375 ), which would | 1 |
As directed by the House, the Select Committee on Homeland Security reported to the House Rules Committee September 30, 2004, its recommendations on "the operation and implementation of the rules of the | 1 |
In response to the ongoing economic recession in the United States, Congress enacted P.L. 111-5 , the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, on February 17, 2005. Title V of P.L. | 1 |
The creation of post-9/11 intelligence/information fusion centers does not represent a totally new concept, but suggests an extension of pre-9/11 state and local law enforcement intelligence activities. Most state police/bureau of investigation | 1 |
The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) was proposed by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the 1960s as a way to promote economic growth in developing countries. GSP | 1 |
The Army Guard is the oldest component of any of the uniformed services. It traces its roots to the colonial militia, and claims a “birth”of 1636. Today, the Army Guard exists in | 1 |
The 20th century was rich in changes to the institutions and processes that together comprise theAmerican administrative state. This very richness of subject matter, however, calls for somegeneralizations to help explain the | 1 |
The war in Afghanistan began with a U.S.-led military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, designed to remove the Taliban-led regime and prevent future terrorist safe havens. The war, | 1 |
Until the 1800s, America’s schools were mainly private local entities. In the mid-1800s, several states rewrote their constitutions to create statewide public education systems and establish government responsibility for financing schools. Today, | 1 |
The 2005 appropriation for Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies, which was incorporated into the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2004 ( P.L. 108-447 ), was signed into law on December | 1 |
A Retrospective of House Rules Changes Since the 110 th Congress is the second of two reports on rules changes adopted by the House at the beginning of a new Congress. By | 1 |
A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan actively working to counter Islamist militancy is considered vital to U.S. interests. Current top-tier U.S. concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; stability in neighboring Afghanistan; | 1 |
Established in 1800, the Library of Congress is the nation’s oldest federal cultural institution and serves as the research arm of Congress. Its mission is to support Congress in fulfilling its constitutional | 1 |
Credit unions differ from other depository institutions because of their cooperative structure and tax exemption. Credit unions are member-owned cooperatives run by boards elected by their members. They do not issue capital | 1 |
On January 22, the Senate passed H.R. 4986 , a revised version of H.R. 1585 , the FY2008 National Defense Authorization Act, thus clearing the bill for the President, who had vetoed | 1 |
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) among the United States and 11 Asia-Pacific countries. The U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) has described it as a "comprehensive and high | 1 |
In November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was enacted into law, creating DHS. This act defined the department’s missions to include preventing terrorist attacks within the United States; reducing U.S. vulnerability to | 1 |
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