id int64 0 7k | premises stringlengths 118 4.1k | paragraph stringlengths 111 4.06k | conclusion stringlengths 15 240 | question stringlengths 14 249 | label stringclasses 3
values | arg stringlengths 54 2.02k | statements stringlengths 51 1.12k | depth int64 1 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,993 | ['It is a fact that either walkers give babies mobility before they or their parents are ready to handle the responsibility or engineers combine chemistry and engineering to solve problems and find better ways of doing things.', 'If walkers give babies mobility before they or their parents are ready to handle the respo... | It is a fact that either walkers give babies mobility before they or their parents are ready to handle the responsibility or engineers combine chemistry and engineering to solve problems and find better ways of doing things. If walkers give babies mobility before they or their parents are ready to handle the responsibi... | It is true that most countries follow a similar pattern in regards to work permits and resident visas. | The claim that most countries follow a similar pattern in regards to work permits and resident visas does not correspond with reality. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [2], then [0].).
[3]
Therefore, If [2], then [0].. | {0: 'Most countries follow a similar pattern in regards to work permits and resident visas.', 1: 'Walkers give babies mobility before they or their parents are ready to handle the responsibility.', 2: 'Engineers combine chemistry and engineering to solve problems and find better ways of doing things.', 3: 'Correlated t... | 2 |
1,859 | ['At least one of two things is true: a grappling hook is a tool, or the claim that most male mandrills have snouts has no merit.', 'We know that either migration increases chances or most euglenids live in freshwater.', 'Assuming migration increases chances, we know that those that suggest a grappling hook is a tool a... | At least one of two things is true: a grappling hook is a tool, or the claim that most male mandrills have snouts has no merit. We know that either migration increases chances or most euglenids live in freshwater. Assuming migration increases chances, we know that those that suggest a grappling hook is a tool are wrong... | The claim that most male mandrills have snouts has no merit. | The statement 'most male mandrills have snouts' can be considered true. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Most male mandrills have snouts.', 1: 'A grappling hook is a tool.', 2: 'Migration increases chances.', 3: 'Most euglenids live in freshwater.'} | 2 |
1,298 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: an oriental bittersweet is a vine, or power is transient and no human being can be the repository of absolute power.', 'Given that an oriental bittersweet is a vine, it can be inferred that many people use tobacco in one form or another in Canada, and it affects our li... | We know that at least one of two things is true: an oriental bittersweet is a vine, or power is transient and no human being can be the repository of absolute power. Given that an oriental bittersweet is a vine, it can be inferred that many people use tobacco in one form or another in Canada, and it affects our lives i... | It is reasonable to believe that many people use tobacco in one form or another in Canada, and it affects our lives in many ways. | Many people experience weight loss by increasing daily water intake only. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then [0].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then [0].. | {0: 'Many people use tobacco in one form or another in Canada, and it affects our lives in many ways.', 1: 'An oriental bittersweet is a vine.', 2: 'Power is transient and no human being can be the repository of absolute power.', 3: 'Outdoor pet bites Most bites from pets are from dogs or cats.'} | 2 |
1,553 | ['We can assume that wolves live in regions.', "Whenever it is true that night blooming plants and trees depend on nectar eating bats for pollination, 'if wolves live in regions, then northern cardinals are unusual among temperate-zone birds because both males and females sing' is true.", "The statement 'night blooming... | We can assume that wolves live in regions. Whenever it is true that night blooming plants and trees depend on nectar eating bats for pollination, 'if wolves live in regions, then northern cardinals are unusual among temperate-zone birds because both males and females sing' is true. The statement 'night blooming plants ... | The statement that states northern cardinals are unusual among temperate-zone birds because both males and females sing is right. | The statement that states northern cardinals are unusual among temperate-zone birds because both males and females sing is right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).
[2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0].. | {0: 'Northern cardinals are unusual among temperate-zone birds because both males and females sing.', 1: 'Wolves live in regions.', 2: 'Night blooming plants and trees depend on nectar eating bats for pollination.'} | 2 |
1,672 | ['Assuming most climates affect biodiversity, we know that the statement that states either sensitization is associated with humid environments or many people are against gay marriage is false.', 'Given that pollen is located on the anthers and needs to relocate to the ovary of the flower, it can be inferred that the s... | Assuming most climates affect biodiversity, we know that the statement that states either sensitization is associated with humid environments or many people are against gay marriage is false. Given that pollen is located on the anthers and needs to relocate to the ovary of the flower, it can be inferred that the statem... | The statement that states either sensitization is associated with humid environments or many people are against gay marriage is false. | It is not true that sensitization is clearly a serious and material impairment of health. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
If [3], then (Not (Either [0] or [1].).).
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [2] or [3].).), then [4].
If (Not (Either [2] or [3].).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, Either ... | {0: 'Sensitization is associated with humid environments.', 1: 'Many people are against gay marriage.', 2: 'Most climates affect biodiversity.', 3: 'Pollen is located on the anthers and needs to relocate to the ovary of the flower.', 4: 'Receipts are acknowledgment.'} | 2 |
1,971 | ['It is not true that some savannahs have attributes.', "It is rational to believe that either busters are people or either some savannahs have attributes or the notion that 'health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person' is untrue.", 'It is not the case that busters are people.'] | It is not true that some savannahs have attributes. It is rational to believe that either busters are people or either some savannahs have attributes or the notion that 'health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person' is untrue. It is not the case that busters are people. | The notion that 'health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person' is untrue. | The notion that 'health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person' is untrue. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].).. | {0: 'Health is a state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.', 1: 'Some savannahs have attributes.', 2: 'Busters are people.'} | 2 |
1,027 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: spiders use camouflage to blend in with colors and patterns, or those that suggest water quality has several different meanings are wrong.', 'We know that either salvation is achieved by detachment from the finite self and attachment to reality as a whole or most color... | We know that at least one of two things is true: spiders use camouflage to blend in with colors and patterns, or those that suggest water quality has several different meanings are wrong. We know that either salvation is achieved by detachment from the finite self and attachment to reality as a whole or most colored ge... | Those that suggest water quality has several different meanings are wrong. | The claim that water quality is also related to larger patterns of land use over entire watersheds is false. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Water quality has several different meanings.', 1: 'Spiders use camouflage to blend in with colors and patterns.', 2: 'Salvation is achieved by detachment from the finite self and attachment to reality as a whole.', 3: 'Most colored gemstones derive their beauty from their color.'} | 2 |
1,231 | ['When legumes are a crucial source of protein for humans and forage food for animals is true, it follows that fast calculators are helpless in closed positions, in which they move their pieces like zombies.', "We know that at least one of two things is true: love is nature's way of making people miserable, or crocodil... | When legumes are a crucial source of protein for humans and forage food for animals is true, it follows that fast calculators are helpless in closed positions, in which they move their pieces like zombies. We know that at least one of two things is true: love is nature's way of making people miserable, or crocodiles fl... | The notion that 'legumes are a crucial source of protein for humans and forage food for animals' is untrue. | Those that suggest legumes are a crucial source of protein for humans and forage food for animals are right. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Legumes are a crucial source of protein for humans and forage food for animals.', 1: 'Fast calculators are helpless in closed positions, in which they move their pieces like zombies.', 2: "Love is nature's way of making people miserable.", 3: 'Crocodiles float in habitats.'} | 2 |
1,306 | ['Provided that it is a common misconception that neutrinos are very difficult to detect, we know that some jaws adapt for hard nuts.', 'It is a fact that either families can suffer while parents struggle with low-paying jobs or orangutans have (part) cell membranes.', 'Assuming families can suffer while parents strugg... | Provided that it is a common misconception that neutrinos are very difficult to detect, we know that some jaws adapt for hard nuts. It is a fact that either families can suffer while parents struggle with low-paying jobs or orangutans have (part) cell membranes. Assuming families can suffer while parents struggle with ... | We can assume that neutrinos are very difficult to detect. | Neutrinos originate in nuclear reactions and in the core of stars such as our sun. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not [1].).
If [3], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Neutrinos are very difficult to detect.', 1: 'Some jaws adapt for hard nuts.', 2: 'Families can suffer while parents struggle with low-paying jobs.', 3: 'Orangutans have (part) cell membranes.'} | 2 |
1,706 | ['The claim that golden rules are teaching does not reflect reality.', 'If recessional moraines mark intermediate advances, then either golden rules are teaching or women suffer in the hands of men.', 'The statement that states recessional moraines mark intermediate advances is right.'] | The claim that golden rules are teaching does not reflect reality. If recessional moraines mark intermediate advances, then either golden rules are teaching or women suffer in the hands of men. The statement that states recessional moraines mark intermediate advances is right. | It is true that women suffer in the hands of men. | Women have the ability to control when and if they get pregnant. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [1] or [0].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0].. | {0: 'Women suffer in the hands of men.', 1: 'Golden rules are teaching.', 2: 'Recessional moraines mark intermediate advances.'} | 2 |
1,496 | ['Either ingestion can result in gas embolism due to the formation of hydrogen or human motion is governed by the kinematic constraints of the skeleton.', "So long as human motion is governed by the kinematic constraints of the skeleton, 'if most open mouths make sound, then desirability is a gamma function' is true.",... | Either ingestion can result in gas embolism due to the formation of hydrogen or human motion is governed by the kinematic constraints of the skeleton. So long as human motion is governed by the kinematic constraints of the skeleton, 'if most open mouths make sound, then desirability is a gamma function' is true. Whenev... | Assuming most open mouths make sound, we know that desirability is a gamma function. | The claim that if most open mouths make sound, then desirability is a gamma function has no merit. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then (Either [4] or [5].).
Not (Either [4] or [5].).
Therefore, If [2], then (If [0], then [1]... | {0: 'Most open mouths make sound.', 1: 'Desirability is a gamma function.', 2: 'Ingestion can result in gas embolism due to the formation of hydrogen.', 3: 'Human motion is governed by the kinematic constraints of the skeleton.', 4: 'Biliary atresia is a rare disorder of infancy.', 5: 'Some creatures share habitats.'} | 2 |
1,558 | ["It is a fact that either exposure damages eyes or the statement that 'hair absorbs all the things found in water, which sometimes include water-purifying chemicals' is incorrect.", 'Provided that exposure damages eyes, we know that most rats carry fleas.', 'It is not the case that most rats carry fleas.'] | It is a fact that either exposure damages eyes or the statement that 'hair absorbs all the things found in water, which sometimes include water-purifying chemicals' is incorrect. Provided that exposure damages eyes, we know that most rats carry fleas. It is not the case that most rats carry fleas. | The statement that 'hair absorbs all the things found in water, which sometimes include water-purifying chemicals' is incorrect. | It is a simple truth that hair absorbs all the things found in water, which sometimes include water-purifying chemicals. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Hair absorbs all the things found in water, which sometimes include water-purifying chemicals.', 1: 'Exposure damages eyes.', 2: 'Most rats carry fleas.'} | 2 |
1,784 | ['It is rational to believe that either many household products contain the same chemicals produced and used by industry or if gray birch is birch, then product development means innovation in technology and design.', "Either if small openings connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity, then dopamine neurons make glutamat... | It is rational to believe that either many household products contain the same chemicals produced and used by industry or if gray birch is birch, then product development means innovation in technology and design. Either if small openings connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity, then dopamine neurons make glutamatergic... | Given that gray birch is birch, it can be inferred that product development means innovation in technology and design. | We know that the claim that if gray birch is birch, then product development means innovation in technology and design is false. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or (Not [2].).
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, Not [2].. | {0: 'Gray birch is birch.', 1: 'Product development means innovation in technology and design.', 2: 'Many household products contain the same chemicals produced and used by industry.', 3: 'Small openings connect the sinuses to the nasal cavity.', 4: 'Dopamine neurons make glutamatergic synapses in vitro.'} | 2 |
1,239 | ["The statement that 'trees require a large leaf surface area to provide food for maintenance and growth' is incorrect.", 'On the condition that king cobras swallow struggle prey, it is definitely the case that managers advise sale representatives.', 'If managers advise sale representatives, then trees require a large ... | The statement that 'trees require a large leaf surface area to provide food for maintenance and growth' is incorrect. On the condition that king cobras swallow struggle prey, it is definitely the case that managers advise sale representatives. If managers advise sale representatives, then trees require a large leaf sur... | Those that suggest king cobras swallow struggle prey are wrong. | Those that suggest king cobras swallow struggle prey are wrong. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'King cobras swallow struggle prey.', 1: 'Trees require a large leaf surface area to provide food for maintenance and growth.', 2: 'Managers advise sale representatives.'} | 2 |
1,578 | ['Assuming corals are the second most productive ecosystem behind rainforests, we know that it is not the case that some soil compaction decreases soil aeration.', 'Assuming pond pine is a scattered, overlooked native pine which is often confused with loblolly pine, we know that it is not the case that some soil compac... | Assuming corals are the second most productive ecosystem behind rainforests, we know that it is not the case that some soil compaction decreases soil aeration. Assuming pond pine is a scattered, overlooked native pine which is often confused with loblolly pine, we know that it is not the case that some soil compaction ... | It is not the case that some soil compaction decreases soil aeration. | It is fair to say that some soil compaction decreases soil aeration. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or [5].
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [5], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2].. | {0: 'Some soil compaction decreases soil aeration.', 1: 'Corals are the second most productive ecosystem behind rainforests.', 2: 'Pond pine is a scattered, overlooked native pine which is often confused with loblolly pine.', 3: 'Some atmospheres produce ozones.', 4: 'Patterns show effects.', 5: 'Angolan isa someone.'} | 2 |
1,055 | ['It is a fact that either if data integrity is critical to the reliability of agent-based systems, then plastic is a class of thermoplastic terpolymers including a range of resins or control structures are special instructions that can change the flow of control.', 'One may reasonably assume that if control structures... | It is a fact that either if data integrity is critical to the reliability of agent-based systems, then plastic is a class of thermoplastic terpolymers including a range of resins or control structures are special instructions that can change the flow of control. One may reasonably assume that if control structures are ... | operational efficiency is critical to creating places and projects that succeed. | The statement, operational efficiency is critical to creating places and projects that succeed, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [4].
If [4], then [0].
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].. | {0: 'Operational efficiency is critical to creating places and projects that succeed.', 1: 'Data integrity is critical to the reliability of agent-based systems.', 2: 'Plastic is a class of thermoplastic terpolymers including a range of resins.', 3: 'Control structures are special instructions that can change the flow ... | 2 |
1,906 | ["So long as if xenon induces robust cardioprotection and neuroprotection through a variety of mechanisms, then periodical cicadas have a higher-pitched sound and sing during the day, 'blood meal is a rich source of nitrogen that is quickly available, so use with care' is true.", "One may reasonably assume that if bios... | So long as if xenon induces robust cardioprotection and neuroprotection through a variety of mechanisms, then periodical cicadas have a higher-pitched sound and sing during the day, 'blood meal is a rich source of nitrogen that is quickly available, so use with care' is true. One may reasonably assume that if biosynthe... | The claim that blood meal is a rich source of nitrogen that is quickly available, so use with care holds true. | The claim that blood meal is a rich source of nitrogen that is quickly available, so use with care holds true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [1], then [2].).
[3]
Therefore, If [1], then [2].. | {0: 'Blood meal is a rich source of nitrogen that is quickly available, so use with care.', 1: 'Xenon induces robust cardioprotection and neuroprotection through a variety of mechanisms.', 2: 'Periodical cicadas have a higher-pitched sound and sing during the day.', 3: "Biosynthesis is catalysed by enzymes, production ... | 2 |
1,175 | ['Assuming appetite suppressants are only a short-term solution for the treatment of obesity, we know that businesses are the largest consumers of computer services products.', 'Assuming we know that the claim that appetite suppressants are only a short-term solution for the treatment of obesity is false, we know that ... | Assuming appetite suppressants are only a short-term solution for the treatment of obesity, we know that businesses are the largest consumers of computer services products. Assuming we know that the claim that appetite suppressants are only a short-term solution for the treatment of obesity is false, we know that if th... | Those that suggest businesses are the largest consumers of computer services products are right. | Those that suggest businesses are the largest consumers of computer services products are right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not [1].), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Businesses are the largest consumers of computer services products.', 1: 'Appetite suppressants are only a short-term solution for the treatment of obesity.', 2: 'Thieves have (part) body substances.', 3: 'Net speed involves the entire context of dot com hiring needs, growth cycles, time to market.'} | 2 |
1,014 | ['Given that we know that the claim that friction stimulates the genitals and causes the male to ejaculate is false, it can be inferred that it is not true that heat is lost through surface area.', 'Either asterisks are software or some aphids are important vectors of plant diseases.', 'If asterisks are software, then ... | Given that we know that the claim that friction stimulates the genitals and causes the male to ejaculate is false, it can be inferred that it is not true that heat is lost through surface area. Either asterisks are software or some aphids are important vectors of plant diseases. If asterisks are software, then if we kn... | It is true that friction stimulates the genitals and causes the male to ejaculate. | Friction occurs when two bodies rub against each other. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Friction stimulates the genitals and causes the male to ejaculate.', 1: 'Heat is lost through surface area.', 2: 'Asterisks are software.', 3: 'Some aphids are important vectors of plant diseases.'} | 2 |
1,077 | ["The statement 'feelings affect thinking and learning' is true.", 'Provided that shingles cause a painful skin rash and sometimes chronic pain, we know that if feelings affect thinking and learning, then corrections is a cheap way of dealing with offenders.', 'The claim that shingles cause a painful skin rash and some... | The statement 'feelings affect thinking and learning' is true. Provided that shingles cause a painful skin rash and sometimes chronic pain, we know that if feelings affect thinking and learning, then corrections is a cheap way of dealing with offenders. The claim that shingles cause a painful skin rash and sometimes ch... | Those that suggest corrections is a cheap way of dealing with offenders are right. | Corrections are drops. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).
[2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0].. | {0: 'Corrections is a cheap way of dealing with offenders.', 1: 'Feelings affect thinking and learning.', 2: 'Shingles cause a painful skin rash and sometimes chronic pain.'} | 2 |
1,031 | ['We know that either vestibules are small enclosed, areas located at a doorway that serve many purposes or some aircraft noise is weather related.', "Once we know vestibules are small enclosed, areas located at a doorway that serve many purposes, we also know that the statement that 'if physiognomy is divination by th... | We know that either vestibules are small enclosed, areas located at a doorway that serve many purposes or some aircraft noise is weather related. Once we know vestibules are small enclosed, areas located at a doorway that serve many purposes, we also know that the statement that 'if physiognomy is divination by the fac... | The statement that 'if physiognomy is divination by the face, then most snails eat vegetables' is incorrect. | Those that suggest physiognomies become like gypsum, wax or ivory are wrong. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [... | {0: 'Physiognomy is divination by the face.', 1: 'Most snails eat vegetables.', 2: 'Vestibules are small enclosed, areas located at a doorway that serve many purposes.', 3: 'Some aircraft noise is weather related.', 4: 'Most raccoons catch food.'} | 2 |
1,481 | ["Whenever it is true that a sex organ is an organ, 'phototropism is tropism' is true.", 'At least one of two things is true: carbon is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands, or specialized cells can concentrate heavy metals, which are then deposited in the tunic.', "Whenever it is true that carbon is the major nut... | Whenever it is true that a sex organ is an organ, 'phototropism is tropism' is true. At least one of two things is true: carbon is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands, or specialized cells can concentrate heavy metals, which are then deposited in the tunic. Whenever it is true that carbon is the major nutrient cy... | phototropism is tropism. | The notion that 'phototropism is tropism' is untrue. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Phototropism is tropism.', 1: 'A sex organ is an organ.', 2: 'Carbon is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands.', 3: 'Specialized cells can concentrate heavy metals, which are then deposited in the tunic.'} | 2 |
1,310 | ["We know that at least one of two things is true: some snakes are located on regions, or the statement 'plants range from dwarfs to mature specimens' can be considered false.", 'If some snakes are located on regions, then most dolphins have year lifespans.', 'The claim that most dolphins have year lifespans does not r... | We know that at least one of two things is true: some snakes are located on regions, or the statement 'plants range from dwarfs to mature specimens' can be considered false. If some snakes are located on regions, then most dolphins have year lifespans. The claim that most dolphins have year lifespans does not reflect r... | The statement 'plants range from dwarfs to mature specimens' can be considered false. | The statement that states plants range from dwarfs to mature specimens is right. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Plants range from dwarfs to mature specimens.', 1: 'Some snakes are located on regions.', 2: 'Most dolphins have year lifespans.'} | 2 |
1,311 | ['Some people mistakenly believe that severe infection causes symptoms.', 'Assuming we know that the claim that anthro voice is minority wake-up call to listen to locals who don t want to be colonized is false, we know that characteristics contribute to differences.', 'If characteristics contribute to differences, then... | Some people mistakenly believe that severe infection causes symptoms. Assuming we know that the claim that anthro voice is minority wake-up call to listen to locals who don t want to be colonized is false, we know that characteristics contribute to differences. If characteristics contribute to differences, then severe ... | The statement that states anthro voice is minority wake-up call to listen to locals who don t want to be colonized is right. | Transactional law is the polar opposite of litigation. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Anthro voice is minority wake-up call to listen to locals who don t want to be colonized.', 1: 'Severe infection causes symptoms.', 2: 'Characteristics contribute to differences.'} | 2 |
1,883 | ['It is rational to believe that either hair loss is rare with mitomycin or swing is one of the greatest, funnest types of music ever invented.', "Whenever it is true that hair loss is rare with mitomycin, 'if laminators are skilled workers, then black bears are the most widely found and most numerous kind of bear in N... | It is rational to believe that either hair loss is rare with mitomycin or swing is one of the greatest, funnest types of music ever invented. Whenever it is true that hair loss is rare with mitomycin, 'if laminators are skilled workers, then black bears are the most widely found and most numerous kind of bear in North ... | If laminators are skilled workers, then black bears are the most widely found and most numerous kind of bear in North America. | If laminators are skilled workers, then black bears are the most widely found and most numerous kind of bear in North America. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Laminators are skilled workers.', 1: 'Black bears are the most widely found and most numerous kind of bear in North America.', 2: 'Hair loss is rare with mitomycin.', 3: 'Swing is one of the greatest, funnest types of music ever invented.', 4: 'Tarsiers have (part) pedal extremities.'} | 2 |
1,788 | ['At least one of two things is true: software piracy is rampant in India, or elephants are charismatic creatures.', 'When software piracy is rampant in India is true, it follows that fuel cells can also supply heat and electricity for homes and buildings.', 'Should it be the case that some people mistakenly believe th... | At least one of two things is true: software piracy is rampant in India, or elephants are charismatic creatures. When software piracy is rampant in India is true, it follows that fuel cells can also supply heat and electricity for homes and buildings. Should it be the case that some people mistakenly believe that if el... | The claim that fuel cells can also supply heat and electricity for homes and buildings holds true. | Fuel cells represent the largest part of the electrically-driven sector. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then [3].
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [2], then [0].. | {0: 'Fuel cells can also supply heat and electricity for homes and buildings.', 1: 'Software piracy is rampant in India.', 2: 'Elephants are charismatic creatures.', 3: 'Dikes now protect wetlands from erosion, control the water levels, and stabilize the vegetation.'} | 2 |
1,045 | ['When some salamanders survive in environments is true, it follows that seat belts are a first defense against traffic injuries and fatalities.', 'Given that if some salamanders survive in environments, then seat belts are a first defense against traffic injuries and fatalities, it can be inferred that some polystyren... | When some salamanders survive in environments is true, it follows that seat belts are a first defense against traffic injuries and fatalities. Given that if some salamanders survive in environments, then seat belts are a first defense against traffic injuries and fatalities, it can be inferred that some polystyrene has... | results have particular importance. | Results have particular importance. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [3].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].. | {0: 'Results have particular importance.', 1: 'Some salamanders survive in environments.', 2: 'Seat belts are a first defense against traffic injuries and fatalities.', 3: 'Some polystyrene has insulation properties.'} | 2 |
1,103 | ["The statement that 'elements vary in the saturating power of their atoms' is incorrect.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: if acupuncture is one of the safest therapies available, if performed by a competent acupuncturist, then cell growth results in development, or animals damage crops.', 'Should it... | The statement that 'elements vary in the saturating power of their atoms' is incorrect. Either one or both of these statements are true: if acupuncture is one of the safest therapies available, if performed by a competent acupuncturist, then cell growth results in development, or animals damage crops. Should it be the ... | The claim that acid deposition threatens forests as a result of soil acidification has no merit. | It is the case that acid deposition threatens forests as a result of soil acidification. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [4].
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If [0], then [1].).
If [4], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1].. | {0: 'Acid deposition threatens forests as a result of soil acidification.', 1: 'Elements vary in the saturating power of their atoms.', 2: 'Acupuncture is one of the safest therapies available, if performed by a competent acupuncturist.', 3: 'Cell growth results in development.', 4: 'Animals damage crops.'} | 2 |
1,760 | ['The claim that narrators describe realm is false.', 'Should it be the case that pharmacies try to help people everyday, it follows that either narrators describe realm or if group chats are virtual rooms filled with people hosting various discussions at the same time, then pattern baldness is largely hereditary, and ... | The claim that narrators describe realm is false. Should it be the case that pharmacies try to help people everyday, it follows that either narrators describe realm or if group chats are virtual rooms filled with people hosting various discussions at the same time, then pattern baldness is largely hereditary, and while... | Should it be the case that group chats are virtual rooms filled with people hosting various discussions at the same time, it follows that pattern baldness is largely hereditary, and while it has several treatments, there is no cure. | Should it be the case that group chats are virtual rooms filled with people hosting various discussions at the same time, it follows that pattern baldness is largely hereditary, and while it has several treatments, there is no cure. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).
[3]
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Group chats are virtual rooms filled with people hosting various discussions at the same time.', 1: 'Pattern baldness is largely hereditary, and while it has several treatments, there is no cure.', 2: 'Narrators describe realm.', 3: 'Pharmacies try to help people everyday.'} | 2 |
1,001 | ['Given that search engines are websites that provide a means of searching the Internet for a particular subject, it can be inferred that glass is disguises.', 'Either appendages are adapted for pierc- ing and sucking in parasitic copepods and isopods or search engines are websites that provide a means of searching the... | Given that search engines are websites that provide a means of searching the Internet for a particular subject, it can be inferred that glass is disguises. Either appendages are adapted for pierc- ing and sucking in parasitic copepods and isopods or search engines are websites that provide a means of searching the Inte... | The statement 'glass is disguises' can be considered true. | The statement 'glass is disguises' can be considered true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or [1].
Not [2].
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Glass is disguises.', 1: 'Search engines are websites that provide a means of searching the Internet for a particular subject.', 2: 'Appendages are adapted for pierc- ing and sucking in parasitic copepods and isopods.'} | 2 |
1,823 | ["Whenever it is true that legal immigrants work hard, pay their taxes, and serve America, 'diatoms are ubiquitous and occur in abundance in both fresh and marine environments' is true.", 'Provided that spores are the units of asexual reproduction, because a single spore develops into a new organism, we know that turtl... | Whenever it is true that legal immigrants work hard, pay their taxes, and serve America, 'diatoms are ubiquitous and occur in abundance in both fresh and marine environments' is true. Provided that spores are the units of asexual reproduction, because a single spore develops into a new organism, we know that turtles pu... | It is a fact that either diatoms are ubiquitous and occur in abundance in both fresh and marine environments or turtles pull their heads and feet into their shells to protect themselves. | It is rational to believe that either some diatoms produce substances or turtles often catch midday rays by basking on a rock or log. | Uncertain | Constructive Dilemma:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then [0].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [2] or [3].).), then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, Either [2] or [3].. | {0: 'Diatoms are ubiquitous and occur in abundance in both fresh and marine environments.', 1: 'Turtles pull their heads and feet into their shells to protect themselves.', 2: 'Legal immigrants work hard, pay their taxes, and serve America.', 3: 'Spores are the units of asexual reproduction, because a single spore deve... | 2 |
1,710 | ["Whenever it is true that either chamomile flowers are the most popular for steam facials or sweet Cherries are very tall growers and are inclined to develop weak crotches, 'depression can appear in many ways' is true.", 'If heat stroke is a life-threatening condition, then depression can appear in many ways.', 'Shoul... | Whenever it is true that either chamomile flowers are the most popular for steam facials or sweet Cherries are very tall growers and are inclined to develop weak crotches, 'depression can appear in many ways' is true. If heat stroke is a life-threatening condition, then depression can appear in many ways. Should it be ... | The claim that depression can appear in many ways holds true. | The claim that depression can appear in many ways holds true. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].).
[4]
Therefore, Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].. | {0: 'Depression can appear in many ways.', 1: 'Chamomile flowers are the most popular for steam facials.', 2: 'Sweet Cherries are very tall growers and are inclined to develop weak crotches.', 3: 'Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition.', 4: 'Heat is used for cooking.'} | 2 |
1,614 | ["On the condition that it is a common misconception that china is the world's third largest oil consumer after the United States and Japan, it is definitely the case that video poker is basically the same as draw poker, but is in the form of a slot machine.", 'One may reasonably assume that if video poker is basically... | On the condition that it is a common misconception that china is the world's third largest oil consumer after the United States and Japan, it is definitely the case that video poker is basically the same as draw poker, but is in the form of a slot machine. One may reasonably assume that if video poker is basically the ... | The statement 'china is the world's third largest oil consumer after the United States and Japan' can be considered true. | China burns more coal than any other country in the world. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: "China is the world's third largest oil consumer after the United States and Japan.", 1: 'Video poker is basically the same as draw poker, but is in the form of a slot machine.', 2: 'Insufficient iron can cause a zinc deficiency.'} | 2 |
1,790 | ['Those that suggest if cataracts are diseases, then women develop menstrual irregularities, even amenorrhea are wrong.', 'There is good reason to believe that either either nicotine constricts the arteries in the extremities or most sloths eat plants or guanacos have heads.', 'On the condition that either nicotine con... | Those that suggest if cataracts are diseases, then women develop menstrual irregularities, even amenorrhea are wrong. There is good reason to believe that either either nicotine constricts the arteries in the extremities or most sloths eat plants or guanacos have heads. On the condition that either nicotine constricts ... | rain checks are promise. | The claim that rain checks are promise does not correspond with reality. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or [5].
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).
If [5], then (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).
Therefore, Either ... | {0: 'Rain checks are promise.', 1: 'Cataracts are diseases.', 2: 'Women develop menstrual irregularities, even amenorrhea.', 3: 'Nicotine constricts the arteries in the extremities.', 4: 'Most sloths eat plants.', 5: 'Guanacos have heads.'} | 2 |
1,408 | ["Provided that we know that the claim that plants represent the first trophic level is false, we know that the statement 'raglans have (part) hems' can be considered false.", 'Given that we know that the claim that plants represent the first trophic level is false, it can be inferred that bones swell up with dampness ... | Provided that we know that the claim that plants represent the first trophic level is false, we know that the statement 'raglans have (part) hems' can be considered false. Given that we know that the claim that plants represent the first trophic level is false, it can be inferred that bones swell up with dampness and t... | The statement 'plants represent the first trophic level' is true. | The statement 'plants represent the first trophic level' is true. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Plants represent the first trophic level.', 1: 'Raglans have (part) hems.', 2: 'Bones swell up with dampness and the cold.'} | 2 |
1,736 | ["The notion that 'chemotherapy causes side effects' is untrue.", 'We know that either chloride is a greenish gas that irritates the bronchi or if it is not true that most birds eat blackberries, then chemotherapy causes side effects.', 'The statement that states chloride is a greenish gas that irritates the bronchi is... | The notion that 'chemotherapy causes side effects' is untrue. We know that either chloride is a greenish gas that irritates the bronchi or if it is not true that most birds eat blackberries, then chemotherapy causes side effects. The statement that states chloride is a greenish gas that irritates the bronchi is false. | It is a simple truth that most birds eat blackberries. | The notion that 'most birds eat blackberries' is untrue. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Most birds eat blackberries.', 1: 'Chemotherapy causes side effects.', 2: 'Chloride is a greenish gas that irritates the bronchi.'} | 2 |
1,957 | ['When if bite wounds require medical attention, then respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms is true, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that goldfishes eat dry food.', 'Should it be the case that blood meals are necessary during each stage of growth, it follows that some people mistakenly believe... | When if bite wounds require medical attention, then respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms is true, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that goldfishes eat dry food. Should it be the case that blood meals are necessary during each stage of growth, it follows that some people mistakenly believe that... | Some people mistakenly believe that goldfishes eat dry food. | Some people mistakenly believe that goldfishes eat dry food. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then (If [4], then [5].).
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].).), then (N... | {0: 'Goldfishes eat dry food.', 1: 'Bite wounds require medical attention.', 2: 'Respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms.', 3: 'Blood meals are necessary during each stage of growth.', 4: 'Particle attributes Particle attributes influence the ratio of aeration to water-holding porosity.', 5: 'Some fuel contain... | 2 |
1,366 | ["We know that at least one of two things is true: hens generally produce eggs by the dozen over a two-week period, or the notion that 'american mistletoe grows mainly through the southern states on a wide variety of trees' is untrue.", 'Once we know hens generally produce eggs by the dozen over a two-week period, we a... | We know that at least one of two things is true: hens generally produce eggs by the dozen over a two-week period, or the notion that 'american mistletoe grows mainly through the southern states on a wide variety of trees' is untrue. Once we know hens generally produce eggs by the dozen over a two-week period, we also k... | The notion that 'american mistletoe grows mainly through the southern states on a wide variety of trees' is untrue. | The statement, american mistletoes have leaves, does not hold. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'American mistletoe grows mainly through the southern states on a wide variety of trees.', 1: 'Hens generally produce eggs by the dozen over a two-week period.', 2: 'Electricity is the type of energy that is invisible.'} | 2 |
1,918 | ['Given that pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem, it can be inferred that depression is a major appetite depressant.', "Whenever it is true that the statement 'if pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem, then the notion that 'depression i... | Given that pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem, it can be inferred that depression is a major appetite depressant. Whenever it is true that the statement 'if pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem, then the notion that 'depression is a m... | It is not true that pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem. | The statement that 'some pain is caused by disorder' is incorrect. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then (Not [1].).).), then [2].
If (Not (If [0], then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].).. | {0: 'Pain following walking or running can be the sign of an underlying hip problem.', 1: 'Depression is a major appetite depressant.', 2: 'All life depends on the natural presence of greenhouse gases.'} | 2 |
1,267 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: childhood is a time to grow, to experience, to discover, to know, to be, or anaerobic organisms proliferate.', 'If childhood is a time to grow, to experience, to discover, to know, to be, then cork has (part) sections.', 'If we know that the claim that if anaerobic org... | Either one or both of these statements are true: childhood is a time to grow, to experience, to discover, to know, to be, or anaerobic organisms proliferate. If childhood is a time to grow, to experience, to discover, to know, to be, then cork has (part) sections. If we know that the claim that if anaerobic organisms p... | It is a simple truth that cork has (part) sections. | The notion that 'cork has (part) sections' is untrue. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then [3].
If (Not (If [2], then [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [2], then [0].. | {0: 'Cork has (part) sections.', 1: 'Childhood is a time to grow, to experience, to discover, to know, to be.', 2: 'Anaerobic organisms proliferate.', 3: 'Drugs are of immense benefit to modern society and have enhanced and prolonged life.'} | 2 |
1,230 | ['When the statement that states government is the antithesis of the Internet is false is true, it follows that whales use echolocation mainly for navigation and hunting.', 'Provided that whales use echolocation mainly for navigation and hunting, we know that if human institutions are human efforts to protect human rig... | When the statement that states government is the antithesis of the Internet is false is true, it follows that whales use echolocation mainly for navigation and hunting. Provided that whales use echolocation mainly for navigation and hunting, we know that if human institutions are human efforts to protect human rights b... | It is fair to say that government is the antithesis of the Internet. | It is fair to say that government is the antithesis of the Internet. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Government is the antithesis of the Internet.', 1: 'Whales use echolocation mainly for navigation and hunting.', 2: 'Human institutions are human efforts to protect human rights but they are limited instruments.', 3: 'Nursing research is an integral part of the effectiveness of nursing care.'} | 2 |
1,996 | ['Should it be the case that if plant bugs frequently cause spotting on leaves, or the death and loss of buds, then plums are positions, it follows that nymphs are pale green in colour.', "Should it be the case that the statement that 'if plant bugs frequently cause spotting on leaves, or the death and loss of buds, th... | Should it be the case that if plant bugs frequently cause spotting on leaves, or the death and loss of buds, then plums are positions, it follows that nymphs are pale green in colour. Should it be the case that the statement that 'if plant bugs frequently cause spotting on leaves, or the death and loss of buds, then pl... | The idea that nymphs are pale green in colour is true. | The notion that 'nymphs are pale green in colour' is untrue. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [2].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If [1], then [2].. | {0: 'Nymphs are pale green in colour.', 1: 'Plant bugs frequently cause spotting on leaves, or the death and loss of buds.', 2: 'Plums are positions.', 3: 'Evaporation is much slower after chlordane penetrates into the soil.'} | 2 |
1,635 | ['Should it be the case that the claim that a revolver is a pistol does not reflect reality, it follows that if most pressure causes surface wind, then bears enter into hibernation.', 'If if most pressure causes surface wind, then bears enter into hibernation, then beet armyworm is regarded as a generalist herbivore.',... | Should it be the case that the claim that a revolver is a pistol does not reflect reality, it follows that if most pressure causes surface wind, then bears enter into hibernation. If if most pressure causes surface wind, then bears enter into hibernation, then beet armyworm is regarded as a generalist herbivore. Given ... | It is the case that a revolver is a pistol. | It is the case that a revolver is a pistol. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Not (If [1], then [2].).. | {0: 'A revolver is a pistol.', 1: 'Most pressure causes surface wind.', 2: 'Bears enter into hibernation.', 3: 'Beet armyworm is regarded as a generalist herbivore.'} | 2 |
1,698 | ["We know that either men often dominate decision-making and so can seriously harm or help women's reproductive health or the statement that states gruel is soup is false.", "It is a fact that either physical fitness is a desired trait for all federal government employees or it is not the case that men often dominate d... | We know that either men often dominate decision-making and so can seriously harm or help women's reproductive health or the statement that states gruel is soup is false. It is a fact that either physical fitness is a desired trait for all federal government employees or it is not the case that men often dominate decisi... | The statement that states gruel is soup is false. | The statement that states gruel is soup is false. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Gruel is soup.', 1: "Men often dominate decision-making and so can seriously harm or help women's reproductive health.", 2: 'Physical fitness is a desired trait for all federal government employees.'} | 2 |
1,251 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: bands have trumpets, or christians eat pigs.', 'It is a fact that either if a tuberous begonia is a begonia, then insects are the primary vectors or tradition is a story, belief, custom, or the like that is handed down from generation to generation.', 'One may reasonab... | Either one or both of these statements are true: bands have trumpets, or christians eat pigs. It is a fact that either if a tuberous begonia is a begonia, then insects are the primary vectors or tradition is a story, belief, custom, or the like that is handed down from generation to generation. One may reasonably assum... | It is true that christians eat pigs. | It is true that christians eat pigs. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [4].
If (If [2], then [3].), then (Not [1].).
If [4], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Christians eat pigs.', 1: 'Bands have trumpets.', 2: 'A tuberous begonia is a begonia.', 3: 'Insects are the primary vectors.', 4: 'Tradition is a story, belief, custom, or the like that is handed down from generation to generation.'} | 2 |
1,783 | ['Given that the statement, viral hepatitis leads to liver damage, does not hold, it can be inferred that atheists lag behind blacks and gays in terms of political appeal at the ballot box.', 'There is good reason to believe that either material substance is drawn into the Sun, light is thrown out from the Sun or if th... | Given that the statement, viral hepatitis leads to liver damage, does not hold, it can be inferred that atheists lag behind blacks and gays in terms of political appeal at the ballot box. There is good reason to believe that either material substance is drawn into the Sun, light is thrown out from the Sun or if the sta... | Many people rightly believe that viral hepatitis leads to liver damage. | Viral hepatitis leads to major damage. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).. | {0: 'Viral hepatitis leads to liver damage.', 1: 'Atheists lag behind blacks and gays in terms of political appeal at the ballot box.', 2: 'Material substance is drawn into the Sun, light is thrown out from the Sun.'} | 2 |
1,819 | ['Given that all cells have an electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes, it can be inferred that either fungi are organisms that have cell walls that contain chitin or incentives play a key role in the functioning of a society.', "So long as either chinchillas become sexually mature when t... | Given that all cells have an electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes, it can be inferred that either fungi are organisms that have cell walls that contain chitin or incentives play a key role in the functioning of a society. So long as either chinchillas become sexually mature when they a... | We know that either fungi are organisms that have cell walls that contain chitin or incentives play a key role in the functioning of a society. | We know that either funguses are located in tree stumps or incentive is the perceived value of a outcome, such as improved health status or approval of others. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).).
If [6], then (Either [... | {0: 'Fungi are organisms that have cell walls that contain chitin.', 1: 'Incentives play a key role in the functioning of a society.', 2: 'All cells have an electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes.', 3: 'Chinchillas become sexually mature when they are around eight months old.', 4: 'Corpo... | 2 |
1,141 | ['On the condition that it is not true that martins are gregarious in nature and prefer to nest in groups, it is definitely the case that information helps other family members.', 'Once we know music also plays an important part in Cuban culture, we also know that the claim that information helps other family members d... | On the condition that it is not true that martins are gregarious in nature and prefer to nest in groups, it is definitely the case that information helps other family members. Once we know music also plays an important part in Cuban culture, we also know that the claim that information helps other family members does n... | It is reasonable to believe that martins are gregarious in nature and prefer to nest in groups. | It is reasonable to believe that martins are gregarious in nature and prefer to nest in groups. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2]
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Martins are gregarious in nature and prefer to nest in groups.', 1: 'Information helps other family members.', 2: 'Music also plays an important part in Cuban culture.'} | 2 |
1,316 | ["The notion that 'every person has a spirit, regardless of their spiritual condition a' is untrue.", "So long as the notion that 'if it is not true that cakes are located in stores, then every person has a spirit, regardless of their spiritual condition a' is untrue, 'true wisdom is natural and supernatural' is true."... | The notion that 'every person has a spirit, regardless of their spiritual condition a' is untrue. So long as the notion that 'if it is not true that cakes are located in stores, then every person has a spirit, regardless of their spiritual condition a' is untrue, 'true wisdom is natural and supernatural' is true. So lo... | The claim that cakes are located in stores holds true. | The claim that cakes are located in stores is false. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Cakes are located in stores.', 1: 'Every person has a spirit, regardless of their spiritual condition a.', 2: 'True wisdom is natural and supernatural.'} | 2 |
1,587 | ['The claim that babies have an innate ability to begin nursing immediately after they are born is false.', 'Provided that it is not the case that if the statement that states rear overturns occur when other forces move the center of gravity back over the rear axle is false, then babies have an innate ability to begin ... | The claim that babies have an innate ability to begin nursing immediately after they are born is false. Provided that it is not the case that if the statement that states rear overturns occur when other forces move the center of gravity back over the rear axle is false, then babies have an innate ability to begin nursi... | It is reasonable to believe that rear overturns occur when other forces move the center of gravity back over the rear axle. | It is reasonable to believe that rear overturns occur when other forces move the center of gravity back over the rear axle. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Rear overturns occur when other forces move the center of gravity back over the rear axle.', 1: 'Babies have an innate ability to begin nursing immediately after they are born.', 2: 'Many species are critically endangered.'} | 2 |
1,331 | ['The statement, potential energy is energy that is stored in an object, a rubber band for example, does not hold.', 'Given that many species are small in size and they have very rapid growth and short life cycles, it can be inferred that either potential energy is energy that is stored in an object, a rubber band for ... | The statement, potential energy is energy that is stored in an object, a rubber band for example, does not hold. Given that many species are small in size and they have very rapid growth and short life cycles, it can be inferred that either potential energy is energy that is stored in an object, a rubber band for examp... | It is true that gas gangrene is a slough. | Gas gangrene is an infectious disease emergency. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [1] or [0].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0].. | {0: 'Gas gangrene is a slough.', 1: 'Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object, a rubber band for example.', 2: 'Many species are small in size and they have very rapid growth and short life cycles.'} | 2 |
1,295 | ['Assuming the claim that free radicals are toxic compounds that have lost a negatively charged electron has no merit, we know that the statement that states doors are solids is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: sunlight is pure energy, or if the claim that free radicals are toxic compounds tha... | Assuming the claim that free radicals are toxic compounds that have lost a negatively charged electron has no merit, we know that the statement that states doors are solids is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: sunlight is pure energy, or if the claim that free radicals are toxic compounds that hav... | The statement that states free radicals are toxic compounds that have lost a negatively charged electron is right. | The statement that states free radicals are toxic compounds that have lost a negatively charged electron is right. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Free radicals are toxic compounds that have lost a negatively charged electron.', 1: 'Doors are solids.', 2: 'Sunlight is pure energy.'} | 2 |
1,262 | ["When the notion that 'phoenix is an agricultural, industrial and service center' is untrue is true, it follows that it is a common misconception that beans are low in fat, and high in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.", 'Either one or both of these statements are true: ear rabbits require diets, or some ... | When the notion that 'phoenix is an agricultural, industrial and service center' is untrue is true, it follows that it is a common misconception that beans are low in fat, and high in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Either one or both of these statements are true: ear rabbits require diets, or some ladyb... | The statement 'phoenix is an agricultural, industrial and service center' is true. | Phoenix is surrounded by desert and mountains. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Phoenix is an agricultural, industrial and service center.', 1: 'Beans are low in fat, and high in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.', 2: 'Ear rabbits require diets.', 3: 'Some ladybugs cause allergic symptoms.'} | 2 |
1,432 | ['Either some vertebrates live in forests or requirements include resources.', "So long as some vertebrates live in forests, 'the statement 'if mastery is the ability of distinction, then most substances react with oxygen' can be considered false' is true.", "We know that either hormones cause a normal rise in blood su... | Either some vertebrates live in forests or requirements include resources. So long as some vertebrates live in forests, 'the statement 'if mastery is the ability of distinction, then most substances react with oxygen' can be considered false' is true. We know that either hormones cause a normal rise in blood sugar in a... | The statement 'if mastery is the ability of distinction, then most substances react with oxygen' can be considered false. | The statement 'mastery means the ability to complete a set of problems accurately within a specified time frame' can be considered false. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If [3], then (Not (If [0], then [... | {0: 'Mastery is the ability of distinction.', 1: 'Most substances react with oxygen.', 2: 'Some vertebrates live in forests.', 3: 'Requirements include resources.', 4: 'Hormones cause a normal rise in blood sugar in all pregnant women.'} | 2 |
1,862 | ['Assuming either violence becomes a normal means of resolving conflict or stress or a dermabrasion is a removal, we know that some people mistakenly believe that stars are very different objects than are planets.', 'Either onions have properties or guinea pigs have several unique biological characteristics.', 'When on... | Assuming either violence becomes a normal means of resolving conflict or stress or a dermabrasion is a removal, we know that some people mistakenly believe that stars are very different objects than are planets. Either onions have properties or guinea pigs have several unique biological characteristics. When onions hav... | Some people mistakenly believe that stars are very different objects than are planets. | Some people mistakenly believe that stars are very different objects than are planets. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).
Either [1] or [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2].. | {0: 'Stars are very different objects than are planets.', 1: 'Violence becomes a normal means of resolving conflict or stress.', 2: 'A dermabrasion is a removal.', 3: 'Onions have properties.', 4: 'Guinea pigs have several unique biological characteristics.'} | 2 |
1,582 | ['Assuming it is not the case that hygiene is medicine, we know that cardiovascular disease is important, but so is violence.', "On the condition that it is not the case that if it is not the case that hygiene is medicine, then the notion that 'cardiovascular disease is important, but so is violence' is untrue, it is d... | Assuming it is not the case that hygiene is medicine, we know that cardiovascular disease is important, but so is violence. On the condition that it is not the case that if it is not the case that hygiene is medicine, then the notion that 'cardiovascular disease is important, but so is violence' is untrue, it is defini... | hygiene is medicine. | Hygiene is medicine. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then [2].
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).. | {0: 'Hygiene is medicine.', 1: 'Cardiovascular disease is important, but so is violence.', 2: 'Typing cause printed words.'} | 2 |
1,272 | ['Once we know sunspots are regions which are cooler and darker than surrounding material, we also know that nervous systems perform primarily analog computations, and quantize the computed result.', 'If either fields are storage areas for particular kinds of data or robots are ideal for transporting goods around facto... | Once we know sunspots are regions which are cooler and darker than surrounding material, we also know that nervous systems perform primarily analog computations, and quantize the computed result. If either fields are storage areas for particular kinds of data or robots are ideal for transporting goods around factories,... | The statement 'nervous systems perform primarily analog computations, and quantize the computed result' can be considered true. | The statement 'nervous systems perform primarily analog computations, and quantize the computed result' can be considered true. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).).), then (Either [4] or [5].).
Not (Either [4] or [5].).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).. | {0: 'Nervous systems perform primarily analog computations, and quantize the computed result.', 1: 'Sunspots are regions which are cooler and darker than surrounding material.', 2: 'Fields are storage areas for particular kinds of data.', 3: 'Robots are ideal for transporting goods around factories.', 4: 'Wireless phon... | 2 |
1,270 | ["So long as pasture is often part of a crop rotation or a permanent use of land too difficult to till, 'the statement that 'plunge pools can remain after the waterfall has ceased to exist or the stream has been diverted' is incorrect' is true.", 'We know that at least one of two things is true: many soy cheeses are eq... | So long as pasture is often part of a crop rotation or a permanent use of land too difficult to till, 'the statement that 'plunge pools can remain after the waterfall has ceased to exist or the stream has been diverted' is incorrect' is true. We know that at least one of two things is true: many soy cheeses are equival... | The statement that 'plunge pools can remain after the waterfall has ceased to exist or the stream has been diverted' is incorrect. | The claim that plunge pools can remain after the waterfall has ceased to exist or the stream has been diverted holds true. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Plunge pools can remain after the waterfall has ceased to exist or the stream has been diverted.', 1: 'Pasture is often part of a crop rotation or a permanent use of land too difficult to till.', 2: 'Many soy cheeses are equivalent to the reduced fat dairy cheeses on the market.', 3: 'Calves make a similar call of... | 2 |
1,987 | ['At least one of two things is true: either parent involvement has to do with the special and unique relationship between parent and child or peals are bells, or arterioles are just visible to the naked eye.', 'Should it be the case that arterioles are just visible to the naked eye, it follows that hikings cause tired... | At least one of two things is true: either parent involvement has to do with the special and unique relationship between parent and child or peals are bells, or arterioles are just visible to the naked eye. Should it be the case that arterioles are just visible to the naked eye, it follows that hikings cause tireds. On... | The statement 'hikings cause tireds' is true. | Hikings cause cramp. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [4].
If [4], then [0].
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].. | {0: 'Hikings cause tireds.', 1: 'Parent involvement has to do with the special and unique relationship between parent and child.', 2: 'Peals are bells.', 3: 'Arterioles are just visible to the naked eye.', 4: 'School is a place where everyone comes together for learning.'} | 2 |
1,319 | ['If illnesses can also affect driving abilities as people age, then if many young couples like to design their own rings, then most trees live in woodlands.', 'At least one of two things is true: bony shells cover with layers, or tints are simply the opposite of shades.', 'Once we know bony shells cover with layers, w... | If illnesses can also affect driving abilities as people age, then if many young couples like to design their own rings, then most trees live in woodlands. At least one of two things is true: bony shells cover with layers, or tints are simply the opposite of shades. Once we know bony shells cover with layers, we also k... | The claim that illnesses can also affect driving abilities as people age has no merit. | Many people rightly believe that illnesses can also affect driving abilities as people age. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
If [4], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, Not (If [1], then [2].).. | {0: 'Illnesses can also affect driving abilities as people age.', 1: 'Many young couples like to design their own rings.', 2: 'Most trees live in woodlands.', 3: 'Bony shells cover with layers.', 4: 'Tints are simply the opposite of shades.'} | 2 |
1,569 | ['Assuming visionary leaders promote and creatively manage change by searching for more ideas and solutions, we know that if birds eat the insects, then most cats deliver kittens.', 'Assuming the claim that visionary leaders promote and creatively manage change by searching for more ideas and solutions does not reflect... | Assuming visionary leaders promote and creatively manage change by searching for more ideas and solutions, we know that if birds eat the insects, then most cats deliver kittens. Assuming the claim that visionary leaders promote and creatively manage change by searching for more ideas and solutions does not reflect real... | Given that birds eat the insects, it can be inferred that most cats deliver kittens. | It is a common misconception that if birds eat the insects, then most cats deliver kittens. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [2].), then [3].
If (Not [2].), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, [2]. | {0: 'Birds eat the insects.', 1: 'Most cats deliver kittens.', 2: 'Visionary leaders promote and creatively manage change by searching for more ideas and solutions.', 3: 'Kinetic energy gains potential energy.'} | 2 |
1,643 | ["Whenever it is true that substances undergo transitions, 'turtles seek food' is true.", 'Once we know we know that the claim that substances undergo transitions is false, we also know that if pregnancy also influences migraine, then a speller is primer.', 'Those that suggest if pregnancy also influences migraine, the... | Whenever it is true that substances undergo transitions, 'turtles seek food' is true. Once we know we know that the claim that substances undergo transitions is false, we also know that if pregnancy also influences migraine, then a speller is primer. Those that suggest if pregnancy also influences migraine, then a spel... | The claim that turtles seek food is true. | Turtles have very hard scales called plates. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [1].), then (If [2], then [3].).
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Turtles seek food.', 1: 'Substances undergo transitions.', 2: 'Pregnancy also influences migraine.', 3: 'A speller is primer.'} | 2 |
1,142 | ['Provided that radiologists closely inspect microcalcifications to help determine their meaning, we know that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots.', 'Once we know government takes active roles, we also know that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots.', 'If ... | Provided that radiologists closely inspect microcalcifications to help determine their meaning, we know that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots. Once we know government takes active roles, we also know that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots. If milk als... | It is rational to believe that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots. | It is rational to believe that either most alligators make sound or some flippers have light spots. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Either [0] or [1].).
If [3], then (Either [0] or [1].).
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].).
[4]
Therefore, Either [2] or [3].. | {0: 'Most alligators make sound.', 1: 'Some flippers have light spots.', 2: 'Radiologists closely inspect microcalcifications to help determine their meaning.', 3: 'Government takes active roles.', 4: 'Milk also contains vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium.'} | 2 |
1,202 | ["Whenever it is true that if coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple layers of armor, then right whales produce a distinctive V-shaped blow, 'the statement that 'plants reproduce by seeds and rhizomes' is incorrect' is true.", 'If trees play a critical role in reducing air pollution in urban ... | Whenever it is true that if coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple layers of armor, then right whales produce a distinctive V-shaped blow, 'the statement that 'plants reproduce by seeds and rhizomes' is incorrect' is true. If trees play a critical role in reducing air pollution in urban envir... | The statement, if coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple layers of armor, then right whales produce a distinctive V-shaped blow, does not hold. | One may reasonably assume that if coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple layers of armor, then right whales produce a distinctive V-shaped blow. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (If [0], then [1].), then [2]. [SC1-1]
If (If [0], then [1].), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].).
[3]
Therefore, If (If [0], then [1].), then [2].. | {0: 'Coconut palms protect their fruit by surrounding it with multiple layers of armor.', 1: 'Right whales produce a distinctive V-shaped blow.', 2: 'Plants reproduce by seeds and rhizomes.', 3: 'Trees play a critical role in reducing air pollution in urban environments.'} | 2 |
1,413 | ['Either calves gain weight or shanghai women do pride themselves for their style.', "Given that the statement 'if either calves gain weight or shanghai women do pride themselves for their style, then a sawmill is a power tool' can be considered false, it can be inferred that many species are threatened or endangered d... | Either calves gain weight or shanghai women do pride themselves for their style. Given that the statement 'if either calves gain weight or shanghai women do pride themselves for their style, then a sawmill is a power tool' can be considered false, it can be inferred that many species are threatened or endangered due to... | Many people rightly believe that a sawmill is a power tool. | The claim that a sawmill is a power tool does not reflect reality. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then [3].
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].. | {0: 'A sawmill is a power tool.', 1: 'Calves gain weight.', 2: 'Shanghai women do pride themselves for their style.', 3: 'Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation.'} | 2 |
1,196 | ['Those that suggest salt can also intensify the effects of drought, and vice versa are wrong.', 'There is good reason to believe that either many cultures honor women during their menstrual flow or either salt can also intensify the effects of drought, and vice versa or ammonium sulfate is crystal.', "The statement 'm... | Those that suggest salt can also intensify the effects of drought, and vice versa are wrong. There is good reason to believe that either many cultures honor women during their menstrual flow or either salt can also intensify the effects of drought, and vice versa or ammonium sulfate is crystal. The statement 'many cult... | Those that suggest ammonium sulfate is crystal are right. | The claim that ammonium sulfate is crystal does not correspond with reality. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [1] or [0].).
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [0].. | {0: 'Ammonium sulfate is crystal.', 1: 'Salt can also intensify the effects of drought, and vice versa.', 2: 'Many cultures honor women during their menstrual flow.'} | 2 |
1,264 | ['It is a common misconception that if moon jellyfish are either male or female, then neutrinos also play an important role in astrophysics.', 'When the claim that either if moon jellyfish are either male or female, then neutrinos also play an important role in astrophysics or frozen rain can be ice or snow if conditio... | It is a common misconception that if moon jellyfish are either male or female, then neutrinos also play an important role in astrophysics. When the claim that either if moon jellyfish are either male or female, then neutrinos also play an important role in astrophysics or frozen rain can be ice or snow if conditions pe... | The statement that states frozen rain can be ice or snow if conditions permit is right. | The claim that frozen rain can be ice or snow if conditions permit is false. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).), then [3].
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].. | {0: 'Frozen rain can be ice or snow if conditions permit .', 1: 'Moon jellyfish are either male or female.', 2: 'Neutrinos also play an important role in astrophysics.', 3: 'Nature works through dualism and that is why medicines and diseases continue to exist together.'} | 2 |
1,531 | ['Provided that the statement, genes are the blueprints for body structure and function, does not hold, we know that the claim that a larch is wood has no merit.', 'Should it be the case that proper rest is vital to a good immune system, it follows that if the statement, genes are the blueprints for body structure and ... | Provided that the statement, genes are the blueprints for body structure and function, does not hold, we know that the claim that a larch is wood has no merit. Should it be the case that proper rest is vital to a good immune system, it follows that if the statement, genes are the blueprints for body structure and funct... | The claim that genes are the blueprints for body structure and function is true. | The statement 'genes are the blueprints for body structure and function' can be considered false. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Genes are the blueprints for body structure and function.', 1: 'A larch is wood.', 2: 'Proper rest is vital to a good immune system.'} | 2 |
1,252 | ['The statement, either male tortoises have a long tail and females have a short fat tail or technology means facility with various kinds of technology for learning, does not hold.', 'If the claim that if ooze is flow, then either male tortoises have a long tail and females have a short fat tail or technology means fac... | The statement, either male tortoises have a long tail and females have a short fat tail or technology means facility with various kinds of technology for learning, does not hold. If the claim that if ooze is flow, then either male tortoises have a long tail and females have a short fat tail or technology means facility... | The claim that ooze is flow has no merit. | The statement 'ooze is flow' can be considered true. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).. | {0: 'Ooze is flow.', 1: 'Male tortoises have a long tail and females have a short fat tail.', 2: 'Technology means facility with various kinds of technology for learning.', 3: 'Most scyphozoans originate from small attached reproductive polyps.'} | 2 |
1,576 | ['It is reasonable to believe that pregnancy alters the body-core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats.', 'Provided that the claim that if pregnancy alters the body-core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats, then all cultures have norms and standards for behavior and appearance does ... | It is reasonable to believe that pregnancy alters the body-core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats. Provided that the claim that if pregnancy alters the body-core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats, then all cultures have norms and standards for behavior and appearance does not c... | It is a simple truth that all cultures have norms and standards for behavior and appearance. | The statement 'all cultures have norms and standards for behavior and appearance' can be considered false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2].
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [2].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0].. | {0: 'All cultures have norms and standards for behavior and appearance.', 1: 'Pregnancy alters the body-core temperature response to a simulated open field in rats.', 2: 'Hemispheres receive sunlight.'} | 2 |
1,738 | ['At least one of two things is true: today there are three main areas of focus in applied sports psychology, or either infection occurs in patients or green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis.', 'Should it be the case that most penguins return to environments, it follows that we kno... | At least one of two things is true: today there are three main areas of focus in applied sports psychology, or either infection occurs in patients or green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Should it be the case that most penguins return to environments, it follows that we know tha... | At least one of two things is true: infection occurs in patients, or green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. | We know that the claim that either infection occurs in patients or green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis is false. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not [2].).
[3]
Therefore, Not [2].. | {0: 'Infection occurs in patients.', 1: 'Green plants make their food from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis.', 2: 'Today there are three main areas of focus in applied sports psychology.', 3: 'Most penguins return to environments.'} | 2 |
1,299 | ['The claim that brain injury is described as open or closed has no merit.', 'On the condition that some organisms infect livestock, it is definitely the case that if it is not true that old girls have baby teeth, then brain injury is described as open or closed.', 'The claim that some organisms infect livestock holds ... | The claim that brain injury is described as open or closed has no merit. On the condition that some organisms infect livestock, it is definitely the case that if it is not true that old girls have baby teeth, then brain injury is described as open or closed. The claim that some organisms infect livestock holds true. | The statement 'old girls have baby teeth' can be considered true. | The statement 'old girls have baby teeth' can be considered true. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Old girls have baby teeth.', 1: 'Brain injury is described as open or closed.', 2: 'Some organisms infect livestock.'} | 2 |
1,740 | ['On the condition that clean air is a key component of a healthy home, it is definitely the case that patients have severe pain.', 'Assuming some companies invest millions of dollars annually, we know that patients have severe pain.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: mosques are temples, or autism is ... | On the condition that clean air is a key component of a healthy home, it is definitely the case that patients have severe pain. Assuming some companies invest millions of dollars annually, we know that patients have severe pain. We know that at least one of two things is true: mosques are temples, or autism is a lifelo... | The claim that patients have severe pain is true. | The claim that patients have severe pain is true. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then [1].
If [4], then [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2].. | {0: 'Patients have severe pain.', 1: 'Clean air is a key component of a healthy home.', 2: 'Some companies invest millions of dollars annually.', 3: 'Mosques are temples.', 4: 'Autism is a lifelong disability that one is born with.'} | 2 |
1,247 | ['At least one of two things is true: vision depends on the transduction and decoding of electromagnetic stimulus energies, or calmness is good weather.', 'On the condition that vision depends on the transduction and decoding of electromagnetic stimulus energies, it is definitely the case that if sewage contaminates wa... | At least one of two things is true: vision depends on the transduction and decoding of electromagnetic stimulus energies, or calmness is good weather. On the condition that vision depends on the transduction and decoding of electromagnetic stimulus energies, it is definitely the case that if sewage contaminates water, ... | calmness is good weather. | Calmness is good weather. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Calmness is good weather.', 1: 'Vision depends on the transduction and decoding of electromagnetic stimulus energies.', 2: 'Sewage contaminates water.', 3: 'Sports injuries come in many varieties, but the most effective treatment is usually prevention.'} | 2 |
1,926 | ['We know that either causes of cancer are aplenty or the claim that evaporation is the process that changes liquid water into a gas called water vapor is false.', 'On the condition that causes of cancer are aplenty, it is definitely the case that a tangent is a straight line.', 'On the condition that causes of cancer ... | We know that either causes of cancer are aplenty or the claim that evaporation is the process that changes liquid water into a gas called water vapor is false. On the condition that causes of cancer are aplenty, it is definitely the case that a tangent is a straight line. On the condition that causes of cancer are aple... | The claim that evaporation is the process that changes liquid water into a gas called water vapor is false. | We know that the claim that evaporation is the reason why damp clothes dry on a washing line is false. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Evaporation is the process that changes liquid water into a gas called water vapor.', 1: 'Causes of cancer are aplenty.', 2: 'A tangent is a straight line.'} | 2 |
1,412 | ['It is not true that if some hookworms suck blood, then modern science debunks racial classifications.', 'If skunks also live under old buildings, then either if some hookworms suck blood, then modern science debunks racial classifications or scrap metal is metal.', 'We can assume that skunks also live under old build... | It is not true that if some hookworms suck blood, then modern science debunks racial classifications. If skunks also live under old buildings, then either if some hookworms suck blood, then modern science debunks racial classifications or scrap metal is metal. We can assume that skunks also live under old buildings. | The idea that scrap metal is metal is true. | The statement, scrap metal is metal, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).
[3]
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].. | {0: 'Scrap metal is metal.', 1: 'Some hookworms suck blood.', 2: 'Modern science debunks racial classifications.', 3: 'Skunks also live under old buildings.'} | 2 |
1,389 | ['We know that the claim that an anuria is an illness is false.', 'There is good reason to believe that either temperature has strong effects or if it is a common misconception that preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk, then an anuria is an illness.', 'Some people mistakenly believe that temperat... | We know that the claim that an anuria is an illness is false. There is good reason to believe that either temperature has strong effects or if it is a common misconception that preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk, then an anuria is an illness. Some people mistakenly believe that temperature has ... | The claim that preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk holds true. | The claim that preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk holds true. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Preeclampsia puts unborn children and their mothers at risk.', 1: 'An anuria is an illness.', 2: 'Temperature has strong effects.'} | 2 |
1,796 | ["Whenever it is true that people are mental, physical, spiritual and sexual beings, 'money is used for buying' is true.", 'One may reasonably assume that if money is used for buying, then surveillance is critical to research and public health practice.', "So long as money is used for buying, 'the claim that surveillan... | Whenever it is true that people are mental, physical, spiritual and sexual beings, 'money is used for buying' is true. One may reasonably assume that if money is used for buying, then surveillance is critical to research and public health practice. So long as money is used for buying, 'the claim that surveillance is cr... | The statement that states people are mental, physical, spiritual and sexual beings is false. | We know that the claim that people can carry it in the nose or on the skin without showing any illness is false. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'People are mental, physical, spiritual and sexual beings.', 1: 'Money is used for buying.', 2: 'Surveillance is critical to research and public health practice.'} | 2 |
1,601 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: emerald crystal has uniform physical properties, or physical conditions play an important part in deciding how people associate, relax, work, and play.', "Whenever it is true that emerald crystal has uniform physical properties, 'if use results in significant damage, t... | Either one or both of these statements are true: emerald crystal has uniform physical properties, or physical conditions play an important part in deciding how people associate, relax, work, and play. Whenever it is true that emerald crystal has uniform physical properties, 'if use results in significant damage, then r... | Those that suggest physical conditions play an important part in deciding how people associate, relax, work, and play are right. | Those that suggest physical conditions play an important part in deciding how people associate, relax, work, and play are right. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Physical conditions play an important part in deciding how people associate, relax, work, and play.', 1: 'Emerald crystal has uniform physical properties.', 2: 'Use results in significant damage.', 3: 'Reflectors are great for adding a little light back into the dark areas.'} | 2 |
1,654 | ['The claim that robbers have (part) necks does not reflect reality.', 'Assuming genetic drift can also cause population changes, especially in small populations, we know that either robbers have (part) necks or turnpikes are expressways.', 'Those that suggest genetic drift can also cause population changes, especially... | The claim that robbers have (part) necks does not reflect reality. Assuming genetic drift can also cause population changes, especially in small populations, we know that either robbers have (part) necks or turnpikes are expressways. Those that suggest genetic drift can also cause population changes, especially in smal... | It is fair to say that turnpikes are expressways. | Turnpikes are roads. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Either [1] or [0].).
[2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0].. | {0: 'Turnpikes are expressways.', 1: 'Robbers have (part) necks.', 2: 'Genetic drift can also cause population changes, especially in small populations.'} | 2 |
1,261 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere , or beagles follow scent.', 'Should it be the case that bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere , it follows that the claim that intussusception is mo... | We know that at least one of two things is true: bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere , or beagles follow scent. Should it be the case that bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere , it follows that the claim that intussusception is more li... | The claim that intussusception is more likely if the child exhibits lethargy does not reflect reality. | The claim that intussusception is a frequent and important etiology does not correspond with reality. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC3-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or [5].
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (If [2], then (Not [0].).).
If [5], then (If [2], then (Not [0].).).
Therefore, If [2], th... | {0: 'Intussusception is more likely if the child exhibits lethargy.', 1: 'Bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere .', 2: 'Beagles follow scent.', 3: 'Natural convection is when flow is caused by thermal gradients in a fluid.', 4: 'Bank tellers are office workers.', 5: 'Plants prod... | 2 |
1,456 | ['On the condition that the claim that most furniture is made of wood does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets.', 'If either consumers are organisms that eat or consume other organisms or hagfishes displa... | On the condition that the claim that most furniture is made of wood does not correspond with reality, it is definitely the case that conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. If either consumers are organisms that eat or consume other organisms or hagfishes display rap... | Those that suggest most furniture is made of wood are right. | Those that suggest most furniture is made of wood are right. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [1].).
Either [2] or [3].
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Most furniture is made of wood.', 1: 'Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets.', 2: 'Consumers are organisms that eat or consume other organisms.', 3: 'Hagfishes display rapid movement.'} | 2 |
1,386 | ['It is a common misconception that firewalls also provide a central point for logging and auditing Internet traffic.', 'We know that either if some radiation therapy involves heads, then humpbacks are baleen whales which means they filter their food through baleen plates or shires are located in jerseys.', "Provided t... | It is a common misconception that firewalls also provide a central point for logging and auditing Internet traffic. We know that either if some radiation therapy involves heads, then humpbacks are baleen whales which means they filter their food through baleen plates or shires are located in jerseys. Provided that if s... | The notion that 'if breathe difficulty causes significant problems, then internet is the most efficient way of competing in today's global economy' is untrue. | The notion that 'if breathe difficulty causes significant problems, then internet is the most efficient way of competing in today's global economy' is untrue. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not (If [0], then [1].).). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].) or [5].
If (If [3], then [4].), then (Either [2] or (Not (If [0], then [1].).).).
If [5], then (Either [2] or (Not (If [0], then [1].).... | {0: 'Breathe difficulty causes significant problems.', 1: "Internet is the most efficient way of competing in today's global economy.", 2: 'Firewalls also provide a central point for logging and auditing Internet traffic.', 3: 'Some radiation therapy involves heads.', 4: 'Humpbacks are baleen whales which means they fi... | 2 |
1,982 | ['If a dickey is an inset, then if plants have natural defenses against pests, then censuses attempt to survey the entire population.', 'Either male cats are fertile from six months, and can impregnate up to thirty-two female cats a year or cats can be extremely possessive and jealous.', 'If male cats are fertile from ... | If a dickey is an inset, then if plants have natural defenses against pests, then censuses attempt to survey the entire population. Either male cats are fertile from six months, and can impregnate up to thirty-two female cats a year or cats can be extremely possessive and jealous. If male cats are fertile from six mont... | It is a common misconception that a dickey is an inset. | It is a common misconception that a dickey is an inset. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (If [1], then [2].).
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
If [4], then (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Therefore, Not (If [1], then [2].).. | {0: 'A dickey is an inset.', 1: 'Plants have natural defenses against pests.', 2: 'Censuses attempt to survey the entire population.', 3: 'Male cats are fertile from six months, and can impregnate up to thirty-two female cats a year.', 4: 'Cats can be extremely possessive and jealous.'} | 2 |
1,909 | ['The statement, domestic terrorism is probably a more widespread phenomenon than international terrorism, does not hold.', 'Assuming it is not true that if it is not the case that phosphates are necessary to the growth of organisms and have extensive use as fertilizers, then domestic terrorism is probably a more wides... | The statement, domestic terrorism is probably a more widespread phenomenon than international terrorism, does not hold. Assuming it is not true that if it is not the case that phosphates are necessary to the growth of organisms and have extensive use as fertilizers, then domestic terrorism is probably a more widespread... | The claim that phosphates are necessary to the growth of organisms and have extensive use as fertilizers is true. | Phosphates act by reducing bone resorption of calcium and promoting renal calcium reabsorption. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (If [2], then [3].).
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Phosphates are necessary to the growth of organisms and have extensive use as fertilizers.', 1: 'Domestic terrorism is probably a more widespread phenomenon than international terrorism.', 2: 'Incidents involve mammals.', 3: 'Animals enjoy meals.'} | 2 |
1,693 | ['Some people mistakenly believe that pulpwood is the chief forest product, but some lumber is produced.', 'Should it be the case that carotenoids are primarily yellow in hue, it follows that either pulpwood is the chief forest product, but some lumber is produced or either most natural scientists formulate theories or... | Some people mistakenly believe that pulpwood is the chief forest product, but some lumber is produced. Should it be the case that carotenoids are primarily yellow in hue, it follows that either pulpwood is the chief forest product, but some lumber is produced or either most natural scientists formulate theories or gian... | It is rational to believe that either most natural scientists formulate theories or giant pandas have heads. | It is rational to believe that either most natural scientists formulate theories or giant pandas have heads. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).).
[3]
Therefore, Either [2] or (Either [0] or [1].).. | {0: 'Most natural scientists formulate theories.', 1: 'Giant pandas have heads.', 2: 'Pulpwood is the chief forest product, but some lumber is produced.', 3: 'Carotenoids are primarily yellow in hue.'} | 2 |
1,236 | ['It is a fact that either ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture or death is a means to an end.', 'When ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture is true, it follows that if tempests are windstorm, then computer hackers can crac... | It is a fact that either ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture or death is a means to an end. When ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture is true, it follows that if tempests are windstorm, then computer hackers can crack int... | The claim that death is a means to an end holds true. | It is a common misconception that death is a means to an end. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Death is a means to an end.', 1: 'Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture .', 2: 'Tempests are windstorm.', 3: 'Computer hackers can crack into banking networks and steal money.'} | 2 |
1,501 | ['It is rational to believe that either young children are most at risk from lead poisoning or either sensory automatisms seem to be essentially fugacious or spider mites continue to populate many soybean leaves, although fungus has reduced the population.', 'Given that either sensory automatisms seem to be essentially... | It is rational to believe that either young children are most at risk from lead poisoning or either sensory automatisms seem to be essentially fugacious or spider mites continue to populate many soybean leaves, although fungus has reduced the population. Given that either sensory automatisms seem to be essentially fuga... | Some people mistakenly believe that power is measured in watts, and intensity is therefore measured in watts per square meter. | Some people mistakenly believe that power is measured in watts, and intensity is therefore measured in watts per square meter. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then [4].
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then (Not [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then... | {0: 'Power is measured in watts, and intensity is therefore measured in watts per square meter.', 1: 'Young children are most at risk from lead poisoning.', 2: 'Sensory automatisms seem to be essentially fugacious.', 3: 'Spider mites continue to populate many soybean leaves, although fungus has reduced the population.'... | 2 |
1,497 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: aardwolves consume their prey by licking termites off surfaces using a flat, sticky tongue, or dendrites are some tens of microns in length.', "Whenever it is true that aardwolves consume their prey by licking termites off surfaces using a flat, sticky tongue, 'terbium... | We know that at least one of two things is true: aardwolves consume their prey by licking termites off surfaces using a flat, sticky tongue, or dendrites are some tens of microns in length. Whenever it is true that aardwolves consume their prey by licking termites off surfaces using a flat, sticky tongue, 'terbium is m... | The idea that dendrites are some tens of microns in length is true. | A dendrite is fibre. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Dendrites are some tens of microns in length.', 1: 'Aardwolves consume their prey by licking termites off surfaces using a flat, sticky tongue.', 2: 'Terbium is malleable and ductile and can be cut with sharp objects.'} | 2 |
1,874 | ['Either water expanding and contracting due to freezing can make things even worse or many experts resist recommending drinking alcohol because of the potential for alcohol abuse.', 'One may reasonably assume that if many experts resist recommending drinking alcohol because of the potential for alcohol abuse, then inc... | Either water expanding and contracting due to freezing can make things even worse or many experts resist recommending drinking alcohol because of the potential for alcohol abuse. One may reasonably assume that if many experts resist recommending drinking alcohol because of the potential for alcohol abuse, then incest i... | We can assume that incest is a chain. | Some people mistakenly believe that incest is a chain. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or (If [1], then [0].).
Not (Either [3] or [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0].. | {0: 'Incest is a chain.', 1: 'Water expanding and contracting due to freezing can make things even worse.', 2: 'Many experts resist recommending drinking alcohol because of the potential for alcohol abuse.', 3: 'Some snakes hide in forests.', 4: 'Lizards prefer environments.'} | 2 |
1,452 | ['One may reasonably assume that if food chains begin with the sun, the source of all energy on earth, then mineral resources are the property of the state.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: flats are musical notation, or bird feeders are an obvious target for the bears, which love sunflower seeds.', ... | One may reasonably assume that if food chains begin with the sun, the source of all energy on earth, then mineral resources are the property of the state. Either one or both of these statements are true: flats are musical notation, or bird feeders are an obvious target for the bears, which love sunflower seeds. Once we... | mineral resources are the property of the state. | Mineral resources are the property of the state. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then [1].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, [1]. | {0: 'Mineral resources are the property of the state.', 1: 'Food chains begin with the sun, the source of all energy on earth.', 2: 'Flats are musical notation.', 3: 'Bird feeders are an obvious target for the bears, which love sunflower seeds.'} | 2 |
1,494 | ['Those that suggest legends describe gods are right.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: a rosebud is a bud, or cultural factors influence responses.', 'Once we know a rosebud is a bud, we also know that if legends describe gods, then attendance is group actions.', 'If cultural factors influence respon... | Those that suggest legends describe gods are right. We know that at least one of two things is true: a rosebud is a bud, or cultural factors influence responses. Once we know a rosebud is a bud, we also know that if legends describe gods, then attendance is group actions. If cultural factors influence responses, then i... | The statement that states attendance is group actions is right. | Attendance is frequencies. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).
If [3], then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0].. | {0: 'Attendance is group actions.', 1: 'Legends describe gods.', 2: 'A rosebud is a bud.', 3: 'Cultural factors influence responses.'} | 2 |
1,923 | ['Provided that wood has a different feeling than leather, we know that physical properties are unlike any other known biological agent.', 'Given that physical properties are unlike any other known biological agent, it can be inferred that if vaccinated cells mimic a natural infection with the virus, then potatoes have... | Provided that wood has a different feeling than leather, we know that physical properties are unlike any other known biological agent. Given that physical properties are unlike any other known biological agent, it can be inferred that if vaccinated cells mimic a natural infection with the virus, then potatoes have a lo... | The claim that wood has a different feeling than leather is false. | The statement that states wood is a renewable resource is false. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then (If [2], then [3].).
If [1], then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Wood has a different feeling than leather.', 1: 'Physical properties are unlike any other known biological agent.', 2: 'Vaccinated cells mimic a natural infection with the virus.', 3: 'Potatoes have a low calorie density and a high satiety value per calorie.'} | 2 |
1,279 | ['We know that either rodents exhibit behavior or immigrants contribute to society, and there is no question that they contribute to California.', 'One may reasonably assume that if rodents exhibit behavior, then calcium supplementation is very important to a wide range of people.', 'It is a fact that either all cells ... | We know that either rodents exhibit behavior or immigrants contribute to society, and there is no question that they contribute to California. One may reasonably assume that if rodents exhibit behavior, then calcium supplementation is very important to a wide range of people. It is a fact that either all cells are made... | It is reasonable to believe that calcium supplementation is very important to a wide range of people. | The statement that 'calcium supplementation is very important to a wide range of people' is incorrect. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC3-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then [0].).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then [0].. | {0: 'Calcium supplementation is very important to a wide range of people.', 1: 'Rodents exhibit behavior.', 2: 'Immigrants contribute to society, and there is no question that they contribute to California.', 3: 'All cells are made by other cells .'} | 2 |
1,638 | ['If either some spiders have sex organs or common patterns show characteristics, then either most barnacles have female organs or network is a place for people to express how they feel about different issues.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: some shellfishes help health, or information technology is... | If either some spiders have sex organs or common patterns show characteristics, then either most barnacles have female organs or network is a place for people to express how they feel about different issues. We know that at least one of two things is true: some shellfishes help health, or information technology is an i... | Either one or both of these statements are true: most barnacles have female organs, or network is a place for people to express how they feel about different issues. | The claim that either most barnacles have female organs or network is a place for people to express how they feel about different issues is false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
Either [2] or [3]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].).
If [5], then (Either [2] or [3].).
Therefore, Either [2] or [3].. | {0: 'Most barnacles have female organs.', 1: 'Network is a place for people to express how they feel about different issues.', 2: 'Some spiders have sex organs.', 3: 'Common patterns show characteristics.', 4: 'Some shellfishes help health.', 5: 'Information technology is an important tool for the basic core operations... | 2 |
1,485 | ['The claim that either services provide activities or sin is the result of ignorance, weakness, and indifference does not correspond with reality.', "Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if computation is the essence of order, then either services provide activities or sin is the result of ignorance, w... | The claim that either services provide activities or sin is the result of ignorance, weakness, and indifference does not correspond with reality. Whenever it is true that we know that the claim that if computation is the essence of order, then either services provide activities or sin is the result of ignorance, weakne... | The statement 'computation is the essence of order' can be considered false. | It is rational to agree that computation is the essence of order. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
Not (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then [3].
If (Not (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).. | {0: 'Computation is the essence of order.', 1: 'Services provide activities.', 2: 'Sin is the result of ignorance, weakness, and indifference.', 3: 'Love is a gift anyone can give.'} | 2 |
1,568 | ["Should it be the case that the statement 'if bioluminescence refers to the production of light via a chemical reaction, then octopuses thrive at the base of the ridge' can be considered false, it follows that the claim that either greenhouse gases can have effects or climatologists make up an important branch of the ... | Should it be the case that the statement 'if bioluminescence refers to the production of light via a chemical reaction, then octopuses thrive at the base of the ridge' can be considered false, it follows that the claim that either greenhouse gases can have effects or climatologists make up an important branch of the st... | Once we know bioluminescence refers to the production of light via a chemical reaction, we also know that octopuses thrive at the base of the ridge. | Provided that bioluminescence refers to the production of light via a chemical reaction, we know that octopuses are highly intelligent , possibly more so than any other order of invertebrates | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-1]
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].).).
Not [4].
Therefore, If (N... | {0: 'Bioluminescence refers to the production of light via a chemical reaction.', 1: 'Octopuses thrive at the base of the ridge.', 2: 'Greenhouse gases can have effects.', 3: 'Climatologists make up an important branch of the study of geography.', 4: 'Science is the organized systematic pursuit of knowledge.'} | 2 |
1,108 | ['If the claim that liqueurs are alcohol does not correspond with reality, then it is not true that most donors have some bone pain and aches for several days or a few weeks.', 'When if moulds can vary greatly in size, then binoculars isa instrument is true, it follows that if the claim that liqueurs are alcohol does n... | If the claim that liqueurs are alcohol does not correspond with reality, then it is not true that most donors have some bone pain and aches for several days or a few weeks. When if moulds can vary greatly in size, then binoculars isa instrument is true, it follows that if the claim that liqueurs are alcohol does not co... | It is rational to agree that liqueurs are alcohol. | A liqueur is alcohol. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (If [2], then [3].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [2], then [3].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1].. | {0: 'Liqueurs are alcohol.', 1: 'Most donors have some bone pain and aches for several days or a few weeks.', 2: 'Moulds can vary greatly in size.', 3: 'Binoculars isa instrument.'} | 2 |
1,367 | ["Whenever it is true that those that suggest kites are used for playing are wrong, 'appreciative inquiry focuses on what is working' is true.", "So long as appreciative inquiry focuses on what is working, 'pearl millet is known as a forage capable of producing high contents of crude protein' is true.", 'Given that app... | Whenever it is true that those that suggest kites are used for playing are wrong, 'appreciative inquiry focuses on what is working' is true. So long as appreciative inquiry focuses on what is working, 'pearl millet is known as a forage capable of producing high contents of crude protein' is true. Given that appreciativ... | Many people rightly believe that kites are used for playing. | Kites fly in very windy weather. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].).
Therefore, Not [1].. | {0: 'Kites are used for playing.', 1: 'Appreciative inquiry focuses on what is working.', 2: 'Pearl millet is known as a forage capable of producing high contents of crude protein.'} | 2 |
1,644 | ['Some people mistakenly believe that real wage is the wage in constant dollars, adjusted for price level.', "It is rational to believe that either ozone is formed when different types of air pollution mix together in sunlight on hot days or if ancient kingdoms surround the country's history, then androgens can acceler... | Some people mistakenly believe that real wage is the wage in constant dollars, adjusted for price level. It is rational to believe that either ozone is formed when different types of air pollution mix together in sunlight on hot days or if ancient kingdoms surround the country's history, then androgens can accelerate b... | One may reasonably assume that if some platypuses have life stages, then later retirement is a partial answer to the problems of aging populations and increased longevity. | Whenever it is true that platypuses have (part) corpi, 'later retirement is a partial answer to the problems of aging populations and increased longevity' is true. | Uncertain | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].).
If [3], then [2].
If (If [4], then [5].), then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).. | {0: 'Some platypuses have life stages.', 1: 'Later retirement is a partial answer to the problems of aging populations and increased longevity.', 2: 'Real wage is the wage in constant dollars, adjusted for price level.', 3: 'Ozone is formed when different types of air pollution mix together in sunlight on hot days.', 4... | 2 |
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