instruction stringlengths 31 24.3k |
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I know the detectors can sense earthquakes and the movement of the Pacific Ocean, and given the sensitivity of the arms to detect gravitational waves, it makes sense that they should detect continental drift, but I have been unable to find any source that explicitly states they can. I know that GPS is used in LIGO, doe... |
Deriving $(\partial{H}/\partial{G})_{S}$.
I have a problem with deriving such relation.
For isentropic condition,
$dH = TdS + VdP = VdP$,
$dG = -SdT + VdP$.
$dS = (\partial{S}/\partial{T})_{P}dT + (\partial{S}/\partial{P})_{T}dP = 0$,
$(\partial{S}/\partial{T})_{P} = C_{P}/T$,
and by Maxwell realtions,
$(\partial{S}/\p... |
I’m currently doing a lab where we are measuring the work done by weights on a gas, where the weights are added on top of a piston. Now, what I don’t understand is that work is equal to net force times distance. Therefore, if I were to draw a free body diagram of the piston, it has its own weight, the force due to the ... |
In my limited understanding I had read or heard that Einstein developed GR from the Principle of Equivalence and conservation of energy perspective while the mathematician David Hilbert almost derived the same field equations from the Principle of Least Action. How do these fundamental physical principles arise within ... |
If Alice falls into a black hole wearing a wrist-watch, an outside observer Bob sees Alice freeze at the horizon, her watch seems to have stopped. This also means that all light that originates from Alice is redshifted asymptotically to zero Herz.
Now my question is what Alice sees when she is just a few femtometers ab... |
I have read quite a bit about it and I have studied group theory in more than one math class. I assumed that the idea is basically you show that some set of objects are a group and then you can predict other properties of those objects. But I have never seen it stated that way or seen a simple example from physics that... |
Suppose I have the Hamiltonian defined as $H =\hat A\hat B+\hat C\hat D$, where the operator $A,B,C and D$ are square matrices. If I label the positions of $A,B,C,D$ as $1,2,3,4$. Now I want to apply the transposition operator on the Hamiltonian, for example:
$
P_{12}P_{34}H=\hat B\hat A+\hat D\hat C; \\ P_{13}P_{24}H=... |
What I did:
The force applied here is its weight F$=$mg, while m=$\rho l$A, where A = area of cross-section of the wire.
$$\text{Y}=\frac{\text{stress}}{\text{strain}}=\frac{\text{$\rho l$A}/A}{\text{$\Delta l$/}l}$$
$$\Delta l =\frac{\rho l^2}{\text{Y}}$$
So, I get D as the answer, but the actual answer is A. Where h... |
I couldn't properly understand, how is it so that if I have a parallel plate capacitor, in which one plate has $+Q$ charge and another has $-Q$ charge then all the charge on the first plate will accumulate on that side where it is facing the other plate, and same for the second plate i.e. it will accumulate on the side... |
I made a model rocket.
Specifications:
Total weight - 1.635 N (wet).
It has a custom solid rocket motor with black powder producing 5 N for 15 sec.
So how can I calculate how high will it travel?
Some equations would be helpful....
My rocket is guided , works on thrust vector control , i could've just flown it to find ... |
I am having philosophical difficulties with the use of arbitrary orthogonal tensors in the proof of the Rivlin–Ericksen representation theorem on page 6 of the these lecture notes (author unknown; from the Continuum Mechanics module at National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning India/IIT Guwahati. I am not enro... |
I saw this video on YouTube in which two balls slide down on different inclines.
The part which confused me was the one at 2:00 seconds. I couldn't understand the physical reason for that.
If we drop two balls from different heights they do take different times to come down. But here they are coming simultaneously.
O... |
$K.E=\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ , $P=mv$ thus there is a relation between them. I really can't understand why there is no decrease in momentum when kinetic energy is decreased in an inelastic collision. I am only a high school passed student(ready for college). Should I leave this question until I learn "Lagrangian" and "Noether... |
I'm pretty sure that, if all of a sudden gravity just disappeared (someone just set $G=0$ by turning a magical knob) we would notice immediately, starting to float in the air and a bunch of other things. Same thing if $\alpha =0$, I guess contact forces wouldn't really work anymore and things would just... pass through... |
I'm working on temperature prediction and therefore also cooling. I stumbled upon Newton's Law of Cooling (NLC) and I do like its simplicity, but I'm not so happy about the condition that the surrounding temperature must be constant.
Original formula I'm working with
$$T(t) = (T_0 - T_A) * e^{^-kt} + T_A$$
$T_0$ is te... |
In order to understand how Jet-Engines works I came across the "famous" formula for net-thrust:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet#Net_thrust
$F_{thrust} = Q_{out} \cdot v_{out} - Q_{in}\cdot v_{in}$
From well known physical law about momentum this sound quite reasonable for me.
But now assume an empty cylindrical ... |
Why don't the surface tension of the film of soap solution ( or any other liquid) increases or decreases when we increase the area of the film manually by applying a force ??
Isn't it analogous to the increase in tension of the string on stretching it.
|
First of all, I have a confusion about the definition and idea of Tension.
For example, in my Physics Textbook, the idea of tension is written like this:
"Let's say there is a wire with a cross-section area of A and its length is $L_o$. If I hang the wire from a point and hang a weight of W on the other end of the wire... |
My physics textbook has the following exercise:
My grasp on the problem is that the situation is similar to than of an organ pipe closed at one end. As such, standing waves would be set up in the experiment. Since velocity of sound and frequency of the source are constant, the wavelength should remain constant too. He... |
If I shoot wood with a gun,If the force of bullet of more,it will pierce through the wood but if not it may get stuck inside it.When these two scenarios were happening,We say an action reaction pair will happen between those two bodies which is equal and opposite to the action force then,Why didn’t the normal reaction... |
In the answer by Ron Maimon in this stack post, he writes:
if you smack two identical clay balls of mass $m$ moving with velocity $v$ head-on into each other, both balls stop, by symmetry. The result is that each acts as a wall for the other, and you must get an amount of heating equal to $2m E(v)$.
What exactly is t... |
In turbulence what to we mean that an eddy has a wavenumber k?
|
I'm reading the Cosmology lecture notes Daniel Baumann and there they describe the path of a freely-falling particle along a geodesic, which is denoted by the curve $X^{\mu}(\tau)$, $\tau$ being proper time and $\mu$ denoting a spacetime coordinate. The geodesic equation is given by
$$ \frac{d^2 X^{\mu}}{d \tau^2} = - ... |
Jupiter is a "gas giant". If it was (significantly) bigger the pressure from gravitation would ignite a fusion process and it would become a star, which is basically what happened to the sun.
However, what if a body the size of Jupiter or the Sun was made of rocks like Earth and Mars are - what would happen then? Somew... |
So, in the image I've shown above the external force on the particle moving along in a fixed curve in the direction perpendicular to the curve is given as :
$$ F = -mg \sin \theta + N$$
At first I naively thought the force should be zero, because if it is non zero then that'd mean the particle is deforming the curve... |
Why does the pressure at same level in a liquid with uniform density same in both arm of a U-tube even when there is a liquid of another density at one arm? Please give me an intuitive explanation
|
I started reading the lecture notes on Path integral formulation by Ashoke Das. At the very first page of the introduction chapter, he says that - "a theory describing the motion of a particle can be regarded as a special case, namely, we can think of such a theory as a $(0+1)$ dimensional field theory".
I don't unders... |
When you add charge to an insulator the electrons stay in the same place whereas in a conductor they spread apart. Why is this? What force is making the excess charge stay in one place in an insulator?
|
Below the potential and trial functions:
$$V(x)=(x^2-1)^2-x^2$$
Use the variational method with the two trial wave functions:
$$\psi_{\pm}(x)=A\left(e^{-\frac{(x-x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\pm e^{-\frac{(x+x_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\right)$$
Where $A$ is the normalisation constant and $x_0$ and $\sigma$ are the variational paramete... |
Assume we have a generic overdamped Langevin equation
$$
\frac{d {\bf{x}} }{dt} = {\bf{f}}({\bf{x}}) + B {\bf{w}}(t)
$$
where $\bf{f}$ is a deterministic external (and fixed) force field (non necessarily arising from a potential), $B>0$ is a constant and $\bf{w}$ is the usual $D$-dimensional white noise term (the posit... |
A change of magnetic field caouses an electric field and an associated potential which is as high as the time derivative of the magnetic field.So is it possible that the change of the spin should be a finite derivative regarding time?
|
We use a QMS in our vacuum chamber, mainly for residual gas analysis. In a recent project I tried using it during the an argon sputtering of carbon infested Ni(111). I got a lot of carbon- hydrate peaks but to my surprise no Ni peaks up-to 200 AMU. I tried firing the Titanium sublimation pump, to saturate the environme... |
I am new in working with an optical setup. I have a small setup to mimic a 3D printer motion stage.
So, it consists of a laser hitting on a cube beam splitter. The transmitted one is dumped while the reflected is focused on the target and then the backscaterred light collected via the beam splitter and focused to the C... |
I am currently taking a course in Quantum Optics and I am trying to understand Boson sampling.
We were given a formula for Boson sampling:
if the input is given by:
$$|{\psi_{in}}\rangle=a_1^\dagger a_2^\dagger...a_n^\dagger|{0}\rangle$$
then the output is:
$$|{\psi_{out}}\rangle=\sum_{k_1,s_1;...k_n,s_n; k_1+k_2+...k_... |
I am slightly confused about the coupling constants of the fundamental forces and would really appreciate some help in clearing up this confusion.
Some sources(like this one: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/couple.html) seem to convey that $\alpha_W= 10^{-6}$ while some other sources like the text by ... |
I and a few of my friends have come across an interesting question.
Jackson talks about the case where photon has non-zero mass. By adding an extra term to the Lagrangian, he shows how Maxwell's equations and Coulomb's law will be changed if we assume photon to be massive. Relativity puts no constraint on the mass of t... |
Louis de Broglie suggested that, if a particle like electron has momentum and wavelength associated with it (due to Planck's constant), then it might be a wave. The region where it exists are those where these waves interfere constructively. But these (electrons and protons) are the particles with mass and charge. Par... |
I've been taught that things that have mass "create" a gravitational pull, and that an electron has mass, even though it's really small. So I was thinking, does the electron's gravitational pull increase a circuit's gravitational pull (again, even if by a small amount)?
|
Let us consider a system whose evolution is given by dependency of $N$-dimensional real-values vector on time: $\vec r = \vec r (t)$ (or in terms of components $x_i = x_i (t)$).
Let us also assume that second order derivative of the vector depends on $\vec r$:
$$
\ddot {\vec r} = \vec f(\vec r),
$$
or in terms of the c... |
Can work done by Kinetic Friction on an object be positive? Zero?
Can Static Friction do Non-zero work on an object?
Can Normal Force do Non-zero work on an object?
|
Can I compare $T_0$ of one laser to another one, with different length and width?
For example, let's say there are two lasers:
Laser A
Width: 20 $\mu m$
Length: 500 $\mu m$
$T_0$: X
Laser B
Width: 50 $\mu m$
Length: 1000 $\mu m$
$T_0$: Y
So if $T_0$'s vary, can I say, that e.g. that A and B have different mater... |
How would one approach calculating free path length of a microscopic black hole through degenerate matter? I wondered about how the interaction of a microscopic black hole with a neutron star would play out, depending on the mass, and therefore radius of the black hole and the mass, and thereby density of the neutron s... |
I have been reading about Susskind's $Complexity = Volume$ conjecture from a set of lecture notes. In these, he gives an equation for the growth of the interior of an AdS-Schwarzschild black hole:
$$ \frac{dV(t)}{dt} \sim l_{ads}AT$$
where V is the volume of the BH interior, $l_{AdS}$ is the AdS length scale, A is the ... |
I know what are Hermitian operators and anti-hermitian operators.but as i have studied quantum mechanics most of the operators we had dealt with them are hermitian and this question popped up in my mind that does any anti-hermitian operator exists in quantum mechanics?
|
Suppose we have two objects with little mass. These objects move at high speed and parallel to each other. And very close to each other.
As a consequence of relativity when an object increases its speed its energy rises. In some sense, this energy gets converted to relativistic mass. More mass warps more spacetime. Bec... |
How is the air pushed by the fan? At first, the fan moved and the air did not move, then the air pressure increased. The air pressure increases and the air starts to move. Is my understanding correct?
|
Consider two electrons $e_1$, $e_2$, located at $P_{xyz}$ and $Q_{xyz}$, with velocities $u_{xyz}$ and $v_{xyz}$ respectively in the observer's inertial frame of reference, both with charge $e$.
I wish to determine the instantaneous electro-magnetic forces exerted by $e_1$ on $e_2$. I understand that I firstly need to... |
Before starting the actual question: I do not want any typical answer that anybody might have thought of or criticism and downvote without even reading the question properly.
I have been googling and seeking answer to this issue for about two months, and I posted related questions to various physics forums including St... |
When given time and angular retardation we can find the angle moved right?
My question is wont this differ from object to object since moment of inertia comes into play?
so wont it be actually be harder to stop a metal barrel with the same angular retardation?
|
I have this paragraph in a book:
The vectors $T,U$ and $V=T\times U$ define a moving frame along the path $X$. Let $\Omega$ denote the angular velocity vector describing the rate of rotation of the frame with respect to arclength $s$ so, that $T'=\Omega\times T$, $U'=\Omega\times U$ and $V'=\Omega\times V$. Let $\omeg... |
Is there any quick way of proving that for a conformal metric of the form:
$g^{}_{\mu\nu}=\Omega^2\eta^{}_{\mu\nu}$
where the $\eta^{}_{\mu\nu}$ is the usual Minkowski metric, the Weyl tensor vanishes in the whole space? Knowing that its given by:
$C^{}_{ijkl}=R^{}_{ijkl}-\frac{1}{n-2}(R^{}_{ik}g^{}_{jl}-R^{}_{il}g^{}_... |
I took a quantum mechanics course many years ago and I'm currently revising it and learning some more advanced subjects of it. Now, I'm trying to understand the use of propagator to find the wave function at some time $t$. Let me elaborate.
Consider the Schrödinger equation:
\begin{eqnarray}
i\hbar \frac{\partial \psi}... |
Interaction causes change and that change can be measured, so shouldn't everything be measured constantly
|
I was reading Purcell's E&M and the author was showing how the force on the charge distribution per unit area for a thin spherical shell with surface charge density of $\sigma$ is proportional to the average of the electric field just above and just below the surface.
He tried to show something more general to prove i... |
I'm trying to determine the maximum altitude that an airship can safely reach.
According to this paper the answer can be determined in a straightforward manner.
Development of an Aerodynamic Model and Control Law Design for a High Altitude Airship
The maximum altitude an airship can safely reach is a function of the si... |
Is it possible to measure the passage of time by simply timing the melting of a block of ice of a known mass and temperature, in a room of a known size and temperature?
Given that today we still refer to refrigeration in units of "tons of ice," my thought is that if you accurately knew the temperature inside a room whe... |
Came across this weird "phenomenon" yesterday and looked everywhere for the reason.
when placed at a certain point the light illuminates only the vertical strings of the net.
creepy ...
given the light source must be in the same orientation (horizontal/vertical)
I used this:
(these pictures are hideously big sorry abo... |
In general, the acoustic branches of a crystalline solid has a nonlinear dispersion relation. For small values of the wavenumber $k$ or wavelengths large compared to the equilibrium lattice separation, the said dispersion formula approximates to a linear relation $\omega=c_sk$. To the best of my knowledge, excitations ... |
This is going to be a long post-like question so make sure you have enough time before reading this. And this I got after thinking continuously for about 4 hours on the same question and I want to verify that if my ideology about this question is correct. First, what the question actually is?
Question
Please refer to t... |
Does adiabatic process actually happen in real life?
I think everyone is familiar with the equation $pv^{\gamma}=constant$ and how it was derived.
But does everyone actually know $\frac{du}{dv}=-p$ which the p here actually mean instantaneous pressure exert by the gas system to the surrounding?
This can be prove by con... |
Let's consider a particle in an $N$-dimensional space and let's assume that acceleration of this particle depends on its position. So, one can say that we have an $N$-dimensional vector field in an $N$-dimensional space (a mapping from position to acceleration)
What allows us describe this "acceleration field" as gradi... |
I have a question about the action of the Hamilton operator in quantum field theory. At the moment I am trying to get into QFT and came across the following commutator relation:
\begin{align}
[H,\psi] &= \omega_k\psi & \omega_k=E=\sqrt{|\vec{k}|^2+ m}
\end{align}
where $H = \int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3 2\omega_k} \omega_k... |
If all matter was created in the Big Bang (not counting spontaneous generation of particle-antiparticle pairs), wouldn't that imply that a finite (if very large) amount of matter exists in the Universe?
By the same token, wouldn't that imply that the Universe is spatially "finite", i.e. a compact (if boundaryless) 3D m... |
Let's say you have an insulator that is electrically neutral(has no net charge). Let's say you are able to add additional electrons into the same insulator resulting in the insulator having a net negative charge. These electrons that were added to the insulator will stay where they are and not move. How is this possibl... |
Research shows that waterfalls and apparently showers produce negative ions, is there a certain height or velocity for water to fall to produce negative ions?
|
Question: Show that the potential function is a non-exact differential (or a non-analytic function) for two-dimensional rotational flow.
Doubt: I know what a potential function and its relation with components of the velocity function. Also, I know the condition of irrotational flow but have a doubt in what is an exact... |
I'm a CAIE AS-Level student and I'm having a bit of problem with a physics question.
It goes like this,
An object X rests on a smooth horizontal surface. Two horizontal forces act on X as shown in Figure 1.1,
A force of 55 N is applied to the right. A force of 18 N is applied at an angle of 115 degrees to the directio... |
If standing on earth, I experience the planet's gravity. Rain drops are accelerated to move toward its centre and reach the crust. These attractions are mutual. This contrasts to e.g., the ISS with reduced / microgravity only. So I started to ponder about Earth's solid core, simplified to float, ball-like, in the o... |
Consider the Hamiltonian of a free (charged) particle, i.e.,
$$
H = \frac{p^2}{2m}.
$$
This is easily "diagonalized" by wave functions $e^{ikx}$ (where I'm speaking loosely of diagonalization since $e^{ikx}$ are not eigenstates in the Hilbert space $L^2$. Of course, we could regularize the problem by considering the Ha... |
I always wonder how time is related to traveling at the speed of light and what actually happens when we travel at the speed of light. Why does time slow down and what can be the physical explanation of that? Can anyone please help me to understand this?
|
This question (hoping it's not completely irrelevant) is about the interpretation of Heisenberg's principle and a ficticious opposite to the relation.
$$\sigma_x \sigma_p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}$$
I'm currently studying the basics of Quantum Mechanics (following D.J. Griffiths' Introduction to QM) and trying to incorporat... |
I'm very unexperienced in QFT, but I'm reading Salmhofer's book on renormalization and, at the very begining of the book, he discusses Feynamn path integral formulation on quantum mechanics to motivate the use of functional integrals. In QM, Feynman's path integral is a way of characterizing the kernel $K(t;x,y)$ of th... |
I am studying statistical mechanics and I saw the following statement in my notes:
$$\frac{d\rho}{\rho} = \frac{e^{-\beta p^2/2m}}{(2\pi m k_B T)^{3/2}} 4\pi p^2 dp \quad \ldots (1)$$
where $\rho = \langle N \rangle /V$, the particle density and $p$ is momentum, $\beta = 1/k_B T$ where $T$ is the temperature, $k_B$ is ... |
I have been reading Sakurai's Modern Quantum Mechanics and I am confused by this:
A translation operator $\mathscr T(\delta x)$ is defined as $\mathscr T(\delta x) |x \rangle = | x + \delta x \rangle$ and it is used to derive the momentum operator $\hat p$ by the expression $\mathscr T(\delta x) = \exp(- \mathrm i \hat... |
I'm trying to determine how many kg of air that a Zeppelin displaces.
The volume of the airship is 58142.1 meters cubed.
The temperature of the air is 276.26 kelvin.
The pressure in pascals is 42,178.
Air is 78 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen.
1 mole of nitrogen gas has a mass of 28 grams.
1 mole of oxygen gas has a mass ... |
A short answer will do, thankyou!
|
I would like to know what Rosen coordinates are and how they transform to Cartesian coordinates, I have been unsuccessful in my efforts to determine this. I want to write the metric for an electromagnetic plane wave in Cartesian coordinates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic_electromagnetic_plane_wave#Optical... |
Let's say if we place a plasma of electrons and ions in an infinite, homogeneous magnetic field with strength B(t). Then the field strength increases from B(t=0) to a certain level, then the plasma is allowed to relax to equilibrium, then the field strength decreases back to B(t=0), and the plasma is allowed to relax t... |
One of the things I learned from Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is that when you try to observe the position of a microscopic particle, you have to use a light of smaller wavelength (which implies high energy), and that causes a large change in the particle's momentum. I do not however understand how does light of ... |
I'll quote the lines from my textbook-
"Consider a charged conductor with a small area element ds. Assume we have two points A and B just at the surface and well inside the conductor, respectively. Also assume that $E$ is the electric field due to the charge on $ds$, and $E'$ is the field due to the remaining part of ... |
In the paper, Development of an Aerodynamic Model and Control Law Design for a High Altitude Airship I found a passage that makes no sense to me.
This in regards to the lift of airships.
Note: pressure altitude = max safe altitude.
It can be shown that the net lift is constant over all altitudes, up
to the pressure al... |
Members of this community were kind enough to contribute to my last paradox post:
Special relativity paradox involving two light clocks
I'm creating this new post to address the issues raised in that post by providing a new paradox based on the previous one.
However, if you add information to the problem, you can come... |
The Earth is rotating for the Sun's gravitational field. Like a free falling object Earth should feel zero gravity to the Sun. So why there are effect of Sun to the tide?
|
I am a high schooler so I don't know a lot of fancy maths but I do know some of calculus and multiplication of vectors as dot or cross product. I am learning about Angular velocity. And I am confused that is the direction of angular velocity just a definition or has a physical significance. I looked and searched for th... |
In the above picture there are two point charges $q_1$ and $q_2$. $S_1$ and $S_2$ are Gaussian surfaces centred about $q_1$ and $q_2$ respectively. If I want to find the electric field at P, then I have to apply Gauss's law to both the Gaussian surfaces $S_1$ and $S_2$. In other words outside charges can cause there t... |
"A uniform line of charge with length 20.0 cm is along the x-axis, with its midpoint at x=0. Its charge per length is +4.80 nC/m. A small sphere with charge -2.00 micro coulombs is located at x=0,y=5.00 cm. What are the magnitude and direction of the force that the charged sphere exerts on the line of charge?"
So bef... |
Q -A satellite orbits Earth at a height of 560 km. In many computations, the Earth-Sun distance of 1.5 X 10⁸ km is used to approximate the distance of satellite from the Sun. What is the maximum relative error of this approximation?
Please explain the main concept in detail.
|
Definitely, I don't mean entanglement here:
Suppose we have an electron and proton situating some distance apart, there is an electrostatic force between them, and this force is mediated by virtual particles, so action at a distance is executed between them.
So my question is
Does Quantum field theory support action at... |
If air resistance is neglected, the object is
said to be in free fall. If the height through
which the object falls is small compared to the
Earth's radius, $g$ can be taken to be constant,
equal to $9.8~\textrm{m/s}^2$. Free fall is thus a case of
motion with uniform acceleration.
What is meant by: If the height thr... |
In $\rm SU(2)$, taking up quark and down quark as a doublet we can easily apply the isospin ladder operators to write the combination of 2 quark or 3 quark (baryon) systems.
In $\rm SU(3)$ quark model, to get light pseudoscalar mesons, we need to combine a triplet and antitriplet to form an octet and singlet. But how t... |
An electron remains in its orbit because of electrostatic and centrifugal force. But when a reaction takes place some electrons are gained or removed. Then how they still are stable?
|
In a container of any arbitrary shape, an ideal gas is trapped and caused to expand. The ideal gas is well trapped that there is zero mass flow between the inside of the container and the outside. How to show that the work done by the gas on the surrounding environment is given by $\int pdV$? $p$ is the pressure of the... |
The bound surface charge in a dielectric is given as $\sigma_{b}=\vec{P} \cdot \hat{n}$. Where $\vec{P}$ is the polarisation and $\hat{n}$ is the surface normal.
Could anyone please give me a intuitive explanation for this?.
|
According to this link https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a351472.pdf, HERMES III at Sandia National Labs can generate very large area gamma rays by converting the electron beam into bremsstrahlung radiations after hitting the tantalum target. As we can see in the isodose contours in the linked article especiall... |
Before introducing top bottom and charm quarks,Strong Hypercharge is defined in the following two ways---
$1.\,\,\,Y=B+S$ where $Y,B,S$ are the hypercharge, baryon number and strangeness respectively.
$2.\,\,\,SU(3)$ can be decomposed into its maximal subgroup---$SU(2) \times U(1)$.Let in a basis, $SU(2)$ generators be... |
In the derivation of the ideal gas law, one sets for the average kinetical energy $f = 3$ degrees of freedom. This refers to the transition in x,y,z axes. This is true for gases, which consist of only one atom. Consider $O_2$ or $N_2$. Then there should be $f=5$. And the derivation is by a factor different.
Can we stil... |
I'm looking at a generalised Lagrangian $L = \frac{1}{2} \left[\dot{\phi}² + \phi \mathcal{D} \phi\right]$, where $\mathcal{D}u_n = -\omega_n²u_n$, where $\left\{ u_n | n \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}$ span an orthogonal basis in $L_2$. I now want to show that I can expand quantum field $\phi(x)$ as follows $$\phi(x) = \sum_... |
Can you please clear my doubt that if we take double derivative of a tensor component with respect to time, will the resulting quantity be a tensor or not?
|
I have a slight confusion regarding zero force members. I'm analyzing a structure and I started at joint E and found that truss GE has a force of 8.4 [kN]. However, if I analyzed it at joint G, I can see that it is a zero force member.
Now in the official answer to the question, the member is indeed zero force. However... |
Suppose I have a string hinged at one end and the other end attached to a body is to start a circular motion.
We all know that the tension force is just an aspect of the electromagnetic forces ( depends upon the separation between atoms in consideration). Here is the picture of the scenario. Note the gap between the st... |
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