instruction stringlengths 31 24.3k |
|---|
Hi I was wondering if someone could help me please find the angle of incidence of light passing through a glass slab with a refractive index of 1.52 and undergoing one TIR at an angle of 42 and emerging out of the slab.Here is a visual of the problem I am trying to find a solution to
Here is a visual of the problem I a... |
I recently came across the concept of a $\delta'(x)$ (delta prime) potential, which is basically a potential which imposes the boundary condition:
$\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial x}$ is 'continuous' at $0$, in the sense that $\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial x}|_{0^+}=\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial x}|_{0^-}=$:$\psi'(0)$, me... |
This video from 37:33 argues that the Standard Model predicts zero mass for all vector bosons as follows:
Gauge bosons must have gauge invariance.
For a vector field $A$ define a transformation $\alpha(t,x,y,z)$ which acts on $A$ such that $A\rightarrow A + \partial\alpha$
The effect on the mass term of the Lagrangian... |
One of the Laplace equation's property says that the maxima and minima can only occur at the boundaries.
Okay so lets take 2 positive charges, one at the origin and the other $d$ distance apart on the $x$-axis.
So the potential between them would be somewhat like what I have drawn in the image.
Now lets take a region ... |
I calculated $[x,a^\dagger a]$ first by giving a test function:
\begin{align}
[x,a^\dagger a]|\psi\rangle & =(xa^\dagger a-a^\dagger ax)|\psi\rangle \\
(xa^\dagger a-a^\dagger ax)|\psi\rangle&
=xa^\dagger a|\psi\rangle -a^\dagger ax|\psi\rangle\, , \\
&=xn|\psi\rangle-a^\dagger a|\psi'\rangle\\
&=n|\psi'\rangle-n|\ps... |
I am currently working on a project in which I need to detect the image of a line laser (I haven't choosen the laser yet, most likely a low-cost one) with a camera (most likely basic CMOS camera).
By line laser, I am refering to laser beam spread in one of its axis.
Ambient light can deeply impact line detection, and a... |
Edit ->
Editing as the original question seemed generic, ambiguous and susceptible to being misconstrued for pseudoscience (astrology,etc) ---
Essentially what I am saying is this :
a) If you face an object, let the light reflected off it enter your eyes and form a memory;
Or
b) You picture an object in your head, reve... |
in analytical mechanics, we define the generalized force using the applied force times $dr/dq$. If I want to express the difference between the external and generalized force in words in order to distinguish between them, what should I say?
|
In the context of Higgs physics, what is the difference between alignment limit and decoupling limit ?
|
Consider the $q$-state Potts model on $\mathbb{Z}^d$ for some integer $q$ - this also has an FK-representation for any real number $q$.
For $d = 2$ the model is exactly solvable and has a critical temperature at the point
$p_c(q) = \frac{ \sqrt{q}}{1+\sqrt{q}}$. Further, it is know that for $q \leq 4$ this phase transi... |
Studying physics, I learned that a barycenter of a binary star system is fixed. Then how about the barycenter of multiple objects? Is it also always fixed? (Ignoring all the external forces)
To clarify my question, is there always an inertal frame of reference where the barycenter stays still?
|
In this derivation, I can understand the formulas stated for 1D diffraction for both x andy (with the phase difference $\delta= ksin\theta y$) in the far-field limit, but how can we just sum the phases from both the x and y components in such a simple manner?
I would expect a formula like pythagoras would be needed ins... |
This is because of this question
What I don't understand is that whatever magnetic business is happening,it's not directly in contact with rod, as far as I know a rod can develop emf if its travelling in magnetic field with a velocity.In the solution they constructed a square around circle and then emf was calculated ... |
When an inductor is connected to a DC source, current starts passing through inductor. This generates magnetic field so flux associated with inductor changes. So a back emf is generated. As a result net emf decreases and so does current and magnetic field intensity. So magnetic flux change is there. Won't again an emf ... |
Is it possible that two balls of the same weight collide (in 1 dimension) and then stay at the rest?
How is such a collision called?
What are all the possible situations (velocities of 2 balls of the same weight) how such two balls can move after 1 Dimensional collision?
|
It is often said one of the benefits of the path integral,
$$\int D\phi \; e^{iS[\phi]}$$
is that it is manifestly Lorentz covariant if $S[\phi]$ is Lorentz covariant. However, this is not clear to me. When calculating the path integral (as in Peskin and Schroeder Chapter 9), we must specify the boundary conditions of ... |
In special relativity the four-vector $k$ is defined:
$$ k = (\mathbf{k},\frac{\omega}{c})$$
We can then write:
$$\mathbf{k}\cdot{x} - \omega t = k\cdot x$$
Where of course:
$$ x = (\mathbf{x},ct)$$
My question is how do we know $k$ is indeed a four vector? I'm asking because before using its property of transforming b... |
is there a reason why an accurate measurement of $G$ cannot be performed by measuring the distance and rotation period between 2 orbiting 1 kg masses in free fall?
Using a simple estimation for 2 Pt spheres of 1 kg each (radius 22 mm) separated by 4 radiae centre-to-centre I estimate a period of 20500 s or about 5.7 ho... |
It is common in QED that electron positron pair can scatter into different lepton family such as muon and antimuon pair. Is it possible that two energetic electrons can scatter into two muons ? I have not been able to find any sources treating such a reaction. And I don't see any reason, such as a selection rule, that ... |
The english wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_emission#Rate_of_spontaneous_emission (26.08.2020, 16:45) gives the rate for spontaneous emission as
$$
\Gamma_{rad}(\omega) = \frac{\omega^3n|\mu_{12}|^2}{3\pi \varepsilon_0 \hbar c^3}
$$
Isn't this missing some sort of condition for omega to ensu... |
In both Sean Carroll's book and Misner,Wheeler,Thorne, the authors take the gravitational redshift experiments to show that spacetime has a curved geometry.
There is a paper by Harvey R Brown(published in American Journal of Physics) that challenges this viewpoint by pointing out how this is a misconception. A single r... |
I am reading THIS book and there is the following definition of a plane wave propagating at angle $\alpha$ from the horizontal:
$$\psi(x,z)=\text{exp}\left(ikx\text{ cos}(\alpha)+ikz\text{ sin}(\alpha)\right)$$
where $k$ is the wave number
Could someone derive this for me? I don't know where it comes from, and it isn't... |
There has recently been a NASA design challenge for a clockwork Venusian terrain navigation system which uses no sensitive electronics or hydraulics. I was thinking that rovers and probes on Venus could likewise benefit from a clockwork power plant to recharge themselves and operate indefinitely. Intuitively, the idea... |
The question is what will be the highest value of $\theta$ for which the two blocks will move together?
For the block of mass $m_1$, I got the equation: $m_1 g (\sin \theta - \mu _k \cos \theta) = m_1 a$ where $a$ is its acceleration.
But I am really confused about the block of mass $m_2$. The upper block will have t... |
Definition of terms
\begin{align}
\hat{N} & = a^\dagger a, \\
a^\dagger|n\rangle & = \sqrt{n+1}|n+1\rangle, \\
a|n\rangle & = \sqrt{n}|n-1\rangle,
\end{align}
where $|n\rangle$ is the wavefunction of Fock state with $n$ photons.
$$a^\dagger a - a a^\dagger=1.$$
The expectation value of $\hat{N}$
\begin{align}
\langle n... |
I am trying to solve the following differential equation;
$$\frac{d^2 x}{d t^2}=-\omega^2 x \delta(t-t^\prime).$$
I know this is of the form
$$x(t)= A \sin(\omega t) + B \cos(\omega t).$$
However this delta Dirac function is confusing me.
My reasoning is the following;
An increase in acceleration at $t^\prime$ results ... |
An inductor stores energy in form of magnetic field. In case of capacitors the energy is stored in electric field, and since electric field can do work the stored energy can be spent. Here, magnetic field does not do work, then how stored energy gets spent?
|
In an article (over 250 citations) on plasma physics I've read a paragraph which I find very confusing. The authors state that there's a minimum mean free path an electron travels before it is scattered which corresponds to the mean distance of ions $r_0$. According to them, a mean free path $\lambda_e<r_0$ is unphysic... |
I've been working on a problem for my classical mechanics 2 course and I am stuck on a little math problem. Basically, I am trying to prove this equation of motion with a Lagrangian:
$$m\ddot{r} = F + 2m\dot{r} \times \Omega + m(\Omega \times r) \times \Omega.$$
First I've found the Lagragian in the inertial frame whic... |
There are many beautiful theories, especially quantum field theory, start with covariant formulation compatible with relativity. But apparently most phenomena in atomic physics, material sciences, chemistry, biology, etc., are well-governed under non-relativistic physical rules. Is it possible, or is there any case alr... |
I am confused about how this explanation on the right-handed and left-handed system uses the angle of the direction of the turn and the direction turned through. Can anyone try to clarify visually what this angle they are referring to is? I am familiar with what the orientation of the xyz coordinate system would look... |
I'm in the middle of an experiment and before my final measurement I want to find out the electic properties of the material i'm working with. The question is:
If I have a metallic waveguide and I place a dielectric piece of material in the middle of it (the piece is thin) and I want to measure the transmission coeffic... |
My understanding of the relativity theory is that when an object is travelling at near-light speed, time will pass much slower for it than for the stationary observer.
Doesn't this mean that as an object accelerates to nearer and nearer light speed, it will actually "slow down" in the stationary reference frame?
Wouldn... |
In cosmology, we have a couple of different length measures. Among them, comoving and proper distnlances seem to be good fit to real world use cases in astronomy.
So my quesion is which length measure are we using in astronomy? For instance, when we say a certain galaxy is # light yrs distant from the Earth, what does ... |
The principle of stationary action states that the trajectory $q(t)$ a physical system traces in configuration space is the one for which the action
$$S[q]:=\int_{t_0}^{t_1}L(t,q,\dot q)\mathrm dt$$
is stationary, that is
$$\frac{\delta S[q]}{\delta q}=0.$$
I've seen derivations which show that the Euler-Lagrange are t... |
If I have an ideal gas where $pV=nRT$ applies, and I compress the gas to half the volume, does this mean that the pressure has necessarily doubled? And if it did, that should mean the temperature is unchanged?
I am confused by this formula as the explanation I have always heard as to how an AC compressor works is tha... |
I was readng Wikipedia article (English one) about radiation pressure because there is something I still cannot figure out. As I understand it, radiation pressure emerges from conservation of momentum. Photons or electromagnetic waves possess momentum and when they are absorbed, reflected or even emitted, the aborber/r... |
I have already read: Stress- Strain curve
but this does not answer my question completely.
My problem is to understand the decrease of stress ($\sigma$) while the strain ($\epsilon$) is increasing, after the maximum on the red curve:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_de_Young#/media/Fichier:Courbe_contrainte_vs_def... |
In classical electromagnetism the electron is described by a point charge that generates an electric field with spherical symmetry when the electron is static but at the quantum level the electron is described by a wave function with a specific shape. Does the electron produces an electric field with the same shape of ... |
In the article Antibracket, Antifields and Gauge-Theory Quantization, the relativistic particle in spacetime is studied. Its action is
$$\int\text{d}\lambda\,\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1}{e}\dot{x}^2-m^2e\right).\tag{3.1}$$
Under reparametrization invariance they show this action transforms like
$$\int \text{d}\lambda\,\le... |
$1$ mole of an Ideal gas performs a reversible cycle with 2 adiabatic and 2 polytropic processes.
$A(P_0,V_0,T_0)$ to $B$ with $V_B=V_A/\lambda$ with an adiabatic process.
$B$ to $C$ with a polytropic process where $P=C_1V^{1/2}$
$C$ to $D$ with an adiabatic process.
$D$ to $A$ with a polytropic process where $P=C_2V^{... |
I edited the question since this comment was (rightly) made:
There are few things that are more annoying than questions where the question text is not self-contained.
So:
Quantum supremacy has been reached quite recently.
It is said that a quantum computer, because of its stronger computing power can simulate physica... |
I'm trying to get a better sense of how the various group theory applications in physics fit together and I have some outstanding issues in my understanding:
The gauge group of the standard model is $SU(3) \times SU(2) \times U(1)$. The symmetries of spacetime are described by the proper Lorentz group $SO^+(3,1)$. 3 of... |
Parent question here:
Do photons lose energy after radiation pressure is applied to a perfect reflector?
So I have been told that radiation pressure that sets a mirror in motion (e.g. in outer space) translates to a photon's wavelength getting longer.
I cannot see why such a process could not go on and on as long as th... |
Essentially I am wondering since solids have definite shape and volume, liquids have definite volume, and gases have neither definite volume or shape if there was a state of matter that can change volume but not shape.
|
The London Equations to describe superconductivity phenomenologically are:
$$ E = \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\Lambda J)$$
$$B = -c \nabla \times (\Lambda J)$$
with $\Lambda = m/ne^2$. It is interesting to notice that the quantity $\Lambda J$ plays the role of an effective vector potential above, so it is natural to as... |
Parent questions:
Do photons lose energy after radiation pressure is applied to a perfect reflector?
Since radiation loses energy to radiation pressure in a reflection, can the entire energy of a radiation be consumed through multiple reflections?
Radiation pressure lowers a photon's frequency. I asked separately if th... |
Suppose we have the Bose-Hubbard model with $N=2$ particles and $M=4$ sites.
We can construct the Hamiltonian in the Fock basis $|u\rangle =|n_1,n_1,...,n_M\rangle$, where $n_i$ is number of particles on site $i$.
The vector $|u\rangle$ has $M=4$ elements in our case and there are $D=(N+M-1)!/[N!(M-1)!]=10$ state vecto... |
Consider that we have a system with a time dependent hamiltonian $H(t)$. We consider that the hamiltonian changes from $H(0)$ to $H(t)$, ($t$ large), and we assume that the change occurs slowly. So, the adiabact theorem states that, if the system is initially in the $n$th eigenstate of $H(0)$, in the instant $t$ it wil... |
Basically I am asking if photons can be used to change the speed of an electron. Electrons emits electromagnetic radiation when they are accelerated (cyclotron radiation, etc). Can this be reversed? I suspect I might be merely asking if a receiving antenna exists -- which obviously does -- but I am not sure this is the... |
Microwave oven radiation makes water molecules rotate. I just wonder if there is a wavelength, supposedly related to the lattice of water ice, molecules spacing, whatever, that would set the entire cube into motion.
Actually if it works on other materials, I am also interested.
|
Why don’t we use energy momentum relation as $E=pc^2/v$ instead of $E^2=(pc)^2+(mc^{2})^2$ in general & for getting relativistic version of quantum mechanics in particular?
|
From my understanding, the equivalence principle says that it is impossible to know if you are moving or are stationary (and everything else is moving around you).
Do gravitational waves violate this? If I am moving, detectors would be able to tell that gravitational waves are emanating from me. If, in fact, I am stati... |
When we consider a solid body or a liquid, we consider that time does run in all parts of the solid and the liquid at the same speed. What however would happen with the solid or the liquid if time does not run in all of its parts with the same value and when there are no external forces. Would the solid be destroyed?
|
Ok, so I was taking an online course where the professor wrote down the Einstein field equations like this
$$R_{\mu \nu }-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R = 8\pi G\: T_{\mu \nu }.$$
But I saw it most commonly written as
$$R_{\mu \nu }-\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R\: + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu } = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4}\: T_{\mu \nu }.$$
It ... |
Does introducing disorders in tight binding models disrupt the periodicity of the lattice? If it does, doesn't this contradict with the assumptions and purposes of the tight binding model as a periodic potential? Can we still use such a model when periodicity and translation symmetry are broken?
|
I was reading this chapter, and am confused with the concept provided under heading WORK (on page 162). The term "adiabatic" as I understand it, involves,absolutely no exchange of energy between surrounding and system. But by introducing a rotating paddle (electrically powered or otherwise) or a heater coil, we are act... |
In chapter 11, section 9 of Weinberg's Gravitation and Cosmology, the metric of a collapsing pressureless star of uniform density $\rho(t)$ is derived. In comoving coordinates, it essentially looks like an FLRW metric with positive spatial curvature:
$$
ds^2 = -dt^2 + a^2(t)\left(\frac{dr^2}{1-kr^2} + r^2\, d\Omega^2\... |
Let's say we're given a set of 10 length and width measurements (with slight variance due to uncertainties), and we want to find the area.
Should we
Take the average of the length and multiply it with the average of the width
or
Calculate the area 10 times and take the average of the area?
I have a feeling that it ... |
I think first of all one should use a material with a strong magnetic anisotropy.$^1$ Then all spins only really point either up or down.
But one also needs to achieve strong remanence. That is after magnetizing all atomic spins in the up direction, we need to keep them in this direction and prevent a flip in the down ... |
When electric field lines interact there develops an electric potential energy.
In developing motional emf, the power(energy) we spend is equal to the power delivered by circuit. When current flows through circuit, it induces magnetic field. These field lines interact with external magnetic field. Similar to electric f... |
is there any way to explain this.
In experiments
|
In the quasi-free electron model, only U shaped and flipped U shaped parabolic energy bands emerge.
So I think one can not derive from the free electron model anything about semimetals, as there need to be two U shaped bands next to each other for a material to have a band overlap and be considered a semimetal, which d... |
Given the following magnetic-field vector phasor:
$$\vec H(\vec r)=\left[\hat x - j\hat y\right]H_o e^{jkz}$$
I need to find the associated E-field vector phasor so that I can determine the polarization, i.e., linear, circular, or elliptical, and whether it is left-handed (LH) or right-handed (RH).
I've devised and uti... |
What does it mean if a particle has, say, de Broglie wavelength of $100m$ and a velocity of $1 m/s$? Is it even possible to have such a setup? I don't see why not, since we can always slow the particle down. But if it is possible, what can we say about the particle's position after $1s$?
Does it actually make sense to ... |
I am looking for introductory references for the Black Hole Information Paradox and trying to compile a sequential list through which someone familiar with the basics of QFT and GR can go to understand the above-mentioned from ground-zero.
The requirements that must be satisfied are that the list should contain notes/p... |
I was studying friction when I came across a question in my book, A block of mass 2kg is stacked on top of a block of mass 4kg. A force of 20N is acting at an angle of 37 degrees on the system. Find the accelerations of both the blocks if it is known that the coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the two ... |
I'm reading Griffiths's Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 3rd ed textbook [1]. On p.136, the author explains:
But wait! Equation 4.25 (angular equation for the $\theta$-part) is a second-order differential equation: It should have two linearly independent solutions, for any old values of $\ell$ and $m$. Where are all ... |
I live near equator region of Earth. During winters specifically, I see water vapors forming over the surface of the water body in the morning. Why do they form?
|
From second edition of Weinberg's Lectures on Quantum Mechanics,
Consider an enclosure whose walls are kept at a temperature $T$, and suppose that the energy per volume of radiation within this enclosure in a frequency interval between $\nu$ and $\nu + d\nu$ is some function $\rho(\nu,\, T)$ times $d\nu$. Kirchoff cal... |
When we bring a magnet towards a coil, a current is induced. As the magnetic field is generated around the coil and there is interaction of the magnetic field lines with the external field, energy is stored in the field (similar to electric field lines). As soon as we stop moving the magnet, the field goes away. Where ... |
My understanding of the stress-energy tensor in special relativity (or in general relativity), is that it gives you the flux density of 4-momentum flowing through an oriented 3D hypersurface. So at some point (event) $P$ in spacetime in an inertial frame in SR (or using geodesic coordinates in GR), such that the metric... |
When applying soap liquid on the inner surface of swim goggles, the surface tension of the water decreases and small droplets of water on the surface won't form, therefore the fog won't form.
In this article describing the influence of plasma on the liquid (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273137819_Influence_o... |
Is total mechanical energy, i.e. Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy, conserved in a frame which is moving with constant velocity with respect to earth.
Consider a ball dropped from a building. The ball and earth are the system.
Let us consider two frames. One attached to the earth and the other moving with respect to th... |
Does energy and momentum also dilate and contract as time and length do respectively, since energy and time and momentum and length are complementary quantities both in relativity & QM?
|
Consider the below LR circuit.
The current law for the circuit is:
$$i=\frac VR(1-e^{- \frac {Rt}L})$$
And Voltage across inductor is:
$$L\frac {di}{dt}=V(e^{-\frac {Rt}{L}})$$
This means that the rate of change of current keeps on decreasing as the time passes. It seems to me as the Inductor opposes the rate of chang... |
I've been trying to solve the following definite integral
$$
\int_0^\infty dx\, x^4\, \frac{e^{\sqrt{x^4+2 x^2}/Tp}}{\left(e^{\sqrt{x^4+2 x^2}/Tp}-1\right)^2}\, ,\quad Tp = \frac{T}{Un}
$$
This is the density of the normal part of a superfluid. However, so far I could not find any solution. I'd prefer an exact one but ... |
According to what I learnt about Doppler effect, on moving the source and/or the observer relative to medium, there is a change of frequency heard by the observer.
f(new) = f(old)(v(sound)+v(observer))/(v(sound)-v(source))
But, recently I came across a problem where the source and observer both were separated by wat... |
In QED, when two photons collide, they can turn into an electron and positron pair. We know from $U(1)$ gauge symmetry that the total charge of the initial and final states must be conserved. On the other hand, I expect that the total spin must also be conserved. But I do not quite get the details of how this works.
In... |
I have been reading about non-abelian fluxons in John Preskill's lectures notes on topological quantum computing and I do not understand how he deduced the fusion rules for fluxons in the example he gave.
$S_3$ fluxons example
Preskill's example is non-abelian fluxons of the group $G = S_3$, the permutation group on th... |
Consider a Lorentz transformation that takes the $(x, y, z, t)$ coordinates of a point in Minkowski space into $(x', y', z', t')$. An electrically charged object at rest in the first reference frame has an electric charge density $\rho$, while in the second reference frame the electric charge density is $\rho' = \gamma... |
I was curious what would happen if we had a free particle hamiltonian and saw what would happen if your initial wavefunction was a delta function and time evolve it using Schrodinger's Equation (say in one dimension). Here were my thoughts:
$$-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\partial^2_x\psi = i\hbar \partial_t \psi$$
Taking the Fou... |
I will be measuring the Joule-Thomson coefficient for noble gases and I am trying to perform the uncertainty budget analysis prior to the measurements. However, I have my doubts here.
The JT coefficient is
$$\mu_{\rm JT} = \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial p} \right|_{\rm h}.$$
The combined expanded uncertainty is defi... |
The hydrogen is one proton and the helium is two protons and two neutrons. Neutron is a little heavier than the proton. But there is something strange. Where is the mass defection? As a result, the helium should be heavier than the sum of four protons, but it is not.
So I guess the reason for binding energy. But I can'... |
I would like to discuss an idea to generalize a flat-spacetime-approach for time dilation to arbitrary curved spacetimes.
Starting Point
Suppose we have - in flat spacetime - one inertial observer with worldline $C_1$ and another non-inertial observer with worldline $C_2$. Using $\gamma^{-1} = \sqrt{1-v^2} $ we can def... |
I am currently going down the rabbit hole of writing a story but I would like it to be set in a universe which is believable. Therefore I am trying to create a hypothetical solar system in which the world where the story takes place exists. However, as I have little to no background in astrophysics I am struggling to u... |
What is the significance of writing it as $\frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon _0}$? Why not just name the whole thing $\epsilon _0$? And if there is a significance, why not do the same thing for gravitation?
I suspect that writing it in terms of $\pi$ has something to do with the interpretation of the inverse square laws fields as... |
It is stated in this paper (as well as in many other) that the fermions of $4$D Euclidean $\mathcal{N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills (SYM) are Majorana fermions (see eq. (42) and (43)). However it is stated in this paper (as well as in many other) that it is impossible to have Majorana fermions in $4$D Euclidean space (apparentl... |
So I'm quite confused by this.
Let's say I have $2$ friends $A$ and $B$ with metrics:
$$ ds_A^2 = -dx_1^2 + dx_2^2$$
and
$$ ds_B^2 = dx_2^2 - dx_1^2$$
Ideally I would imagine a symmetry in their dynamics say:
$$ S_A(x_1,x_2) = S_B(x_2,x_1)$$
where $S$ is the action.
Let's say I have an isolated system in a box. Conside... |
Several years ago I heard of this problem (perhaps in Jackson's electrodynamics book?), but I don't recall the details. I was thinking about it and cannot make sense of what is going on. I am hoping someone here can elucidate.
Imagine you have an electron floating in space by itself, stationary. Now imagine an observ... |
I have read that position vectors represent certain specific points in three dimensional space. So, therefore, translation of position vectors must not be allowed. Since, in any case it's done, it will represent a different position thereby violating its fundamental meaning. Furthermore, mathematically, this would also... |
I have heard it explained that a complex doublet scalar field produces the Higgs boson, and also three Goldstone bosons which are absorbed by $W$ and $Z$ bosons, giving them mass.
Does this mean that the $W$ and $Z$ absorb (and presumably emit) Goldstone bosons as they move through this scalar field?
My main question... |
Electromagnetic actuators are quite common in almost all industrial and household applicatons. I was wondering that the motion produced by the electromagnetic actuators are the side product of the interaction of electromagnetic fields and not direct conversion electrical energy. On the other hand piezo-electric actuato... |
Many different sources (e.g. here, here, here, and here) say that Florida is the most common rocket launch site in the United States because it's the most southeastern part of the U.S. that is conveniently accessible (ruling out Puerto Rico), which allows rockets to be launched eastward over water and gain the maximum ... |
I’m trying to find the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic wave in an exponential refractive index. What that means is the refractive index has the form $n\left(y\right)=e^{sy}$. I know for a fact that the electromagnetic wave should always have 100% transmittance when in a continuous refractive index, and as s... |
I recently came across a paper where the following manipulation had been done after writing considering
Heisenberg Operators as complex numbers
$$\delta a^\dagger*a_s=a_s*\delta a^\dagger$$
(where $a$ and $a^\dagger$ represent usual annihilation and creation operators and $a_s$ is for steady state in the sense that $a... |
In this paper, on page 3, it states that to trigger an instability, a disturbance needs to have a wave vector, $\boldsymbol{k}$, which satisfies,
$$\boldsymbol{k}\cdot\boldsymbol{B}=0,$$
where $\boldsymbol{B}$ gives the magnetic induction. In astrophysical contexts, $\boldsymbol{B}$ is referred to as the magnetic field... |
I am currently learning about manifolds from Hobson's General Relativity: An Introduction for Physicists.
In Chapter 3 on 'Vector Calculus on Manifolds', pg. 57, the author defined coordinate basis vectors for a point $P$ on a $N$-dimensional manifold with coordinate system $x^a$ as $$\vec{e_a}=\lim_{\delta x^a \righta... |
I've been studying Hamiltonian mechanics lately with kind of a more "differential geometry based" approach , but I'm stuck at a point where it is required to understand how you can prove a vector field is Hamiltonian.
For example if we are given the following simple system of equation, representing a one dimentional sy... |
I'm a high schooler currently taking AP Physics C and during our review of kinematics, our teacher brought up the difference between speed and velocity. That is, speed is a scalar while velocity is a vector. So that made me wonder, is there a scalar version of higher-order derivatives? For further clarification, look a... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.