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Which kit is currently used in China? | kit developed by the BGI have passed emergency approval procedure of the National Medical Products Administration, and are currently used in clinical and surveillance centers of China | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,643 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
Why were only four studies included? | Most studies on SARS and MERS vaccines were excluded as they were performed in cell or animal models | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,644 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
Which four studies were included? | Phase I clinical trials on SARS or MERS vaccines | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,645 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is te safety of the vaccines?
| All vaccine candidates for SARS and MERS were reported to be safe, | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,646 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What was the performance of the vaccine candidates? | well-tolerated and able to trigger the relevant and appropriate immune responses in the participants | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,647 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
How many clinical trials are registered? | nine | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,648 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the status of the nine trials? | five studies on hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir plus ritonavir and arbidol, mesenchymal stem cells, traditional Chinese medicine and glucocorticoid therapy usage have commenced recruitment. The remaining four studies encompass investigation of antivirals, interferon atomization, darunavir and cobicistat, arbidol, and re... | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,649 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What are the results on seroconversion? | Seroconversion measured by S1-ELISA occurred in 86% and 94% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively, and was maintained in 79% participants up to study end at week 60. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,650 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What were the results on antibodies? | Neutralising antibodies were detected in 50% participants at one or more time points during the study, but only 3% maintained neutralisation activity to end of study. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,651 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What were the T-cell responses? | detected in 71% and 76% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,652 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What were the differences in immune responses? | no differences in immune responses between dose groups after 6 weeks and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses were respectively detected in 77% and 64% participants at week 60 | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,653 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the observed benefit of the molecules? | Molecules developed by the university scientists inhibit two coronavirus enzymes and prevent its replication. The discovered drug targets are said to be more than 95% similar to enzyme targets found on the SARS virus. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,654 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the ongoing randomized trial investigating? | It investigates the usage of Lopinavir/Ritonavir and Interferon Beta 1B. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,655 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What are the many prospective and restrospective studies conducted on? | usage of ribavirin with lopinavir/ritonavir/ribavirin, interferon, and convalescent plasma usage. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,656 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What was the result of the phase 1 trial of IgG immunoglobin? | The trial conducted in the United States in 2017 demonstrated SAB-301 to be safe and well-tolerated at single doses. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,657 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What role rapid diagnostics plays? | enables prompt and accurate public health surveillance, prevention and control measures. Local transmission and clusters can be prevented or delayed by isolation of laboratory-confirmed cases and their close contacts quarantined and monitored at home | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,658 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What other measures rapid diagnostics facilitates? | specific public health interventions such as closure of high-risk facilities and areas associated with the confirmed cases for prompt infection control and environmental decontamination | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,659 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What are ways to perform laboratory diagnostics? | (a) detecting the genetic material of the virus, (b) detecting the antibodies that neutralize the viral particles of interest, (c) detecting the viral epitopes of interest with antibodies (serological testing), or (d) culture and isolation of viable virus particles. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,660 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What are key limtations of genetic detection? | lack of knowledge of the presence of viable virus, the potential cross-reactivity with non-specific genetic regions and the short timeframe for accurate detection during the acute infection phase. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,661 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is a key limitation of serological testing? | the need to collect paired serum samples (in the acute and convalescent phases) from cases under investigation for confirmation to eliminate potential cross-reactivity from non-specific antibodies from past exposure and/or infection by other coronaviruses. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,662 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the limitation in virus testing? | the long duration and the highly specialized skills required of the technicians to process the samples. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,663 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What was the result of the treatment? | Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and corticosteroid usgae between the 2 groups. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,664 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What superiority did the treatment with integrative chinese and western medicine treatment have compared with using control treatment alone? | in the respect of improving clinical symptoms, elevating quality of life, promoting immune function recovery, promoting absorption of pulmonary inflammation, reducing the dosage of cortisteroid and shortening the therapeutic course | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,665 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What was a characteristic of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, specimens collected from the lower respiratory tract such as sputum and tracheal aspirates? | have higher and more prolonged levels of viral RNA because of the tropism of the virus. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,666 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
How do severe cases compare with mild cases? | viral loads are also higher for severe cases and have longer viral shedding compared to mild cases | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,667 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? | hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases.
| [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,668 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What are the existing practices in detecting genetic material of viruses? | (a) reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), (b) real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), (c) reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and (d) real-time RT-LAMP . | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,669 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
Why are Nucleic amplification tests (NAAT) usually preferred as in the case of MERS-CoV diagnosis? | it has the highest sensitivity at the earliest time point in the acute phase of infection | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,670 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
Where was the first validated diagnostic test designed? | in Germany | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,671 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
How were the assays selected ? | based on the match against 2019-nCoV upon inspection of the sequence alignment. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,672 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
How were the assays used? | Two assays were used for the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene and E gene where E gene assay acts as the first-line screening tool and RdRp gene assay as the confirmatory testing. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,673 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What were the results? | All assays were highly sensitive and specific in that they did not cross-react with other coronavirus and also human clinical samples that contained respiratory viruses | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,674 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What did the trial on SAB-301 demonstrate? | to be safe and well-tolerated at single doses. | [
"Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respir... | 2,486 | 3,691 | Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus MERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory... |
What is the mechanism of action for rupintrivir? | prevents cleavage of viral proteins required for replication | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 314 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
Has rupintrivir been shown to reduce the symptoms of a rhinoviral infection? | in studies of natural infection, it did not significantly affect viral loads or symptom severity | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 315 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What is the primary etiology of acute respiratory infection? | viral | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 308 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What is RSV? | respiratory syncytial virus | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 309 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What virus is most commonly associated with acute respiratory infections? | human rhinovirus | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 310 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What viruses are most frequently associated with acute respiratory infections? | HRVs, coronaviruses (CoV), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 311 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What are the clinical characteristics of asthma? | chronic airway inflammation, and a history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 313 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What risk factor was associated with hospitalization and death during the 2009 H1N1 influence pandemic? | morbid obesity | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 317 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
How many surface proteins are on the H1N1 influenza virus? | two | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 319 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What are the 2 surface proteins on the H1N1 influenza virus? | haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 320 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What pharmaceutical targets the NA glycoprotein of the H1N1 influenza virus? | oseltamivir | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 322 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What genetic mutation decreases a person's susceptibility to the H1N1 influenza virus? | H275Y | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 323 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
Why is ribavirin treatment limited? | difficulty with aerosol delivery, cost and potential harm to healthcare workers | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 324 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What study is reported in this report? | bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a patient with 2019-nCoV infection and compared it with other related coronavirus genomes. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,692 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How does the genome of 2019-vCOV compare with SARS like viruses and SARS-COV? | Overall, the genome of 2019-nCoV has 89% nucleotide identity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and 82% with that of human SARS-CoV. The phylogenetic trees of their orf1a/b, Spike, Envelope, Membrane and Nucleoprotein also clustered closely with those of the bat, civet and human SARS coronaviruses. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,693 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How different is it from SARS-related viruses? | the external subdomain of Spike’s receptor binding domain of 2019-nCoV shares only 40% amino acid identity with other SARS-related coronaviruses. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,694 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What novel features does the genome have? | its orf3b encodes a completely novel short protein. Furthermore, its new orf8 likely encodes a secreted protein with an alpha-helix, following with a beta-sheet(s) containing six strands. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,695 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is important for understanding the origin and evolution of this novel lineage B betacoronavirus. | Learning from the roles of civet in SARS and camel in MERS, hunting for the animal source of 2019-nCoV and its more ancestral virus | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,696 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What are Coronaviruses? | Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the subfamily Coronavirinae, family Coronavirdiae, order Nidovirales. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,697 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What are four generas? | Alphacoronavirus (αCoV), Betacoronavirus (βCoV), Deltacoronavirus (δCoV), and Gammacoronavirus (γCoV) | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,698 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What do evolutionary analyses show? | that bats and rodents are the gene sources of most αCoVs and βCoVs, while avian species are the gene sources of most δCoVs and γCoVs. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,699 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What are the examples that have emerged as human pathogens? | severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) which emerged in China in 2002-2003 to cause a large-scale epidemic with about 8000 infections and 800 deaths, and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) which has caused a persistent epidemic in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012 | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,700 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Where did these viruses originate before crossing the barrier to infect humans? | these viruses have likely originated from bats and then jumped into another amplification mammalian host [the Himalayan palm civet (Paguma larvata) for SARS-CoV and the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) for MERS-CoV] | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,701 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What COVs were known to infect humans before December 2019? | 6 CoVs were known to infect human, including 2 αCoV (HCoV-229E and HKU-NL63) and 4 βCoV (HCoV-OC43 [ | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,702 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What do HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause? | self-limiting upper respiratory infections in immunocompetent hosts and occasionally lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts and elderly | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,703 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is the contrast with SARS-COV and MERS=COV? | SARS-CoV (lineage B βCoV) and MERS-CoV (lineage C βCoV) may cause severe lower respiratory tract infection with acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea, lymphopenia, deranged liver and renal function tests, and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, among both immunocompetent ... | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,704 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What was the authors' recent report on? | a familial cluster of 2019-nCoV infection in a Shenzhen family with travel history to Wuhan | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,705 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is analyzed in this study? | a 2019-nCoV complete genome from a patient in this familial cluster and compared it with the genomes of related βCoVs to provide insights into the potential source and control strategies. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,706 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What genome sequence was available for this study? | 2019-nCoV HKU-SZ-005b was available at GenBank (accession no. MN975262) | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,707 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What strains were included in this study? | strains collected from human, bats, and Himalayan palm civet between 2003 and 2018, with one 229E coronavirus strain as the outgroup. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,708 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How was the Phylogenetic construction done? | by the neighbour joining method was performed using MEGA X software, with bootstrap values being calculated from 1000 trees | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,709 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How were the evolutionary distances computed? | using the Poisson correction method and were in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site [ | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,710 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How was the structural analysis of orf8 done? | using PSI-blast-based secondary structure PREDiction (PSIPRED) | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,711 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What was done for the prediction of protein secondary structures? | initial amino acid sequences were input and analysed using neural networking and its own algorithm. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,712 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV? | 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,713 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What was the G+C content? | 38% | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,714 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How are 2019-nCOV and SARS-COV similar? | There are no remarkable differences between the orfs and nsps | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,715 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Where is the major distinction? | in orf3b, Spike and orf8 but especially variable in Spike S1 and orf8 which were previously shown to be recombination hot spots. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,716 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What do the S1 and S2 subunits of spike glycoprotein contain? | The S1 subunit contains a signal peptide, followed by an N-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 subunit contains conserved fusion peptide (FP), heptad repeat (HR) 1 and 2, transmembrane domain (TM), and cytoplasmic domain (CP). | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,717 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What are the chacateristics of the S2 subunit? | S2 subunit of 2019-nCoV is highly conserved and shares 99% identity with those of the two bat SARS-like CoVs (SL-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45) and human SARS-CoV | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,718 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What would be the benefit of the identity of the S2 unit? | the broad spectrum antiviral peptides against S2 would be an important preventive and treatment modality for testing in animal models before clinical trials | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,719 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How do the S1 subunits compare with that of SARS-likeCOV and human SARS-COV? | Though the S1 subunit of 2019-nCoV shares around 70% identity to that of the two bat SARS-like CoVs and human SARS-CoV (Figure 3(A) ), the core domain of RBD (excluding the external subdomain) are highly conserved ( | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,720 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Where are the amino acid differences? | Most of the amino acid differences of RBD are located in the external subdomain, | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,721 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is responsible for the interaction with host receptor? | the external subdomain, | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,722 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
what will the investigation of external subdomain reveal? | its receptor usage, interspecies transmission and pathogenesis. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,723 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
How do most bat SARSr-COV differ from 2019-nCOV and human SARS-COV? | bat SARSr-CoVs have two stretches of deletions in the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) when compared with that of human SARS-CoV | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,724 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Which strains do not have such deletions? | Yunnan strains such as the WIV1 | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,726 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is the consequence of lack of deletions in Yunnan strains? | can use human ACE2 as a cellular entry receptor. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,727 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Being closest to 2019-nCoV, which species do the two bat SARS-related coronavirus ZXC21 and ZC45 infect? | can infect suckling rats and cause inflammation in the brain tissue, and pathological changes in lung & intestine. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,728 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What would lessen the likelihood of jumping the barrier? | The two retained deletion sites in the Spike genes of ZXC21 and ZC45 | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,729 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What do the results indicate? | that different orf3b proteins display different IFN antagonist activities and this function is independent of the protein's nuclear localization, suggesting a potential link between bat SARS-related-CoV orf3b function and pathogenesis. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,730 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is orf8? | an accessory protein found in the Betacoronavirus lineage B coronaviruses | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,731 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What orf8 length do Human SARS-CoVs isolated from early-phase patients, all civet SARS-CoVs, and other bat SARS-related CoVs contain? | fulllength orf8 | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,732 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
From where have the original SARS-CON orf8 been acquired? | two bat SARS-related-CoV (Bat-CoV YNLF_31C and YNLF_34C) | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,733 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What does the orf8 derived from 2019-nCOV belong to? | the group that includes the closest genome sequences of bat SARS-related-CoV ZXC21 and ZC45. | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,734 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is the relation between the new2019-nCOV and the conserved orf8? | the new 2019-nCoV orf8 is distant from the conserved orf8 | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,735 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
orf8 was shown to do what? | to trigger intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,736 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What high possibility does the novel orf8 have? | to form a protein with an alpha-helix, following with a betasheet(s) containing six strands | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,737 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
What is the summary of this report? | 2019-nCoV is a novel lineage B Betacoronavirus closely related to bat SARS-related coronaviruses. It also has unique genomic features which deserves further investigation to ascertain their roles in viral replication cycle and pathogenesis. More animal sampling to determine its natural animal reservoir and intermediate... | [
"A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome f... | 2,634 | 3,738 | A mysterious outbreak of atypical pneumonia in late 2019 was traced to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan of China. Within a few weeks, a novel coronavirus tentatively named as 2019 novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was announced by the World Health Organization. We performed bioinformatics analysis on a virus genome from a... |
Approximately how many people died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic? | During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, between 21 and 25 million people died of influenza worldwide. | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 259 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
What social and economic factors contributed to the large fatality rate in the 1918 influenza pandemic? | Malnutrition weakened the human immune system and made a person more vulnerable to infectious diseases like tuberculosis and influenza, therefore, hunger and malnutrition were indirectly responsible for millions of deaths in the world in that period of time. | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 286 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
What problems were faced by medical staff during the 1918 epidemic? | in 1918 and 1919, physicians and nurses almost had nothing in their hands to help individuals who were infected by influenza viruses. T | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 291 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
What helpful drugs are available now to control the disease or to provide palliative care for influenza patients? | Today, although we still do not have very effective, powerful, and practical anti-influenza drugs available, we at least have some improved, useful, and helpful anti-viral drugs like zanamivir, and effective, convenient anti-cold medicines like Tylenol or Advil. | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 295 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
How has the mortality rate due to influenza declined in USA over past decades? | in the United States of America, the influenza classed mortality rate declined from 10.2/100,000 in the 1940s to 0.56/100,000 in the 1990s; and the classed mortality rates of 1957-1958 and 1968-1969 influenza pandemics were not remarkably different from the non-pandemic seasons | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 297 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
Is there an Influenza vaccine? | We do not have a universal vaccine to prevent all influenza virus infections, but we can make effective vaccines to a specific influenza virus strain in a short time. | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 299 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
for the 2009 influenza pandemic, what were the case fatality rates? | that most cases of H1N1 influenza A virus infections were mild, the symptomatic case fatality rate was only 0.005% in New Zealand (16) ; and in New York City, the case fatality rate was 0.0094-0.0147% for persons ≥65 years old, and for those of 0-17 years old, the case fatality rate was 0.0008-0.0012% (17) . | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 300 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
What factors would contribute now to the faster rates of influenza infections? | Nowadays, we travel faster, and we travel more frequently and globally, and we have more complicated social activities and lifestyles, thereby increasing the chances of viral mutation; and we realize that influenza viruses are even easier to reassort, recombine, and mutate in nature than many other RNA viruses. | [
"nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is u... | 776 | 301 | nan Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlike... |
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