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In digital electronics and the application of gates, I came across a parity generator.
By using a parity checker we can check the binary data transmitted over telephone lines or other communication paths.
What is a parity generator in physics?
|
Given a canonical partition function $Z$, by the thermodynamic connection equations, I can say that $$A = -k_B T \ln Z$$
So, internal energy $U$ is given by
$$\langle E \rangle =U = -\frac{\partial \ ln Z}{\partial \beta}$$
My question is, how would I calculate the probability of the energy being equal to the average e... |
When talking about the unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates, $\hat{\phi}$ often comes up. However, I cannot find a straightforward meaning for it. However, I do know that it is perpendicular to $\hat{\rho}$. How is that significant?
|
I have a question about the following chart (for 3 and 4 particles case):
What does $P_{cycl}$ mean? How's that relevant to the amplitude of superposition states and their symmetricity?
|
I am reading Zee's QFT book and he is developing the field theory of photons without introducing gauge invariance. He's putting a small photon mass into the Lagrangian which he will later let go to zero. He is assuming I just finished my courses on EM and QM, and that I should know what he's talking about in some bri... |
i mean when the light go throw the prism it Deviates. At an angle and dissolves at the same time. Do prism atoms have anything to do with this? why it can't go directly in a straight line?
|
This seems like a really simple case that I haven't found covered anywhere else: Without loss of generality (scaling), we have a uniform full sphere of radius $1$ and mass $1$ moving at a speed of $1$ perpendicular to an axis of distance $d$ from its center. What is the sphere's angular momentum? I only found the trivi... |
Consider a box floating on water having a coin on top, now suppose after some time by some external influence, the coin is dropped into water. After doing the calculations, to my surprise, I found that the water level actually drops...I just can't understand this phenomena. For what reason does this happen? I think tha... |
If I know that a certain QFT flows to a given CFT, are there aspects of the QFT that are obscured in the general case, but apparent in it's CFT limit? i.e. what properties of a QFT are most easily computed/made manifest in the CFT limit?
|
I really cannot understand how to derive this expression. If possible, since I'm a beginner in calculus, I would like a simple explanation.
Edit: I don't really know where to start with my analysis.
|
In Dirac's Principles of QM following is stated:
$$
\langle x | A + B | x \rangle = \langle x | A | x \rangle + \langle x | B |x \rangle
$$
but
$$
\langle x | AB | x \rangle \ne \langle x | A | x \rangle \langle x | B | x \rangle
$$
and so $\langle x|A|x \rangle$ is not exact but average value of observable A otherwis... |
I did a calculation to see how high the energy in a cell phone battery could lift an adult assuming perfect efficiency but something seems way off.
12Wh = 43,200J
43,200J / 90kg / 9.8m/s = 49m = 160ft
Another way to look at this is 12Wh = 10.3kcal (i.e. "calories") to climb 160ft or 80 calories to climb the 1250ft Emp... |
I am trying to run a simple first-principles calculation to estimate the diameter of the Milky Way from what we know about the motion of the Sun around its center. In particular, from various online sources and books, we can roughly say that:
The period of the Sun's orbit around the center of the Milky Way is $T_{sun}... |
John wheeler once jokingly said he was feeling uneasy putting a hot cup next to a cold cup as he'd be contributing to the entropy of the universe or at least accelerating it.
Then again the very nature of time itself seems to be dependent on entropy and not the other way around.?
Can some process slow donwn the inevit... |
Poisson proved that in a paramagnetic material an uniform external field induces uniform magnetization (and uniform internal field) if the body has the shape of an ellipsoid, see, e.g., Stratton Chapter 3.
My question is if this result has been proven to be unique; in other words, is it true that an uniform external fi... |
Ok, I know this type of question is already asked, but in every question I have seen, there is no answer to the question that I am asking right now, like people don't particular focus on the question asked (particularly this question) and they go out of context, that is the reason for me to ask this question i.e to get... |
I just read an article from the KATRIN experiment in 2019 that they had the mass of the neutrino down to 1.1 ev. They were trying to pin the mass even lower than that? I have not seen any articles saying they succeeded.
Cosmological measurements suggests that the mass should be no more than .1 ev. The WIKI page stat... |
Is solar radiation at earth's surface sufficient to eject electrons from aluminum?
|
I'm learning about inflation and tensor perturbations during it. I've read a few times that large-field inflation is "more important" with respect to inflation as it produced bigger tensor perturbations so would be more likely to be experimentally confirmed by gravitational wave (GW) observatories. However, I haven't r... |
In the Franck-Hertz experiment, electrons are accelerated through a gas and their kinetic energies are measured. This produces peaks and troughs which are indicative of changing energy states in the electrons bound to the gas particles. But the results are consistent (for Mercury and Neon) even when you increase the ac... |
Suppose that when $P_2$ interacts with a third particle $P_3$ the induced accelerations are $a_{23}$ and $a_{32}$, and when $P_1$ interacts with $P_3$ the induced accelerations are $a_{13}$ and $a_{31}$. Then the magnitudes of these accelerations satisfy the consistency relation∗ $|a_{21}| /|a_{12}| × |a_{32}|/ |a_{23}... |
I found this calculation about the commutator $[p, x^n]$:
$$\begin{aligned}\left[p, x^{n}\right] &=p x^{n}-x^{n} p \\ &=(p x) x^{n-1}-x^{n} p \\ &=x p x^{n-1}+[p, x] x^{n-1}-x^{n} p \\ &=x(p x) x^{n-2}+[p, x] x^{n-1}-x^{n} p \\ &=x^{2} p x^{n-2}+x[p, x] x^{n-2}+[p, x] x^{n-1}-x^{n} p \\ &=x^{2} p x^{n-2}+2[p, x] x^{n-1... |
Could someone explain the concept of spectral function, spectral weight and linear response function? How are they useful in describing physical processes? Thanks!!
|
The dispersion relation for a 1D Monoatomic chain is given by $$\omega = 2*\sqrt\frac{C}{M} \sin\left(\frac{qa}{2}\right)$$ We say that strong dispersion occurs when $q$ approaches $\frac{\pi}{a}$. Going by the literal meaning of dispersed, what exactly is begin strongly dispersed here? Or is there another specific mea... |
This was said in the comments (#15/#27) of this Scott Aaronson post about "information is physical" and reaffirmed by Sean Carroll and praised by Scott among others.
https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=3327
Could someone explain the case when the information about a system is seemingly human specific/abstract? I am h... |
I am reading Fujikawa's method for calculating chiral anomaly, see this wiki page.
The method can be described as follows.
It starts with the path integral
\begin{equation}
Z=\int\mathcal{D}\psi\mathcal{D}\bar{\psi}e^{i\int \mathcal{L}}.
\end{equation}
First we calculate the shift of Lagrangian $\mathcal{L}(\psi,\parti... |
I'm a bit confused with the 'bra' notation in the representation of the Schrodinger equation. For example, in the momentum representation, the state $|E_{n}\rangle$ is represented by the function $\Phi_n(p)=\langle p|E_n\rangle$, and sometimes this notation could be used to calculate expectation values and matrix eleme... |
Why does a full bottle leak when you turn it over?
Idea: Let's assume there is a full bottle which is not open, yet. You turn it over such that the opening points towards center of the earth. Now you open it. Will it pour?
It will, but why? In the first instance I thought it wouldn't as you could create a vacuum inside... |
Photons are energy. According to general relativity they should bend space.
Assuming two photons pass one another in a large void of empty space how would they gravitationaly affect each other exactly? Would there be a change in their path, a change in color, both, neither or something entirely different?
|
in every book I own and on the internet, any information on forced oscillations is a version of the following definition, followed by the solution to a differential equation.
Forced oscillations: forced oscillations occur when a mechanical
system is forced to vibrate by a periodic external force which
continuously tra... |
I think after 'googling' some web sources that eddy currents are strictly localized in a volume of iron surraunded by a loaded inductive coil so can not cause an electric shock to a person while the person touches a point of that iron that is farther from the coil if the iron piece is long enough.My oppinion is if they... |
It seems to me that whenever you change the direction of a wave it also affects frequency. Would this not also be true of light waves bending from, for example, gravity?
|
I have an acceleration function in python with position and time parameters and returns the acceleration value.
I need the end velocity at a position ,start velocity is zero.
how to calculate this problem?
|
I read this question already, but it doesn't really answer mine, as I'm not talking about the possibility to reverse a refrigerator into a heat pump: in this question, fridges will work normally.
I know that fridges and freezers have the "side effect" of heating their outside. I know that this heating effect isn't stro... |
So last time I posted a question on the same topic, but due to my bad english the question was not clear. This time I will try to be more specific and understandable.
In literature I have observed that to analyse a quantum system under the influence of spherical confining potential, the authors uses square well or para... |
The picture was a screenshot of the 2D Brillouin zone in this video.
However, it was noticeable that there's many points where several different Brillouin zone intersects, as shown in the below picture. Those points seemed to have some sort of pattern that expand in circle of increasing radius, obviously from the symme... |
I was reading a little about atomic structure and i came across the formula:
angular momentum of an electron=$\sqrt{(l)(l+1)}\frac{h}{2\pi}.....(1)$
also i know the bohr quantisation rule i.e
$$mvr=\frac{nh}{2\pi}.....(2)$$
Somehow $(1),(2)$ don't correlate.Where am i making a mistake?.
Thanks in advance
|
I am moving a tool over a varying distance. My motors can support constant acceleration and deceleration of $1 \space m/s^2$. I need to cover the distance as quickly as possible (accelerate for as long a time as the distance allows) and decelerate to $0 \space m/s$ at the end of the allowed distance.
Since the distance... |
In Griffith's introduction to quantum mechanics, one of the problems asks to find the expectation value of the position of a particle at state
$$\psi(x,t)=A\mathrm e^{(-a((mx^2)/\hbar+\mathrm it))}.$$
After working the integral, the result is that $\langle x\rangle =0$ because it comes down to integrating an odd functi... |
I'm interested in the experimental implications of the Wigner quasiprobability distribution in quantum physics, but haven't been able to find anything that addresses my particular question.
Specifically, suppose one were to carry out the original EPR experiment on a sequence of $n$ entangled particles, with Alice measu... |
I am trying to understand Kirchhoff's voltage law in reference to AC circuits and this is a dummy problem I have solved to show my doubt.Quoting my textbook, voltages across components in a LCR circuit are phasors so they are not added algebraically but vectorially, going by the statement I could not verify the assert... |
Please help me derive the last equation, any tips are welcome. The $u^\text{LG}$ refers to Laguerre-Gaussian mode while $u^\text{HG}$ refers to the Hermite-Gaussian mode.
|
I'm reading about event selection for a particle physics experiment, english is not my first language, and there is this phrase I can not translate and understand: "The energy of the showers is found by smearing the summation of the ionizing depositions in argon. A smearing corresponding to a resolution of 15%$\sqrt{E}... |
Please help me to understand the following situation.
A fermion field $\Psi(x)$ acting on the vacuum can destroy a particle and create an antiparticle. If however, a chiral field $\Psi_L$ defined as $\Psi_L=\frac{1-\gamma_5}{2}\Psi$ acts on the vacuum, how does one argue that it creates a right-handed antiparticle. Ple... |
It is well known that Chern-Simons theory provides an intrinsically three dimensional way to compute knot invariants like the Jones Polynomial. 3D TQFTs also have an algebraic description in terms of modular tensor categories. If we have a 3D TQFT with a global symmetry $G$, then we can couple it to background gauge fi... |
The introduction of the Lorentz transformation is usually motivated by the Galilean failure when it comes to Maxwell's equations.
Are there physical systems that exhibit both Lorentz and Galileo invariance? If yes, what would the implications of such a situation be? Suppose now that Maxwell's equations form such a syst... |
I am reading through the text "Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics" by Bejan that I found hereand have encountered a conceptual issue that I'm having trouble resolving on my own.
On page 64, Bejan asks me to consider a "batch of fluid that expands adiabatically in a piston and cylinder apparatus." The piston rod is con... |
I am trying to model transport of ions (calcium, potassium, chloride etc.) in water. The ions move because of the influence of diffusion and electric force and can be modeled by the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equation. My question is the following. Is the normal component of electric displacement field continuous inside the... |
Can I say that the expectation value of an observable $̂$ for a state $|⟩$: $⟨⟩≡⟨|̂|⟩$ is a more general case of the matrix element$⟨|̂|\beta⟩$? I'm not quite clear how are they related. Also, are there any relationships between $⟨|̂|⟩$, $⟨|⟩$, $|⟨|⟩|^2$ and $⟨|̂|\beta⟩$, $⟨|\beta⟩$, $|⟨|\beta⟩|^2$ ? Particularly, if $... |
I am starting with the basics of X-ray crystallography, and I have encountered something I'm not able to rationalize.
As I understand it, the unit cell is the smallest parallelepiped enclosing the (a?) motif that can be translated along the lattice vectors to (re)construct a crystal.
The primitive unit cell is a unit c... |
In the case of the helicopter, it is pretty clear (well, for me) that it gets lift by pushing air downwards. And as a consequence, there is more pressure below its blades than above.
But on the other hand, when talking about plane wings, it seems that lift is caused by a lower pressure above the wing pulling it up, wh... |
The action for the $3d$ gravitino is
$$S_g=-\int d^3x\bar{\Psi}_{\mu}\gamma^{\mu\lambda\nu}\partial_{\lambda}\Psi_{\nu}$$
Where $\gamma^{\mu\lambda\nu}=-\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\nu}$. This has a striking resemblance with the abelian Chern-Simons action
$$S_{CS}=\frac{k}{4\pi}\int d^3xA_{\mu}\epsilon^{\mu\lambda\nu}\partial... |
I know beta ray refers to a flow of electrons with high velocity created in the nucleus. So, if I increase the kinetic energy or velocity of an electron, at some point its velocity can be close to that of beta rays. Then will there be any difference between the beta ray and the electron with high velocity created artif... |
I asked my teacher what would happen if I have a 1Ah battery and I expel (out of the circuit, for example with an electron gun) the electrons with a current of 1A for one hour, in such a way that the battery loses electrons. He told me that the battery would explode due to the electrostatic repulsive force of the ions.... |
Two planets undertake uniform circular motion around a star. For the two planets, the mass, speed and distance from the star's centre is respectively $m$, $v$, $r$ and $m'$, $v'$, $r'$. If $r'=4r$, the ratio $T'/T$ of the periods of revolution of the planets is? The answer is 8 however I am not sure which formula to us... |
When I look up the wikipedia article on nuclear synthesis, this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleosynthesis_periodic_table.svg picture tells me that quite a lot of chemical elements would have been created by "merging neutron stars".
This looks odd, as for the merging of neutron stars it takes at least two of th... |
I found the claim that wiener process is an example of a stochastic process which is homogeneous but not stationary in the book 'The Theory of Open Quantum Systems' by Breuer and Petruccione. (Section 1.4.1 The Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, near equation 1.62).
Let us first do the basic definition-
Stationary stochastic... |
As things approach the horizon of a black hole, their time dilation approaches infinity. How then can we observe black holes gaining mass if, according to our reference frame, nothing can pass the horizon of a black hole?
Even more so, in order for a singularity to form, material must compress until there is a horizon,... |
I'm not sure this should be in math or physics so i'm asking in both.
Given a laser beam at closed reflective surface where point $(x,y)$ being the source of a laser bean which hits a reflective surface at $(x1,y1)$ , how can i (if possible) tell the beam will hit point $(x2,y2)$ at some point??
where the value of $x,y... |
I have read that you can use quantum teleportation to transmit states from one place to another.
If you have two entangled systems A and B you can measure the A system in such a way that measuring the B system will give you correlated measurements. For example measuring spin up on one photon of an entangled pair implie... |
Suppose I record a video of a vehicle moving towards me while blowing its horn, and then play the video on, say 2x. Will the doppler shift differ from when I recorded the video in the first place? This question-https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/473806/speed-of-a-video-and-doppler-effect is somewhat similar, b... |
The Standard Model SSB breaks the $SU(2)_W \times U(1)_Y$ to $U(1)_{EM}$. The Noether currents associated to the unbroken group are $J_{a,\mu} = \bar{\psi} \gamma_\mu \frac{\tau_a}{2} P_L \psi $ and $J_{\mu} = \bar{\psi} \gamma_\mu P_L \psi $, (where $\tau_a$ are the Pauli matrices and $\psi$ is an isospin fermionic d... |
We see very distant stars and galaxies as it were unbilievebly long time ago.If we can measure the receding velocities as a Hubble flow by measuring the Doppler effect for the wavelength and increase of receding velocities by the change of the Doppler effect for the wavelength is then easy measure the Hubble parameter ... |
This could be related to this question or Eq. (18) p.12 but at the moment I am just very pragamatically in need of an basic explicit calculation to understand the paragraph between (6.36) and (6.37) p.189 of QFT by Lewis H.Ryder.
In the notes by Padmanabhan, he takes the limit $c\to \infty$ but here we obviously are co... |
I'm studying Fabry Perot Interferometer for the first time and I have some difficulties in understanding this model: there are two mirrors characterized by $r,t,T$ and between them there is a material with refractive index $n_r$. Outside the interferometer the index of refraction is $n_{out}$. Like in this picture:
Wh... |
I have been trying to understand how to compute the following loop diagram in $\frac{\lambda}{3!}\phi^3$ theory, with $m\neq0$ and I am not getting anywhere. From what I understood I am supposed to calculate it using a process called dimensional regularization, which I have understood in theory but cannot apply it in t... |
As far as I understand, spacetime fuses the 3 dimensions of space with the dimension of time into a single entity. If there's a big curvature, things will experience a change in how they experience time.
However, we also know that the curvature of spacetime can change, for example, in the ripples we detect in merging b... |
I keep reading this in comparisons of different kinds of lenses but I don't understand why the flat side would change the amount of spherical aberration if the focal length still has to be the same?
|
I don't understand GR at all, and I have a question that baffles me a lot.
This picture is very common:
My question is, if a light ray passes through the central star (maybe the sun here) more closely than the path above, will it fall into or toward the 'pit' or 'bottom' of this surface? Some pictures on the Internet ... |
When the screen is just behind the slits we have perfect which way information. The entropy is log 2. It decreases if I place the screen in the Fresnel region (not to far). It decreases much more in the Fraunhofer region (great fresnel number) and information tends to zero when the distance L tends to infinity. I would... |
I have read some introductions to geometrical ideas and tensors and physics and what some of them do (see, for example, Frankel's Geometry of Physics) is define a vector as a first order differential operator on functions. I get how they do this: there is a natural isomorphism between the vector spaces $\mathbb{R}^n$ ... |
I noticed this the other day. I don't really know "what" this means, I'd love to understand.
The energy operator is $\hat E = -i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}$. Conservation of energy is a consequence of time symmetry.
The momentum operator is $i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial x}$. Conservation of momentum is a c... |
Masses M and m are connected to a system of strings and pulleys as shown in the diagram.The strings are massless and inextensible, and the pulleys are massless and frictionless. The cross hatched horizontal
beams are fixed in place.Is there any kind of setting where mass M would move up and mass m decend considering th... |
I am considering the infinite square well $[0,a]$, where I know the stationary states to be given by $\psi_n(x)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{a}}\sin(\frac{n\pi x}{a})$. Then, using Plancherel's theorem to translate to momentum space, $$\phi_n(k)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi a}}\int_0^a\sin\left(\frac{n\pi x}{a}\right)e^{-ikx}dx=\frac{1}{\sqrt... |
I was reading Schwichtenberg's "Physics from Symmetry 2nd Edition". In Section 3.7.11, there is the discussion on the infinite dimensional representations.
If we consider a transformation of the form:
\begin{equation}
\Phi_a \rightarrow \Phi '_a = M_{ab}(\Lambda)\Phi_b
\end{equation}
where $M_{ab}(\Lambda)$ is some... |
How can we be sure that there are two electrons in the universe whose spins are uncorrelated (their joint state is the tensor product of their individual projections) but each of them has nonzero magnitude for both + spin and - spin?
Is there are a theoretical foundation requiring this?
More empirically, is there a phy... |
Given two compatible observables $A$ and $B$ with a common eigenbasis, the completeness relation is:
$\newcommand{\ket}[1]{|#1\rangle}
\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\langle#1|}$
$$
\sum_{i,j}\ket{a^i,b^j}\bra{a^i,b^j} = 1
$$
Since $\ket{a^i,b^j}$ is not guaranteed to exist for all combinations of $i$ and $j$, does the sum imply... |
What process does it describe and does it break the Conservation of Energy? For more details, Stokes's Rule is mentioned in Einstein's Proposal of the Photon Concept. His dissertation about Stokes's Rule
|
I have to find the order of 1/ε poles in dimensional regularization of $\dfrac{\lambda}{4!}\phi^4$ theory. The Feynman integral is the following:
\begin{equation}
I(p)=-λ^6\int \frac{d^4p_1}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4p_3}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4p_5}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4p_7}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4p_8}{(2\pi)^4}\frac{d^4p_{10}}{(2\pi)^4}\f... |
Many textbooks of quantum mechanics argues that in presence of the ground degeneracies, at least some of them will be removed if some perturbation reduces the corresponding symmetry.
Then, is there any examples which a perturbation to a free theory can add new symmetries so that the new perturbed ground states possess ... |
The concept of inertial force is traced back to Newton’s Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, The Principia, Newton. At the beginning of his book, Newton presents eight definitions forming the basis for his three Laws. The two most important definitions for us are definition no. 2, or the definition of quantit... |
Consider the above question. I have been able to solve the question understanding area vector of A and B are opposite in direction.
However I have some conceptual doubts.
In Faraday Law, when we say "area enclosed by a closed loop", does it coherently include all type of loops -- with twists and turns as given in ... |
What's the significance of diagonal and block-diagonal matrices in quantum mechanics? For instance, let $S$ be the symmetry operator, since $[S,H]=0$, they have a shared eigenbasis. If I use a basis in which S is diagonal, H will be block diagonal. What does this mean? Thanks!!
|
Displacement is defined as the vector obtained by joining the final position to the initial position (head towards the final position). Well,i know this is silly but what are these final and initial positions?Common sense says that initial position must be the one from which we started observing the motion and the fina... |
When you hold a can of spray and press on it to let out some spray, you feel the can is getting colder.
How does this happen?
For temperature to decrease you have to take energy out of the system, how does the temperature of a spray can decrease by simply letting some air out?
Many explanations I have heard don't make ... |
Consider a Hamiltonian $H$ acting on the single-particle Hilbert space $\mathscr{H}$ representing lattice sites, i.e., $|r\rangle$ forms an orthonormal basis of $\mathscr{H}$ where $r$ ranges over lattice sites. It's then easy to understand the local density of states at $r$ as the spectral measure $\mu_x (d\omega)$ of... |
I have been studying kinematics and I am stuck with understanding what is oblique projectile and what is horizontal projectile and what is the difference between them?
Can someone please explain them to me?
|
I read on various sources the inner core of our planet is said to be mostly composed of a iron-nickel alloy, plus some lighter elements like silicon. On the other hand, I know that in general lighter elements go to the upper layers and heavier sink, because of buoyancy. So I am wondering why the densest materials are n... |
There are various theoretical models for accretion disks and relativistic jets from black holes that considers the black hole to be either rotating (Kerr geometry) or non-rotating (Schwarzschild geometry). But when astronomers detect a source, they detects whether the source is rotating or non-rotating. One such exampl... |
I was reading parallel plate capacitors in my book today and there I saw that the battery provides +Q charge to positive plate and -Q charge to negative plate? But we know that only electrons can flow so the battery should provide only -Q charge right?
Is it that, the electrons flow from the negative terminal of the ba... |
The only things I read about so far in astrophysics are either black holes, developing black holes or not black holes at all.
So I am wondering, is it physically possible to have an object that is almost a black hole, but not a black hole. What I mean by that, is an object that would have a gravitational pull almost as... |
Why Doesn't moving a wire near earth generate electric current as the earth is a big magnet and we are changing the magnetic field by moving the wire?
|
I was observing a construction work this morning. A kind of bulldozer was moving things on the ground and the dust waves (?)/clouds were illuminated by the sun behind.
From my POV it seems that the dust is flying in some pretty complex motion, but seems like a motion with a constant speed. And strikingly different than... |
When we consider $1s2p$ electrons in $LS$ coupling we get one singlet and one triplet but in $jj$ coupling, we get $2$ doublets.
I know the mathematical (quantum number) work behind it.
But what I don't understand is that why is that so?! why is there a difference in the multiplicity of the splitting when considered $... |
The energy in a gluon tube between quarks increases approximately linearly with the distance between them, and when that energy is sufficient to spawn a quark-antiquark pair out of the vacuum, it does so. Two separated hadrons are the by-products of the stretching.
In a Big Rip end-of-the-universe scenario, the rate at... |
Suppose $\vec{v}$, $\vec{u}$, $\vec{x}$, $\vec{a}$ and $t$ are final velocity, initial velocity, displacement and acceleration vectors and time.
Here are three equations of motion:
$\vec{v}$ = $\vec{u}$ + $\vec{a}$$t$
$\vec{x}$ = $\vec{u}$$t$ + $\frac 12$$\vec{a}$$t^2$
$\vec{v}^2$ = $\vec{u}^2$ + $2\vec{a}$$\vec{x}$
I ... |
THE SET-UP: The air-shower detector array made out of six detectors. The detectors are composed of a scintillator and a SiPM (Sillicon Photomultiplier) each. Depending on the shower size, one or more detectors can be passed by a shower front, and hence these respective detectors would register signals each. The data of... |
I wanted to know why fiber optics look green or blue, isn't it that it uses total internal reflection, so light shall remain in it? I think may be it's not monochromatic.
|
I was recently fiddling around with the derivation of the formula for the force acting upon a dam with height $H$ and width $L$, which in my textbook is derived by integrating the term $dF=p(z)Ldz$ from $z=0$ to $z=H$ (with $p(z)=\rho g(H-z)$). However, since pressure is also a function of $z$, shouldn't the total diff... |
Nuclear fission reactors require the presence of a neutron moderator in order to sustain a chain reaction, as it slows down neutrons sufficiently in order for them to be absorbed by fuel (e.g. U-235) nuclei. While moderation is a consequence of interactions or ''collisions'' between neutrons and nucleons and is a proce... |
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