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title: Capturing Death in Animated Films: Can Films Stimulate Parent-Child Conversations about Death?
author: Corresponding Author David Menendez; Madison; WI
date: 2008-11-01
---
Abstract
We present three studies examining death in children's animated films. Study 1 is a content analysis of 49 films. We found tha... |
0.txt | 1 | life), (2) universality (i.e., all living things die), (3) non-functionality (i.e., biological and psychological functions cease at death), and (4) causality (i.e., death can occur in many ways). Past research suggests that children's understanding of these sub-concepts increases with age, but that they have some unde... |
0.txt | 2 | or a loved one influences their understanding of death (Panagiotaki et al., 2018; Rosengren et al., 2014). Children may also come to gain a better understanding of death from their experiences with representations of death in different forms of media, conversations with parents, and participation in cultural rituals (... |
0.txt | 3 | to shield their children from death-related information, suggesting that parents and the larger culture implicitly and explicitly shield young children from images and experiences related to death.
Representations of death are more common in books designed to discuss death with children who have recently lost a loved... |
0.txt | 4 | is portrayed.
In order to examine how death is portrayed in animated films, we focused on dimensions that are most relevant to children's understanding of death. In particular, we examined how films represent the sub-concepts of death and whether they contain any spiritual or religious information. We also examined w... |
0.txt | 5 | 4; Martinčeková et al., 2020). For this reason, parent-child conversations have been identified as a key mechanism in children's development of an understanding of death (Menendez et al., 2020; Rosengren et al., 2014). Indeed, past clinical work with bereaved families has identified parents as a key resource in helping... |
0.txt | 6 | ., 2014), but also their questions about death in the specific context of animated films. This allows us to examine how the content of death-related conversations might differ by context. Additionally, we examined parental responses in order to investigate how their responses to children's questions might vary in diffe... |
0.txt | 7 | -child conversations about death in animated films.
Current Studies
The current studies attempt to provide empirical support for theoretical accounts on how children come to understand death (e.g., Menendez et al., 2020). Study 1 examined what children might learn about death from children's media through a detailed ... |
0.txt | 8 | universality, non-functionality, and causality). We also examined whether these deaths were presented from a strictly biological perspective, included spiritual aspects of death (e.g., non-corporeal continuity), or involved misconceptions (e.g., death as sleep or reversible).
Method
Film Selection
Four criteria wer... |
0.txt | 9 | Table 1 for the list of films.
Table 1.
| Name of the Film | Year | Number of children in Phase 1 |
Number of children in Phase 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Finding Dory | 2016 | 192 | 189 |
| The Secret Life of Pets | 2016 | 149 | 159 |
| Zootopia | 2016 | 160 | 160 |
| Sing | 2016 | 102 | 115 |
| Minions | 2015 ... |
0.txt | 10 | | Toy Story | 1995 | 158 | 159 |
| The Lion King | 1994 | 173 | 170 |
| Aladdin | 1992 | 120 | 130 |
| Beauty and the Beast | 1991 | 125 | 133 |
| The Little Mermaid | 1989 | 130 | 133 |
| All Dogs Go to Heaven | 1989 | 65 | 66 |
| The Land Before Time | 1988 | 82 | 88 |
| Oliver & Company | 1988 | 22 | 24 |
| ... |
0.txt | 11 | al., 2014; Speece & Brent, 1984). We coded films at two levels of analysis. First, we coded specific characteristics of each movie (e.g., was there at least one death, presence of magic, personification, and spirits). Second, we coded characteristics of each death portrayal including the character status (i.e., protag... |
0.txt | 12 | character was portrayed as sleeping. | 100% | 1.00 |
| Death as a memory | At any point during the film, characters remembered and talked about a death that happened in their past, without using flashbacks. | 100% | 1.00 |
| Non-corporeal continuity | Spirits were present at any point during the film. | 100% | 1.00 ... |
0.txt | 13 | , or age was unidentified. | 73% | 0.71 |
| Emotional reaction* | The reactions of characters when a death occurs: negative emotion, positive emotion, mixed emotion, or lack of emotional reaction. Negative emotion is when a character(s) reacts to a death by showing sadness, anger, frustration, or by crying. Positive e... |
0.txt | 14 | s, 2000s, and 2010s). These practice films were not included in the final 49 films as they did not meet our inclusion criteria of being among the top-grossing films (Moana would later be one of the top-grossing films, but because it was released in late 2016, a portion of its sales were made in 2017). A primary coder (... |
0.txt | 15 | 37 films had a death that was central to the plot (e.g., Mufasa's death in The Lion King). Minor characters died most frequently (n = 88), followed by antagonists (n = 24), and protagonists (n = 7). We found that, similarly to previous studies, about a third of the deaths (n = 41) were implicit suggesting it was not c... |
0.txt | 16 | films expressed the idea that not all living things die (i.e., universality), and seven films had at least one scene that portrayed death in a biologically inaccurate manner (i.e., portrayed violations of finality or non-functionality). Two films equated death with sleep, treating death as something one can wake up fr... |
0.txt | 17 | types of minor characters might elicit different responses from children and parents. Parents might also be reluctant to discuss the death of the protagonists' parents, while both children and parents might ignore the death of an unnamed character that occurred in the background. To the extent that parents use these f... |
0.txt | 18 | films. Parents who believe representing death accurately is important might be more likely to engage in conversations with their children or might be more likely to correct misconceptions when they appear. Additionally, factors like the age of the child and parental socioeconomic status might also influence how likely... |
0.txt | 19 | provide details about them including the questions that were asked and the responses that were given.
Study 2 was conducted in two phases. During the first phase, we did not ask about parents' gender for the first half of the participants due to an experimenter error. For the second phase of data collection, we added... |
0.txt | 20 | .0%) considered themselves religious. Nine parents (2.1%) identified as spiritual, but not religious. However, when asked which religion they practiced, 256 parents (59.1%) identified a religion. One hundred and fifty-one (34.9%) parents identified as Protestants, 80 (18.5%) as Catholics, 4 (0.9%) as Muslim, 4 (0.9%) a... |
0.txt | 21 | on the lower end of this age range (e.g., Gutiérrez et al., 2020; Renaud et al., 2015; Rosengren et al., 2014). We asked parents to report whether they had ever engaged in death-related conversations with their children and if so, how many times these conversations occurred. We also asked them to provide a list of que... |
0.txt | 22 | 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (a great deal) to 5 (not at all). The purpose of asking parents how much they care about how death is portrayed was to measure individual differences on how interested parents were about representations of death, as parents who care a great deal might be more likely to discuss ... |
0.txt | 23 | 20 |
| Non-functionality | Reference to functions, biological or psychological, that a person can no longer perform because they are dead. | Can you hear anything when you die? | No you can not. Your body stops working and all your senses and feelings go away. | 15 | 23 |
| Causality | Mentioning the cause of a pers... |
0.txt | 24 | a character performed an action. | Why did Scar kill Mufasa? | He wanted to be king so badly that he killed his brother. | 18 | 23 |
| Movie | Any reference to a situation occurring because it is a movie. | Why did so and so have to die? | I just tell her that that's the way the movie was written and it's not real. |... |
0.txt | 25 | live without her. | 4 | 1 |
| Emotions | Any reference to the emotions experienced after a person dies. | Why is he/she so sad? | They are sad because the person died. | 38 | 38 |
Note. Under questions and answers are the frequency of occurrence of each. Categories marked with an * are categories in which the exampl... |
0.txt | 26 | found that, on average, children had seen 20.38 (SD = 9.7) of the 50 films (even though one film was eliminated from the content analysis, we still included it in this parental survey). However, there was great variability, with one child having seen only one of the films and another child having seen 45 of the 50 fil... |
0.txt | 27 | these results suggest that parents do generally co-view these films with their children, creating potential opportunities to discuss questions about death that may arise from watching these films.
Parental Attitudes towards Death in Animated Films
We explored parents' attitudes towards death in animated films and wh... |
0.txt | 28 | who discuss misconceptions with their children were more likely to consider using animated films to talk about death with their children, when controlling for demographic factors, OR = 1.77, χ2(N = 412) = 20.94, p <.001 and OR = 2.30, χ2(N = 412) = 10.52, p =.001, respectively.
Conversations about Death
Death in gen... |
0.txt | 29 | For example, a 10-year-old boy asked, "Will I die, too?" and their mother responded, "Everyone will die, but usually people die when they are very old."
We also saw that parents provided both biological and spiritual information. One hundred and one parents (34.1%) provided details about the sub-concepts and religiou... |
0.txt | 30 | (as a continuous variable) and gender, whether parents are religious, and parental subjective SES as predictors. Religious parents were less likely to provide general information, OR = 0.47, χ2(N = 283) = 5.79, p =.016, and more likely to provide religious information, OR = 12.72, χ2(N = 283) = 90.66, p <.001. Parents... |
0.txt | 31 | 's question directly. The same parent also reported that their child asked them "Are they coming back to life?" referring to whether the deceased character will come back to life. Rather than discuss with the child that entities do not come back to life after they die or give the child an answer related to the plot of ... |
0.txt | 32 | three questions. As in the conversations about death more generally, four of the parents combined spiritual and biological information in the same answer. For example, when a 4-year-old girl asked "Why did his wife die? (Referring to the old man in Up)" their parent answered "We all get old and die. It's not something... |
0.txt | 33 | because it happened in a movie, OR = 0.58, χ2(N = 141) = 5.00, p =.025, and the more likely they were to talk about non-functionality, OR = 5.54, χ2(N = 141) = 6.20, p =.013. Parents who discussed misconceptions about death with their children were more likely to say that the death is not real because it happened in a... |
0.txt | 34 | , 54%) said they did not care about how death was portrayed in children's films, and many (n = 283, 65%) expressed that they do not attempt to correct misconceptions when they are present. Thus, even if there is an opportunity for parents to use films to talk to their children about death, parents might not take advant... |
0.txt | 35 | is needed on how community-level factors might influence parental attitudes towards death.
These differences in attitudes might also be important predictors of how parents talk to their children about deaths in animated films. Parents who cared more about how death is portrayed tended to discuss misconceptions presen... |
0.txt | 36 | , "It's a movie", not providing any resolution to their daughter's question. More research is needed in order to determine when parents provide these answers. The example above shows how parents might use the fact that the death occurred in a movie to not have to discuss information about death. However, parents could ... |
0.txt | 37 | parents might want to discuss.
However, we also have data suggesting that animated films are a less than ideal source of information about death. First, many of the deaths were implicit, which creates some ambiguity about whether the death occurred and what actually happened to the character. This might be one reason... |
0.txt | 38 | so parents might be more comfortable with children being exposed to depictions of death because they can comfort them if the children have a negative reaction. Although shared book reading is a common activity among certain groups in the United States, reading can also be a solitary activity. Rosengren et al (2014) di... |
0.txt | 39 | disregard their children's questions about death.
Parental Attitudes
Another issue might be that parents think of animated films only as entertainment, rather than as providing potential educational opportunities. Many parents did not care about how deaths are portrayed in animated films, and sometimes provided evas... |
0.txt | 40 | correct the misconception. However, it is also possible that parents use religion to comfort their children after correcting a misconception or stating a biological model of death.
Additionally, we found that subjective SES is related to parental attitudes, with parents with lower SES being more likely to discuss bio... |
0.txt | 41 | about death. Finally, we found that children focus on different questions at different ages (with older children asking more about causality) and that parents were more willing to engage in activities such as discussing misconceptions as children develop. This suggests that the socialization context changes over a chi... |
0.txt | 42 | improve their conceptual knowledge.
In exploring parental responses to questions about death, we found that some parents talk about both biological and spiritual information. Sometimes parents used these different types of information to answer different questions, while at other times parents combined both biologica... |
0.txt | 43 | ations
It is important to understand these studies in light of their limitations. The primary limitation is that we did not examine actual parent-child conversations about death or parent-child co-viewing of films. Given the retrospective nature of our survey, it is possible that we are not capturing how parents actua... |
0.txt | 44 | to determine if this is the case.
Conclusion
These studies provide support for the idea that children can learn about death from multiple sources, including children's media and conversations with parents. We found that children's animated films often contain death scenes and that deaths are often portrayed in a bio... |
0.txt | 45 | Human Development (U54 HD090256). We would like to thank Jamal Adams, Danielle Peters, Porter Pavalko, and Nicholas Haugstad for their help coding the films. We would like to thank Katharine Scott, James Alex Bonus, and Judy Watts for their comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.
Footnotes
Conflict of Intere... |
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1.txt | 0 | ---
title: Soweto derby - Wikipedia
date: 2010-05-07
---
name: Soweto Derby
other names: "El Kasico"
team1: Kaizer Chiefs
team2: Orlando Pirates
city or region: Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa
first contested: Orlando Pirates 1–0 Kaizer Chiefs(24 January 1970)
nextmeeting: TBA
teams involved: * Kaizer Chiefs * Orlan... |
1.txt | 1 | N 8 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixtures | 53 | 17 | 5 | 10 | 85 |
| Kaizer Chiefs | 20 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 28 |
| Orlando Pirates | 12 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 25 |
| Draw | 24 | 3 | 3 | | 32 |
Win percentage(%)
**Table 2**
| Teams | League | Cup | Total percentage(%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kaizer Chiefs | 52.08% | 34.34% ... |
1.txt | 2 | Stadium | 1–1 | | None |
| 2001–02 | Premiership | 15 December 2001 | FNB Stadium | 0–3 | | 4 May 2002 | Orlando Stadium | 1–1 | | None |
| 2002–03 | Premiership | 14 March 2003 | FNB Stadium | 2–0 | | 7 December 2002 | Orlando Stadium | 1–1 | | None |
| 2003–04 | Premiership | 13 December 2003 | FNB Stadium | 1–0 | |... |
1.txt | 3 | None |
| 2010–11 | Premiership | 26 February 2011 | FNB Stadium | 1–1 | 92,515 | 13 November 2010 | FNB Stadium | 1–3 | 74,875 | None |
| 2011–12 | Premiership | 17 September 2011 | FNB Stadium | 2–0 | 25,000 | 17 March 2012 | FNB Stadium | 3–2 | 87,171 | None |
| 2012–13 | Premiership | 8 December 2012 | FNB Stadium ... |
1.txt | 4 | 9 February 2019 | FNB Stadium | 1–1 | 86,000 | 27 October 2018 | FNB Stadium | 2–1 | 82,000 | None |
| 2019–20 | Premiership | 9 November 2019 | FNB Stadium | 3–2 | 88,000 | 29 February 2020 | FNB Stadium | 0–1 | 80,808 | None |
| 2020–21 | Premiership | 21 March 2021 | FNB Stadium | 1–0 | 0 | 30 January 2021 | Orlando... |
1.txt | 5 | izer Chiefs | | Kaizer Chiefs won 2–1 after replay |
| 1970–71 | Life Challenge Cup | Final replay |? | FNB Stadium | Kaizer Chiefs | 2–1 | Orlando Pirates | | Kaizer Chiefs won 2–1 after replay |
| 1971–72 | MTN 8 | Final |? | FNB Stadium | Orlando Pirates | 10–1 (aet) | Kaizer Chiefs | | None |
| 1974–75 | Life Chall... |
1.txt | 6 | Bowl | Final |? | FNB Stadium | Orlando Pirates | 1–0 | Kaizer Chiefs | | None |
| 1996 | Bob Save Super Bowl | Semi-final | 2 November 1996 |? | Orlando Pirates | 4–1 | Kaizer Chiefs | | None |
| 1997–98 | Bob Save Super Bowl | 2nd round | 27 March 1998 |? | Kaizer Chiefs | 0–1 | Orlando Pirates | | None |
| 1998–99 ... |
1.txt | 7 | izer Chiefs | 0–1 | Orlando Pirates | 69,760 | Orlando Pirates won 2–1 on aggregate |
| 2010–11 | Telkom Knockout | Final | 4 December 2010 | FNB Stadium | Orlando Pirates * | 0–3 | Kaizer Chiefs | 90,000 | None |
| 2012–12 | MTN 8 | Final | 10 September 2011 | FNB Stadium | Orlando Pirates * | 1–0 (aet) | Kaizer Chief... |
1.txt | 8 | 8 | Moses Mabhida Stadium | Kaizer Chiefs | 2–2 | Orlando Pirates | | Kaizer Chiefs won 4–2 on penalties |
| 2020–21 | 2020 MTN 8 | Semi-final 1st leg | 31 October 2020 | Orlando Stadium | Orlando Pirates | 3–0 | Kaizer Chiefs | 0 | Orlando Pirates won 5–0 on aggregate |
| 2020–21 | 2020 MTN 8 | Semi-final 2nd leg | 8 ... |
1.txt | 9 | | African Cup Winners' Cup (defunct) | 1 | None |
| 1 | CAF Super Cup | 0 | None |
| 2 | Aggregate | 1 | None |
| 35 | Total aggregate | 54 | None |
Head-to-head ranking in the South African Premiership (1996–2024)
**Table 6**
| Pos. | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ... |
1.txt | 10 | 5 | | | 5 | | | 5 | | 5 | | | | 5 | | | | | | 5 | 5 | |
| 6 | | | | | | | 6 | | | | | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 | | |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8 | | | |
| 9 | | | | | | 9 | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | |... |
1.txt | 11 | | | | | |
| 18 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
* Total: Kaizer Chiefs with 14 higher finishes, Orlando Pirates with 14 higher finishes (as of the end of the 2023–24 season).
* The biggest difference in positions for Kaizer Chiefs from Orlando Pirates is 7 places (2016–17season), The biggest ... |
10.txt | 0 | ---
title: Lost towns of Lake Murray: How a town was flooded in South Carolina
date: 2025-01-01
---
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title: Movies / TV with a POC Lead
date: 2025-01-01
---
this is a placeholder7.2 (555)this is a placeholderRate
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The adventures and misadventures of the always-smiling Kader Cherif, Captain of Lyons' Criminal Brigade with an eccentric way to solve the cas... |
100.txt | 1 | in the world, 'THE QUEST: Nepal' is a one-of-a-kind cinematic journey like no other, and one which embodies the incredible human spirit of adventure that lives inside us all.
this is a placeholder5.4 (885)this is a placeholderRate
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12 chefs will go head to ... |
100.txt | 2 | to travel to a small town to investigate its plans to break multiple holiday world records. Later, she discovers that she may be the person who can help them reach their true Christmas goal.
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When an ... |
100.txt | 3 | , to defeating creative block, to losing their virginity. As they wander through their dreary lives, they learn life isn't like it the movies.
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1000.txt | 0 | ---
title: The Borders of Colorado: From Kansas Territory to Statehood – Part 2
author: Olls
date: 2023-11-09
---
by Sarah Meisch
Colorado's State Lines
In Part 1 of this series, we explored how the US created its states, prioritizing geometric simplicity over geographical variance. Colorado stands uniquely symmetric... |
1000.txt | 1 | officially request that Congress create a new territory.
Colorado's request was particularly troublesome, as the territorial population was strongly Republican, and Southern Democrats were concerned they would not find support in the area. In the heat of deadlock over the slavery debate, Congress would refuse to act ... |
1000.txt | 2 | naming the new territory "Idaho," the delegate from Colorado successfully convinced legislators that "Colorado" would be a more fitting name, as the Colorado River started within the territory. Jefferson County is the sole remaining county from Jefferson Territory.
In the 1860s, there were several attempts by residen... |
1000.txt | 3 | where statehood would be off the table, as territories needed to cross a certain population threshold to become a state.
In 1859, the Wyandotte constitutional convention agreed with the "Little Kansas" proponents, which gave the state of Kansas its current size. Creating a homogenous Kansas and allowing the miners to... |
1000.txt | 4 | border of Colorado was initially proposed to be drawn at the 42nd parallel, aligning with a 1790 agreement called the Nootka Convention, which was signed between England and Spain as a way of dividing their interests in western North America. This line currently provides borders for Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, ... |
1000.txt | 5 | unsurveyed land and had started exercising their authority much further south than they were entitled to.
In 1865, New Mexico delegate Francisco Perea spoke before the House Committee on the Territories in favor of bringing the San Luis Valley settlements back into New Mexico Territory. He derided the "evenness and s... |
1000.txt | 6 | policy and have given us a uniquely symmetrical shape and size on the nation's map.
[1] Everett, "Creating the American West," 14.
[2] To read more about Colorado's failed attempts at achieving statehood before 1876, please see the following article:
[3] Gower, "Kansas Territory and Its Boundary Question."
Refere... |
1000.txt | 7 | 5, 2021.
History Colorado, and Michael Troyer. "Colorado Territory | Articles | Colorado Encyclopedia." Coloradoencyclopedia.org, February 25, 2016.
Humeyumptewa, Aleks, and Tracie Etheredge. "An Inventory of the Records of Arapahoe County, Colorado." Denver, Colorado: The Colorado Historical Society, 1994.
"Is C... |
10000.txt | 0 | ---
title: These are the most recommended vacuum cleaners on Reddit (r/VacuumCleaners VS others) as of Jan 2025
date: 2025-06-09
---
These are the most recommended vacuum cleaners on Reddit (r/VacuumCleaners VS others) as of Jan 2025
I've been doing analysis on reddit data and was looking at the most recommended vacuu... |
100000.txt | 0 | ---
author: Vernā Myers
date: 2021-01-13
---
Social Impact
13 January 2021Listen to the audio version here
Feb. 10, 2022 Update: We've updated our diversity numbers for the 2021 calendar year here.
Editor's note, Feb. 25, 2021: Indigenous representation is important, but absent from a previous version of this report... |
100000.txt | 1 | a problem, so that we're no longer solving them in old ways. And, we're able to better entertain our current and future members.
Our inclusion strategy team can't do this alone. We need everyone to contribute. Each employee needs to look at every issue, decision, and meeting, inside and outside the company with inclu... |
100000.txt | 2 | and above (47.8%), vice presidents (43.7%) and senior leadership (47.6%).
Nearly half of our U.S. workforce (46.4%) and leadership (42.0%, director level and above) are made up of people from one or more underrepresented racial and/or ethnic backgrounds, including Black, Latinx or Hispanic, Indigenous, Middle Eastern... |
100000.txt | 3 | people early on in their careers. For instance, there's low representation of Black folks in the tech industry. Our first technical bootcamp with HBCU Norfolk University hopes to improve that. If we open the door for people, they'll open the door for others. We're finding more ways to do that with different skills, in... |
100000.txt | 4 | each other through challenges. They also provide the company with insight into the perspectives, needs and lived experiences of their communities. And for allies, they provide a place to forge bonds.
I remember my own ally moment at an event hosted by our Trans* ERG last year. I sat in a round meeting room in our Los... |
100000.txt | 5 | into meetings around the company, on different inclusion topics. What we contributed was an "inclusion lens." As I touched on earlier, it's a way to embrace difference, to look for bias, and to consider a decision's impact on marginalized or underrepresented groups.
But the inclusion team cannot physically be in ever... |
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